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Sidibé H, Vande Velde C. Collective Learnings of Studies of Stress Granule Assembly and Composition. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2428:199-228. [PMID: 35171482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1975-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules have gained considerable exposure and interest in recent years. These micron-sized entities, composed of RNA and protein, form following a stress exposure and have been linked to several pathologies. Understanding stress granule function is paramount but has been arduous due to the membraneless nature of these organelles. Several new methodologies have recently been developed to catalogue the protein and RNA composition of stress granules. Collectively, this work has provided important insights to potential stress granule functions as well as molecular mechanisms for their assembly and disassembly. This chapter reviews the latest advancements in the understanding of stress granule dynamics and discusses the various protocols developed to study their composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjara Sidibé
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CHUM Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Vande Velde
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CHUM Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Northey JJ, Przybyla L, Weaver VM. Tissue Force Programs Cell Fate and Tumor Aggression. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:1224-1237. [PMID: 29038232 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical and biochemical cues within a tissue collaborate across length scales to direct cell fate during development and are critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Loss of tensional homeostasis in a tissue not only accompanies malignancy but may also contribute to oncogenic transformation. High mechanical stress in solid tumors can impede drug delivery and may additionally drive tumor progression and promote metastasis. Mechanistically, biomechanical forces can drive tumor aggression by inducing a mesenchymal-like switch in transformed cells so that they attain tumor-initiating or stem-like cell properties. Given that cancer stem cells have been linked to metastasis and treatment resistance, this raises the intriguing possibility that the elevated tissue mechanics in tumors could promote their aggression by programming their phenotype toward that exhibited by a stem-like cell.Significance: Recent findings argue that mechanical stress and elevated mechanosignaling foster malignant transformation and metastasis. Prolonged corruption of tissue tension may drive tumor aggression by altering cell fate specification. Thus, strategies that could reduce tumor mechanics might comprise effective approaches to prevent the emergence of treatment-resilient metastatic cancers. Cancer Discov; 7(11); 1224-37. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Northey
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Laralynne Przybyla
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California. .,Departments of Anatomy, Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Radiation Oncology, and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California
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The interplay between histone deacetylases and rho kinases is important for cancer and neurodegeneration. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 37:29-45. [PMID: 28606734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rho associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCKs) respond to defined extra- and intracellular stimuli to control cell migration, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic modifiers that regulate nuclear and cytoplasmic signaling through the deacetylation of histones and non-histone proteins. ROCK and HDAC functions are important compounds of basic and applied research interests. Recent evidence suggests a physiologically important interplay between HDACs and ROCKs in various cells and organisms. Here we summarize the crosstalk between these enzymatic families and its implications for cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Biological effects of direct and indirect manipulation of the fascial system. Narrative review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2017; 21:435-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zaidel-Bar R, Zhenhuan G, Luxenburg C. The contractome – a systems view of actomyosin contractility in non-muscle cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2209-17. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Actomyosin contractility is a highly regulated process that affects many fundamental biological processes in each and every cell in our body. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we mined the literature and databases to map the contractome of non-muscle cells. Actomyosin contractility is involved in at least 49 distinct cellular functions that range from providing cell architecture to signal transduction and nuclear activity. Containing over 100 scaffolding and regulatory proteins, the contractome forms a highly complex network with more than 230 direct interactions between its components, 86 of them involving phosphorylation. Mapping these interactions, we identify the key regulatory pathways involved in the assembly of actomyosin structures and in activating myosin to produce contractile forces within non-muscle cells at the exact time and place necessary for cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab building #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Guo Zhenhuan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab building #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Chen D, Yang Y, Cheng X, Fang F, Xu G, Yuan Z, Xia J, Kong H, Xie W, Wang H, Fang M, Gao Y, Xu Y. Megakaryocytic Leukemia 1 Directs a Histone H3 Lysine 4 Methyltransferase Complex to Regulate Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension. Hypertension 2015; 65:821-33. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Chen
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Yuyu Yang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Xian Cheng
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Fei Fang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Gang Xu
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Zhibin Yuan
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Jun Xia
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Hui Kong
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Weiping Xie
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Hong Wang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Mingming Fang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Yuqi Gao
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
| | - Yong Xu
- From the Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University (D.C., G.X., Z.Y., Y.G., Y.X.), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.Y., X.C., F.F., M.F., Y.X.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the
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Yu L, Weng X, Liang P, Dai X, Wu X, Xu H, Fang M, Fang F, Xu Y. MRTF-A mediates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory transcription by interacting with the COMPASS complex. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4645-57. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.152314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation underscores the pathogenesis of a range of human diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits strong pro-inflammatory response in macrophages via the transcription factor NF-κB. The epigenetic mechanism underlying LPS-induced pro-inflammatory transcription is not completely appreciated. Herein we describe a role for myocardin related transcription factor A, or MRTF-A, in this process. MRTF-A over-expression potentiated while MRTF-A silencing dampened NF-κB dependent pro-inflammatory transcription. MRTF-A deficiency also alleviated the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators in a mouse model of colitis. LPS promoted the recruitment of MRTF-A to the promoters of pro-inflammatory genes in a NF-κB dependent manner. Reciprocally, MRTF-A influenced the nuclear enrichment and target binding of NF-κB. Mechanistically, MRTF-A was necessary for the accumulation of active histone modifications on NF-κB target promoters by communicating with the histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex (COMPASS). Silencing of individual members of COMPASS, including ASH2, WDR5, and SET1, down-regulated the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and impaired the NF-κB kinetics. In summary, our work has uncovered a previously unknown function for MRTF-A and provided insights into the rationalized development of anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is the remarkable process by which cells self-assemble into complex tissues and organs that exhibit specialized form and function during embryological development. Many of the genes and chemical cues that mediate tissue and organ formation have been identified; however, these signals alone are not sufficient to explain how tissues and organs are constructed that exhibit their unique material properties and three-dimensional forms. Here, we review work that has revealed the central role that physical forces and extracellular matrix mechanics play in the control of cell fate switching, pattern formation, and tissue development in the embryo and how these same mechanical signals contribute to tissue homeostasis and developmental control throughout adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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Otsuji TG, Kurose Y, Suemori H, Tada M, Nakatsuji N. Dynamic link between histone H3 acetylation and an increase in the functional characteristics of human ESC/iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45010. [PMID: 22984602 PMCID: PMC3440326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are functionally heterogeneous, display insufficient biological efficacy and generally possess the electrophysiological properties seen in fetal CMs. However, a homogenous population of hESC/hiPSC-CMs, with properties similar to those of adult human ventricular cells, is required for use in drug cardiotoxicity screening. Unfortunately, despite the requirement for the functional characteristics of post-mitotic beating cell aggregates to mimic the behavior of mature cardiomyocytes in vitro, few technological improvements have been made in this field to date. Previously, we showed that culturing hESC-CMs under low-adhesion conditions with cyclic replating confers continuous contractility on the cells, leading to a functional increase in cardiac gene expression and electrophysiological properties over time. The current study reveals that culturing hESC/hiPSC-CMs under non-adhesive culture conditions enhances the electrophysiological properties of the CMs through an increase in the acetylation of histone H3 lysine residues, as confirmed by western blot analyses. Histone H3 acetylation was induced chemically by treating primitive hESC/hiPSC-CMs with Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, resulting in an immediate increase in global cardiac gene expression. In functional analyses using multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings, TSA-treated hESC/hiPSC-CM colonies showed appropriate responses to particular concentrations of known potassium ion channel inhibitors. Thus, the combination of a cell-autonomous functional increase in response to non-adhesive culture and short-term TSA treatment of hESC/hiPSC-CM colonies cultured on MEA electrodes will help to make cardiac toxicity tests more accurate and reproducible via genome-wide chromatin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi G. Otsuji
- Stem Cell and Drug Discovery Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Ushinomiya-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurose
- Stem Cell and Drug Discovery Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Suemori
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masako Tada
- Stem Cell and Drug Discovery Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Ushinomiya-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Raviraj V, Fok S, Zhao J, Chien HY, Lyons JG, Thompson EW, Soon L. Regulation of ROCK1 via Notch1 during breast cancer cell migration into dense matrices. BMC Cell Biol 2012; 13:12. [PMID: 22583596 PMCID: PMC3520698 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-13-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The behaviour of tumour cells depends on factors such as genetics and the tumour microenvironment. The latter plays a crucial role in normal mammary gland development and also in breast cancer initiation and progression. Breast cancer tissues tend to be highly desmoplastic and dense matrix as a pre-existing condition poses one of the highest risk factors for cancer development. However, matrix influence on tumour cell gene expression and behaviour such as cell migration is not fully elucidated. Results We generated high-density (HD) matrices that mimicked tumour collagen content of 20 mg/cm3 that were ~14-fold stiffer than low-density (LD) matrix of 1 mg/cm3. Live-cell imaging showed breast cancer cells utilizing cytoplasmic streaming and cell body contractility for migration within HD matrix. Cell migration was blocked in the presence of both the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, and the MMP inhibitor, GM6001, but not by the drugs individually. This suggests roles for ROCK1 and MMP in cell migration are complicated by compensatory mechanisms. ROCK1 expression and protein activity, were significantly upregulated in HD matrix but these were blocked by treatment with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, MS-275. In HD matrix, the inhibition of ROCK1 by MS-275 was indirect and relied upon protein synthesis and Notch1. Inhibition of Notch1 using pooled siRNA or DAPT abrogated the inhibition of ROCK1 by MS-275. Conclusion Increased matrix density elevates ROCK1 activity, which aids in cell migration via cell contractility. The upregulation of ROCK1 is epigenetically regulated in an indirect manner involving the repression of Notch1. This is demonstrated from inhibition of HDACs by MS-275, which caused an upregulation of Notch1 levels leading to blockade of ROCK1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanisri Raviraj
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (ACMM), AMMRF, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Merlin/NF2 regulates angiogenesis in schwannomas through a Rac1/semaphorin 3F-dependent mechanism. Neoplasia 2012; 14:84-94. [PMID: 22431917 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal-dominant multiple neoplasia syndrome that results from mutations in the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. Patients with NF2 develop hallmark schwannomas that require surgery or radiation, both of which have significant adverse effects. Recent studies have indicated that the tumor microenvironment-in particular, tumor blood vessels-of schwannomas may be an important therapeutic target. Furthermore, although much has been done to understand how merlin, the NF2 gene product, functions as a tumor suppressor gene in schwannoma cells, the functional role of merlin in the tumor microenvironment and the mechanism(s) by which merlin regulates angiogenesis to support schwannoma growth is largely unexplored. Here we report that the expression of semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F) was specifically downregulated in schwannoma cells lacking merlin/NF2. When we reintroduced SEMA3F in schwannoma cells, we observed normalized tumor blood vessels, reduced tumor burden, and extended survival in nude mice bearing merlin-deficient brain tumors. Next, using chemical inhibitors and gene knockdown with RNA interference, we found that merlin regulated expression of SEMA3F through Rho GTPase family member Rac1. This study shows that, in addition to the tumor-suppressing activity of merlin, it also functions to maintain physiological angiogenesis in the nervous system by regulating antiangiogenic factors such as SEMA3F. Restoring the relative balance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors, such as increases in SEMA3F, in schwannoma microenvironment may represent a novel strategy to alleviate the clinical symptoms of NF2-related schwannomas.
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TM4SF5 accelerates G1/S phase progression via cytosolic p27Kip1 expression and RhoA activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:975-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kerr E, Kiyuna T, Boyle S, Saito A, Thomas JSJ, Bickmore WA. Changes in chromatin structure during processing of wax-embedded tissue sections. Chromosome Res 2010; 18:677-88. [PMID: 20661639 PMCID: PMC2941078 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-010-9147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of immunofluorescence (IF) and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) underpins much of our understanding of how chromatin is organised in the nucleus. However, there has only recently been an appreciation that these types of study need to move away from cells grown in culture and towards an investigation of nuclear organisation in cells in situ in their normal tissue architecture. Such analyses, however, especially of archival clinical samples, often requires use of formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue sections which need addition steps of processing prior to IF or FISH. Here we quantify the changes in nuclear and chromatin structure that may be caused by these additional processing steps. Treatments, especially the microwaving to reverse fixation, do significantly alter nuclear architecture and chromatin texture, and these must be considered when inferring the original organisation of the nucleus from data collected from wax-embedded tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kerr
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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Langevin HM, Storch KN, Snapp RR, Bouffard NA, Badger GJ, Howe AK, Taatjes DJ. Tissue stretch induces nuclear remodeling in connective tissue fibroblasts. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 133:405-15. [PMID: 20237796 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies in cultured cells have shown that nuclear shape is an important factor influencing nuclear function, and that mechanical forces applied to the cell can directly affect nuclear shape. In a previous study, we demonstrated that stretching of whole mouse subcutaneous tissue causes dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling with perinuclear redistribution of alpha-actin in fibroblasts within the tissue. We have further shown that the nuclei of these fibroblasts have deep invaginations containing alpha-actin. In the current study, we hypothesized that tissue stretch would cause nuclear remodeling with a reduced amount of nuclear invagination, measurable as a change in nuclear concavity. Subcutaneous areolar connective tissue samples were excised from 28 mice and randomized to either tissue stretch or no stretch for 30 min, then examined with histochemistry and confocal microscopy. In stretched tissue (vs. non-stretched), fibroblast nuclei had a larger cross-sectional area (P < 0.001), smaller thickness (P < 0.03) in the plane of the tissue, and smaller relative concavity (P < 0.005) indicating an increase in nuclear convexity. The stretch-induced loss of invaginations may have important influences on gene expression, RNA trafficking and/or cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Langevin
- Department of Neurology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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15
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Finan JD, Guilak F. The effects of osmotic stress on the structure and function of the cell nucleus. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:460-7. [PMID: 20024954 PMCID: PMC3616882 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osmotic stress is a potent regulator of the normal function of cells that are exposed to osmotically active environments under physiologic or pathologic conditions. The ability of cells to alter gene expression and metabolic activity in response to changes in the osmotic environment provides an additional regulatory mechanism for a diverse array of tissues and organs in the human body. In addition to the activation of various osmotically- or volume-activated ion channels, osmotic stress may also act on the genome via a direct biophysical pathway. Changes in extracellular osmolality alter cell volume, and therefore, the concentration of intracellular macromolecules. In turn, intracellular macromolecule concentration is a key physical parameter affecting the spatial organization and pressurization of the nucleus. Hyper-osmotic stress shrinks the nucleus and causes it to assume a convoluted shape, whereas hypo-osmotic stress swells the nucleus to a size that is limited by stretch of the nuclear lamina and induces a smooth, round shape of the nucleus. These behaviors are consistent with a model of the nucleus as a charged core/shell structure pressurized by uneven partition of macromolecules between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm. These osmotically-induced alterations in the internal structure and arrangement of chromatin, as well as potential changes in the nuclear membrane and pores are hypothesized to influence gene transcription and/or nucleocytoplasmic transport. A further understanding of the biophysical and biochemical mechanisms involved in these processes would have important ramifications for a range of fields including differentiation, migration, mechanotransduction, DNA repair, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Finan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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16
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Otsuji TG, Minami I, Kurose Y, Yamauchi K, Tada M, Nakatsuji N. Progressive maturation in contracting cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells: Qualitative effects on electrophysiological responses to drugs. Stem Cell Res 2010; 4:201-13. [PMID: 20199896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of drug testing currently needs a new integrated assay system, as accurate as systems using native tissues, that will allow us to predict arrhythmia risks of candidate drugs and the relationship between genetic mutations and acquired electrophysiological phenotypes. This could be accomplished by combining the microelectrode array (MEA) system with cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotential stem cells. CMs have been successfully induced from both types, but their maturation process is not systematically controlled; this results in loss of beating potency and insufficient ion channel function. We generated a transgenic hESC line that facilitates maintenance of hESC-CM clusters every 2 weeks by expressing GFP driven by a cardiac-specific alphaMHC promoter, thereby producing a compact pacemaker lineage within a ventricular population over a year. Further analyses, including quantitative RT-PCR, patch-clamp, and MEA-mediated QT tests, demonstrated that replating culturing continuously enhanced gene expression, ionic current amplitudes, and resistance to K(+) channel blockades in hESC-CMs. Moreover, temporal three-dimensional (3D) culturing accelerated maturation by restoring the global gene repressive status established in the adhesive status. Replating/3D culturing thus produces hESC-CMs that act as functional syncytia suitable for use in regenerative medicine and accurate drug tests.
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Lelièvre SA. Contributions of extracellular matrix signaling and tissue architecture to nuclear mechanisms and spatial organization of gene expression control. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:925-35. [PMID: 19328836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of histones, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, and DNA methylation are interconnected nuclear mechanisms that ultimately lead to the changes in chromatin structure necessary to carry out epigenetic gene expression control. Tissue differentiation is characterized by a specific gene expression profile in association with the acquisition of a defined tissue architecture and function. Elements critical for tissue differentiation, like extracellular stimuli, adhesion and cell shape properties, and transcription factors all contribute to the modulation of gene expression and thus, are likely to impinge on the nuclear mechanisms of epigenetic gene expression control. In this review, we analyze how these elements modify chromatin structure in a hierarchical manner by acting on the nuclear machinery. We discuss how mechanotransduction via the structural continuum of the cell and biochemical signaling to the cell nucleus integrate to provide a comprehensive control of gene expression. The role of nuclear organization in this control is highlighted, with a presentation of differentiation-induced nuclear structure and the concept of nuclear organization as a modulator of the response to incoming signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Lelièvre
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Cancer Center, Purdue University, Lynn, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
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Abstract
Cells within tissues are continuously exposed to physical forces including hydrostatic pressure, shear stress, and compression and tension forces. Cells dynamically adapt to force by modifying their behaviour and remodelling their microenvironment. They also sense these forces through mechanoreceptors and respond by exerting reciprocal actomyosin- and cytoskeletal-dependent cell-generated force by a process termed 'mechanoreciprocity'. Loss of mechanoreciprocity has been shown to promote the progression of disease, including cancer. Moreover, the mechanical properties of a tissue contribute to disease progression, compromise treatment and might also alter cancer risk. Thus, the changing force that cells experience needs to be considered when trying to understand the complex nature of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci T Butcher
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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19
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Actin cytoskeleton differentially modulates NF-κB-mediated IL-8 expression in myelomonocytic cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:1214-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Weinmeister P, Lukowski R, Linder S, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Hengst L, Hofmann F, Feil R. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase I promotes adhesion of primary vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4434-41. [PMID: 18685080 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-04-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI) pathway regulates many cellular functions. The current study shows that 8-Br-cGMP stimulates the number of attached primary but not that of subcultured murine vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). These effects of 8-Br-cGMP require the presence of cGKI. In agreement with previous studies, cGKI inhibited the number of cells in repeatedly passaged murine VSMCs. Activation of the cGMP/cGKI pathway in freshly isolated primary VSMCs slightly decreased apoptosis and strongly increased cell adhesion. The stimulation of cell adhesion by cGKI involves an inhibition of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway and increased exposure of beta(1) and beta(3) integrins on the cell surface. Together, these results identify a novel proadhesive function of cGMP/cGKI signaling in primary VSMCs and suggest that the opposing effects of this pathway on VSMC number depend on the phenotypic context of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Weinmeister
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Technischen Universiät München, D-80802 München, Germany.
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Lee SA, Lee SY, Cho IH, Oh MA, Kang ES, Kim YB, Seo WD, Choi S, Nam JO, Tamamori-Adachi M, Kitajima S, Ye SK, Kim S, Hwang YJ, Kim IS, Park KH, Lee JW. Tetraspanin TM4SF5 mediates loss of contact inhibition through epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocarcinoma. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1354-66. [PMID: 18357344 DOI: 10.1172/jci33768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of normal cells is arrested when they come in contact with each other, a process known as contact inhibition. Contact inhibition is lost during tumorigenesis, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth. Here, we investigated the role of the tetraspanin transmembrane 4 superfamily member 5 (TM4SF5) in contact inhibition and tumorigenesis. We found that TM4SF5 was overexpressed in human hepatocarcinoma tissue. TM4SF5 expression in clinical samples and in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines correlated with enhanced p27Kip1 expression and cytosolic stabilization as well as morphological elongation mediated by RhoA inactivation. These TM4SF5-mediated effects resulted in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via loss of E-cadherin expression. The consequence of this was aberrant cell growth, as assessed by S-phase transition in confluent conditions, anchorage-independent growth, and tumor formation in nude mice. The TM4SF5-mediated effects were abolished by suppressing the expression of either TM4SF5 or cytosolic p27Kip1, as well as by reconstituting the expression of E-cadherin. Our observations have revealed a role for TM4SF5 in causing uncontrolled growth of human hepatocarcinoma cells through EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Ae Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Peyton SR, Ghajar CM, Khatiwala CB, Putnam AJ. The emergence of ECM mechanics and cytoskeletal tension as important regulators of cell function. Cell Biochem Biophys 2007; 47:300-20. [PMID: 17652777 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-007-0004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to harvest and maintain viable cells from mammalian tissues represented a critical advance in biomedical research, enabling individual cells to be cultured and studied in molecular detail. However, in these traditional cultures, cells are grown on rigid glass or polystyrene substrates, the mechanical properties of which often do not match those of the in vivo tissue from which the cells were originally derived. This mechanical mismatch likely contributes to abrupt changes in cellular phenotype. In fact, it has been proposed that mechanical changes in the cellular microenvironment may alone be responsible for driving specific cellular behaviors. Recent multidisciplinary efforts from basic scientists and engineers have begun to address this hypothesis more explicitly by probing the effects of ECM mechanics on cell and tissue function. Understanding the consequences of such mechanical changes is physiologically relevant in the context of a number of tissues in which altered mechanics may either correlate with or play an important role in the onset of pathology. Examples include changes in the compliance of blood vessels associated with atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia, as well as changes in the mechanical properties of developing tumors. Compelling evidence from 2-D in vitro model systems has shown that substrate mechanical properties induce changes in cell shape, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, but it remains to be seen whether or not these same effects translate to 3-D systems or in vivo. Furthermore, the molecular "mechanotransduction" mechanisms by which cells respond to changes in ECM mechanics remain unclear. Here, we provide some historical context for this emerging area of research, and discuss recent evidence that regulation of cytoskeletal tension by changes in ECM mechanics (either directly or indirectly) may provide a critical switch that controls cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA
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Gieni RS, Hendzel MJ. Mechanotransduction from the ECM to the genome: Are the pieces now in place? J Cell Biochem 2007; 104:1964-87. [PMID: 17546585 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of biochemical signaling processes have been characterized that affect gene expression and cellular activity. However, living cells often need to integrate biochemical signals with mechanical information from their microenvironment as they respond. In fact, the signals received by shape alone can dictate cell fate. This mechanotrasduction of information is powerful, eliciting proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis in a manner dependent upon the extent of physical deformation. The cells internal "prestressed" structure and its "hardwired" interaction with the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) appear to confer this ability to filter biochemical signals and decide between divergent cell functions influenced by the nature of signals from the mechanical environment. In some instances mechanical signaling through the tissue microenvironment has been shown to be dominant over genomic defects, imparting a normal phenotype on cells that otherwise have transforming genetic lesions. This mechanical control of phenotype is postulated to have a central role in embryogenesis, tissue physiology as well as the pathology of a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. We will briefly review studies showing physical continuity between the external cellular microenvironment and the interior of the cell nucleus. Newly characterized structures, termed nuclear envelope lamina spanning complexes (NELSC), and their interactions will be described as part of a model for mechanical transduction of extracellular cues from the ECM to the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Gieni
- Cross Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Le Beyec J, Xu R, Lee SY, Nelson CM, Rizki A, Alcaraz J, Bissell MJ. Cell shape regulates global histone acetylation in human mammary epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:3066-75. [PMID: 17524393 PMCID: PMC2040058 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates cell morphology and gene expression in vivo; these relationships are maintained in three-dimensional (3D) cultures of mammary epithelial cells. In the presence of laminin-rich ECM (lrECM), mammary epithelial cells round up and undergo global histone deacetylation, a process critical for their functional differentiation. However, it remains unclear whether lrECM-dependent cell rounding and global histone deacetylation are indeed part of a common physical-biochemical pathway. Using 3D cultures as well as nonadhesive and micropatterned substrata, here we showed that the cell 'rounding' caused by lrECM was sufficient to induce deacetylation of histones H3 and H4 in the absence of biochemical cues. Microarray and confocal analysis demonstrated that this deacetylation in 3D culture is associated with a global increase in chromatin condensation and a reduction in gene expression. Whereas cells cultured on plastic substrata formed prominent stress fibers, cells grown in 3D lrECM or on micropatterns lacked these structures. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D phenocopied the lrECM-induced cell rounding and histone deacetylation. These results reveal a novel link between ECM-controlled cell shape and chromatin structure and suggest that this link is mediated by changes in the actin cytoskeleton.
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Lovett FA, Gonzalez I, Salih DAM, Cobb LJ, Tripathi G, Cosgrove RA, Murrell A, Kilshaw PJ, Pell JM. Convergence of Igf2 expression and adhesion signalling via RhoA and p38 MAPK enhances myogenic differentiation. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4828-40. [PMID: 17105766 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell contact is essential for appropriate co-ordination of development and it initiates significant signalling events. During myogenesis, committed myoblasts migrate to sites of muscle formation, align and form adhesive contacts that instigate cell-cycle exit and terminal differentiation into multinucleated myotubes; thus myogenesis is an excellent paradigm for the investigation of signals derived from cell-cell contact. PI3-K and p38 MAPK are both essential for successful myogenesis. Pro-myogenic growth factors such as IGF-II activate PI3-K via receptor tyrosine kinases but the extracellular cues and upstream intermediates required for activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in myoblast differentiation are not known. Initial observations suggested a correlation between p38 MAPK phosphorylation and cell density, which was also related to N-cadherin levels and Igf2 expression. Subsequent studies using N-cadherin ligand, dominant-negative N-cadherin, constitutively active and dominant-negative forms of RhoA, and MKK6 and p38 constructs, reveal a novel pathway in differentiating myoblasts that links cell-cell adhesion via N-cadherin to Igf2 expression (assessed using northern and promoter-reporter analyses) via RhoA and p38alpha and/or beta but not gamma. We thus define a regulatory mechanism for p38 activation that relates cell-cell-derived adhesion signalling to the synthesis of the major fetal growth factor, IGF-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Lovett
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB2 4AT, UK
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Kim YB, Lee SY, Ye SK, Lee JW. Epigenetic regulation of integrin-linked kinase expression depending on adhesion of gastric carcinoma cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C857-66. [PMID: 16987993 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00169.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates gene expressions in diverse dynamic environments. However, the manner in which gene expressions are regulated by extracellular cues is largely unknown. In this study, suspended gastric carcinoma cells showed higher basal and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1)-mediated acetylations of histone 3 (H3) and Lys(9) of H3 and levels of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) mRNA and protein than did fibronectin-adherent cells did. Moreover, the insignificant acetylation and ILK expression in adherent cells were recovered by alterations of integrin signaling and actin organization, indicating a connection between cytoplasmic and nuclear changes. Higher acetylations in suspended cells were correlated with associations between Smad4, p300/CBP, and Lys(9)-acetylated H3. Meanwhile, adherent cells showed more associations between HDAC3, Ski, and MeCP2. Chromatin immunoprecipitations with anti-acetylated H3, Lys(9)-acetylated H3, or p300/CBP antibody resulted in more coprecipitated ILK promoter, correlated with enhanced ILK mRNA and protein levels, in suspended cells. Moreover, ILK expression inversely regulated cell adhesion to ECM proteins, and its overexpression enhanced cell growth in soft agar. These observations indicate that cell adhesion and/or its related molecular basis regulate epigenetic mechanisms leading to a loss of ILK transcription, which in turn regulates cell adhesion property in a feedback linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bae Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Depts. of Tumor Biology and Molecular and Clinical Oncology, College of Medicine, Seoul National Univ., Seoul 110-799, Korea
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