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Challa A, Maras JS, Nagpal S, Tripathi G, Taneja B, Kachhawa G, Sood S, Dhawan B, Acharya P, Upadhyay AD, Yadav M, Sharma R, Bajpai M, Gupta S. Multi-omics analysis identifies potential microbial and metabolite diagnostic biomarkers of bacterial vaginosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 38284174 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common clinical manifestation of a perturbed vaginal ecology associated with adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes if left untreated. The existing diagnostic modalities are either cumbersome or require skilled expertise, warranting alternate tests. Application of machine-learning tools to heterogeneous and high-dimensional multi-omics datasets finds promising potential in data integration and may aid biomarker discovery. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of the microbiome and metabolome-derived biomarkers in BV diagnosis. Interpretable machine-learning algorithms were used to evaluate the utility of an integrated-omics-derived classification model. METHODS Vaginal samples obtained from reproductive-age group women with (n = 40) and without BV (n = 40) were subjected to 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and LC-MS-based metabolomics. The vaginal microbiome and metabolome were characterized, and machine-learning analysis was performed to build a classification model using biomarkers with the highest diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS Microbiome-based diagnostic model exhibited a ROC-AUC (10-fold CV) of 0.84 ± 0.21 and accuracy of 0.79 ± 0.18, and important features were Aerococcus spp., Mycoplasma hominis, Sneathia spp., Lactobacillus spp., Prevotella spp., Gardnerella spp. and Fannyhessea vaginae. The metabolome-derived model displayed superior performance with a ROC-AUC of 0.97 ± 0.07 and an accuracy of 0.92 ± 0.08. Beta-leucine, methylimidazole acetaldehyde, dimethylethanolamine, L-arginine and beta cortol were among key predictive metabolites for BV. A predictive model combining both microbial and metabolite features exhibited a high ROC-AUC of 0.97 ± 0.07 and accuracy of 0.94 ± 0.08 with diagnostic performance only slightly superior to the metabolite-based model. CONCLUSION Application of machine-learning tools to multi-omics datasets aid biomarker discovery with high predictive performance. Metabolome-derived classification models were observed to have superior diagnostic performance in predicting BV than microbiome-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Challa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - J S Maras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - S Nagpal
- TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd, Pune, India
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - G Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - B Taneja
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - G Kachhawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - S Sood
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - B Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - P Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A D Upadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - M Yadav
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - R Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - M Bajpai
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Tripathi G, Dubey P, Ahmad S, Farooqui A, Mishra V. Role of Algal-derived Bioactive Compounds in Human Health. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2024; 18:190-209. [PMID: 37537776 DOI: 10.2174/1872208317666230623141740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Algae is emerging as a bioresource with high biological potential. Various algal strains have been used in traditional medicines and human diets worldwide. They are a rich source of bioactive compounds like ascorbic acid, riboflavin, pantothenate, biotin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, phycocyanins, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), adrenic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), etc. Beta-carotene, astaxanthin, and phycobiliproteins are different classes of pigments that are found in algae. They possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. The sulfur-coated polysaccharides in algae have been used as an anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral agent. Scientists have exploited algal-derived bioactive compounds for developing lead molecules against several diseases. Due to the surge in research on bioactive molecules from algae, industries have started showing interest in patenting for the large-scale production of bioactive compounds having applications in sectors like pharmaceuticals, food, and beverage. In the food industry, algae are used as a thickening, gelling, and stabilizing agent. Due to their gelling and thickening characteristics, the most valuable algae products are macroalgal polysaccharides such as agar, alginates, and carrageenan. The high protein, lipid, and nutrient content in microalgae makes it a superfood for aquaculture. The present review aims at describing various non-energy-based applications of algae in pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. This review attempts to analyze information on algal-derived drugs that have shown better potential and reached clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra Tripathi
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Priyanka Dubey
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Suhail Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Alvina Farooqui
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Vishal Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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Omran F, Murphy AM, Younis AZ, Kyrou I, Vrbikova J, Hainer V, Sramkova P, Fried M, Ball G, Tripathi G, Kumar S, McTernan PG, Christian M. The impact of metabolic endotoxaemia on the browning process in human adipocytes. BMC Med 2023; 21:154. [PMID: 37076885 PMCID: PMC10116789 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctional adipose tissue (AT) is known to contribute to the pathophysiology of metabolic disease, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This dysfunction may occur, in part, as a consequence of gut-derived endotoxaemia inducing changes in adipocyte mitochondrial function and reducing the proportion of BRITE (brown-in-white) adipocytes. Therefore, the present study investigated whether endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) directly contributes to impaired human adipocyte mitochondrial function and browning in human adipocytes, and the relevant impact of obesity status pre and post bariatric surgery. METHODS Human differentiated abdominal subcutaneous (AbdSc) adipocytes from participants with obesity and normal-weight participants were treated with endotoxin to assess in vitro changes in mitochondrial function and BRITE phenotype. Ex vivo human AbdSc AT from different groups of participants (normal-weight, obesity, pre- and 6 months post-bariatric surgery) were assessed for similar analyses including circulating endotoxin levels. RESULTS Ex vivo AT analysis (lean & obese, weight loss post-bariatric surgery) identified that systemic endotoxin negatively correlated with BAT gene expression (p < 0.05). In vitro endotoxin treatment of AbdSc adipocytes (lean & obese) reduced mitochondrial dynamics (74.6% reduction; p < 0.0001), biogenesis (81.2% reduction; p < 0.0001) and the BRITE phenotype (93.8% reduction; p < 0.0001). Lean AbdSc adipocytes were more responsive to adrenergic signalling than obese AbdSc adipocytes; although endotoxin mitigated this response (92.6% reduction; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that systemic gut-derived endotoxaemia contributes to both individual adipocyte dysfunction and reduced browning capacity of the adipocyte cell population, exacerbating metabolic consequences. As bariatric surgery reduces endotoxin levels and is associated with improving adipocyte functionality, this may provide further evidence regarding the metabolic benefits of such surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Omran
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Alice M Murphy
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Awais Z Younis
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Graham Ball
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Mark Christian
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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Sreedharan S, Zouganelis G, Drake SJ, Tripathi G, Kermanizadeh A. Nanomaterial-induced toxicity in pathophysiological models representative of individuals with pre-existing medical conditions. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2023; 26:1-27. [PMID: 36474307 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2153456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The integration of nanomaterials (NMs) into an ever-expanding number of daily used products has proven to be highly desirable in numerous industries and applications. Unfortunately, the same "nano" specific physicochemical properties, which make these materials attractive, may also contribute to hazards for individuals exposed to these materials. In 2021, it was estimated that 7 out of 10 deaths globally were accredited to chronic diseases, such as chronic liver disease, asthma, and cardiovascular-related illnesses. Crucially, it is also understood that a significant proportion of global populace numbering in the billions are currently living with a range of chronic undiagnosed health conditions. Due to the significant number of individuals affected, it is important that people suffering from chronic disease also be considered and incorporated in NM hazard assessment strategies. This review examined and analyzed the literature that focused on NM-induced adverse health effects in models which are representative of individuals exhibiting pre-existing medical conditions with focus on the pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. The overall objective of this review was to outline available data, highlighting the important role of pre-existing disease in NM-induced toxicity with the aim of establishing a weight of evidence approach to inform the public on the potential hazards posed by NMs in both healthy and compromised persons in general population.
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Al-Daghri NM, Sabico S, Ansari MG, Abdi S, Tripathi G, Chrousos GP, McTernan PG. Endotoxemia, vitamin D and premature biological ageing in Arab adults with different metabolic states. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103276. [PMID: 35431594 PMCID: PMC9011112 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited studies on the association of endotoxin, a potent mediator of gut-derived inflammation and telomere length (TL). We investigated (1) the influence of adiposity on endotoxin and TL amongst Saudi adults according to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) status and (2) the influence vitamin D may have on TL attrition. Anthropometric data and fasting blood samples were taken from 775 Saudi adults visiting different primary care centers in Riyadh [387 T2DM and 388 non-T2DM]. TL, derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, was analyzed by Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and circulating endotoxin levels by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay. Subjects were stratified based on obesity and T2DM status. A significant lower TL was observed in the non-obese T2DM group as compared with their non-obese, non-T2DM counterparts (p = 0.002). Significant inverse associations between TL, endotoxin and endotoxin activity were observed in the cohort with obesity. Regression analysis showed that endotoxin was a significant predictor for TL in all subjects and even after stratification according to subgroups; with variances perceived in circulating TL stronger among non-T2DM obese (10%; p = 0.003) than non-T2DM non-obese (12%; p = 0.007). Also, in the non-T2DM group, TL and HDL-cholesterol predicted 29% of the variances perceived in 25(OH)D (p < 0.001). Taken together these findings show that circulating endotoxin and 25(OH)D are associated with premature biological ageing influenced by adiposity and metabolic state; suggesting future intervention studies to manipulate gut microbiome and or vitamin D levels may offer ways to mitigate premature TL attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry Department, Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed G.A. Ansari
- Biochemistry Department, Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saba Abdi
- Biochemistry Department, Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Human Sciences Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, DE122 1GB, UK
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece, Greece
| | - Philip G. McTernan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 8NS, UK
- Corresponding authors.
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Ogunkolade BW, Adaikalakoteswari A, Cardoso SR, Lowe R, Patel N, Rakyan V, Finer S, Wabitsch M, Saravanan P, Tripathi G, Bochukova E, Hitman GA. An integrative epi-transcriptomic approach identifies the human cartilage chitinase 3-like protein 2 ( CHI3L2) as a potential mediator of B12 deficiency in adipocytes. Epigenetics 2021; 17:1219-1233. [PMID: 34818986 PMCID: PMC9542961 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.2003043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 has multiple biochemical functions including in the one-carbon cycle generating a methyl group for DNA methylation, and metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids to generate energy via the citric acid cycle. The aim of our study was to use a combined epigenomic and transcriptomic approach to identify novel genes mediating the effect of B12 on adipogenesis.Human pre-adipocytes (CHUB-S7) were treated with a range of B12 (0-500 nM) concentrations from the day of cell seeding until harvesting in discovery and validation experiments prior to genome-wide methylation analysis using the Illumina HumanMethylation 450Beadchip. For transcriptomic analysis, RNA-seq libraries were run on the Illumina HiSeq 2500. To further investigate the expression of any genes on human adipogenesis, a second human preadipocyte strain was studied (SGBS) by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR).A combined epigenetic and transcriptomic approach in differentiated human pre-adipocyte cell line, CHUB-S7, identified that the Human cartilage chitinase 3-like protein 2 (CHI3L2) gene was hypo-methylated and had increased expression in low B12 conditions. Furthermore, there was an approximately 1000-fold increase in CHI3L2 expression in the early days of adipocyte differentiation, which paralleled an increase of lipid droplets in differentiated SGBS cells and an increased expression level of markers of mature adipocytes.In summary, we have identified a potential role of the human cartilage chitinase 3-like protein 2 (CHI3L2) in adipocyte function in the presence of low B12 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- B William Ogunkolade
- Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Antonysunil Adaikalakoteswari
- Populations, Evidence, and Technologies, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shirleny Romualdo Cardoso
- Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rob Lowe
- Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nisha Patel
- Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Vardhman Rakyan
- Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Finer
- Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ponnusamy Saravanan
- Populations, Evidence, and Technologies, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Populations, Evidence, and Technologies, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Elena Bochukova
- Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Graham A Hitman
- Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Al-Daghri NM, Abdi S, Sabico S, Alnaami AM, Wani KA, Ansari MGA, Khattak MNK, Khan N, Tripathi G, Chrousos GP, McTernan PG. Gut-Derived Endotoxin and Telomere Length Attrition in Adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111693. [PMID: 34827691 PMCID: PMC8615790 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature aging, as denoted by a reduced telomere length (TL), has been observed in several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, no study to date has addressed the potential inflammatory influence of the gut-derived Gram-negative bacterial fragments lipopolysaccharide, also referred to as endotoxin, and its influence on TL in low-grade inflammatory states such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The current study therefore investigated the influence of endotoxin and inflammatory factors on telomere length (TL) in adults with (T2DM: n = 387) and without (non-diabetic (ND) controls: n = 417) obesity and T2DM. Anthropometric characteristics were taken, and fasted blood samples were used to measure biomarkers, TL, and endotoxin. The findings from this study highlighted across all participants that circulating endotoxin (r = −0.17, p = 0.01) was inversely associated with TL, noting that endotoxin and triglycerides predicted 18% of the variance perceived in TL (p < 0.001). Further stratification of the participants according to T2DM status and sex highlighted that endotoxin significantly predicted 19% of the variance denoted in TL among male T2DM participants (p = 0.007), where TL was notably influenced. The influence on TL was not observed to be impacted by anti-T2DM medications, statins, or anti-hypertensive therapies. Taken together, these results show that TL attrition was inversely associated with circulating endotoxin levels independent of the presence of T2DM and other cardiometabolic factors, suggesting that low-grade chronic inflammation may trigger premature biological aging. The findings further highlight the clinical relevance of mitigating the levels of circulating endotoxin (e.g., manipulation of gut microbiome) not only for the prevention of chronic diseases but also to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.); (A.M.A.); (K.A.W.); (M.G.A.A.); (M.N.K.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.A.-D); (P.G.M.); Tel.: +966-14675939 (N.N.A.-D.); +44-115-8483477 (P.G.M.)
| | - Saba Abdi
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.); (A.M.A.); (K.A.W.); (M.G.A.A.); (M.N.K.K.)
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.); (A.M.A.); (K.A.W.); (M.G.A.A.); (M.N.K.K.)
| | - Abdullah M. Alnaami
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.); (A.M.A.); (K.A.W.); (M.G.A.A.); (M.N.K.K.)
| | - Kaiser A. Wani
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.); (A.M.A.); (K.A.W.); (M.G.A.A.); (M.N.K.K.)
| | - Mohammed G. A. Ansari
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.); (A.M.A.); (K.A.W.); (M.G.A.A.); (M.N.K.K.)
| | - Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.); (A.M.A.); (K.A.W.); (M.G.A.A.); (M.N.K.K.)
| | - Nasiruddin Khan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Applied and Health Sciences, A’Sharqiyah University, Ibra 400, Oman;
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Human Sciences Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK;
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Philip G. McTernan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 8NS, UK
- Correspondence: (N.M.A.-D); (P.G.M.); Tel.: +966-14675939 (N.N.A.-D.); +44-115-8483477 (P.G.M.)
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Jackisch L, Murphy AM, Kumar S, Randeva H, Tripathi G, McTernan PG. Tunicamycin-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediates Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Human Adipocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5837767. [PMID: 32413131 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dysfunctional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are known to contribute to the pathology of metabolic disease. This damage may occur, in part, as a consequence of ER-mitochondria cross-talk in conditions of nutrient excess such as obesity. To date, insight into this dynamic relationship has not been characterized in adipose tissue. Therefore, this study investigated whether ER stress contributes to the development of mitochondrial inefficiency in human adipocytes from lean and obese participants. METHODS Human differentiated adipocytes from Chub-S7 cell line and primary abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes from lean and obese participants were treated with tunicamycin to induce ER stress. Key parameters of mitochondrial function were assessed, including mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential (MMP), and dynamics. RESULTS ER stress led to increased respiratory capacity in a model adipocyte system (Chub-S7 adipocytes) in a concentration and time dependent manner (24 h: 23%↑; 48 h: 68%↑, P < 0.001; 72 h: 136%↑, P < 0.001). This corresponded with mitochondrial inefficiency and diminished MMP, highlighting the formation of dysfunctional mitochondria. Morphological analysis revealed reorganization of mitochondrial network, specifically mitochondrial fragmentation. Furthermore, p-DRP1, a key protein in fission, significantly increased (P < 0.001). Additionally, adipocytes from obese subjects displayed lower basal respiration (49%↓, P < 0.01) and were unresponsive to tunicamycin in contrast to their lean counterparts, demonstrating inefficient mitochondrial oxidative capacity. CONCLUSION These human data suggest that adipocyte mitochondrial inefficiency is driven by ER stress and exacerbated in obesity. Nutrient excess-induced ER stress leads to mitochondrial dysfunction that may therefore shift lipid deposition ectopically and thus have further implications on the development of related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jackisch
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UHCW, Coventry, UK
| | - Alice M Murphy
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UHCW, Coventry, UK
| | - Harpal Randeva
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UHCW, Coventry, UK
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Chouhan N, Tripathi G. A Comparative Study of Zinc Oxide Nanotoxicity on Reproductive Potential of an Earthworm in Natural and Artificial Substrates. Int J Nanosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x19500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The toxic impacts of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on reproductive potential of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida were studied in relation to varying temperature and pH in natural (NS) and artificial substrate (AS). The ZnO NPs decreased cocoon production, hatching and rate of reproduction as a function of increasing concentration, temperature and exposure period. The gradation of temperature and pH to get a better reproductive potential was found to be [Formula: see text]C and [Formula: see text], respectively. Cocoon production was higher in NS than the AS. It may be due to sufficient food availability in NS. Survival of adult worms was decreased with increase in ZnO NPs and exposure period. The rate of reproduction was significantly higher in NS as compared to AS at [Formula: see text]C. The present findings suggested that ZnO NPs retard the reproductive potential of E. fetida and may also be hazardous to pedoecosystem and fauna living there in. Temperature of [Formula: see text]C, pH 6.5 and NS as vermibed were the most suitable conditions to maintain worthy rate of reproduction and reduce ZnO NPs toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Chouhan
- Department of Zoology, J. N. V. University, Jodhpur-342001, India
| | - G. Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, J. N. V. University, Jodhpur-342001, India
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10
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Patel A, Tripathi G, McTernan P, Gopalakrishnan K, Ali O, Spector E, Williams N, Arasaradnam RP. Fibroblast growth factor 7 signalling is disrupted in colorectal cancer and is a potential marker of field cancerisation. J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 10:429-436. [PMID: 31183192 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2019.02.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Field cancerisation proposes that there are pre-malignant genetic mutations in the macroscopically normal mucosal tissue around colorectal cancer. This study aims to evaluate fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) tissue expression in the mucosal field around colorectal cancer. Methods Gene and protein expression of FGF7, its receptor, FGFR2 and its downstream targets; FRS2α, Erk 1/2 and Akt was measured from mucosal samples in 34 control subjects and 17 cancer patients. Serial samples from tumour, adjacent to tumour and at the resection margin were utilised. Results FGF7 gene expression was significantly higher in tumour (2.3-fold), adjacent mucosa (3.2-fold) and resection margin (2.8-fold) of cancer patients compared with control subjects (P<0.01 respectively). However, FGFR2 was down regulated (3.5-fold) in the tumour tissue (P<0.001). Protein expression of FRS2α and Akt was significantly lower in tumour tissue compared with the resection margin in cancer patients (P<0.05 respectively). No differences in protein expression of Erk 1/2 were detected. Conclusions FGF7 was elevated in the mucosal field of cancer patients supporting its potential as a biomarker of field cancerisation. Changes in FRS2α, Akt and Erk 1/2 expression in the tumour tissue indicate that with malignant transformation, FGF7 loses its ability to regulate cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Patel
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | - Kishore Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Omar Ali
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Emma Spector
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nigel Williams
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Ramesh P Arasaradnam
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK.,University of Coventry, Coventry, UK.,University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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11
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Krishnaswamy S, Bukhari I, Mohammed AK, Amer OE, Tripathi G, Alokail MS, Al-Daghri NM. Identification of the splice variants of Recepteur d'Origine nantais (RON) in lung cancer cell lines. Gene 2018; 679:335-340. [PMID: 30223007 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RON receptor tyrosine kinase is a transmembrane protein directly involved in suppression of inflammation and its aberrant expression linked to cancers and metastasis. Efforts to block deregulated RON signaling in tumors using small molecule kinase inhibitors or antibodies have been complicated by the presence of unknown number/types of isoforms of RON, which, despite being structurally similar, localize differently and mediate varied functions. Current study was designed to identify the splice variants of RON transcripts formed by skipping of sequences between exons 9 and 14 for better understanding of isoform specific RON signaling in cancers. PCR amplification and bi-directional sequencing of a 901 bp cDNA sequence located between exons 9 to 14 of RON from lung cancer cell lines revealed the presence of two splicing variants formed by skipping of exons 11 and 11-13. Each of these transcripts was found in more than one cell line. Expressed sequence tag (EST) database search indicated that the splicing variant lacking exons 11-13 was a novel one. Here we conclude that the splice variants of RON lacking exon 11 and exons 11-13 were detected in several lung cancer cell lines. Novel variant formed by skipping exons 11-13, the sequence of which code for transmembrane region, is predicted to code for a truncated isoform that may be secreted out. Tumors may antagonize the ligand dependent anti-inflammatory function of wild-type RON by secreting out the ligand binding isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Krishnaswamy
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihtisham Bukhari
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Abdul Khader Mohammed
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Osama Emam Amer
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Jackisch L, Kumsaiyai W, Moore JD, Al-Daghri N, Kyrou I, Barber TM, Randeva H, Kumar S, Tripathi G, McTernan PG. Differential expression of Lp-PLA2 in obesity and type 2 diabetes and the influence of lipids. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1155-1166. [PMID: 29427237 PMCID: PMC6449000 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a circulatory macrophage-derived factor that increases with obesity and leads to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite this, its role in adipose tissue and the adipocyte is unknown. Therefore, the aims of this study were to clarify the expression of Lp-PLA2 in relation to different adipose tissue depots and type 2 diabetes, and ascertain whether markers of obesity and type 2 diabetes correlate with circulating Lp-PLA2. A final aim was to evaluate the effect of cholesterol on cellular Lp-PLA2 in an in vitro adipocyte model. METHODS Analysis of anthropometric and biochemical variables from a cohort of lean (age 44.4 ± 6.2 years; BMI 22.15 ± 1.8 kg/m2, n = 23), overweight (age 45.4 ± 12.3 years; BMI 26.99 ± 1.5 kg/m2, n = 24), obese (age 49.0 ± 9.1 years; BMI 33.74 ± 3.3 kg/m2, n = 32) and type 2 diabetic women (age 53.0 ± 6.13 years; BMI 35.08 ± 8.6 kg/m2, n = 35), as part of an ethically approved study. Gene and protein expression of PLA2 and its isoforms were assessed in adipose tissue samples, with serum analysis undertaken to assess circulating Lp-PLA2 and its association with cardiometabolic risk markers. A human adipocyte cell model, Chub-S7, was used to address the intracellular change in Lp-PLA2 in adipocytes. RESULTS Lp-PLA2 and calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) isoforms were altered by adiposity, as shown by microarray analysis (p < 0.05). Type 2 diabetes status was also observed to significantly alter gene and protein levels of Lp-PLA2 in abdominal subcutaneous (AbdSc) (p < 0.01), but not omental, adipose tissue. Furthermore, multivariate stepwise regression analysis of circulating Lp-PLA2 and metabolic markers revealed that the greatest predictor of Lp-PLA2 in non-diabetic individuals was LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.004). Additionally, in people with type 2 diabetes, oxidised LDL (oxLDL), triacylglycerols and HDL-cholesterol appeared important predictors, accounting for 59.7% of the variance (p < 0.001). Subsequent in vitro studies determined human adipocytes to be a source of Lp-PLA2, as confirmed by mRNA expression, protein levels and immunochemistry. Further in vitro experiments revealed that treatment with LDL-cholesterol or oxLDL resulted in significant upregulation of Lp-PLA2, while inhibition of Lp-PLA2 reduced oxLDL production by 19.8% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study suggests adipose tissue and adipocytes are active sources of Lp-PLA2, with differential regulation by fat depot and metabolic state. Moreover, levels of circulating Lp-PLA2 appear to be influenced by unfavourable lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes, which may occur in part through regulation of LDL-cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jackisch
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Warunee Kumsaiyai
- Department of Medical Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jonathan D Moore
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nasser Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas M Barber
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Human Metabolism Research Unit, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Harpal Randeva
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- College of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, NG1 8NS, UK.
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13
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Pushpakom SP, Adaikalakoteswari A, Owen A, Back DJ, Tripathi G, Kumar S, McTernan P, Pirmohamed M. Telmisartan reverses antiretroviral-induced adipocyte toxicity and insulin resistance in vitro. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2018; 15:233-242. [PMID: 29466880 PMCID: PMC5949706 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118757924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients leads to insulin resistance which is central to the pathogenesis of various metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease seen in this patient group. We have investigated the dose-response relationship of telmisartan, an antihypertensive, on adipocytes in vitro in order to determine whether it may have metabolic beneficial effects. METHODS Using in vitro chronic toxicity models (3T3-F442A murine and primary human adipocytes), we evaluated the effects of different concentrations of telmisartan on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenic gene expression using lipid accumulation assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Adipokine secretion and expression of insulin signalling mediators were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Telmisartan partially reversed the deleterious effects of antiretrovirals on adipocyte lipid accumulation, expression of adipogenic regulators (peroxisome proliferator receptor-gamma and lipin 1), adipokine secretion and expression of the insulin signalling mediator pAktSer473. The metabolic effects of telmisartan followed a non-monotonic response with the maximal effect observed at 5 µM in the primary human adipocyte model. CONCLUSION Telmisartan has beneficial metabolic effects in adipocytes in vitro, but its potential to reduce antiretroviral-induced cardiometabolic disease in HIV-infected individuals needs to be evaluated in a well-designed adequately powered clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep P Pushpakom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical
Pharmacology, The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK
- Sudeep P Pushpakom, Department of Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacology, The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine,
University of Liverpool, Block A: Waterhouse Buildings, 1-5 Brownlow Street,
Liverpool L69 3GL, UK.
| | | | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical
Pharmacology, The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK
| | - David J Back
- Department of Molecular and Clinical
Pharmacology, The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,
University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Warwick Medical School, University of
Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical
Pharmacology, The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK
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14
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Krishnaswamy S, Mohammed AK, Tripathi G, Alokail MS, Al-Daghri NM. Splice variants of the extracellular region of RON receptor tyrosine kinase in lung cancer cell lines identified by PCR and sequencing. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:738. [PMID: 29121914 PMCID: PMC5679369 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Altered expression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a major driver of growth and metastasis of cancers. Recepteur d’origine nantais (RON) receptor is a single-pass transmembrane RTK aberrantly expressed in a number of cancers. Efforts to block deregulated RON signaling in tumors using small molecule kinase inhibitors or antibodies are complicated by the presence of unknown number/types of isoforms of RON, which, despite having similar sequences, are localized differently and mediate varied functions. The objective of this study was to identify splice variants of RON transcripts between exons 1 and 10 that code for the extracellular region. Methods Direct cDNA sequencing was performed for the transcript between exons 1–10 of RON by Sanger sequencing in various lung cancer cell lines. Results PCR amplification and bi-directional sequencing of cDNA for section between exons 1 and 10 from lung cancer cell lines revealed the presence of several splice variants of RON transcripts; the variants were formed by skipping of exons 2, 2–3, 5–6, 6 and 8–9. Each of these transcript variants were found in one or more cell lines. While the variants formed by skipping of exons 2, 2–3 and 5–6 resulted in loss of 63, 106 and 109 amino acids, respectively, and didn’t cause reading-frameshift, the transcripts formed by skipping of exons 6 and 8–9 caused reading-frameshift. Splice variant lacking exons 8–9 was found in 13 out of 23 cell lines tested. Conclusion Lung cancer cell lines contain several splice variants of RON which involve skipping of exons coding for extracellular region. Some of the splicing changes result in reading-frameshift and the N-terminally truncated isoforms are expected to be secreted out. The ubiquitous nature of alternative splicing events in RON suggests the need for isoform specific approaches to functional analysis and therapeutic targeting of RON. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3747-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Krishnaswamy
- Biomarkers Research Program, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Box 2455, Riyadh, PO, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Khader Mohammed
- Biomarkers Research Program, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Box 2455, Riyadh, PO, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, W1W 6UW, London, UK
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Biomarkers Research Program, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Box 2455, Riyadh, PO, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. .,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Box 2455, Riyadh, PO, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Patel A, Wang Y, Moore J, Tripathi G, Williams N, Arasaradnam R. Field cancerisation in colorectal cancer: Characterisation of the gene expression profile of the mucosal field around colorectal cancers and polyps. Int J Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.08.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Hu J, Kyrou I, Tan BK, Dimitriadis GK, Ramanjaneya M, Tripathi G, Patel V, James S, Kawan M, Chen J, Randeva HS. Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate Stimulates Adipogenesis and Mitochondrial Biogenesis via GPR43 in Brown Adipocytes. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1881-94. [PMID: 26990063 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids play crucial roles in a range of physiological functions. However, the effects of short-chain fatty acids on brown adipose tissue have not been fully investigated. We examined the role of acetate, a short-chain fatty acid formed by fermentation in the gut, in the regulation of brown adipocyte metabolism. Our results show that acetate up-regulates adipocyte protein 2, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, and uncoupling protein-1 expression and affects the morphological changes of brown adipocytes during adipogenesis. Moreover, an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis was observed after acetate treatment. Acetate also elicited the activation of ERK and cAMP response element-binding protein, and these responses were sensitive to G(i/o)-type G protein inactivator, Gβγ-subunit inhibitor, phospholipase C inhibitor, and MAPK kinase inhibitor, indicating a role for the G(i/o)βγ/phospholipase C/protein kinase C/MAPK kinase signaling pathway in these responses. These effects of acetate were mimicked by treatment with 4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl)-N-2-thiazolylbenzeneacetamide, a synthetic G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) agonist and were impaired in GPR43 knockdown cells. Taken together, our results indicate that acetate may have important physiological roles in brown adipocytes through the activation of GPR43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamiao Hu
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Bee K Tan
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios K Dimitriadis
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Manjunath Ramanjaneya
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Vanlata Patel
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Sean James
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Kawan
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Department of Translational and Experimental Medicine (J.H., B.K.T., G.K.D., G.T., V.P., M.K., J.C., H.S.R.), Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K., B.K.T., G.K.D., H.S.R.) and Arden Tissue Bank (S.J.), Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom; Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals (B.K.T.), Heart of England National Health Service Foundation, National Health Service Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom; Translational Research Institute (M.R.), Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar; Jining Medical University (J.C.), 273100 Jining, People's Republic of China; and Aston Medical Research Institute (I.K., H.S.R.), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
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Perry D, Paulose Nadappuram B, Momotenko D, Voyias PD, Page A, Tripathi G, Frenguelli BG, Unwin PR. Surface Charge Visualization at Viable Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3152-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Binoy Paulose Nadappuram
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D. Voyias
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno G. Frenguelli
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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18
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Krishnaswamy S, Mohammed AK, Amer OE, Tripathi G, Alokail MS, Al-Daghri NM. Recepteur d'Origine nantais (RON) tyrosine kinase splicing variants lacking exons 18 and 19 occur ubiquitously in lung cancer. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20778-20786. [PMID: 26885001 PMCID: PMC4723846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant expression of RON, a MET family receptor tyrosine kinase, has been correlated to tumor growth and metastasis. Intense research efforts are on to target RON using small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors or specific antibodies. However, progress towards specific targeting of RON is hampered by a lack of understanding of the nature and number of isoforms of RON expressed by tumors. We hypothesize that formation of different isoforms via alternative splicing may be fundamental to the tumor promoting functions associated with aberrantly expressed RON in cancers. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the transcript sequence variations caused by alternative splicing in the C-terminal region of RON cDNA by PCR amplification and sequencing of five small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and seven non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. RESULTS Results revealed the presence of two alternatively spliced variants, each caused by unique exon(s) deletion: a previously known transcript variant lacking exon 19 and a novel one lacking exons 18+19. The two alternatively spliced variants together with the wild-type transcript were detected in each of the 12 lung cancer cell lines analyzed. Combined loss of exons 18+19 results in an in-frame deletion of 303 nucleotides corresponding to 101 amino acids of the tyrosine kinase domain. Translation products of transcript variants lacking exons 18 and 19 are expected to dominant negatively inhibit ligand stimulated RON signaling. CONCLUSIONS The ubiquitous presence of alternatively spliced transcripts and their translation products may affect quantitative expression analysis, either by immunological or PCR methods, by interfering with estimation of normal RON, leading to exaggerated values. Besides, RON isoforms with dominant negative activities may interfere with siRNA based functional analysis of wild-type RON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Krishnaswamy
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Khader Mohammed
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama E Amer
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Research, University of WarwickCoventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Al-Daghri NM, Alokail MS, Rahman S, Amer OE, Al-Attas OS, Alfawaz H, Tripathi G, Sabico S, Chrousos GP, McTernan PG, Piya MK. Habitual physical activity is associated with circulating irisin in healthy controls but not in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:775-81. [PMID: 26011590 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin, a novel myokine, has been shown to increase following vigorous exercise, with studies suggesting that it mediates some of the beneficial effects of exercise. Irisin might play a role in 'browning' of white adipocytes, thus increasing energy expenditure. The role of irisin in exercise and energy expenditure in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) remains largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between circulating irisin and habitual physical activity in subjects with and without DMT2. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 164 Saudi adults: 81 non-DMT2 controls [age: (mean ± SD) 51.6 ± 10.9; BMI: 29.6 ± 4.3 kg/m(2) ] and 83 DMT2 subjects [age: 54.3 ± 10.3 year; BMI: 29.4 ± 4.7 kg/m(2) ] were studied. Anthropometric and fasting serum biochemical data were collected. Circulating irisin was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Frequency intensity time (FIT) index was used to assess the level of habitual physical activity. RESULTS We observed significantly higher levels of irisin in DMT2 subjects than in controls (P < 0.001). FIT index was positively associated (r = 0.20, P = 0.03) with circulating irisin in controls only. Additionally, irisin levels were significantly higher in tertile 3 (0.75 ± 0.07 μg/mL) than tertile 1 (0.49 ± 0.06 μg/mL) of the FIT index in healthy controls, whilst no such relation with physical activity was observed in DMT2 subjects. CONCLUSION This cross-sectional study has shown a weak association of irisin with physical activity levels in healthy controls but not in DMT2 subjects, suggesting the possibility of discordant regulation in the condition of DMT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama E Amer
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar S Al-Attas
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alfawaz
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Milan K Piya
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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20
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Reddy NL, Peng C, Carreira MC, Halder L, Hattersley J, Piya MK, Tripathi G, Randeva HS, Casanueva FF, McTernan PG, Kumar S, Barber TM. Enhanced thermic effect of food, postprandial NEFA suppression and raised adiponectin in obese women who eat slowly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:831-7. [PMID: 25369176 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Meal duration may influence cardiometabolic health. The aim of this study was to explore postprandial effects of meal duration on human metabolism and appetite. DESIGN Postprandial comparisons following a standard meal eaten slowly over 40 min ('D40') and the same meal eaten quickly over 10 min ('D10') on a different day. Each participant therefore acted as their own control, thereby limiting confounding factors. PATIENTS Obese premenopausal Caucasian women (n = 10) with confirmed normoglycaemia were recruited from an obesity clinic at UHCW, Coventry UK. Subjects underwent whole-body calorimetry (8-h) on two separate days. MEASUREMENTS Following standard lunch (D40 vs D10), 4-h postprandial analysis included thermic effect of food (TEF) and bloods taken at predefined times (including baseline fasting). Analytes included lipid profile, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, ghrelin, leptin, endotoxin, gut and pancreatic hormones. Appetite was measured using visual-analogue scales and ad libitum food intake at subsequent meal. Paired sample t-tests [including area under the curve (AUC)] were used to compare D40 and D10 trials. RESULTS Postprandial TEF (over 240-min) was significantly greater for D40 than D10 [mean (SEM): 80·9 kcal (3·8) vs 29·9 kcal (3·4); 10·6% vs 3·9%, respectively, P = 0·006; AUC 71·7 kcal.h vs 22·4 kcal.h, respectively, P = 0·02]. Postprandial plasma NEFA was significantly lower, and adiponectin levels were significantly higher for D40 than D10 [AUC (SEM): NEFA 627 μmol.h/l (56) vs 769 μmol.h/l (60), respectively, P = 0·02; adiponectin 33·4 μg.h/ml (3·9) vs 27·3 μg.h/ml (3·8), respectively, P = 0·04]. Other postprandial analytes and appetite measures were equivalent. CONCLUSIONS In obese women, eating slowly associates with enhanced TEF, elevated serum adiponectin and suppressed NEFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra L Reddy
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Chenjing Peng
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Marcos C Carreira
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Louise Halder
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - John Hattersley
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Milan K Piya
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Thomas M Barber
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
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21
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Patel A, Tripathi G, Gopalakrishnan K, Williams N, Arasaradnam RP. Field cancerisation in colorectal cancer: A new frontier or pastures past? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:3763-3772. [PMID: 25852261 PMCID: PMC4385523 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i13.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in our understanding of cancer biology, early diagnosis of colorectal cancer remains elusive. Based on the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, cancer develops through the progressive accumulation of mutations in key genes that regulate cell growth. However, recent mathematical modelling suggests that some of these genetic events occur prior to the development of any discernible histological abnormality. Cells acquire pro-tumourigenic mutations that are not able to produce morphological change but predispose to cancer formation. These cells can grow to form large patches of mucosa from which a cancer arises. This process has been termed “field cancerisation”. It has received little attention in the scientific literature until recently. Several studies have now demonstrated cellular, genetic and epigenetic alterations in the macroscopically normal mucosa of colorectal cancer patients. In some reports, these changes were effectively utilised to identify patients with a neoplastic lesion suggesting potential application in the clinical setting. In this article, we present the scientific evidence to support field cancerisation in colorectal cancer and discuss important limitations that require further investigation. Characterisation of the field defect is necessary to enable early diagnosis of colorectal cancer and identify molecular targets for chemoprevention. Field cancerisation offers a promising prospect for experimental cancer research and has potential to improve patient outcomes in the clinical setting.
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22
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Adaikalakoteswari A, Finer S, Voyias PD, McCarthy CM, Vatish M, Moore J, Smart-Halajko M, Bawazeer N, Al-Daghri NM, McTernan PG, Kumar S, Hitman GA, Saravanan P, Tripathi G. Vitamin B12 insufficiency induces cholesterol biosynthesis by limiting s-adenosylmethionine and modulating the methylation of SREBF1 and LDLR genes. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:14. [PMID: 25763114 PMCID: PMC4356060 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dietary supply of methyl donors such as folate, vitamin B12, betaine, methionine, and choline is essential for normal growth, development, and physiological functions through the life course. Both human and animal studies have shown that vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with altered lipid profile and play an important role in the prediction of metabolic risk, however, as of yet, no direct mechanism has been investigated to confirm this. Results Three independent clinical studies of women (i) non-pregnant at child-bearing age, (ii) in early pregnancy, and (iii) at delivery showed that low vitamin B12 status was associated with higher total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and cholesterol-to-HDL ratio. These results guided the investigation into the cellular mechanisms of induced cholesterol biosynthesis due to vitamin B12 deficiency, using human adipocytes as a model system. Adipocytes cultured in low or no vitamin B12 conditions had increased cholesterol and homocysteine levels compared to control. The induction of cholesterol biosynthesis was associated with reduced s-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-to-s-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) ratio, also known as methylation potential (MP). We therefore studied whether reduced MP could lead to hypomethylation of genes involved in the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. Genome-wide and targeted DNA methylation analysis identified that the promoter regions of SREBF1 and LDLR, two key regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis, were hypomethylated under vitamin B12-deficient conditions, and as a result, their expressions and cholesterol biosynthesis were also significantly increased. This finding was further confirmed by the addition of the methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, which resulted in increased SREBF1 and LDLR expressions and cholesterol accumulation in vitamin B12-sufficient conditions. Finally, we observed that the expression of SREBF1, LDLR, and cholesterol biosynthesis genes were increased in adipose tissue of vitamin B12 deficient mothers compared to control group. Conclusions Clinical data suggests that vitamin B12 deficiency is an important metabolic risk factor. Regulation of AdoMet-to-AdoHcy levels by vitamin B12 could be an important mechanism by which it can influence cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in human adipocytes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0046-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonysunil Adaikalakoteswari
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Sarah Finer
- Centre for Diabetes, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT UK ; Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 289, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Philip D Voyias
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Ciara M McCarthy
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Oxford Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - Jonathan Moore
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Melissa Smart-Halajko
- Centre for Diabetes, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT UK
| | - Nahla Bawazeer
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Graham A Hitman
- Centre for Diabetes, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT UK
| | - Ponnusamy Saravanan
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK ; iDEA Centre, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneton, CV10 7DJ UK
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
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Tripathi G, Rangaswamy D, Borkar M, Prasad N, Sharma RK, Sankhwar SN, Agrawal S. Interleukin-1 gene cluster variants in hemodialysis patients with end stage renal disease: An association and meta-analysis. Indian J Nephrol 2015; 25:34-42. [PMID: 25684870 PMCID: PMC4323910 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.135350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether polymorphisms in interleukin (IL-1) gene cluster (IL-1 alpha [IL-1A], IL-1 beta [IL-1B], and IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1RN]) are associated with end stage renal disease (ESRD). A total of 258 ESRD patients and 569 ethnicity matched controls were examined for IL-1 gene cluster. These were genotyped for five single-nucleotide gene polymorphisms in the IL-1A, IL-1B and IL-1RN genes and a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the IL-1RN. The IL-1B − 3953 and IL-1RN + 8006 polymorphism frequencies were significantly different between the two groups. At IL-1B, the T allele of − 3953C/T was increased among ESRD (P = 0.0001). A logistic regression model demonstrated that two repeat (240 base pair [bp]) of the IL-1Ra VNTR polymorphism was associated with ESRD (P = 0.0001). The C/C/C/C/C/1 haplotype was more prevalent in ESRD = 0.007). No linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed between six loci of IL-1 gene. We further conducted a meta-analysis of existing studies and found that there is a strong association of IL-1 RN VNTR 86 bp repeat polymorphism with susceptibility to ESRD (odds ratio = 2.04, 95% confidence interval = 1.48-2.82; P = 0.000). IL-1B − 5887, +8006 and the IL-1RN VNTR polymorphisms have been implicated as potential risk factors for ESRD. The meta-analysis showed a strong association of IL-1RN 86 bp VNTR polymorphism with susceptibility to ESRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tripathi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D Rangaswamy
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Borkar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India ; Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - N Prasad
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R K Sharma
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S N Sankhwar
- Department of Urology, CSSMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Agrawal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Tripathi G, Raja N, Yun HS. Effect of direct loading of phytoestrogens into the calcium phosphate scaffold on osteoporotic bone tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8694-8703. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01574j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
3D porous calcium deficient hydroxyapatite scaffolds with phytoestrogens were fabricated for osteoporotic bone tissue regeneration through a combination of 3D printing techniques and cement chemistry as a room temperature process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Tripathi
- Powder & Ceramic Division
- Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS)
- Changwon 641-831
- Republic of Korea
| | - N. Raja
- Powder & Ceramic Division
- Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS)
- Changwon 641-831
- Republic of Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology (UST)
| | - H. S. Yun
- Powder & Ceramic Division
- Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS)
- Changwon 641-831
- Republic of Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology (UST)
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Adaikalakoteswari A, Jayashri R, Sukumar N, Venkataraman H, Pradeepa R, Gokulakrishnan K, Anjana RM, McTernan PG, Tripathi G, Patel V, Kumar S, Mohan V, Saravanan P. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with adverse lipid profile in Europeans and Indians with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:129. [PMID: 25283155 PMCID: PMC4189588 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-014-0129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metformin, a standard therapy in type 2 diabetes, reduces vitamin B12 levels. Studies linking low vitamin B12 levels and cardiovascular disease are equivocal and suggest improving B12 levels may help in primary prevention. The role of vitamin B12 deficiency on cardiovascular risk factors, especially in type 2 diabetes has not been explored. The aim of this study is to investigate whether vitamin B12 deficiency in type 2 diabetes patients is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in two different ethnic groups in UK and India. Methods Type 2 diabetes patients from two secondary care diabetic centres (Europeans - UK and Indians - India) were studied. Serum vitamin B12, folate and biochemical parameters were measured. Results The prevalence rates of vitamin B12 deficiency (<191 ng/L) were 27% and 12% in Europeans and Indians, respectively and higher in metformin treated type 2 diabetes patients. In linear regression analysis, after adjusting for all likely confounding factors, vitamin B12 independently associated with triglycerides in both the populations and cholesterol/HDL ratio in Indians. Logistic regression showed type 2 diabetes patients with vitamin B12 deficiency were at significantly higher odds of having coexisting coronary artery disease (CAD) in Europeans with similar but non-significant trend in Indians, after adjusting for all likely confounding factors. Conclusions The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency is common in type 2 diabetes patients and is associated with adverse lipid parameters. Type 2 diabetes management guidelines should include the recommendation for regular testing for B12 levels, especially for those on metformin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-014-0129-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Abstract
The effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein contents were studied in the liver and skeletal muscle of a freshwater teleost. The fish exposed to thiouracil for 28 days showed 1.5-2 times reduction in the total protein contents of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions. A single injection of T3 to thiouracil exposed fish caused the earliest induction in the liver and skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein and the skeletal muscle cytoplasmic protein at 12 hr of lapses. However, the initial induction in the cytoplasmic protein of the liver was observed at 3 hr after T3 treatment. The maximum inductions (1.5-3.2 fold) in the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins of the liver and skeletal muscle were obtained at 1 8 -2 4 hr following hormonal administration. Thereafter, the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein contents of both the tissues declined to their control levels within 3 6 - 4 8 hr of T3 injection which reflected the half-life and turnover period of the induced proteins. These T3 dependent inductions in the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins of the liver (1 .4 -3 .2 fold) and skeletal muscle (1.8 -2.7 fold) were inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide indicating T3-induced de novo synthesis of the proteins. The induction in the cytoplasmic protein (3 fold) was almost double to that of the mitochondrial protein (1.6 fold) suggesting more synthesis of protein molecules in the cytoplasm for cellular and subcellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Tripathi
- 7B Ratan Sadan, Vijay Nagar, New Pali Road, Jodhpur-342001, India
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Chandrasekar S, Nich T, Tripathi G, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Dasgupta S. Acclimation of brackish water pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) to various salinities: relative changes in abundance of branchial Na(+)/K (+)-ATPase and Na (+)/K (+)/2Cl (-) co-transporter in relation to osmoregulatory parameters. Fish Physiol Biochem 2014; 40:983-996. [PMID: 24482094 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to elucidate the osmoregulatory ability of the fish pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) to know the scope of this species for aquaculture under various salinities. Juvenile pearl spot were divided into three groups and acclimated to freshwater (FW), brackish water (BW) or seawater (SW) for 15 days. The fish exhibited effective salinity tolerance under osmotic challenges. Although the plasma osmolality and Na(+), K(+) and Cl(-) levels increased with the increasing salinities, the parameters remained within the physiological range. The muscle water contents were constant among FW-, BW- and SW-acclimated fish. Two Na+/K+-ATPase α-isoforms (NKA α) were expressed in gills during acclimation in FW, BW and SW. Abundance of one isoform was up-regulated in response to seawater acclimation, suggesting its role in ion secretion similar to NKA α1b, while expression of another isoform was simultaneously up-regulated in response to both FW and SW acclimation, suggesting the presence of isoforms switching phenomenon during acclimation to different salinities. Nevertheless, NKA enzyme activities in the gills of the SW and FW individuals were higher (p < 0.05) than in BW counterparts. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase immunoreactive (NKA-IR) cells were mainly distributed in the interlamellar region of the gill filaments in FW groups and in the apical portion of the filaments in BW and SW groups. The number of NKA-IR cells in the gills of the FW-acclimated fish was almost similar to that of SW individuals, which exceeded that of the BW individuals. The NKA-IR cells of BW and SW were bigger in size than their FW counterparts. Besides, the relative abundance of branchial Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) co-transporter showed stronger evidence in favor of involvement of this protein in hypo-osmoregulation, requiring ion secretion by the chloride cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the wide salinity tolerance of E. suratensis involving differential activation of ion transporters and thereby suggesting its potential as candidate for fish farming under different external salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandrasekar
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
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Al‐Daghri N, Al‐Attas O, Alokail M, Alkharfy K, Yousef M, Vinodson B, Amer O, Alnaami A, Sabico S, Tripathi G, Piya M, McTernan P, Chrousos G. Maternal inheritance of circulating irisin in humans (954.1). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.954.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mansour Yousef
- Health Affairs for RIYADH Region Ministry of HealthRIYADHSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Osama Amer
- Biochemistry King Saud UniversityRIYADHSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry King Saud UniversityRIYADHSaudi Arabia
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories Warwick University COVENTRYUnited Kingdom
| | - Milan Piya
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories Warwick University COVENTRYUnited Kingdom
| | - Philip McTernan
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories Warwick University COVENTRYUnited Kingdom
| | - George Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics Athens University Medical SchoolAthensGreece
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Piya MK, Harte AL, Sivakumar K, Tripathi G, Voyias PD, James S, Sabico S, Al-Daghri NM, Saravanan P, Barber TM, Kumar S, Vatish M, McTernan PG. The identification of irisin in human cerebrospinal fluid: influence of adiposity, metabolic markers, and gestational diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E512-8. [PMID: 24398403 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral action of irisin improves glucose homeostasis and increases energy expenditure, with no data on a central role of irisin in metabolism. These studies sought to examine 1) presence of irisin in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and banked human hypothalamic tissue, 2) serum irisin in maternal subjects across varying adiposities with or without gestational diabetes (GDM), and 3) their respective neonate offspring. CSF, serum, and neonatal cord serum were collected from 91 pregnant women with and without GDM attending for an elective cesarean section [body mass index (BMI): 37.7 ± 7.6 kg/m(2); age: 32 ± 8.3 yr]. Irisin was assessed by ELISA and correlated with biochemical and anthropometric data. Irisin expression was examined in human hypothalamus by immunohistochemical staining. Serum irisin in pregnant women was significantly lower in nonobese compared with obese and GDM subjects, after adjusting for BMI, lipids, and glucose. Irisin was present in neonatal cord serum (237 ± 8 ng/ml) and maternal CSF (32 ± 1.5 ng/ml). CSF irisin correlated positively with serum irisin levels from nonobese and obese pregnant women (P < 0.01), with CSF irisin significantly raised in GDM subjects (P < 0.05). Irisin was present in human hypothalamic sections in the paraventricular neurons, colocalized with neuropeptide Y. Irisin was detectable in CSF and in paraventricular neurons. Maternal serum irisin was lower in nonobese pregnant women after adjusting for BMI and a number of metabolic parameters. These studies indicate that irisin may have a central role in metabolism in addition to the known peripheral role. Further studies investigating the central action of irisin in human metabolic disease are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan K Piya
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Reddy NL, Jones TA, Wayte SC, Adesanya O, Sankar S, Yeo YC, Tripathi G, McTernan PG, Randeva HS, Kumar S, Hutchinson CE, Barber TM. Identification of brown adipose tissue using MR imaging in a human adult with histological and immunohistochemical confirmation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E117-21. [PMID: 24384025 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Manipulation of human brown adipose tissue (BAT) represents a novel therapeutic option for diabesity. The aim of our study was to develop and test a novel magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-based method to identify human BAT, delineate it from white adipose tissue, and validate it through immunohistochemistry. DESIGN A 25-year old Caucasian female with hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome underwent parathyroidectomy. An (18)fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) scan performed after surgery ruled out malignancy but showed avid uptake within the mediastinum, neck, supraclavicular fossae, and axillae, consistent with BAT. Immunohistochemical staining using uncoupling protein-1 antibody was performed on one fat sample obtained from the suprasternal area during parathyroidectomy. Subsequently, serial MR scans were performed. Retrospectively, regions of interest (ROIs) were identified on MR corresponding to areas of high uptake on PET-CT. Prospectively, ROIs were identified on MR based on signal intensity and appearance and compared with PET-CT. RESULTS Of 111 retrospectively identified ROIs from PET-CT, 93 (83.8%) showed corresponding low MR signal: 25 of 25 mediastinum (100%), 29 of 31 neck (93.5%), 31 of 41 supraclavicular (75.6%), and 8 of 14 axillae (57%). Prospectively, 47 of 54 ROIs identified on MR (87%) showed a corresponding increased uptake on PET-CT. Serendipitously, the sample obtained at surgery corresponded with high uptake and low signal on subsequent PET and MR, respectively, and immunohistochemistry confirmed BAT. CONCLUSION We provide the first report for the reliable use of MR to identify BAT in a living human adult, with histological/immunohistochemical confirmation. Our data demonstrate proof of concept to support the development of MR as a safe, reproducible imaging modality for human BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra L Reddy
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories (N.L.R., T.A.J., S.S., G.T., P.G.M., H.S.R., S.K., C.E.H., T.M.B.), Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, and Departments of Medical Physics (S.C.W.), Radiology (O.A., C.E.H.), and Histopathology (Y.C.Y.), University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom
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Harte AL, Tripathi G, Piya MK, Barber TM, Clapham JC, Al-Daghri N, Al-Disi D, Kumsaiyai W, Saravanan P, Fowler AE, O'Hare JP, Kumar S, McTernan PG. NFκB as a potent regulator of inflammation in human adipose tissue, influenced by depot, adiposity, T2DM status, and TNFα. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2322-30. [PMID: 23408599 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Central obesity and sub-clinical inflammation increase metabolic risk, this study examined the intracellular inflammatory pathways in adipose tissue (AT) that contribute to this risk. DESIGN AND METHODS This study therefore addressed the influence of NFκB and JNK activation in human abdominal subcutaneous (AbdSc) and omental (Om) AT, the effect of adiposity, T2DM status and the role of TNFα in vitro, using molecular biology techniques. RESULTS Our data showed NFκB activity is increased in Om AT versus AbdSc AT (P<0.01), which was reversed with respect to depot specific activation of JNK (P<0.01). However, T2DM status appeared to preferentially activate NFκB (P<0.001) over JNK. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed recombinant human (rh) TNFα treated AbdSc adipocytes increased NFκB activity over time (2-48 h, P<0.05) whilst JNK activity reduced (2 h, 4 h, P<0.05); inhibitor studies supported a preferential role for NFκB as a modulator of TNFα secretion. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest distinct changes in NFκB and JNK activation, dependent upon AT depot, adiposity and T2DM status, with in vitro use of rh TNFα leading to activation of NFκB. Consequently NFκB appears to play a central role in inflammatory mediated metabolic disease over JNK, highlighting NFκB as a potential key target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Harte
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Tripathi G, Singh H. Impact of alphamethrin on biochemical parameters of Channa punctatus. J Environ Biol 2013; 34:227-230. [PMID: 24620583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Impact of alphamethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) on profiles of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), catalase (CAT), DNA, RNA and protein in liver, brain, gill and skeletal muscle of the freshwater food fish Channa punctatus were investigated. Exposure of sublethal concentration of alphamethrin (0.018 ppm for 14 days) increased the activity of LDH in liver (1.8 fold), brain (1.4 fold), gill(1.6 fold), and skeletal muscle (2.2 fold) of the fish. However, it significantly decreased the activity of CAT in the tissues of liver (54%), skeletal muscle (52%), gill (51%) and brain (49%) of the fish. Similarly, DNA (skeletal muscle (36%), liver (30%), brain (28%) and gill (25%)) RNA (liver (42%), brain (32%), gill (35%) and skeletal muscle (45%)) and protein content (45%), brain (42%), gill (36%), and skeletal muscle (27%)) declined in different tissues of the fish exposed to alphamethrin. Maximum increase in the level of LDH was in skeletal muscle (2.2 fold) and minimum in brain (1.4 fold). Maximum reduction in CAT profile was in liver (54%), and minimum in brain (49%). Declines in DNA was maximum in skeletal muscle (36%) and minimum in gill (25%) whereas RNA and protein content were maximum in liver (42% and 45% respectively) and minimum in skeletal muscle (45% and 27% respectively). Alphamethrin was toxic to the freshwater fish due to its inducing effect on anaerobic enzyme (LDH) and inhibitory effect on antioxidant enzyme (CAT), DNA, RNA and protein. This reflected alphamethrin associated increase in anaerobiosis and decrease in oxidative defense and impairment in protein synthesizing capacity of C. punctatus. Further, induction in LDH and reduction in CAT and protein profile may be used as biomarker of alphamethrin toxicity in fish.
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Aftab SAS, Reddy N, Owen NL, Pollitt R, Harte A, McTernan PG, Tripathi G, Barber TM. Identification of a novel heterozygous mutation in exon 50 of the COL1A1 gene causing osteogenesis imperfecta. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2013; 2013:130002. [PMID: 24616757 PMCID: PMC3922149 DOI: 10.1530/edm-13-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 19-year-old woman was diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). She had sustained numerous low-trauma fractures throughout her childhood, including a recent pelvic fracture (superior and inferior ramus) following a low-impact fall. She had the classical blue sclerae, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) bone scanning confirmed low bone mass for her age in the lumbar spine (Z-score was −2.6). However, despite these classical clinical features, the diagnosis of OI had not been entertained throughout the whole of her childhood. Sequencing of her genomic DNA revealed that she was heterozygous for the c.3880_3883dup mutation in exon 50 of the COL1A1 gene. This mutation is predicted to result in a frameshift at p.Thr1295, and truncating stop codon 3 amino acids downstream. To our knowledge, this mutation has not previously been reported in OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A S Aftab
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - N Reddy
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - N L Owen
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - R Pollitt
- Connective Tissue Disorders Service, Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Western Bank Sheffield, S10 2TH UK
| | - A Harte
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - P G McTernan
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - G Tripathi
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - T M Barber
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, University of Warwick Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
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Harte AL, Varma MC, Tripathi G, McGee KC, Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Sabico S, O'Hare JP, Ceriello A, Saravanan P, Kumar S, McTernan PG. High fat intake leads to acute postprandial exposure to circulating endotoxin in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:375-82. [PMID: 22210577 PMCID: PMC3263907 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the changes in circulating endotoxin after a high-saturated fat meal to determine whether these effects depend on metabolic disease state. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subjects (n = 54) were given a high-fat meal (75 g fat, 5 g carbohydrate, 6 g protein) after an overnight fast (nonobese control [NOC]: age 39.9 ± 11.8 years [mean ± SD], BMI 24.9 ± 3.2 kg/m(2), n = 9; obese: age 43.8 ± 9.5 years, BMI 33.3 ± 2.5 kg/m(2), n = 15; impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]: age 41.7 ± 11.3 years, BMI 32.0 ± 4.5 kg/m(2), n = 12; type 2 diabetic: age 45.4 ± 10.1 years, BMI 30.3 ± 4.5 kg/m(2), n = 18). Blood was collected before (0 h) and after the meal (1-4 h) for analysis. RESULTS Baseline endotoxin was significantly higher in the type 2 diabetic and IGT subjects than in NOC subjects, with baseline circulating endotoxin levels 60.6% higher in type 2 diabetic subjects than in NOC subjects (P < 0.05). Ingestion of a high-fat meal led to a significant rise in endotoxin levels in type 2 diabetic, IGT, and obese subjects over the 4-h time period (P < 0.05). These findings also showed that, at 4 h after a meal, type 2 diabetic subjects had higher circulating endotoxin levels (125.4%↑) than NOC subjects (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These studies have highlighted that exposure to a high-fat meal elevates circulating endotoxin irrespective of metabolic state, as early as 1 h after a meal. However, this increase is substantial in IGT and type 2 diabetic subjects, suggesting that metabolic endotoxinemia is exacerbated after high fat intake. In conclusion, our data suggest that, in a compromised metabolic state such as type 2 diabetes, a continual snacking routine will cumulatively promote their condition more rapidly than in other individuals because of the greater exposure to endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Harte
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Schisano B, Harte AL, Lois K, Saravanan P, Al-Daghri N, Al-Attas O, Knudsen LB, McTernan PG, Ceriello A, Tripathi G. GLP-1 analogue, Liraglutide protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against high glucose induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 174:46-52. [PMID: 22120833 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hyperglycemia induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in diabetic vascular cells is considered an increasingly important factor for the genesis and development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. This study investigated firstly, the effect of hyperglycemia in ER stress induction in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and secondly, the impact of Glucagon like petide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, Liraglutide, in reducing ER stress in HUVECs exposed to high glucose (HG). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HUVECs were incubated for 12 hr in 5 mmol/L normal glucose (NG) or in 25 mmol/L (HG) glucose with or without different concentrations of Liraglutide (1 nM, 10 nM or 100 nM) and components of ER stress pathways studied, using western blotting, to assess their expression levels. KEY RESULTS Our data confirmed that exposure of HUVECs to HG up-regulated both up- (Bip/Grp78, PERK and IRE1α) and downstream (Calnexin, PDI and Ero1-Lα) markers of ER stress compared with control. Furthermore, Liraglutide showed a dose dependent capacity in preventing the onset of ER stress in HUVECs, with a maximum activity at 100 nM. HG also upregulated proapoptotic PUMA protein levels compared to controls. Interestingly, Liraglutide also induced OPA1, a marker of mitochondrial fusion, in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Liraglutide prevented the onset of ER stress in human endothelial cells exposed to HG. Our data suggest that Liraglutide may exert its effects by inducing mitochondrial fusion processes, thus preventing HG induced mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis in human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Schisano
- CSRL, University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Prasun P, Prasad N, Tripathi G, Jafar T, Sharda S, Gulati S, Agrawal S. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism with steroid responsiveness in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Indian J Nephrol 2011; 21:26-9. [PMID: 21655166 PMCID: PMC3109779 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.75215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to study the distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, and its association with steroid responsiveness in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). One hundred twenty-five children with INS were classified into two groups: steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS: n = 90) and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS: n=35). The control group consisted of 150 unrelated healthy children. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leucocytes by the standard salting-out method. ACE genotyping was performed and ACE genotypes DD, ID, and II were compared between different groups. The frequency distribution of the DD genotype was significantly increased in children with INS compared to control subjects (P = 0.0012) while the difference was not significant (P = 0.071) between SSNS and control subjects. The frequency distribution of the DD genotype was significantly high in the SRNS group compared to control subjects (P < 0.0001). The distribution of the DD genotype was high in SRNS compared to SSNS group patients (P = 0.016). In conclusion, the presence of the DD genotype may predict risk for steroid resistance in childhood INS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prasun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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McGee KC, Harte AL, da Silva NF, Al-Daghri N, Creely SJ, Kusminski CM, Tripathi G, Levick PL, Khanolkar M, Evans M, Chittari MV, Patel V, Kumar S, McTernan PG. Visfatin is regulated by rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes mellitus and influenced by NFκB and JNK in human abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20287. [PMID: 21694775 PMCID: PMC3111427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visfatin has been proposed as an insulin-mimicking adipocytokine, predominantly secreted from adipose tissue and correlated with obesity. However, recent studies suggest visfatin may act as a proinflammatory cytokine. Our studies sought to determine the significance of this adipocytokine and its potential role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Firstly, we examined the effects of diabetic status on circulating visfatin levels, and several other adipocytokines, demonstrating that diabetic status increased visfatin*, TNF-α*** and IL-6*** compared with non-diabetic subjects (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, respectively). We then assessed the effects of an insulin sensitizer, rosiglitazone (RSG), in treatment naïve T2DM subjects, on circulating visfatin levels. Our findings showed that visfatin was reduced post-RSG treatment [vs. pre-treatment (*p<0.05)] accompanied by a reduction in HOMA-IR**, thus implicating a role for insulin in visfatin regulation. Further studies addressed the intracellular mechanisms by which visfatin may be regulated, and may exert pro-inflammatory effects, in human abdominal subcutaneous (Abd Sc) adipocytes. Following insulin (Ins) and RSG treatment, our in vitro findings highlighted that insulin (100 nM), alone, upregulated visfatin protein expression whereas, in combination with RSG (10 nM), it reduced visfatin*, IKKβ** and p-JNK1/2*. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK protein exacted a significant reduction in visfatin expression (**p<0.01), whilst NF-κB blockade increased visfatin (*p<0.05), thus identifying JNK as the more influential factor in visfatin regulation. Additional in vitro analysis on adipokines regulating visfatin showed that only Abd Sc adipocytes treated with recombinant human (rh)IL-6 increased visfatin protein (*p<0.05), whilst rh visfatin treatment, itself, had no influence on TNF-α, IL-6 or resistin secretion from Sc adipocytes. These data highlight visfatin's regulation by insulin and RSG, potentially acting through NF-κB and JNK mechanisms, with only rh IL-6 modestly affecting visfatin regulation. Taken together, these findings suggest that visfatin may represent a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is influenced by insulin/insulin sensitivity via the NF-κB and JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty C. McGee
- Unit for Diabetes & Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW Trust, Walsgrave, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Alison L. Harte
- Unit for Diabetes & Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW Trust, Walsgrave, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy F. da Silva
- Unit for Diabetes & Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW Trust, Walsgrave, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nasser Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven J. Creely
- Unit for Diabetes & Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW Trust, Walsgrave, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Christine M. Kusminski
- Unit for Diabetes & Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW Trust, Walsgrave, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Unit for Diabetes & Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW Trust, Walsgrave, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. Levick
- Priory Hospital, BMI, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Manish Khanolkar
- Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Evans
- Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Madhu V. Chittari
- Unit for Diabetes & Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW Trust, Walsgrave, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Vinod Patel
- Diabetes Centre, George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Nuneaton, United Kingdom
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Unit for Diabetes & Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW Trust, Walsgrave, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G. McTernan
- Unit for Diabetes & Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW Trust, Walsgrave, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Schisano B, Tripathi G, McGee K, McTernan PG, Ceriello A. Glucose oscillations, more than constant high glucose, induce p53 activation and a metabolic memory in human endothelial cells. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1219-26. [PMID: 21287141 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Damage persists in HUVECs exposed to a constant high glucose concentration long after glucose normalisation, a phenomenon termed 'metabolic memory'. Evaluation of the effects of exposure of HUVECs to oscillating high glucose on the induction of markers of oxidative stress and DNA damage (phospho-γ-histone H2AX and PKCδ) and onset of metabolic memory, and the possible role of the tumour suppressor transcriptional factor p53 is of pivotal interest. METHODS HUVECs were incubated for 3 weeks in 5 or 25 mmol/l glucose or oscillating glucose (24 h in 5 mmol/l glucose followed by 24 h in 25 mmol/l glucose) or for 1 week in constant 5 mmol/l glucose after being exposed for 2 weeks to continuous 25 mmol/l high glucose or oscillating glucose. Transcriptional activity of p53 was also evaluated in the first 24 h after high glucose exposure. RESULTS High constant glucose upregulated phospho-γ-histone H2AX and protein kinase C (PKC)δ compared with control. Oscillating glucose was even more effective than both normal and constant high glucose. Both constant and oscillating glucose resulted in a memory effect, which was more pronounced in the oscillating condition. Transcriptional activity of p53 peaked 6 h after glucose exposure, showing a predicted oscillatory behaviour. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Exposure to oscillating glucose was more deleterious than constant high glucose and induced a metabolic memory after glucose normalisation. Hyperactivation of p53 during glucose oscillation might be due to the absence of consistent feedback inhibition during each glucose spike and might account for the worse outcome of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schisano
- Clinical Science Research Institute (CSRI), Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital-Walsgrave Campus, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
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Youssef-Elabd EM, McGee KC, Tripathi G, Aldaghri N, Abdalla MS, Sharada HM, Ashour E, Amin AI, Ceriello A, O'Hare JP, Kumar S, McTernan PG, Harte AL. Acute and chronic saturated fatty acid treatment as a key instigator of the TLR-mediated inflammatory response in human adipose tissue, in vitro. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:39-50. [PMID: 21414768 PMCID: PMC3243902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A post-prandial increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and glucose (Glc) activates an inflammatory response, which may be prolonged following restoration of physiological SFAs and Glc levels--a finding referred to as 'metabolic memory'. This study examined chronic and oscillating SFAs and Glc on the inflammatory signalling pathway in human adipose tissue (AT) and adipocytes (Ads) and determined whether Ads are subject to "metabolic memory." Abdominal (Abd) subcutaneous (Sc) explants and Ads were treated with chronic low glucose (L-Glc): 5.6 mM and high glucose (H-Glc): 17.5 mM, with low (0.2 mM) and high (2 mM) SFA for 48 h. Abd Sc explants and Ads were also exposed to the aforementioned treatment regimen for 12-h periods, with alternating rest periods of 12 h in L-Glc. Chronic treatment with L-Glc and high SFAs, H-Glc and high SFAs up-regulated key factors of the nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathway in Abd Sc AT and Ads (TLR4, NFκB; P<.05), whilst down-regulating MyD88. Oscillating Glc and SFA concentrations increased TLR4, NFκB, IKKβ (P<.05) in explants and Ads and up-regulated MyD88 expression (P<.05). Both tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 (P<.05) secretion were markedly increased in chronically treated Abd Sc explants and Ads whilst, with oscillating treatments, a sustained inflammatory effect was noted in absence of treatment. Therefore, SFAs may act as key instigators of the inflammatory response in human AT via NFκB activation, which suggests that short-term exposure of cells to uncontrolled levels of SFAs and Glc leads to a longer-term inflammatory insult within the Ad, which may have important implications for patients with obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
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McGee KC, Shahmanesh M, Boothby M, Nightingale P, Gathercole LL, Tripathi G, Harte AL, Shojaee-Moradie F, Umpleby AM, Das S, Al-Daghri NM, McTernan PG, Tomlinson JW. Evidence for a shift to anaerobic metabolism in adipose tissue in efavirenz-containing regimens for HIV with different nucleoside backbones. Antivir Ther 2011; 17:495-507. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Al-Attas OS, Al-Daghri NM, Alokail MS, Alfadda A, Bamakhramah A, Sabico S, Pritlove D, Harte A, Tripathi G, McTernan PG, Kumar S, Chrousos G. Adiposity and insulin resistance correlate with telomere length in middle-aged Arabs: the influence of circulating adiponectin. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163:601-7. [PMID: 20679357 PMCID: PMC2938925 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies in obesity have implicated adipocytokines in the development of insulin resistance, which in turn may lead to accelerated aging. In this study, we determined associations of chromosomal telomere length (TL) to markers of obesity and insulin resistance in middle-aged adult male and female Arabs with and without diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2). DESIGN AND METHODS One hundred and ninety-three non-diabetic and DMT2 subjects without complications (97 males and 96 females) participated in this cross-sectional study. Clinical data, as well as fasting blood samples, were collected. Serum glucose and lipid profile were determined using routine laboratory methods. Serum insulin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and PAI-1 were quantified using customized multiplex assay kits. High sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and angiotensin II (ANG II) were measured using ELISAs. Circulating leukocyte TL was examined by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Circulating chromosomal leukocyte TL had significant inverse associations with body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and total cholesterol, ANG II and hsCRP levels. Adiponectin, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol predicted 47% of the variance in TL (P<0.0001). HOMA-IR was the most significant predictor for TL in males, explaining 35% of the variance (P=0.01). In females, adiponectin accounted for 28% of the variance in TL (P=0.01). CONCLUSION Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with chromosomal TL among adult Arabs. Evidence of causal relations needs further investigation. The positive association of adiponectin to TL has clinical implications as to the possible protective effects of this hormone from accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Al-Attas
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Science, King Saud UniversityPO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Science, King Saud UniversityPO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- (Correspondence should be addressed to N M Al-Daghri; )
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Science, King Saud UniversityPO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Assim Alfadda
- College of Medicine, Obesity Research CenterKing Saud UniversityRiyadhKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bamakhramah
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Science, King Saud UniversityPO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Science, King Saud UniversityPO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dave Pritlove
- Diabetes and Metabolism UnitWarwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7ALUK
| | - Alison Harte
- Diabetes and Metabolism UnitWarwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7ALUK
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Diabetes and Metabolism UnitWarwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7ALUK
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Diabetes and Metabolism UnitWarwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7ALUK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Diabetes and Metabolism UnitWarwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7ALUK
| | - George Chrousos
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Science, King Saud UniversityPO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesUniversity of Athens Medical School, Children's Hospital Aghia SophiaAthens, 115 27Greece
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Tripathi G, Shasmal J. Reparation of chlorpyrifos-induced impairment by thyroxine and vitamin C in fish. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010; 73:1397-1401. [PMID: 20684993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos significantly decreased the specific activities of catalase (CAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in brain, liver, gill and skeletal muscle of the freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. It may be due to binding of the pesticide or its metabolite(s) with the enzyme molecules or affecting the synthesis and/or degradation of the enzymes. RNA and protein content also declined significantly in different tissues of the fish in response to chlorpyrifos, which may be due to alterations in turnover of macromolecules involved in protein synthesis. Administration of thyroxine (T4) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) separately or conjointly to chlorpyrifos-exposed fish brought CAT, LDH, RNA and protein up to their control levels. The protective effect may be attributed to hormone, vitamin and pesticide interaction. Therefore, chlorpyrifos-induced impairment in antioxidative, anaerobic and protein synthesizing capacity can be repaired by ascorbic acid and T4 in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, J.N.V. University, Jodhpur 342 033, India.
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Alhusaini S, McGee K, Schisano B, Harte A, McTernan P, Kumar S, Tripathi G. Lipopolysaccharide, high glucose and saturated fatty acids induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in cultured primary human adipocytes: Salicylate alleviates this stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:472-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Ramanjaneya M, Chen J, Brown JE, Tripathi G, Hallschmid M, Patel S, Kern W, Hillhouse EW, Lehnert H, Tan BK, Randeva HS. Identification of nesfatin-1 in human and murine adipose tissue: a novel depot-specific adipokine with increased levels in obesity. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3169-80. [PMID: 20427481 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is a recently identified anorexigenic peptide derived from its precursor protein, nonesterified fatty acid/nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2). Although the hypothalamus is pivotal for the maintenance of energy homeostasis, adipose tissue plays an important role in the integration of metabolic activity and energy balance by communicating with peripheral organs and the brain via adipokines. Currently no data exist on nesfatin-1 expression, regulation, and secretion in adipose tissue. We therefore investigated NUCB2/nesfatin-1 gene and protein expression in human and murine adipose tissue depots. Additionally, the effects of insulin, dexamethasone, and inflammatory cytokines and the impact of food deprivation and obesity on nesfatin-1 expression were studied by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. We present data showing NUCB2 mRNA (P < 0.001), nesfatin-1 intracellular protein (P < 0.001), and secretion (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in sc adipose tissue compared with other depots. Also, nesfatin-1 protein expression was significantly increased in high-fat-fed mice (P < 0.01) and reduced under food deprivation (P < 0.01) compared with controls. Stimulation of sc adipose tissue explants with inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha and IL-6), insulin, and dexamethasone resulted in a marked increase in intracellular nesfatin-1 levels. Furthermore, we present evidence that the secretion of nesfatin-1 into the culture media was dramatically increased during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes (P < 0.001) and after treatments with TNF-alpha, IL-6, insulin, and dexamethasone (P < 0.01). In addition, circulating nesfatin-1 levels were higher in high-fat-fed mice (P < 0.05) and showed positive correlation with body mass index in human. We report that nesfatin-1 is a novel depot specific adipokine preferentially produced by sc tissue, with obesity- and food deprivation-regulated expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Ramanjaneya
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Harte AL, da Silva NF, Creely SJ, McGee KC, Billyard T, Youssef-Elabd EM, Tripathi G, Ashour E, Abdalla MS, Sharada HM, Amin AI, Burt AD, Kumar S, Day CP, McTernan PG. Elevated endotoxin levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Inflamm (Lond) 2010; 7:15. [PMID: 20353583 PMCID: PMC2873499 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Emerging data indicate that gut-derived endotoxin may contribute to low-grade systemic inflammation in insulin resistant states. This study aimed to examine the importance of serum endotoxin and inflammatory markers in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to explore the effect of treatment with a lipase inhibitor, Orlistat, on their inflammatory status. Methods Fasted serum from 155 patients with biopsy proven NAFLD and 23 control subjects were analysed for endotoxin, soluble CD14 (sCD14), soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor II (sTNFRII) and various metabolic parameters. A subgroup of NAFLD patients were re-assessed 6 and 12 months after treatment with diet alone (n = 6) or diet plus Orlistat (n = 8). Results Endotoxin levels were significantly higher in patients with NAFLD compared with controls (NAFLD: 10.6(7.8, 14.8) EU/mL; controls: 3.9(3.2, 5.2) EU/mL, p < 0.001); NAFLD alone produced comparable endotoxin levels to T2DM (NAFLD: T2DM: 10.6(5.6, 14.2) EU/mL; non-diabetic: 10.6(8.5, 15.2) EU/mL), whilst a significant correlation between insulin resistance and serum endotoxin was observed (r = 0.27, p = 0.008). Both sCD14 (p < 0.01) and sTNFRII (p < 0.001) increased with severity of fibrosis. A positive correlation was also noted between sTNFRII and sCD14 in the NAFLD subjects (r = 0.29, p = 0.004). Sub-cohort treatment with Orlistat in patients with NAFLD showed significant decreases in ALT (p = 0.006), weight (p = 0.005) and endotoxin (p = 0.004) compared with the NAFLD, non-Orlistat treated control cohort at 6 and 12 months post therapy, respectively. Conclusions Endotoxin levels were considerably increased in NAFLD patients, with marked increases noted in early stage fibrosis compared with controls. These results suggest elevated endotoxin may serve as an early indicator of potential liver damage, perhaps negating the need for invasive liver biopsy. As endotoxin may promote insulin resistance and inflammation, interventions aimed at reducing endotoxin levels in NAFLD patients may prove beneficial in reducing inflammatory burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Harte
- University of Warwick, Unit for Diabetes and Metabolism, Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Nancy F da Silva
- University of Warwick, Unit for Diabetes and Metabolism, Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Steven J Creely
- University of Warwick, Unit for Diabetes and Metabolism, Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Kirsty C McGee
- University of Warwick, Unit for Diabetes and Metabolism, Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Thomas Billyard
- University of Warwick, Unit for Diabetes and Metabolism, Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | | | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- University of Warwick, Unit for Diabetes and Metabolism, Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Esmat Ashour
- Biochemistry Dept, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohga S Abdalla
- Chemistry Dept, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Hayat M Sharada
- Chemistry Dept, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Ashraf I Amin
- Clinical Pathology Dept, National Institute of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alastair D Burt
- School of Clinical Medicine (Hepatology), Floor 4, William Leech Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- University of Warwick, Unit for Diabetes and Metabolism, Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Christopher P Day
- School of Clinical Medicine (Hepatology), Floor 4, William Leech Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Philip G McTernan
- University of Warwick, Unit for Diabetes and Metabolism, Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
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Tripathi G, Singh S. Formulation and In Vitro evaluation of pH sensitive oil entrapped polymeric blended gellan gum buoyant beads of clarithromycin. Daru 2010; 18:247-53. [PMID: 22615623 PMCID: PMC3304345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY A gastroretentive pH sensitive system has been a frontier approach to release the drug in controlled manner in stomach and duodenum. The aim of this study was to develop buoyant beads of gellan based, wherein, the oil was entrapped, blended with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose or carbopol 934 in order to evaluate its potential for targeted sustained delivery of clarithromycin in the gastric region. METHODS Buoyant beads of gellan was developed by inotropic gelation technique using calcium carbonate as gas forming agent and the drug polymer dispersion was emulsified with mineral oil. The oil was entrapped and blended with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose or carbopol 934. The developed beads were evaluated in terms of diameter,% floating, encapsulation efficiency, In vitro drug release, In vivo gastric residence efficacy and clarithromycine concentration in the mucosa of the experimental animal model. RESULTS The scanning electron microscope photograph indicated that the prepared beads were spherical in shape and buoyancy, encapsulation efficiency and drug content obtained from all batches were satisfactory. Particle size and percentage buoyancy of the gel beads increased by raising the concentration of calcium carbonate. The formulation exhibited sustained release profile and was best fitted in the Peppas model with n<0.45. Subsequent coating of microbeads exhibited zero-order sustained pattern of the drug release up to 8 hrs. Batch B(4) showed comparatively better residence and the drug concentration in the gastric mucosa of the treated animals. CONCLUSION The result provides evidence that the prepared optimized formulation may be used effectively for pH sensitive gastric targeted antibiotic such as clarithromycin.
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Parveen F, Faridi RM, Das V, Tripathi G, Agrawal S. Genetic association of phase I and phase II detoxification genes with recurrent miscarriages among North Indian women. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 16:207-14. [PMID: 19892789 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Allelic variants of the detoxification genes that have impaired biotransformation functions may increase susceptibility to reproductive toxicity leading to endometriosis, recurrent miscarriage (RM) or poor pregnancy outcome. In the present study, we have investigated CYP1A1, CYP2D6, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTM1, which are involved in the phase I and phase II detoxification systems, in relation to their role in the etiology of unexplained RMs. In a case-control study, we have investigated 200 females with RM and 300 age and ethnically matched healthy controls with successful reproductive history from North India. The frequencies of phase I wild-type genotypes of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 in RM cases were 0.56 and 0.60, whereas in controls these were 0.68 and 0.65, respectively (both P < 0.05). The GSTM1 null-genotype frequencies were 0.66 and 0.84 among RM cases and controls, respectively, the GSTT1 null-genotype frequencies were 0.52 and 0.45 (P < 0.005) and the GSTP1 variant allele frequencies were 0.23 and 0.20, respectively. In conclusion, we observed significant protective effects of phase I wild-type genotypes and association of the GSTT1 null genotype with RM. Through combined analyses we have highlighted the importance of the balance of phase I/phase II detoxification systems, in the etiology of RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Parveen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP 226014, India
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Abstract
Cytokines and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of primary kidney disease and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Cytokine secretion is reported to be dependent on the single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the cytokine genes. The role of different polymorphisms in cytokines and ICAM genes as probable susceptibility factors for ESRD has been explored in the present study. The study was conducted on 258 ESRD patients and on ethnically matched 569 controls. Individuals were genotyped for interleukin (IL)-6 (G174C), IL-4 (C590T), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (-G308A and -G238A) and ICAM-1 (A469G) gene polymorphisms using standard polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism-based method. We observed significant difference in the genotype frequencies of the TNF-alpha-308AA [P = 0.001; odds ratios (OR) = 7.61, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 2.1-27.9] and TNF-alpha-238AA (P = 0.001; OR = 5.8, 95% CI = 2.2-15.1). Furthermore, C allele of IL-6 -G174C and G allele of ICAM-1 A469G were significantly different in ESRD patients when compared with controls (P = 0.0001; OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 3.9-7.7 and P < 0.0001; OR = 3.8, 95% CI = 3.1-4.7). For the IL-4 C590T polymorphism, although the homozygous mutant genotype (TT) was not found to be significantly associated with ESRD, a statistically significant association with T allele (P = 0.008) was observed. Furthermore, combined analysis showed a higher risk in ESRD patients with high IL-4- and low IL-6-producing genotypes, low IL-4- and low IL-6-producing genotypes and high-producing genotype of TNF-alpha (308 and 238) with the increased risk of 6.47-, 3.7- and 3.3-fold, respectively. Our results suggest that IL-6, IL-4, TNF-alpha and ICAM gene polymorphisms are implicated in ESRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ranganath
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Tripathi G, Salih DAM, Drozd AC, Cosgrove RA, Cobb LJ, Pell JM. IGF-independent effects of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (Igfbp5) in vivo. FASEB J 2009; 23:2616-26. [PMID: 19332648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-114124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IGF activity is regulated tightly by a family of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). IGFBP-5 is the most conserved of these and is up-regulated significantly during differentiation of several key lineages and in some cancers. The function of IGFBP-5 in these physiological and pathological situations is unclear, however, several IGFBP-5 sequence motifs and studies in vitro suggest IGF-independent actions. Therefore, we aimed to compare the phenotypes of mice overexpressing wild-type Igfbp5 or an N-terminal mutant Igfbp5 with negligible IGF binding affinity. Both significantly inhibited growth, even at low expression levels. Even though wild-type IGFBP-5 severely disrupted the IGF axis, we found no evidence for interaction of mutant IGFBP-5 with the IGF system. Further, overexpression of wild-type IGFBP-5 rescued the lethal phenotype induced by "excess" IGF-II in type 2 receptor-null mice; mutant IGFBP-5 overexpression could not. Therefore, wild-type IGFBP-5 provides a very effective mechanism for the inhibition of IGF activity and a powerful in vivo mechanism to inhibit IGF activity in pathologies such as cancer. This study is also the first to suggest significant IGF-independent actions for IGFBP-5 during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra Tripathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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