1
|
Navarro-Quiles C, Lup SD, Muñoz-Nortes T, Candela H, Micol JL. The genetic and molecular basis of haploinsufficiency in flowering plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:72-85. [PMID: 37633803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
In diploid organisms, haploinsufficiency can be defined as the requirement for more than one fully functional copy of a gene. In contrast to most genes, whose loss-of-function alleles are recessive, loss-of-function alleles of haploinsufficient genes are dominant. However, forward and reverse genetic screens are biased toward obtaining recessive, loss-of-function mutations, and therefore, dominant mutations of all types are underrepresented in mutant collections. Despite this underrepresentation, haploinsufficient loci have intriguing implications for studies of genome evolution, gene dosage, stability of protein complexes, genetic redundancy, and gene expression. Here we review examples of haploinsufficiency in flowering plants and describe the underlying molecular mechanisms and evolutionary forces driving haploinsufficiency. Finally, we discuss the masking of haploinsufficiency by genetic redundancy, a widespread phenomenon among angiosperms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Navarro-Quiles
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Samuel Daniel Lup
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Tamara Muñoz-Nortes
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Héctor Candela
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - José Luis Micol
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bethmann S, Haas AK, Melzer M, Jahns P. The impact of long-term acclimation to different growth light intensities on the regulation of zeaxanthin epoxidase in different plant species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13998. [PMID: 37882279 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Proper short- and long-term acclimation to different growth light intensities is essential for the survival and competitiveness of plants in the field. High light exposure is known to induce the down-regulation and photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) activity to reduce photo-oxidative stress. The xanthophyll zeaxanthin (Zx) serves central photoprotective functions in these processes. We have shown in recent work with different plant species (Arabidopsis, tobacco, spinach and pea) that photoinhibition of PSII and degradation of the PSII reaction center protein D1 is accompanied by the inactivation and degradation of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), which catalyzes the reconversion of Zx to violaxanthin. Different high light sensitivity of the above-mentioned species correlated with differential down-regulation of both PSII and ZEP activity. Applying light and electron microscopy, chlorophyll fluorescence, and protein and pigment analyses, we investigated the acclimation properties of these species to different growth light intensities with respect to the ability to adjust their photoprotective strategies. We show that the species differ in phenotypic plasticity in response to short- and long-term high light conditions at different morphological and physiological levels. However, the close co-regulation of PSII and ZEP activity remains a common feature in all species and under all conditions. This work supports species-specific acclimation strategies and properties in response to high light stress and underlines the central role of the xanthophyll Zx in photoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bethmann
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Haas
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Structural Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Niu Y, Lazár D, Holzwarth AR, Kramer DM, Matsubara S, Fiorani F, Poorter H, Schrey SD, Nedbal L. Plants cope with fluctuating light by frequency-dependent nonphotochemical quenching and cyclic electron transport. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37429324 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In natural environments, plants are exposed to rapidly changing light. Maintaining photosynthetic efficiency while avoiding photodamage requires equally rapid regulation of photoprotective mechanisms. We asked what the operation frequency range of regulation is in which plants can efficiently respond to varying light. Chlorophyll fluorescence, P700, plastocyanin, and ferredoxin responses of wild-types Arabidopsis thaliana were measured in oscillating light of various frequencies. We also investigated the npq1 mutant lacking violaxanthin de-epoxidase, the npq4 mutant lacking PsbS protein, and the mutants crr2-2, and pgrl1ab impaired in different pathways of the cyclic electron transport. The fastest was the PsbS-regulation responding to oscillation periods longer than 10 s. Processes involving violaxanthin de-epoxidase dampened changes in chlorophyll fluorescence in oscillation periods of 2 min or longer. Knocking out the PGR5/PGRL1 pathway strongly reduced variations of all monitored parameters, probably due to congestion in the electron transport. Incapacitating the NDH-like pathway only slightly changed the photosynthetic dynamics. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that nonphotochemical quenching in slow light oscillations involves violaxanthin de-epoxidase to produce, presumably, a largely stationary level of zeaxanthin. We interpret the observed dynamics of photosystem I components as being formed in slow light oscillations partially by thylakoid remodeling that modulates the redox rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Niu
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dušan Lazár
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alfred R Holzwarth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shizue Matsubara
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Silvia D Schrey
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ladislav Nedbal
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Zhou H, Feng N, Zheng D, Ma G, Feng S, Liu M, Yu M, Huang X, Huang A. Physiological and transcriptome analysis reveals that prohexadione-calcium promotes rice seedling's development under salt stress by regulating antioxidant processes and photosynthesis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286505. [PMID: 37315011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) has been proved to play an important role in releasing abiotic stress in plants. However, there is still a lack of research on the mechanism of Pro-Ca alleviating salt stress in rice. To explore the protective effects of Pro-Ca on rice seedlings under salt stress, we investigated the effect of exogenous Pro-Ca on rice seedling under salt stress by conducting the following three treatment experiments: CK (control), S (50 mmol·L-1 NaCl saline solution) and S + Pro-Ca (50 mmol·L-1 NaCl saline solution + 100 mg·L-1 Pro-Ca). The results indicated that Pro-Ca modulated the expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (such as SOD2, PXMP2, MPV17, E1.11.1.7). Spraying Pro-Ca under salt stress significantly increased in ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activity by 84.2%, 75.2%, and 3.5% as compared to the salt treatment, as demonstrated by an example of a 24-hour treatment. Malondialdehyde level in Pro-Ca was also dramatically decreased by 5.8%. Moreover, spraying Pro-Ca under salt stress regulated the expression of photosynthesis genes (such as PsbS, PsbD) and chlorophyll metabolism genes (heml, PPD). Compared to salt stress treatment, spraying Pro-Ca under salt stress significantly increased in net photosynthetic rate by 167.2%. In addition, when rice shoots were sprayed with Pro-Ca under salt stress, the Na+ concentration was considerably reduced by 17.1% compared to salt treatment. In conclusion, Pro-Ca regulates antioxidant mechanisms and photosynthesis to aid in the growth of rice seedlings under salt stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Agricultural College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Naijie Feng
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- South China Center, National Salt-alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- South China Center, National Salt-alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohui Ma
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- South China Center, National Salt-alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengjie Feng
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Minglong Yu
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xixin Huang
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Huang
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ilíková I, Ilík P, Opatíková M, Arshad R, Nosek L, Karlický V, Kučerová Z, Roudnický P, Pospíšil P, Lazár D, Bartoš J, Kouřil R. Towards spruce-type photosystem II: consequences of the loss of light-harvesting proteins LHCB3 and LHCB6 in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2691-2715. [PMID: 34618099 PMCID: PMC8644234 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The largest stable photosystem II (PSII) supercomplex in land plants (C2S2M2) consists of a core complex dimer (C2), two strongly (S2) and two moderately (M2) bound light-harvesting protein (LHCB) trimers attached to C2 via monomeric antenna proteins LHCB4-6. Recently, we have shown that LHCB3 and LHCB6, presumably essential for land plants, are missing in Norway spruce (Picea abies), which results in a unique structure of its C2S2M2 supercomplex. Here, we performed structure-function characterization of PSII supercomplexes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants lhcb3, lhcb6, and lhcb3 lhcb6 to examine the possibility of the formation of the "spruce-type" PSII supercomplex in angiosperms. Unlike in spruce, in Arabidopsis both LHCB3 and LHCB6 are necessary for stable binding of the M trimer to PSII core. The "spruce-type" PSII supercomplex was observed with low abundance only in the lhcb3 plants and its formation did not require the presence of LHCB4.3, the only LHCB4-type protein in spruce. Electron microscopy analysis of grana membranes revealed that the majority of PSII in lhcb6 and namely in lhcb3 lhcb6 mutants were arranged into C2S2 semi-crystalline arrays, some of which appeared to structurally restrict plastoquinone diffusion. Mutants without LHCB6 were characterized by fast induction of non-photochemical quenching and, on the contrary to the previous lhcb6 study, by only transient slowdown of electron transport between PSII and PSI. We hypothesize that these functional changes, associated with the arrangement of PSII into C2S2 arrays in thylakoids, may be important for the photoprotection of both PSI and PSII upon abrupt high-light exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Ilíková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of
the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 783 71
Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ilík
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Opatíková
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rameez Arshad
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen,
The Netherlands
| | - Lukáš Nosek
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Karlický
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava,
710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of
Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kučerová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Roudnický
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625
00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pospíšil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Lazár
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bartoš
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of
the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, 783 71
Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and
Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Amerongen H, Chmeliov J. Instantaneous switching between different modes of non-photochemical quenching in plants. Consequences for increasing biomass production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Peng X, Deng X, Tang X, Tan T, Zhang D, Liu B, Lin H. Involvement of Lhcb6 and Lhcb5 in Photosynthesis Regulation in Physcomitrella patens Response to Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153665. [PMID: 31357454 PMCID: PMC6695650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of highly conserved photosystem II light-harvesting antenna proteins in moss whose functions are unclear. Here, we investigated the involvement of chlorophyll-binding proteins, Lhcb6 and Lhcb5, in light-harvesting and photosynthesis regulation in Physcomitrella patens. Lhcb6 or Lhcb5 knock-out resulted in a disordered thylakoid arrangement, a decrease in the number of grana membranes, and an increase in the number of starch granule. The absence of Lhcb6 or Lhcb5 did not noticeably alter the electron transport rates. However, the non-photochemical quenching activity in the lhcb5 mutant was dramatically reduced when compared to wild-type or lhcb6 plants under abiotic stress. Lhcb5 plants were more sensitive to photo-inhibition, while lhcb6 plants showed little difference compared to the wild-type plants under high-light stress. Moreover, both mutants showed a growth malformation phenotype with reduced chlorophyll content in the gametophyte. These results suggested that Lhcb6 or Lhcb5 played a unique role in plant development, thylakoid organization, and photoprotection of PSII in Physcomitrella, especially when exposed to high light or osmotic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingji Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xingguang Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoya Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tinghong Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grossman A, Sanz-Luque E, Yi H, Yang W. Building the GreenCut2 suite of proteins to unmask photosynthetic function and regulation. Microbiology (Reading) 2019; 165:697-718. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The evolution of the photoprotective antenna proteins in oxygenic photosynthetic eukaryotes. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1263-1277. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms require rapid and reversible down-regulation of light harvesting to avoid photodamage. Response to unpredictable light fluctuations is achieved by inducing energy-dependent quenching, qE, which is the major component of the process known as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence. qE is controlled by the operation of the xanthophyll cycle and accumulation of specific types of proteins, upon thylakoid lumen acidification. The protein cofactors so far identified to modulate qE in photosynthetic eukaryotes are the photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) and light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR/LHCX) proteins. A transition from LHCSR- to PsbS-dependent qE took place during the evolution of the Viridiplantae (also known as ‘green lineage’ organisms), such as green algae, mosses and vascular plants. Multiple studies showed that LHCSR and PsbS proteins have distinct functions in the mechanism of qE. LHCX(-like) proteins are closely related to LHCSR proteins and found in ‘red lineage’ organisms that contain secondary red plastids, such as diatoms. Although LHCX proteins appear to control qE in diatoms, their role in the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we present the current knowledge on the functions and evolution of these crucial proteins, which evolved in photosynthetic eukaryotes to optimise light harvesting.
Collapse
|
10
|
Molecular mechanisms involved in plant photoprotection. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:467-482. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into biomass and oxygen. When in excess, light can be dangerous for the photosynthetic apparatus because it can cause photo-oxidative damage and decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis because of photoinhibition. Plants have evolved many photoprotective mechanisms in order to face reactive oxygen species production and thus avoid photoinhibition. These mechanisms include quenching of singlet and triplet excited states of chlorophyll, synthesis of antioxidant molecules and enzymes and repair processes for damaged photosystem II and photosystem I reaction centers. This review focuses on the mechanisms involved in photoprotection of chloroplasts through dissipation of energy absorbed in excess.
Collapse
|
11
|
Schwarz EM, Tietz S, Froehlich JE. Photosystem I-LHCII megacomplexes respond to high light and aging in plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 136:107-124. [PMID: 28975583 PMCID: PMC5851685 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II is known to be a highly dynamic multi-protein complex that participates in a variety of regulatory and repair processes. In contrast, photosystem I (PSI) has, until quite recently, been thought of as relatively static. We report the discovery of plant PSI-LHCII megacomplexes containing multiple LHCII trimers per PSI reaction center. These PSI-LHCII megacomplexes respond rapidly to changes in light intensity, as visualized by native gel electrophoresis. PSI-LHCII megacomplex formation was found to require thylakoid stacking, and to depend upon growth light intensity and leaf age. These factors were, in turn, correlated with changes in PSI/PSII ratios and, intriguingly, PSI-LHCII megacomplex dynamics appeared to depend upon PSII core phosphorylation. These findings suggest new functions for PSI and a new level of regulation involving specialized subpopulations of photosystem I which have profound implications for current models of thylakoid dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer M Schwarz
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Stephanie Tietz
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John E Froehlich
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim E, Akimoto S, Tokutsu R, Yokono M, Minagawa J. Fluorescence lifetime analyses reveal how the high light-responsive protein LHCSR3 transforms PSII light-harvesting complexes into an energy-dissipative state. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18951-18960. [PMID: 28972177 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.805192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In green algae, light-harvesting complex stress-related 3 (LHCSR3) is responsible for the pH-dependent dissipation of absorbed light energy, a function vital for survival under high-light conditions. LHCSR3 binds the photosystem II and light-harvesting complex II (PSII-LHCII) supercomplex and transforms it into an energy-dissipative form under acidic conditions, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, LHCSR3 modulates the excitation energy flow and dissipates the excitation energy within the light-harvesting complexes of the PSII supercomplex. Using fluorescence decay-associated spectra analysis, we found that, when the PSII supercomplex is associated with LHCSR3 under high-light conditions, excitation energy transfer from light-harvesting complexes to chlorophyll-binding protein CP43 is selectively inhibited compared with that to CP47, preventing excess excitation energy from overloading the reaction center. By analyzing femtosecond up-conversion fluorescence kinetics, we further found that pH- and LHCSR3-dependent quenching of the PSII-LHCII-LHCSR3 supercomplex is accompanied by a fluorescence emission centered at 684 nm, with a decay time constant of 18.6 ps, which is equivalent to the rise time constant of the lutein radical cation generated within a chlorophyll-lutein heterodimer. These results suggest a mechanism in which LHCSR3 transforms the PSII supercomplex into an energy-dissipative state and provide critical insight into the molecular events and characteristics in LHCSR3-dependent energy quenching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunchul Kim
- From the Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585
| | - Seiji Akimoto
- the Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, and
| | - Ryutaro Tokutsu
- From the Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585
| | - Makio Yokono
- the Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Jun Minagawa
- From the Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liguori N, Natali A, Croce R. Engineering a pH-Regulated Switch in the Major Light-Harvesting Complex of Plants (LHCII): Proof of Principle. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:12531-12535. [PMID: 27973840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Under excess light, photosynthetic organisms employ feedback mechanisms to avoid photodamage. Photoprotection is triggered by acidification of the lumen of the photosynthetic membrane following saturation of the metabolic activity. A low pH triggers thermal dissipation of excess absorbed energy by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). LHCs are not able to sense pH variations, and their switch to a dissipative mode depends on stress-related proteins and allosteric cofactors. In green algae the trigger is the pigment-protein complex LHCSR3. Its C-terminus is responsible for a pH-driven conformational change from a light-harvesting to a quenched state. Here, we show that by replacing the C-terminus of the main LHC of plants with that of LHCSR3, it is possible to regulate its excited-state lifetime solely via protonation, demonstrating that the protein template of LHCs can be modified to activate reversible quenching mechanisms independent of external cofactors and triggers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Liguori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Natali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mishanin VI, Trubitsin BV, Benkov MA, Minin AA, Tikhonov AN. Light acclimation of shade-tolerant and light-resistant Tradescantia species: induction of chlorophyll a fluorescence and P 700 photooxidation, expression of PsbS and Lhcb1 proteins. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 130:275-291. [PMID: 27037825 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have compared photosynthetic performance and expression of the PsbS and Lhcb1 proteins in two contrast ecotypes of Tradescantia species, T. fluminensis (shade-tolerant) and T. sillamontana (light-resistant), grown at two intensities of light: 50-125 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (low light, LL) and 875-1000 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (high light, HL). Using the EPR method for measuring the P700 content, we have found that LL-grown plants of both species have higher (by a factor of ≈1.7-1.8) contents of PSI per fresh weight unit as compared to HL-grown plants. Acclimation of plants to LL or HL irradiation also influences the Chl(a + b) level and expression of the PsbS and Lhcb1 proteins. Immunoblotting analysis showed that acclimation to HL stimulates (by a factor of ≈1.7-1.8) the level of PsbS related to the total number of P700 centers. In light-resistant species T. sillamontana, the ratio PsbS/P700 is about 2-times higher than in shade-tolerant species T. fluminensis grown under the same conditions. This should enhance the capacity of their leaves for protection against the light stress. In agreement with these observations, the capacity of leaves for NPQ induction was enhanced during plant acclimation to HL. Kinetic studies of P700 photooxidation and light-induced changes in the yield of Chl a fluorescence also revealed that the short-term regulation of electron transport processes in chloroplasts, which manifested themselves in the kinetics of [Formula: see text] induction and the rate of Chl a fluorescence quenching, occurred more rapidly in HL-grown plants than in LL-grown plants. Thus, both factors, enhanced expression of PsbS and more rapid response of the photosynthetic electron transport chain to dark-to-light transitions should increase the capacity of HL-grown plants for their resistance to rapid fluctuations of solar light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael A Benkov
- Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Minin
- N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Alexander N Tikhonov
- Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kromdijk J, Głowacka K, Leonelli L, Gabilly ST, Iwai M, Niyogi KK, Long SP. Improving photosynthesis and crop productivity by accelerating recovery from photoprotection. Science 2016; 354:857-861. [PMID: 27856901 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai8878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Crop leaves in full sunlight dissipate damaging excess absorbed light energy as heat. When sunlit leaves are shaded by clouds or other leaves, this protective dissipation continues for many minutes and reduces photosynthesis. Calculations have shown that this could cost field crops up to 20% of their potential yield. Here, we describe the bioengineering of an accelerated response to natural shading events in Nicotiana (tobacco), resulting in increased leaf carbon dioxide uptake and plant dry matter productivity by about 15% in fluctuating light. Because the photoprotective mechanism that has been altered is common to all flowering plants and crops, the findings provide proof of concept for a route to obtaining a sustainable increase in productivity for food crops and a much-needed yield jump.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Bioengineering
- Carbon Dioxide/metabolism
- Crops, Agricultural/genetics
- Crops, Agricultural/growth & development
- Crops, Agricultural/metabolism
- Crops, Agricultural/radiation effects
- Darkness
- Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/genetics
- Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/metabolism
- Magnoliopsida/genetics
- Magnoliopsida/growth & development
- Magnoliopsida/metabolism
- Magnoliopsida/radiation effects
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Photosynthesis
- Photosystem II Protein Complex/genetics
- Photosystem II Protein Complex/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/growth & development
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/radiation effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sunlight
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/growth & development
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Nicotiana/radiation effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ulica Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Lauriebeth Leonelli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Stéphane T Gabilly
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Masakazu Iwai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 1YX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leonelli L, Erickson E, Lyska D, Niyogi KK. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana for rapid functional analysis of genes involved in non-photochemical quenching and carotenoid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:375-386. [PMID: 27407008 PMCID: PMC5516181 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants must switch rapidly between light harvesting and photoprotection in response to environmental fluctuations in light intensity. This switch can lead to losses in absorbed energy usage, as photoprotective energy dissipation mechanisms can take minutes to hours to fully relax. One possible way to improve photosynthesis is to engineer these energy dissipation mechanisms (measured as non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence, NPQ) to induce and relax more quickly, resulting in smaller losses under dynamic light conditions. Previous studies aimed at understanding the enzymes involved in the regulation of NPQ have relied primarily on labor-intensive and time-consuming generation of stable transgenic lines and mutant populations - approaches limited to organisms amenable to genetic manipulation and mapping. To enable rapid functional testing of NPQ-related genes from diverse organisms, we performed Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana to test if NPQ kinetics could be modified in fully expanded leaves. By expressing Arabidopsis thaliana genes known to be involved in NPQ, we confirmed the viability of this method for studying dynamic photosynthetic processes. Subsequently, we used naturally occurring variation in photosystem II subunit S, a modulator of NPQ in plants, to explore how differences in amino acid sequence affect NPQ capacity and kinetics. Finally, we functionally characterized four predicted carotenoid biosynthesis genes from the marine algae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Thalassiosira pseudonana and examined the effect of their expression on NPQ in N. benthamiana. This method offers a powerful alternative to traditional gene characterization methods by providing a fast and easy platform for assessing gene function in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauriebeth Leonelli
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDepartment of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720‐3102USA
| | - Erika Erickson
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDepartment of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720‐3102USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Dagmar Lyska
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDepartment of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720‐3102USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDepartment of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720‐3102USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao X, Tang X, Zhang H, Qu T, Wang Y. Photosynthetic adaptation strategy of Ulva prolifera floating on the sea surface to environmental changes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:116-125. [PMID: 27262405 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For 8 consecutive years, a green tide has originated in the southern Yellow Sea and spread to the Qingdao offshore area. The causative species, Ulva prolifera, always forms a very thick thallus mat that is capable of drifting long distances over long periods. During this process, although the thalli face disturbance by complex environmental factors, they maintain high biomass and proliferation. We hypothesized that some form of photosynthetic adaptation strategy must exist to protect the thalli. Therefore, we studied the different photosynthetic response characteristics of the surface and lower layers of the floating thallus mats, and investigated the physiological and molecular-level adaptation mechanisms. The results showed that: (1) U. prolifera has strong photosynthetic capability that ensures it can gain sufficient energy to increase its biomass and adapt to long-distance migration. (2) Surface layer thalli adapt to the complex environment by dissipating excess energy via photosynthetic quantum control (energy quenching and energy redistribution between PSII/PSI) to avoid irreversible damage to the photosynthetic system. (3) Lower layer thalli increase their contents of Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and Chlorophyll b (Chl b) and decrease their Chl a/Chl b ratio to improve their ability to use light energy. (4) U. prolifera has strong photosynthetic plasticity and can adapt to frequent exchange between the surface and lower layer environments because of wave disturbance. Pigment component changes, energy quenching, and energy redistribution between PSII/PSI contribute to this photosynthetic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, China.
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, China.
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, China.
| | - Tongfei Qu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tibiletti T, Auroy P, Peltier G, Caffarri S. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PsbS Protein Is Functional and Accumulates Rapidly and Transiently under High Light. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2717-30. [PMID: 27329221 PMCID: PMC4972282 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms must respond to excess light in order to avoid photo-oxidative stress. In plants and green algae the fastest response to high light is non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), a process that allows the safe dissipation of the excess energy as heat. This phenomenon is triggered by the low luminal pH generated by photosynthetic electron transport. In vascular plants the main sensor of the low pH is the PsbS protein, while in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii LhcSR proteins appear to be exclusively responsible for this role. Interestingly, Chlamydomonas also possesses two PsbS genes, but so far the PsbS protein has not been detected and its biological function is unknown. Here, we reinvestigated the kinetics of gene expression and PsbS and LhcSR3 accumulation in Chlamydomonas during high light stress. We found that, unlike LhcSR3, PsbS accumulates very rapidly but only transiently. In order to determine the role of PsbS in NPQ and photoprotection in Chlamydomonas, we generated transplastomic strains expressing the algal or the Arabidopsis psbS gene optimized for plastid expression. Both PsbS proteins showed the ability to increase NPQ in Chlamydomonas wild-type and npq4 (lacking LhcSR3) backgrounds, but no clear photoprotection activity was observed. Quantification of PsbS and LhcSR3 in vivo indicates that PsbS is much less abundant than LhcSR3 during high light stress. Moreover, LhcSR3, unlike PsbS, also accumulates during other stress conditions. The possible role of PsbS in photoprotection is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Tibiletti
- Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, 13009 Marseille, France (T.T., S.C.); and Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, 13108 St. Paul Les Durance, France (P.A., G.P.)
| | - Pascaline Auroy
- Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, 13009 Marseille, France (T.T., S.C.); and Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, 13108 St. Paul Les Durance, France (P.A., G.P.)
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, 13009 Marseille, France (T.T., S.C.); and Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, 13108 St. Paul Les Durance, France (P.A., G.P.)
| | - Stefano Caffarri
- Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, 13009 Marseille, France (T.T., S.C.); and Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, 13108 St. Paul Les Durance, France (P.A., G.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Głowacka K, Kromdijk J, Leonelli L, Niyogi KK, Clemente TE, Long SP. An evaluation of new and established methods to determine T-DNA copy number and homozygosity in transgenic plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:908-17. [PMID: 26670088 PMCID: PMC5021166 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stable transformation of plants is a powerful tool for hypothesis testing. A rapid and reliable evaluation method of the transgenic allele for copy number and homozygosity is vital in analysing these transformations. Here the suitability of Southern blot analysis, thermal asymmetric interlaced (TAIL-)PCR, quantitative (q)PCR and digital droplet (dd)PCR to estimate T-DNA copy number, locus complexity and homozygosity were compared in transgenic tobacco. Southern blot analysis and ddPCR on three generations of transgenic offspring with contrasting zygosity and copy number were entirely consistent, whereas TAIL-PCR often underestimated copy number. qPCR deviated considerably from the Southern blot results and had lower precision and higher variability than ddPCR. Comparison of segregation analyses and ddPCR of T1 progeny from 26 T0 plants showed that at least 19% of the lines carried multiple T-DNA insertions per locus, which can lead to unstable transgene expression. Segregation analyses failed to detect these multiple copies, presumably because of their close linkage. This shows the importance of routine T-DNA copy number estimation. Based on our results, ddPCR is the most suitable method, because it is as reliable as Southern blot analysis yet much faster. A protocol for this application of ddPCR to large plant genomes is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Głowacka
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lauriebeth Leonelli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tom E Clemente
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, E324 Beadle Center, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Colombo M, Suorsa M, Rossi F, Ferrari R, Tadini L, Barbato R, Pesaresi P. Photosynthesis Control: An underrated short-term regulatory mechanism essential for plant viability. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1165382. [PMID: 27018523 PMCID: PMC4883964 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1165382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of photosynthetic electron transport provides efficient performance of oxygenic photosynthesis in plants. During the last 15 years, the molecular bases of various photosynthesis short-term regulatory processes have been elucidated, however the wild type-like phenotypes of mutants lacking of State Transitions, Non Photochemical Quenching, or Cyclic Electron Transport, when grown under constant light conditions, have also raised doubts about the acclimatory significance of these short-regulatory mechanisms on plant performance. Interestingly, recent studies performed by growing wild type and mutant plants under field conditions revealed a prominent role of State Transitions and Non Photochemical Quenching on plant fitness, with almost no effect on vegetative plant growth. Conversely, the analysis of plants lacking the regulation of electron transport by the cytochrome b6f complex, also known as Photosynthesis Control, revealed the fundamental role of this regulatory mechanism in the survival of young, developing seedlings under fluctuating light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Colombo
- a Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach , San Michele all'Adige , Italy
| | - Marjaana Suorsa
- b Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Fabio Rossi
- c Dipartimento di Bioscienze , Università degli studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- c Dipartimento di Bioscienze , Università degli studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Luca Tadini
- c Dipartimento di Bioscienze , Università degli studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Roberto Barbato
- d Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Alessandria , Italy
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- c Dipartimento di Bioscienze , Università degli studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fan M, Li M, Liu Z, Cao P, Pan X, Zhang H, Zhao X, Zhang J, Chang W. Crystal structures of the PsbS protein essential for photoprotection in plants. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:729-35. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Xu DQ, Chen Y, Chen GY. Light-harvesting regulation from leaf to molecule with the emphasis on rapid changes in antenna size. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 124:137-158. [PMID: 25773873 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the sunlight-fluctuating environment, plants often encounter both light-deficiency and light-excess cases. Therefore, regulation of light harvesting is absolutely essential for photosynthesis in order to maximize light utilization at low light and avoid photodamage of the photosynthetic apparatus at high light. Plants have developed a series of strategies of light-harvesting regulation during evolution. These strategies include rapid responses such as leaf movement and chloroplast movement, state transitions, and reversible dissociation of some light-harvesting complex of the photosystem II (LHCIIs) from PSII core complexes, and slow acclimation strategies such as changes in the protein abundance of light-harvesting antenna and modifications of leaf morphology, structure, and compositions. This review discusses successively these strategies and focuses on the rapid change in antenna size, namely reversible dissociation of some peripheral light-harvesting antennas (LHCIIs) from PSII core complex. It is involved in protective role and species dependence of the dissociation, differences between the dissociation and state transitions, relationship between the dissociation and thylakoid protein phosphorylation, and possible mechanism for thermal dissipation by the dissociated LHCIIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Quan Xu
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zulfugarov IS, Tovuu A, Eu YJ, Dogsom B, Poudyal RS, Nath K, Hall M, Banerjee M, Yoon UC, Moon YH, An G, Jansson S, Lee CH. Production of superoxide from Photosystem II in a rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant lacking PsbS. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:242. [PMID: 25342550 PMCID: PMC4219129 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PsbS is a 22-kDa Photosystem (PS) II protein involved in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has two PsbS genes, PsbS1 and PsbS2. However, only inactivation of PsbS1, through a knockout (PsbS1-KO) or in RNAi transgenic plants, results in plants deficient in qE, the energy-dependent component of NPQ. RESULTS In studies presented here, under fluctuating high light, growth of young seedlings lacking PsbS is retarded, and PSII in detached leaves of the mutants is more sensitive to photoinhibitory illumination compared with the wild type. Using both histochemical and fluorescent probes, we determined the levels of reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide, in leaves and thylakoids. The PsbS-deficient plants generated more superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in their chloroplasts. PSII complexes isolated from them produced more superoxide compared with the wild type, and PSII-driven superoxide production was higher in the mutants. However, we could not observe such differences either in isolated PSI complexes or through PSI-driven electron transport. Time-course experiments using isolated thylakoids showed that superoxide production was the initial event, and that production of hydrogen peroxide proceeded from that. CONCLUSION These results indicate that at least some of the photoprotection provided by PsbS and qE is mediated by preventing production of superoxide released from PSII under conditions of excess excitation energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismayil S Zulfugarov
- />Department of Integrated Biological Science and Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea
- />Department of Biology, North-Eastern Federal University, 58 Belinsky Str, Yakutsk, 677-027 Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Russian Federation
- />Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Patamdar Shosse 40, Baku, AZ 1073 Azerbaijan
| | - Altanzaya Tovuu
- />Department of Integrated Biological Science and Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea
- />Department of Biology, Mongolian State University of Agriculture, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, 17024 Mongolia
| | - Young-Jae Eu
- />Department of Integrated Biological Science and Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| | - Bolormaa Dogsom
- />Department of Integrated Biological Science and Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| | - Roshan Sharma Poudyal
- />Department of Integrated Biological Science and Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| | - Krishna Nath
- />Department of Integrated Biological Science and Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| | - Michael Hall
- />Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87 Sweden
| | - Mainak Banerjee
- />Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Keumjung-gu, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| | - Ung Chan Yoon
- />Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Keumjung-gu, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Moon
- />Department of Integrated Biological Science and Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- />Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 Korea
| | - Stefan Jansson
- />Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87 Sweden
| | - Choon-Hwan Lee
- />Department of Integrated Biological Science and Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Adams WW, Demmig-Adams B. Lessons from Nature: A Personal Perspective. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
25
|
Petrou K, Belgio E, Ruban AV. pH sensitivity of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching is determined by the detergent/protein ratio and the state of LHCII aggregation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:1533-9. [PMID: 24321504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here we show how the protein environment in terms of detergent concentration/protein aggregation state, affects the sensitivity to pH of isolated, native LHCII, in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. Three detergent concentrations (200, 20 and 6μM n-dodecyl β-d-maltoside) have been tested. It was found that at the detergent concentration of 6μM, low pH quenching of LHCII is close to the physiological response to lumen acidification possessing pK of 5.5. The analysis has been conducted both using arbitrary PAM fluorimetry measurements and chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime component analysis. The second led to the conclusion that the 3.5ns component lifetime corresponds to an unnatural state of LHCII, induced by the detergent used for solubilising the protein, whilst the 2ns component is rather the most representative lifetime component of the conformational state of LHCII in the natural thylakoid membrane environment when the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was absent. The 2ns component is related to a pre-aggregated LHCII that makes it more sensitive to pH than the trimeric LHCII with the dominating 3.5ns lifetime component. The pre-aggregated LHCII displayed both a faster response to protons and a shift in the pK for quenching to higher values, from 4.2 to 4.9. We concluded that environmental factors like lipids, zeaxanthin and PsbS protein that modulate NPQ in vivo could control the state of LHCII aggregation in the dark that makes it more or less sensitive to the lumen acidification. This article is part of a special issue entitled: photosynthesis research for sustainability: keys to produce clean energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Petrou
- Plant Functional Biology & Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erica Belgio
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Meinke DW. A survey of dominant mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:84-91. [PMID: 22995285 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Following the recent publication of a comprehensive dataset of 2400 genes with a loss-of-function mutant phenotype in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), questions remain concerning the diversity of dominant mutations in Arabidopsis. Most of these dominant phenotypes are expected to result from inappropriate gene expression, novel protein function, or disrupted protein complexes. This review highlights the major classes of dominant mutations observed in model organisms and presents a collection of 200 Arabidopsis genes associated with a dominant or semidominant phenotype. Emphasis is placed on mutants identified through forward genetic screens of mutagenized or activation-tagged populations. These datasets illustrate the variety of genetic changes and protein functions that underlie dominance in Arabidopsis and may ultimately contribute to phenotypic variation in flowering plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W Meinke
- Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xue GP, Drenth J, Glassop D, Kooiker M, McIntyre CL. Dissecting the molecular basis of the contribution of source strength to high fructan accumulation in wheat. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:71-92. [PMID: 23114999 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fructans represent the major component of water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) in the maturing stem of temperate cereals and are an important temporary carbon reserve for grain filling. To investigate the importance of source carbon availability in fructan accumulation and its molecular basis, we performed comparative analyses of WSC components and the expression profiles of genes involved in major carbohydrate metabolism and photosynthesis in the flag leaves of recombinant inbred lines from wheat cultivars Seri M82 and Babax (SB lines). High sucrose levels in the mature flag leaf (source organ) were found to be positively associated with WSC and fructan concentrations in both the leaf and stem of SB lines in several field trials. Analysis of Affymetrix expression array data revealed that high leaf sucrose lines grown in abiotic-stress-prone environments had high expression levels of a number of genes in the leaf involved in the sucrose synthetic pathway and photosynthesis, such as Calvin cycle genes, antioxidant genes involved in chloroplast H(2)O(2) removal and genes involved in energy dissipation. The expression of the majority of genes involved in fructan and starch synthetic pathways were positively correlated with sucrose levels in the leaves of SB lines. The high level of leaf fructans in high leaf sucrose lines is likely attributed to the elevated expression levels of fructan synthetic enzymes, as the mRNA levels of three fructosyltransferase families were consistently correlated with leaf sucrose levels among SB lines. These data suggest that high source strength is one of the important genetic factors determining high levels of WSC in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Ping Xue
- CSIRO Plant Industry, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Matsubara S, Förster B, Waterman M, Robinson SA, Pogson BJ, Gunning B, Osmond B. From ecophysiology to phenomics: some implications of photoprotection and shade-sun acclimation in situ for dynamics of thylakoids in vitro. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:3503-14. [PMID: 23148277 PMCID: PMC3497076 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Half a century of research into the physiology and biochemistry of sun-shade acclimation in diverse plants has provided reality checks for contemporary understanding of thylakoid membrane dynamics. This paper reviews recent insights into photosynthetic efficiency and photoprotection from studies of two xanthophyll cycles in old shade leaves from the inner canopy of the tropical trees Inga sapindoides and Persea americana (avocado). It then presents new physiological data from avocado on the time frames of the slow coordinated photosynthetic development of sink leaves in sunlight and on the slow renovation of photosynthetic properties in old leaves during sun to shade and shade to sun acclimation. In so doing, it grapples with issues in vivo that seem relevant to our increasingly sophisticated understanding of ΔpH-dependent, xanthophyll-pigment-stabilized non-photochemical quenching in the antenna of PSII in thylakoid membranes in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Matsubara
- IBG-2: Pflanzenwissenschaften, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Britta Förster
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology (RSB), Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Melinda Waterman
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Sharon A. Robinson
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Barry J. Pogson
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology (RSB), Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, RSB, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Brian Gunning
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology (RSB), Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Barry Osmond
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology (RSB), Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gerotto C, Alboresi A, Giacometti GM, Bassi R, Morosinotto T. Coexistence of plant and algal energy dissipation mechanisms in the moss Physcomitrella patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:763-773. [PMID: 23005032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although light is the source of energy for photosynthetic organisms, it causes oxidative stress when in excess. Plants and algae prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by activation of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), which dissipates excess excitation energy as heat. Although NPQ is found in both algae and plants, these organisms rely on two different proteins for its activation, Light harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR) and Photosystem II subunit S (PSBS). In the moss Physcomitrella patens, both proteins are present and active. Several P. patens lines depleted in or over-expressing PSBS and/or LHCSR at various levels were generated by exploiting the ability of Physcomitrella to undergo homologous recombination. The analysis of the transgenic lines showed that either protein is sufficient, alone, for NPQ activation independently of the other, supporting the idea that they rely on different activation mechanisms. Modulation of PSBS and/or LHCSR contents was found to be correlated with NPQ amplitude, indicating that plants and algae can directly modulate their ability to dissipate energy simply by altering the accumulation level of one or both of these proteins. The availability of a large range of P. patens genotypes differing in PSBS and LHCSR content allowed comparison of their activation mechanisms and discussion of implications for the evolution of photoprotection during land colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Gerotto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alboresi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio M Giacometti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Tomas Morosinotto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nichol CJ, Pieruschka R, Takayama K, F Rster B, Kolber Z, Rascher U, Grace J, Robinson SA, Pogson B, Osmond B. Canopy conundrums: building on the Biosphere 2 experience to scale measurements of inner and outer canopy photoprotection from the leaf to the landscape. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:1-24. [PMID: 32480756 DOI: 10.1071/fp11255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recognising that plant leaves are the fundamental productive units of terrestrial vegetation and the complexity of different environments in which they must function, this review considers a few of the ways in which these functions may be measured and potentially scaled to the canopy. Although canopy photosynthetic productivity is clearly the sum of all leaves in the canopy, we focus on the quest for 'economical insights' from measurements that might facilitate integration of leaf photosynthetic activities into canopy performance, to better inform modelling based on the 'insights of economics'. It is focussed on the reversible downregulation of photosynthetic efficiency in response to light environment and stress and summarises various xanthophyll-independent and dependent forms of photoprotection within the inner and outer canopy of woody plants. Two main themes are developed. First, we review experiments showing the retention of leaves that grow old in the shade may involve more than the 'payback times' required to recover the costs of their construction and maintenance. In some cases at least, retention of these leaves may reflect selection for distinctive properties that contribute to canopy photosynthesis through utilisation of sun flecks or provide 'back up' capacity following damage to the outer canopy. Second, we report experiments offering hope that remote sensing of photosynthetic properties in the outer canopy (using chlorophyll fluorescence and spectral reflectance technologies) may overcome problems of access and provide integrated measurements of these properties in the canopy as a whole. Finding appropriate tools to scale photosynthesis from the leaf to the landscape still presents a challenge but this synthesis identifies some measurements and criteria in the laboratory and the field that improve our understanding of inner and outer canopy processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Nichol
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Scotland, UK
| | - Roland Pieruschka
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences IBG 2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kotaro Takayama
- Laboratory of Physiological Green Systems, Department of Biomechanical Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Britta F Rster
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Zbigniew Kolber
- Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Uwe Rascher
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences IBG 2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - John Grace
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Scotland, UK
| | - Sharon A Robinson
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Ecosystem Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Barry Pogson
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Barry Osmond
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Molecular distinction in genetic regulation of nonphotochemical quenching in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13835-40. [PMID: 21804028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104809108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) regulates energy conversion in photosystem II and protects plants from photoinhibition. Here we analyze NPQ capacity in a number of rice cultivars. NPQ was strongly induced under medium and high light intensities in rice leaves. Japonica cultivars generally showed higher NPQ capacities than Indica cultivars when we measured a rice core collection. We mapped NPQ regulator and identified a locus (qNPQ1-2) that seems to be responsible for the difference in NPQ capacity between Indica and Japonica. One of the two rice PsbS homologues (OsPsbS1) was found within the qNPQ1-2 region. PsbS protein was not accumulated in the leaf blade of the mutant harboring transferred DNA insertion in OsPsbS1. NPQ capacity increased as OsPsbS1 expression increased in a series of transgenic lines ectopically expressing OsPsbS1 in an Indica cultivar. Indica cultivars lack a 2.7-kb region at the point 0.4 kb upstream of the OsPsbS1 gene, suggesting evolutionary discrimination of this gene.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ballottari M, Girardon J, Dall'osto L, Bassi R. Evolution and functional properties of photosystem II light harvesting complexes in eukaryotes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:143-57. [PMID: 21704018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic organisms, the major agent of inorganic carbon fixation into biomass, convert light energy into chemical energy. The first step of photosynthesis consists of the absorption of solar energy by pigments binding protein complexes named photosystems. Within photosystems, a family of proteins called Light Harvesting Complexes (LHC), responsible for light harvesting and energy transfer to reaction centers, has evolved along with eukaryotic organisms. Besides light absorption, these proteins catalyze photoprotective reactions which allowed functioning of oxygenic photosynthetic machinery in the increasingly oxidant environment. In this work we review current knowledge of LHC proteins serving Photosystem II. Balance between light harvesting and photoprotection is critical in Photosystem II, due to the lower quantum efficiency as compared to Photosystem I. In particular, we focus on the role of each antenna complex in light harvesting, energy transfer, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, chlorophyll triplet quenching and thermal dissipation of excess energy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada le Grazie 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gerotto C, Alboresi A, Giacometti GM, Bassi R, Morosinotto T. Role of PSBS and LHCSR in Physcomitrella patens acclimation to high light and low temperature. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:922-932. [PMID: 21332514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms respond to strong illumination by activating several photoprotection mechanisms. One of them, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), consists in the thermal dissipation of energy absorbed in excess. In vascular plants NPQ relies on the activity of PSBS, whereas in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii it requires a different protein, LHCSR. The moss Physcomitrella patens is the only known organism in which both proteins are present and active in triggering NPQ, making this organism particularly interesting for the characterization of this protection mechanism. We analysed the acclimation of Physcomitrella to high light and low temperature, finding that these conditions induce an increase in NPQ correlated to overexpression of both PSBS and LHCSR. Mutants depleted of PSBS and/or LHCSR showed that modulation of their accumulation indeed determines NPQ amplitude. All mutants with impaired NPQ also showed enhanced photosensitivity when exposed to high light or low temperature, indicating that in this moss the fast-responding NPQ mechanism is also involved in long-term acclimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Gerotto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121 Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alboresi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121 Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio M Giacometti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121 Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121 Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Tomas Morosinotto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121 Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ruban AV, Johnson MP, Duffy CDP. The photoprotective molecular switch in the photosystem II antenna. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:167-81. [PMID: 21569757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have reviewed the current state of multidisciplinary knowledge of the photoprotective mechanism in the photosystem II antenna underlying non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ). The physiological need for photoprotection of photosystem II and the concept of feed-back control of excess light energy are described. The outline of the major component of nonphotochemical quenching, qE, is suggested to comprise four key elements: trigger (ΔpH), site (antenna), mechanics (antenna dynamics) and quencher(s). The current understanding of the identity and role of these qE components is presented. Existing opinions on the involvement of protons, different LHCII antenna complexes, the PsbS protein and different xanthophylls are reviewed. The evidence for LHCII aggregation and macrostructural reorganization of photosystem II and their role in qE are also discussed. The models describing the qE locus in LHCII complexes, the pigments involved and the evidence for structural dynamics within single monomeric antenna complexes are reviewed. We suggest how PsbS and xanthophylls may exert control over qE by controlling the affinity of LHCII complexes for protons with reference to the concepts of hydrophobicity, allostery and hysteresis. Finally, the physics of the proposed chlorophyll-chlorophyll and chlorophyll-xanthophyll mechanisms of energy quenching is explained and discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ruban
- Queen Mary Universityof London, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Mile Enf Road, London E1 4TN, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Miller R, Wu G, Deshpande RR, Vieler A, Gärtner K, Li X, Moellering ER, Zäuner S, Cornish AJ, Liu B, Bullard B, Sears BB, Kuo MH, Hegg EL, Shachar-Hill Y, Shiu SH, Benning C. Changes in transcript abundance in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii following nitrogen deprivation predict diversion of metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1737-52. [PMID: 20935180 PMCID: PMC2996024 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.165159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Like many microalgae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii forms lipid droplets rich in triacylglycerols when nutrient deprived. To begin studying the mechanisms underlying this process, nitrogen (N) deprivation was used to induce triacylglycerol accumulation and changes in developmental programs such as gametogenesis. Comparative global analysis of transcripts under induced and noninduced conditions was applied as a first approach to studying molecular changes that promote or accompany triacylglycerol accumulation in cells encountering a new nutrient environment. Towards this goal, high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to generate large numbers of expressed sequence tags of eight biologically independent libraries, four for each condition, N replete and N deprived, allowing a statistically sound comparison of expression levels under the two tested conditions. As expected, N deprivation activated a subset of control genes involved in gametogenesis while down-regulating protein biosynthesis. Genes for components of photosynthesis were also down-regulated, with the exception of the PSBS gene. N deprivation led to a marked redirection of metabolism: the primary carbon source, acetate, was no longer converted to cell building blocks by the glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis but funneled directly into fatty acid biosynthesis. Additional fatty acids may be produced by membrane remodeling, a process that is suggested by the changes observed in transcript abundance of putative lipase genes. Inferences on metabolism based on transcriptional analysis are indirect, but biochemical experiments supported some of these deductions. The data provided here represent a rich source for the exploration of the mechanism of oil accumulation in microalgae.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bertrand M. Carotenoid biosynthesis in diatoms. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 106:89-102. [PMID: 20734232 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are ubiquitous and constitute an important group of the phytoplankton community having a major contribution to the total marine primary production. These microalgae exhibit a characteristic golden-brown colour due to a high amount of the xanthophyll fucoxanthin that plays a major role in the light-harvesting complex of photosystems. In the water column, diatoms are exposed to light intensities that vary quickly from lower to higher values. Xanthophyll cycles prevent photodestruction of the cells in excessive light intensities. In diatoms, the diadinoxanthin-diatoxanthin cycle is the most important short-term photoprotective mechanism. If the biosynthetic pathways of chloroplast pigments have been extensively studied in higher plants and green algae, the research on carotenoid biosynthesis in diatoms is still in its infancy. In this study, the data on the biosynthetic pathway of diatom carotenoids are reviewed. The early steps occur through the 2-C-methyl-D: -erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Then a hypothetical pathway is suggested from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). Most of the enzymes of the pathway have not been so far isolated from diatoms, but candidate genes for each of them were identified using protein similarity searches of genomic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Bertrand
- MiMeTox, National Institute for Marine Sciences and Techniques, CNAM, BP 324, 50103 Cherbourg-Octeville Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Regulation of plant light harvesting by thermal dissipation of excess energy. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:651-60. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0380651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular details of qE (energy quenching) induction in higher plants has proven to be a major challenge. Identification of qE mutants has provided initial information on functional elements involved in the qE mechanism; furthermore, investigations on isolated pigment–protein complexes and analysis in vivo and in vitro by sophisticated spectroscopic methods have been used for the elucidation of mechanisms involved. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of the phenotype of npq (non-photochemical quenching)-knockout mutants, the role of gene products involved in the qE process and compare the molecular models proposed for this process.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ilík P, Kotabová E, Spundová M, Novák O, Kana R, Strzałka K. Low-light-induced violaxanthin de-epoxidation in shortly preheated leaves: uncoupling from Delta pH-dependent nonphotochemical quenching. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:722-6. [PMID: 20132510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants protect themselves against excessive light by the induction of Delta pH-dependent nonphotochemical quenching (qE) that is associated with de-epoxidation of violaxanthin (V) to zeaxanthin (Z) in thylakoid membranes. In this work, we report that low light (12 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1)) is sufficient for a marked stimulation of the V to Z conversion in shortly preheated wheat leaves (5 min, 40 degrees C), but without a substantial increase in qE. Re-irradiation of these leaves with high light led to a rapid induction of nonphotochemical quenching, implying a potential photoprotective role of low-light-induced Z in preheated leaves. On the contrary to low light conditions, preheated leaves exposed to high light behaved similar to nonheated leaves with respect to the V to Z conversion and qE induction. The obtained results indicate that low-light-induced lumen acidification in preheated leaves is high enough to activate V de-epoxidation, but not sufficiently high to induce the formation of quenching centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ilík
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tikkanen M, Grieco M, Kangasjärvi S, Aro EM. Thylakoid protein phosphorylation in higher plant chloroplasts optimizes electron transfer under fluctuating light. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:723-35. [PMID: 19965965 PMCID: PMC2815896 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.150250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several proteins of photosystem II (PSII) and its light-harvesting antenna (LHCII) are reversibly phosphorylated according to light quantity and quality. Nevertheless, the interdependence of protein phosphorylation, nonphotochemical quenching, and efficiency of electron transfer in the thylakoid membrane has remained elusive. These questions were addressed by investigating in parallel the wild type and the stn7, stn8, and stn7 stn8 kinase mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), using the stn7 npq4, npq4, npq1, and pgr5 mutants as controls. Phosphorylation of PSII-LHCII proteins is strongly and dynamically regulated according to white light intensity. Yet, the changes in phosphorylation do not notably modify the relative excitation energy distribution between PSII and PSI, as typically occurs when phosphorylation is induced by "state 2" light that selectively excites PSII and induces the phosphorylation of both the PSII core and LHCII proteins. On the contrary, under low-light conditions, when excitation energy transfer from LHCII to reaction centers is efficient, the STN7-dependent LHCII protein phosphorylation guarantees a balanced distribution of excitation energy to both photosystems. The importance of this regulation diminishes at high light upon induction of thermal dissipation of excitation energy. Lack of the STN7 kinase, and thus the capacity for equal distribution of excitation energy to PSII and PSI, causes relative overexcitation of PSII under low light but not under high light, leading to disturbed maintenance of fluent electron flow under fluctuating light intensities. The physiological relevance of the STN7-dependent regulation is evidenced by severely stunted phenotypes of the stn7 and stn7 stn8 mutants under strongly fluctuating light conditions.
Collapse
|
40
|
Schaller S, Latowski D, Jemioła-Rzemińska M, Wilhelm C, Strzałka K, Goss R. The main thylakoid membrane lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) promotes the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin associated with the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1797:414-24. [PMID: 20035710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In higher plants, the major part of the xanthophyll cycle pigment violaxanthin (Vx) is non-covalently bound to the main light-harvesting complex of PSII (LHCII). Under saturating light conditions Vx has to be released from its binding site into the surrounding lipid phase, where it is converted to zeaxanthin (Zx) by the enzyme Vx de-epoxidase (VDE). In the present study we investigated the influence of thylakoid lipids on the de-epoxidation of Vx, which was still associated with the LHCII. We isolated LHCII with different concentrations of native, endogenous lipids and Vx by sucrose gradient centrifugation or successive cation precipitation. Analysis of the different LHCII preparations showed that the concentration of LHCII-associated Vx was correlated with the concentration of the main thylakoid lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) associated with the complexes. Decreases in the MGDG content of the LHCII led to a diminished Vx concentration, indicating that a part of the total Vx pool was located in an MGDG phase surrounding the LHCII, whereas another part was bound to the LHCII apoproteins. We further studied the convertibility of LHCII-associated Vx in in-vitro enzyme assays by addition of isolated VDE. We observed an efficient and almost complete Vx conversion in the LHCII fractions containing high amounts of endogenous MGDG. LHCII preparations with low concentrations of MGDG exhibited a strongly reduced Vx de-epoxidation, which could be increased by addition of exogenous, pure MGDG. The de-epoxidation of LHCII-associated Vx was saturated at a much lower concentration of native, endogenous MGDG compared with the concentration of isolated, exogenous MGDG, which is needed for optimal VDE activity in in-vitro assays employing pure isolated Vx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Schaller
- Institute of Biology I, Plant Physiology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kasajima I, Takahara K, Kawai-Yamada M, Uchimiya H. Estimation of the relative sizes of rate constants for chlorophyll de-excitation processes through comparison of inverse fluorescence intensities. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1600-16. [PMID: 19602498 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The paper derives a simple way to calculate the linear relationships between all separable groups of rate constants for de-excitation of Chl a excitation energy. This is done by comparison of the inverse values of chlorophyll fluorescence intensities and is based on the matrix model of Kitajima and Butler and on the lake model of energy exchange among PSII centers. Compared with the outputs of earlier, similar calculations, the results presented here add some linear comparisons of the relative sizes of rate constants without the need for F(0)' measurement. This enables us to regenerate the same alternative formula to calculate q(L) as presented previously, in a different and simple form. The same former equation to calculate F(0)' value from F(m), F(m)' and F(0) values is also regenerated in our calculation system in a simple form. We also apply relaxation analysis to separate the rate constant for non-photochemical quenching (k(NPQ)) into the rate constant for a fast-relaxing non-photochemical quenching (k(fast)) and the rate constant for slow-relaxing non-photochemical quenching (k(slow)). Changes in the sizes of rate constants were measured in Arabidopsis thaliana and in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kasajima
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jung HS, Niyogi KK. Quantitative genetic analysis of thermal dissipation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:977-86. [PMID: 19339502 PMCID: PMC2689978 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.137828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Feedback deexcitation is a photosynthetic regulatory mechanism that can protect plants from high light stress by harmlessly dissipating excess absorbed light energy as heat. To understand the genetic basis for intraspecies differences in thermal dissipation capacity, we investigated natural variation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We determined the variation in the amount of thermal dissipation by measuring nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence in Arabidopsis accessions of diverse origins. Ll-1 and Sf-2 were selected as high NPQ Arabidopsis accessions, and Columbia-0 (Col-0) and Wassilewskija-2 were selected as relatively low NPQ accessions. In spite of significant differences in NPQ, previously identified NPQ factors were indistinguishable between the high and the low NPQ accessions. Intermediate levels of NPQ in Ll-1 x Col-0 F1 and Sf-2 x Col-0 F1 compared to NPQ levels in their parental lines and continuous distribution of NPQ in F2 indicated that the variation in NPQ is under the control of multiple nuclear factors. To identify genetic factors responsible for the NPQ variation, we developed a polymorphic molecular marker set for Sf-2 x Col-0 at approximately 10-centimorgan intervals. From quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping with undistorted genotype data and NPQ measurements in an F2 mapping population, we identified two high NPQ QTLs, HQE1 (high qE 1, for high energy-dependent quenching 1) and HQE2, on chromosomes 1 and 2, and the phenotype of HQE2 was validated by analysis of near isogenic lines. Neither QTL maps to a gene that had been identified previously in extensive forward genetics screens using induced mutants, suggesting that quantitative genetics can be used to find new genes affecting thermal dissipation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Sung Jung
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Miyake C, Amako K, Shiraishi N, Sugimoto T. Acclimation of tobacco leaves to high light intensity drives the plastoquinone oxidation system--relationship among the fraction of open PSII centers, non-photochemical quenching of Chl fluorescence and the maximum quantum yield of PSII in the dark. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:730-43. [PMID: 19251745 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Responses of the reduction-oxidation level of plastoquinone (PQ) in the photosynthetic electron transport (PET) system of chloroplasts to growth light intensity were evaluated in tobacco plants. Plants grown in low light (150 micromol photons m-2 s-1) (LL plants) were exposed to a high light intensity (1,100 micromol photons m-2 s-1) for 1 d. Subsequently, the plants exposed to high light (LH plants) were returned back again to the low light condition: these plants were designated as LHL plants. Both LH and LHL plants showed higher values of non-photochemical quenching of Chl fluorescence (NPQ) and the fraction of open PSII centers (qL), and lower values of the maximum quantum yield of PSII in the dark (Fv/Fm), compared with LL plants. The dependence of qL on the quantum yield of PSII [Phi(PSII)] in LH and LHL plants was higher than that in LL plants. To evaluate the effect of an increase in NPQ and decrease in Fv/Fm on qL, we derived an equation expressing qL in relation to both NPQ and Fv/Fm, according to the lake model of photoexcitation of the PSII reaction center. As a result, the heat dissipation process, shown as NPQ, did not contribute greatly to the increase in qL. On the other hand, decreased Fv/Fm did contribute to the increase in qL, i.e. the enhanced oxidation of PQ under photosynthesis-limited conditions. Thylakoid membranes isolated from LH plants, having high qL, showed a higher tolerance against photoinhibition of PSII, compared with those from LL plants. We propose a 'plastoquinone oxidation system (POS)', which keeps PQ in an oxidized state by suppressing the accumulation of electrons in the PET system in such a way as to regulate the maximum quantum yield of PSII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chikahiro Miyake
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bonente G, Passarini F, Cazzaniga S, Mancone C, Buia MC, Tripodi M, Bassi R, Caffarri S. The occurrence of the psbS gene product in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and in other photosynthetic organisms and its correlation with energy quenching. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 84:1359-70. [PMID: 19067957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To avoid photodamage, photosynthetic organisms have developed mechanisms to evade or dissipate excess energy. Lumen overacidification caused by light-induced electron transport triggers quenching of excited chlorophylls and dissipation of excess energy into heat. In higher plants participation of the PsbS protein as the sensor of low lumenal pH was clearly demonstrated. Although light-dependent energy quenching is a property of all photosynthetic organisms, large differences in amplitude and kinetics can be observed thus raising the question whether a single common mechanism is in action. We performed a detailed study of PsbS expression/accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and investigated its accumulation in other algae and plants. We showed that PsbS cannot be detected in Chlamydomonas under a wide range of growth conditions. Overexpression of the endogenous psbs gene showed that the corresponding protein could not be addressed to the thylakoid membranes. Survey of different unicellular green algae showed no accumulation of anti-PsbS reactive proteins differently from multicellular species. Nevertheless, some unicellular species exhibit high energy quenching activity, suggesting that a PsbS-independent mechanism is activated. By correlating growth habitat and PsbS accumulation in different species, we suggest that during the evolution the light environment has been a determinant factor for the conservation/loss of the PsbS function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bonente
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, UMR6191 CEA CNRS Université Aix-Marseille II, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kotabová E, Kana R, Kyseláková H, Lípová L, Novák O, Ilík P. A pronounced light-induced zeaxanthin formation accompanied by an unusually slight increase in non-photochemical quenching: a study with barley leaves treated with methyl viologen at moderate light. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:1563-1571. [PMID: 18423934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced deepoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin in plants is associated with the induction of pronounced xanthophyll-dependent non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). To date, a misbalance between a high amount of zeaxanthin in thylakoid membranes and low NPQ has been explained by an absence of lumen acidification (e.g. when NPQ is measured in the dark after high light stress). In this study, we report that this misbalance can also be observed under moderate light. We found this result (deepoxidation state, DEPS, above 55% and NPQ approximately 0.9) in barley leaves treated with 10 microM methyl viologen (MV) under white light (100 micromol photonsm(-2)s(-1), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), growth irradiance). The addition of MV at this moderate light did not accelerate electron transport in thylakoid membranes, and induced only slight oxidative stress (no lipid peroxidation, almost unchanged maximum yield of photosystem II photochemistry, a decrease in activity of ascorbate peroxidase, and an increase in that of glutathion reductase). We suggest that, in leaves treated under the conditions used here, the lumen acidification induced by light-limited electron transport in thylakoid membranes was high enough to activate violaxanthin deepoxidase, but not sufficiently high to form the expected number of zeaxanthin-dependent quenching centers in photosystem II antennae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kotabová
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
de Bianchi S, Dall'Osto L, Tognon G, Morosinotto T, Bassi R. Minor antenna proteins CP24 and CP26 affect the interactions between photosystem II subunits and the electron transport rate in grana membranes of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:1012-28. [PMID: 18381925 PMCID: PMC2390724 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.055749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the function of chlorophyll a/b binding antenna proteins Chlorophyll Protein 26 (CP26) and CP24 in light harvesting and regulation of photosynthesis by isolating Arabidopsis thaliana knockout lines that completely lacked one or both of these proteins. All three mutant lines had a decreased efficiency of energy transfer from trimeric light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) to the reaction center of photosystem II (PSII) due to the physical disconnection of LHCII from PSII and formation of PSII reaction center depleted domains in grana partitions. Photosynthesis was affected in plants lacking CP24 but not in plants lacking CP26: the former mutant had decreased electron transport rates, a lower DeltapH gradient across the grana membranes, reduced capacity for nonphotochemical quenching, and limited growth. Furthermore, the PSII particles of these plants were organized in unusual two-dimensional arrays in the grana membranes. Surprisingly, overall electron transport, nonphotochemical quenching, and growth of the double mutant were restored to wild type. Fluorescence induction kinetics and electron transport measurements at selected steps of the photosynthetic chain suggested that limitation in electron transport was due to restricted electron transport between Q(A) and Q(B), which retards plastoquinone diffusion. We conclude that CP24 absence alters PSII organization and consequently limits plastoquinone diffusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia de Bianchi
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bonente G, Howes BD, Caffarri S, Smulevich G, Bassi R. Interactions between the photosystem II subunit PsbS and xanthophylls studied in vivo and in vitro. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8434-45. [PMID: 18070876 PMCID: PMC2417184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708291200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosystem II subunit PsbS is essential for excess energy dissipation (qE); however, both lutein and zeaxanthin are needed for its full activation. Based on previous work, two models can be proposed in which PsbS is either 1) the gene product where the quenching activity is located or 2) a proton-sensing trigger that activates the quencher molecules. The first hypothesis requires xanthophyll binding to two PsbS-binding sites, each activated by the protonation of a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding lumen-exposed glutamic acid residue. To assess the existence and properties of these xanthophyll-binding sites, PsbS point mutants on each of the two Glu residues PsbS E122Q and PsbS E226Q were crossed with the npq1/npq4 and lut2/npq4 mutants lacking zeaxanthin and lutein, respectively. Double mutants E122Q/npq1 and E226Q/npq1 had no qE, whereas E122Q/lut2 and E226Q/lut2 showed a strong qE reduction with respect to both lut2 and single glutamate mutants. These findings exclude a specific interaction between lutein or zeaxanthin and a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding site and suggest that the dependence of nonphotochemical quenching on xanthophyll composition is not due to pigment binding to PsbS. To verify, in vitro, the capacity of xanthophylls to bind PsbS, we have produced recombinant PsbS refolded with purified pigments and shown that Raman signals, previously attributed to PsbS-zeaxanthin interactions, are in fact due to xanthophyll aggregation. We conclude that the xanthophyll dependence of qE is not due to PsbS but to other pigment-binding proteins, probably of the Lhcb type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bonente
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Redox Regulation of Chloroplast Gene Expression. PHOTOPROTECTION, PHOTOINHIBITION, GENE REGULATION, AND ENVIRONMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3579-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
50
|
Armstrong AF, Wardlaw KD, Atkin OK. Assessing the relationship between respiratory acclimation to the cold and photosystem II redox poise in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:1513-22. [PMID: 17953650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of manipulating photosystem II (PSII) redox poise on respiratory flux in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Measurements were made on wild-type (WT) plants and npq4 mutant plants deficient in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, WT and mutant warm-grown plants were exposed to three different irradiance regimes [75, 150 and 300 micromol photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)], and leaf dark respiration was measured in conjunction with PSII redox poise. In the second experiment, WT and mutant warm-grown plants were shifted to 5 degrees C and 75, 150 or 300 micromol PAR, and dark respiration was measured alongside PSII redox poise in cold-treated and cold-developed leaves. Despite significant differences in PSII redox poise between genotypes and irradiance treatments, neither genotype nor growth irradiance had any effect upon the rate of respiration in warm-grown, cold-treated or cold-developed leaves. We conclude that changes in PSII redox poise, at least within the range experienced here, have no direct impacts on rates of leaf dark respiration, and that the respiratory cold acclimation response is unrelated to changes in chloroplast redox poise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Armstrong
- Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York, YO10 5YW, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|