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Guignabert C, Savale L, Boucly A, Thuillet R, Tu L, Ottaviani M, Rhodes CJ, De Groote P, Prévot G, Bergot E, Bourdin A, Howard LS, Fadel E, Beurnier A, Roche A, Jevnikar M, Jaïs X, Montani D, Wilkins MR, Sitbon O, Humbert M. Serum and Pulmonary Expression Profiles of the Activin Signaling System in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2023; 147:1809-1822. [PMID: 37096577 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activins are novel therapeutic targets in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We therefore studied whether key members of the activin pathway could be used as PAH biomarkers. METHODS Serum levels of activin A, activin B, α-subunit of inhibin A and B proteins, and the antagonists follistatin and follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) were measured in controls and in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic, heritable, or anorexigen-associated PAH (n=80) at baseline and 3 to 4 months after treatment initiation. The primary outcome was death or lung transplantation. Expression patterns of the inhibin subunits, follistatin, FSTL3, Bambi, Cripto, and the activin receptors type I (ALK), type II (ACTRII), and betaglycan were analyzed in PAH and control lung tissues. RESULTS Death or lung transplantation occurred in 26 of 80 patients (32.5%) over a median follow-up of 69 (interquartile range, 50-81) months. Both baseline (hazard ratio, 1.001 [95% CI, 1.000-1.001]; P=0.037 and 1.263 [95% CI, 1.049-1.520]; P=0.014, respectively) and follow-up (hazard ratio, 1.003 [95% CI, 1.001-1.005]; P=0.001 and 1.365 [95% CI, 1.185-1.573]; P<0.001, respectively) serum levels of activin A and FSTL3 were associated with transplant-free survival in a model adjusted for age and sex. Thresholds determined by receiver operating characteristic analyses were 393 pg/mL for activin A and 16.6 ng/mL for FSTL3. When adjusted with New York Heart Association functional class, 6-minute walk distance, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, the hazard ratios for transplant-free survival for baseline activin A <393 pg/mL and FSTL3 <16.6 ng/mL were, respectively, 0.14 (95% CI, 0.03-0.61; P=0.009) and 0.17 (95% CI, 0.06-0.45; P<0.001), and for follow-up measures, 0.23 (95% CI, 0.07-0.78; P=0.019) and 0.27 (95% CI, 0.09-0.78, P=0.015), respectively. Prognostic values of activin A and FSTL3 were confirmed in an independent external validation cohort. Histological analyses showed a nuclear accumulation of the phosphorylated form of Smad2/3, higher immunoreactivities for ACTRIIB, ALK2, ALK4, ALK5, ALK7, Cripto, and FSTL3 in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle layers, and lower immunostaining for inhibin-α and follistatin. CONCLUSIONS These findings offer new insights into the activin signaling system in PAH and show that activin A and FSTL3 are prognostic biomarkers for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Laurent Savale
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., A. Boucly, A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Athénaïs Boucly
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., A. Boucly, A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Raphaël Thuillet
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Ly Tu
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Mina Ottaviani
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.J.R., M.R.W.)
| | - Pascal De Groote
- Université de Lille, Service de cardiologie, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Inserm U1167, France (P.D.G.)
| | - Grégoire Prévot
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Larrey, Service de pneumologie, France (G.P.)
| | - Emmanuel Bergot
- Unicaen, UFR santé, Service de Pneumologie & Oncologie Thoracique, CHU de Caen, France (E.B.)
| | - Arnaud Bourdin
- Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Department of Respiratory Diseases, France (A. Bourdin)
| | - Luke S Howard
- Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (L.S.H.)
| | - Elie Fadel
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery and Heart-Lung Transplantation, Marie Lannelongue Hospital, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris-Saclay University, France (E.F.)
| | - Antoine Beurnier
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., A. Boucly, A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Anne Roche
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., A. Boucly, A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Mitja Jevnikar
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., A. Boucly, A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Xavier Jaïs
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., A. Boucly, A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - David Montani
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., A. Boucly, A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Martin R Wilkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.J.R., M.R.W.)
| | - Olivier Sitbon
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., A. Boucly, A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
| | - Marc Humbert
- INSERM UMR_S 999 "Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (C.G., L.S., A. Boucly, R.T., L.T., M.O., E.F., A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (L.S., A. Boucly, A. Beurnier, A.R., M.J., X.J., D.M., O.S., M.H.)
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Truchado-García M, Perry KJ, Cavodeassi F, Kenny NJ, Henry JQ, Grande C. A Small Change With a Twist Ending: A Single Residue in EGF-CFC Drives Bilaterian Asymmetry. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 40:6947033. [PMID: 36537201 PMCID: PMC9907556 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetries are essential for proper organization and function of organ systems. Genetic studies in bilaterians have shown signaling through the Nodal/Smad2 pathway plays a key, conserved role in the establishment of body asymmetries. Although the main molecular players in the network for the establishment of left-right asymmetry (LRA) have been deeply described in deuterostomes, little is known about the regulation of Nodal signaling in spiralians. Here, we identified orthologs of the egf-cfc gene, a master regulator of the Nodal pathway in vertebrates, in several invertebrate species, which includes the first evidence of its presence in non-deuterostomes. Our functional experiments indicate that despite being present, egf-cfc does not play a role in the establishment of LRA in gastropods. However, experiments in zebrafish suggest that a single amino acid mutation in the egf-cfc gene in at least the common ancestor of chordates was the necessary step to induce a gain of function in LRA regulation. This study shows that the egf-cfc gene likely appeared in the ancestors of deuterostomes and "protostomes", before being adopted as a mechanism to regulate the Nodal pathway and the establishment of LRA in some lineages of deuterostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly J Perry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Florencia Cavodeassi
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Kenny
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom,Department of Biochemistry (Te Tari Matū Koiora), University of Otago, Dunedin, (Aotearoa) New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Q Henry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801,The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
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Moncla LHM, Mathieu S, Sylla MS, Bossé Y, Thériault S, Arsenault BJ, Mathieu P. Mendelian randomization of circulating proteome identifies actionable targets in heart failure. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:588. [PMID: 35964012 PMCID: PMC9375407 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is a prevalent cause of mortality and morbidity. The molecular drivers of HF are still largely unknown. Results We aimed to identify circulating proteins causally associated with HF by leveraging genome-wide genetic association data for HF including 47,309 cases and 930,014 controls. We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) with multiple cis instruments as well as network and enrichment analysis using data from blood protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) (2,965 blood proteins) measured in 3,301 individuals. Nineteen blood proteins were causally associated with HF, were not subject to reverse causality and were enriched in ligand-receptor and glycosylation molecules. Network pathway analysis of the blood proteins showed enrichment in NF-kappa B, TGF beta, lipid in atherosclerosis and fluid shear stress. Cross-phenotype analysis of HF identified genetic overlap with cardiovascular drugs, myocardial infarction, parental longevity and low-density cholesterol. Multi-trait MR identified causal associations between HF-associated blood proteins and cardiovascular outcomes. Multivariable MR showed that association of BAG3, MIF and APOA5 with HF were mediated by the blood pressure and coronary artery disease. According to the directional effect and biological action, 7 blood proteins are targets of existing drugs or are tractable for the development of novel therapeutics. Among the pathways, sialyl Lewis x and the activin type II receptor are potential druggable candidates. Conclusions Integrative MR analyses of the blood proteins identified causally-associated proteins with HF and revealed pleiotropy of the blood proteome with cardiovascular risk factors. Some of the proteins or pathway related mechanisms could be targeted as novel treatment approach in HF. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08811-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Hippolyte Minvielle Moncla
- Genomic Medecine and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, G1V-4G5, Canada
| | - Samuel Mathieu
- Genomic Medecine and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, G1V-4G5, Canada
| | - Mame Sokhna Sylla
- Genomic Medecine and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, G1V-4G5, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Thériault
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Genomic Medecine and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, G1V-4G5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Genomic Medecine and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, G1V-4G5, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
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Balcioglu O, Heinz RE, Freeman DW, Gates BL, Hagos BM, Booker E, Mirzaei Mehrabad E, Diesen HT, Bhakta K, Ranganathan S, Kachi M, Leblanc M, Gray PC, Spike BT. CRIPTO antagonist ALK4 L75A-Fc inhibits breast cancer cell plasticity and adaptation to stress. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:125. [PMID: 33187540 PMCID: PMC7664111 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRIPTO is a multi-functional signaling protein that promotes stemness and oncogenesis. We previously developed a CRIPTO antagonist, ALK4L75A-Fc, and showed that it causes loss of the stem cell phenotype in normal mammary epithelia suggesting it may similarly inhibit CRIPTO-dependent plasticity in breast cancer cells. METHODS We focused on two triple negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) to measure the effects of ALK4L75A-Fc on cancer cell behavior under nutrient deprivation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. We characterized the proliferation and migration of these cells in vitro using time-lapse microscopy and characterized stress-dependent changes in the levels and distribution of CRIPTO signaling mediators and cancer stem cell markers. We also assessed the effects of ALK4L75A-Fc on proliferation, EMT, and stem cell markers in vivo as well as on tumor growth and metastasis using inducible lentiviral delivery or systemic administration of purified ALK4L75A-Fc, which represents a candidate therapeutic approach. RESULTS ALK4L75A-Fc inhibited adaptive responses of breast cancer cells under conditions of nutrient and ER stress and reduced their proliferation, migration, clonogenicity, and expression of EMT and cancer stem cell markers. ALK4L75A-Fc also inhibited proliferation of human breast cancer cells in stressed tumor microenvironments in xenografts and reduced both primary tumor size and metastatic burden. CONCLUSIONS Cancer cell adaptation to stresses such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and chemotherapy can critically contribute to dormancy, metastasis, therapy resistance, and recurrence. Identifying mechanisms that govern cellular adaptation, plasticity, and the emergence of stem-like cancer cells may be key to effective anticancer therapies. Results presented here indicate that targeting CRIPTO with ALK4L75A-Fc may have potential as such a therapy since it inhibits breast cancer cell adaptation to microenvironmental challenges and associated stem-like and EMT phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlen Balcioglu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Richard E Heinz
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - David W Freeman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Brooke L Gates
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Berhane M Hagos
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Evan Booker
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Hyrum T Diesen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kishan Bhakta
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Supraja Ranganathan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Masami Kachi
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter C Gray
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Present Address: Biotheranostics Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Benjamin T Spike
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Rodrigues Sousa E, Zoni E, Karkampouna S, La Manna F, Gray PC, De Menna M, Kruithof-de Julio M. A Multidisciplinary Review of the Roles of Cripto in the Scientific Literature Through a Bibliometric Analysis of its Biological Roles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061480. [PMID: 32517087 PMCID: PMC7352664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cripto is a small glycosylphosphatidylinisitol (GPI)-anchored and secreted oncofetal protein that plays important roles in regulating normal physiological processes, including stem cell differentiation, embryonal development, and tissue growth and remodeling, as well as pathological processes such as tumor initiation and progression. Cripto functions as a co-receptor for TGF-β ligands such as Nodal, GDF1, and GDF3. Soluble and secreted forms of Cripto also exhibit growth factor-like activity and activate SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways. Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 kDa (GRP78) binds Cripto at the cell surface and has been shown to be required for Cripto signaling via both TGF-β and SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways. To provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific literature related to Cripto, we performed, for the first time, a bibliometric analysis of the biological roles of Cripto as reported in the scientific literature covering the last 10 years. We present different fields of knowledge in comprehensive areas of research on Cripto, ranging from basic to translational research, using a keyword-driven approach. Our ultimate aim is to aid the scientific community in conducting targeted research by identifying areas where research has been conducted so far and, perhaps more importantly, where critical knowledge is still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rodrigues Sousa
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Eugenio Zoni
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Karkampouna
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Federico La Manna
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marta De Menna
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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6
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Sandomenico A, Ruvo M. Targeting Nodal and Cripto-1: Perspectives Inside Dual Potential Theranostic Cancer Biomarkers. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1994-2050. [PMID: 30207211 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180912104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the mechanisms of recurrence of embryonic signaling pathways in tumorigenesis has led to the discovery of onco-fetal players which have physiological roles during normal development but result aberrantly re-activated in tumors. In this context, Nodal and Cripto-1 are recognized as onco-developmental factors, which are absent in normal tissues but are overexpressed in several solid tumors where they can serve as theranostic agents. OBJECTIVE To collect, review and discuss the most relevant papers related to the involvement of Nodal and Cripto-1 in the development, progression, recurrence and metastasis of several tumors where they are over-expressed, with a particular attention to their occurrence on the surface of the corresponding sub-populations of cancer stem cells (CSC). RESULTS We have gathered, rationalized and discussed the most interesting findings extracted from some 370 papers related to the involvement of Cripto-1 and Nodal in all tumor types where they have been detected. Data demonstrate the clear connection between Nodal and Cripto-1 presence and their multiple oncogenic activities across different tumors. We have also reviewed and highlighted the potential of targeting Nodal, Cripto-1 and the complexes that they form on the surface of tumor cells, especially of CSC, as an innovative approach to detect and suppress tumors with molecules that block one or more mechanisms that they regulate. CONCLUSION Overall, Nodal and Cripto-1 represent two innovative and effective biomarkers for developing potential theranostic anti-tumor agents that target normal as well as CSC subpopulations and overcome both pharmacological resistance and tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sandomenico
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
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7
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Gudbergsson JM, Duroux M. An evaluation of different Cripto-1 antibodies and their variable results. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:545-556. [PMID: 31310365 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cripto-1 is a protein expressed during embryonal development and has been linked to several malignant processes in cancer. Since the discovery of cripto-1 in the late 1980s, it has become a subject of biomarker investigation in several types of cancer which in many cases relies on immunolocalization of cripto-1 using antibodies. Investigating cripto-1 expression and localization in primary glioblastoma cells, we discovered nonspecific binding of cripto-1 antibody to the extracellular matrix Geltrex. A panel of four cripto-1 antibodies was investigated with respect to their binding to the Geltrex matrix and to the cripto-1 positive control cells NTERA2. The cripto-1 expression was varied for the different antibodies with respect to cellular localization and fixation methods. To further elaborate on these findings, we present a systematic review of cripto-1 antibodies found in the literature and highlight some possible cross reactants with data on sequence alignments and structural comparison of EGF domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Mar Gudbergsson
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biology, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Meg Duroux
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biology, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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8
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Osório L, Wu X, Wang L, Jiang Z, Neideck C, Sheng G, Zhou Z. ISM1 regulates NODAL signaling and asymmetric organ morphogenesis during development. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2388-2402. [PMID: 31171630 PMCID: PMC6605798 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201801081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isthmin1 (ISM1) was originally identified as a fibroblast group factor expressed in Xenopus laevis embryonic brain, but its biological functions remain unclear. The spatiotemporal distribution of ISM1, with high expression in the anterior primitive streak of the chick embryo and the anterior mesendoderm of the mouse embryo, suggested that ISM1 may regulate signaling by the NODAL subfamily of TGB-β cytokines that control embryo patterning. We report that ISM1 is an inhibitor of NODAL signaling. ISM1 has little effect on TGF-β1, ACTIVIN-A, or BMP4 signaling but specifically inhibits NODAL-induced phosphorylation of SMAD2. In line with this observation, ectopic ISM1 causes defective left-right asymmetry and abnormal heart positioning in chick embryos. Mechanistically, ISM1 interacts with NODAL ligand and type I receptor ACVR1B through its AMOP domain, which compromises the NODAL-ACVR1B interaction and down-regulates phosphorylation of SMAD2. Therefore, we identify ISM1 as an extracellular antagonist of NODAL and reveal a negative regulatory mechanism that provides greater plasticity for the fine-tuning of NODAL signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Osório
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuewei Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linsheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhixin Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Carlos Neideck
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Garland MA, Sengupta S, Mathew LK, Truong L, de Jong E, Piersma AH, La Du J, Tanguay RL. Glucocorticoid receptor-dependent induction of cripto-1 ( one-eyed pinhead) inhibits zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:529-537. [PMID: 31249786 PMCID: PMC6584771 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously used a chemical genetics approach with the larval zebrafish to identify small molecule inhibitors of tissue regeneration. This led to the discovery that glucocorticoids (GC) block early stages of tissue regeneration by the inappropriate activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We performed a microarray analysis to identify the changes in gene expression associated with beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) exposure during epimorphic fin regeneration. Oncofetal cripto-1 showed > eight-fold increased expression in BDP-treated regenerates. We hypothesized that the mis-expression of cripto-1 was essential for BDP to block regeneration. Expression of cripto-1 was not elevated in GR morphants in the presence of BDP indicating that cripto-1 induction was GR-dependent. Partial translational suppression of Cripto-1 in the presence of BDP restored tissue regeneration. Retinoic acid exposure prevented increased cripto-1 expression and permitted regeneration in the presence of BDP. We demonstrated that BDP exposure increased cripto-1 expression in mouse embryonic stem cells and that regulation of cripto-1 by GCs is conserved in mammals.
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Key Words
- AEC, apical epithelial cap
- BDP, beclomethasone dipropionate
- Beclomethasone dipropionate
- Cripto-1
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EB, embryoid body
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- Epimorphic regeneration
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- GC, glucocorticoid
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- Glucocorticoids
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- MIAME, Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment
- MO, morpholino oligonucleotide
- One-eyed pinhead
- RA, retinoic acid
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta
- Zebrafish
- dpa, days post-amputation
- dpf, days post-fertilization
- eSC, embryonic stem cell
- hpa, hours post-amputation
- hpf, hours post-fertilization
- mLIF, murine leukemia inhibitory factor
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- zf, zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumitra Sengupta
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, United States
| | - Lijoy K Mathew
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, United States
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, United States
| | - Esther de Jong
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jane La Du
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, United States
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, United States
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10
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Focà G, Iaccarino E, Focà A, Sanguigno L, Untiveros G, Cuevas-Nunez M, Strizzi L, Leonardi A, Ruvo M, Sandomenico A. Development of conformational antibodies targeting Cripto-1 with neutralizing effects in vitro. Biochimie 2019; 158:246-256. [PMID: 30703478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human Cripto-1 (Cripto-1), the founding member of the EGF-CFC superfamily, is a key regulator of many processes during embryonic development and oncogenesis. Cripto-1 is barely present or even absent in normal adult tissues while it is aberrantly re-expressed in various tumors. Blockade of the CFC domain-mediated Cripto-1 functions is acknowledged as a promising therapeutic intervention point to inhibit the tumorigenic activity of the protein. In this work, we report the generation and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies raised against the synthetic folded CFC [112-150] domain of the human protein. Through subtractive ELISA assays clones were screened for the ability to specifically recognize "hot spot" residues on the CFC domain, which are crucial for the interaction with Activin Type I receptor (ALK4) and GRP78. On selected antibodies, SPR and epitope mapping studies have confirmed their specificity and have revealed that recognition occurs only on a conformational epitope. Furthermore, FACS analyses have confirmed the ability of 1B4 antibody to recognize the membrane-anchored and soluble native Cripto-1 protein in a panel of human cancer cells. Finally, we have evaluated its functional effects through in vitro cellular signaling assays and cell cycle analysis. These findings suggest that the selected anti-CFC mAbs have the potential to neutralize the protein oncogenic activity and may be used as theranostic molecules suitable as tumor homing agents for Cripto-1-overexpressing cancer cells and tissues and to overcome drug-resistance in routine cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Focà
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Iaccarino
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Annalia Focà
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Sanguigno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Untiveros
- Midwestern University, Colleges of Graduate Studies, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Cuevas-Nunez
- Midwestern University, Colleges of Graduate Studies, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA; College of Dental Medicine, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- Midwestern University, Colleges of Graduate Studies, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy.
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11
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Hoover M, Runa F, Booker E, Diedrich JK, Duell E, Williams B, Arellano-Garcia C, Uhlendorf T, La Kim S, Fischer W, Moresco J, Gray PC, Kelber JA. Identification of myosin II as a cripto binding protein and regulator of cripto function in stem cells and tissue regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:69-75. [PMID: 30579599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cripto regulates stem cell function in normal and disease contexts via TGFbeta/activin/nodal, PI3K/Akt, MAPK and Wnt signaling. Still, the molecular mechanisms that govern these pleiotropic functions of Cripto remain poorly understood. We performed an unbiased screen for novel Cripto binding proteins using proteomics-based methods, and identified novel proteins including members of myosin II complexes, the actin cytoskeleton, the cellular stress response, and extracellular exosomes. We report that myosin II, and upstream ROCK1/2 activities are required for localization of Cripto to cytoplasm/membrane domains and its subsequent release into the conditioned media fraction of cultured cells. Functionally, we demonstrate that soluble Cripto (one-eyed pinhead in zebrafish) promotes proliferation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and stem cell-mediated wound healing in the zebrafish caudal fin model of regeneration. Notably, we demonstrate that both Cripto and myosin II inhibitors attenuated regeneration to a similar degree and in a non-additive manner. Taken together, our data present a novel role for myosin II function in regulating subcellular Cripto localization and function in stem cells and an important regulatory mechanism of tissue regeneration. Importantly, these insights may further the development of context-dependent Cripto agonists and antagonists for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malachia Hoover
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Farhana Runa
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Evan Booker
- Clayton Foundation for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Mass Spectrometry Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
| | - Erika Duell
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Blake Williams
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | | | - Toni Uhlendorf
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Sa La Kim
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, USA
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Clayton Foundation for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
| | - James Moresco
- Mass Spectrometry Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
| | - Peter C Gray
- Clayton Foundation for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
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12
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Porokh V, Vaňhara P, Bárta T, Jurečková L, Bohačiaková D, Pospíšilová V, Mináriková D, Holubcová Z, Pelková V, Souček K, Hampl A. Soluble Cripto-1 Induces Accumulation of Supernumerary Centrosomes and Formation of Aberrant Mitoses in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1077-1084. [PMID: 29882484 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability evoked by abnormalities in centrosome numbers has been traditionally considered as a hallmark of aberrant, typically cancerous or senescent cells. We have reported previously that pristine human embryonic stem cells (hESC) suffer from high frequency of supernumerary centrosomes and hence may be prone to undergo abnormal mitotic divisions. We have also unraveled that this phenomenon of multicentrosomal mitoses vanishes with prolonged time in culture and with initiation of differentiation, and it is strongly affected by the culture substratum. In this study, we report for the first time that Cripto-1 protein (teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1, epidermal growth factor-Cripto/FRL-1/Cryptic) produced by hESC represents a factor capable of inducing formation of supernumerary centrosomes in cultured hESC. Elimination of Cripto-1 signaling on the other hand restores the normal number of centrosomes in hESC. Linking the secretory phenotype of hESC to the centrosomal metabolism may help to develop better strategies for propagation of stable and safe bioindustrial and clinical grade cultures of hESC. From a broader point of view, it may lead to unravelling Cripto-1 as a micro-environmental factor contributing to adverse cell behaviors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Porokh
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vaňhara
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
- 2 Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering (CBCE), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bárta
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Jurečková
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dáša Bohačiaková
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospíšilová
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Mináriková
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Holubcová
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Pelková
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- 2 Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering (CBCE), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- 3 Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hampl
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
- 2 Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering (CBCE), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Nickel J, Ten Dijke P, Mueller TD. TGF-β family co-receptor function and signaling. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:12-36. [PMID: 29293886 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members, which include TGF-βs, activins and bone morphogenetic proteins, are pleiotropic cytokines that elicit cell type-specific effects in a highly context-dependent manner in many different tissues. These secreted protein ligands signal via single-transmembrane Type I and Type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular SMAD transcription factors. Deregulation in signaling has been implicated in a broad array of diseases, and implicate the need for intricate fine tuning in cellular signaling responses. One important emerging mechanism by which TGF-β family receptor signaling intensity, duration, specificity and diversity are regulated and/or mediated is through cell surface co-receptors. Here, we provide an overview of the co-receptors that have been identified for TGF-β family members. While some appear to be specific to TGF-β family members, others are shared with other pathways and provide possible ways for signal integration. This review focuses on novel functions of TGF-β family co-receptors, which continue to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Nickel
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin und Fraunhofer Institut für Silicatforschung (ISC), Translationszentrum "Regenerative Therapien", Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Lehrstuhl für molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, Julius-von-Sachs Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Spiller C, Burnet G, Bowles J. Regulation of fetal male germ cell development by members of the TGFβ superfamily. Stem Cell Res 2017; 24:174-180. [PMID: 28754604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now substantial evidence that members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ family) regulate germ cell development in the mouse fetal testis. Correct development of germ cells during fetal life is critical for establishment of effective spermatogenesis and for avoiding the formation of testicular germ cell cancer in later life. Here we consider the evidence for involvement of various TGFβ family members, attempt to reconcile discrepancies and clarify what we believe to be the likely in vivo roles of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassy Spiller
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guillaume Burnet
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Josephine Bowles
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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15
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Aykul S, Parenti A, Chu KY, Reske J, Floer M, Ralston A, Martinez-Hackert E. Biochemical and Cellular Analysis Reveals Ligand Binding Specificities, a Molecular Basis for Ligand Recognition, and Membrane Association-dependent Activities of Cripto-1 and Cryptic. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4138-4151. [PMID: 28126904 PMCID: PMC5354514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathways are key determinants of cell fate in animals. Their basic mechanism of action is simple. However, to produce cell-specific responses, TGF-β pathways are heavily regulated by secondary factors, such as membrane-associated EGF-CFC family proteins. Cellular activities of EGF-CFC proteins have been described, but their molecular functions, including how the mammalian homologs Cripto-1 and Cryptic recognize and regulate TGF-β family ligands, are less clear. Here we use purified human Cripto-1 and mouse Cryptic produced in mammalian cells to show that these two EGF-CFC homologs have distinct, highly specific ligand binding activities. Cripto-1 interacts with BMP-4 in addition to its known partner Nodal, whereas Cryptic interacts only with Activin B. These interactions depend on the integrity of the protein, as truncated or deglycosylated Cripto-1 lacked BMP-4 binding activity. Significantly, Cripto-1 and Cryptic blocked binding of their cognate ligands to type I and type II TGF-β receptors, indicating that Cripto-1 and Cryptic contact ligands at their receptor interaction surfaces and, thus, that they could inhibit their ligands. Indeed, soluble Cripto-1 and Cryptic inhibited ligand signaling in various cell-based assays, including SMAD-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression, and differentiation of a multipotent stem cell line. But in agreement with previous work, the membrane bound form of Cripto-1 potentiated signaling, revealing a critical role of membrane association for its established cellular activity. Thus, our studies provide new insights into the mechanism of ligand recognition by this enigmatic family of membrane-anchored TGF-β family signaling regulators and link membrane association with their signal potentiating activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Aykul
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Anthony Parenti
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Kit Yee Chu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Jake Reske
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Monique Floer
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Amy Ralston
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Erik Martinez-Hackert
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
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16
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Zeng L, Dang TA, Schunkert H. Genetics links between transforming growth factor β pathway and coronary disease. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:237-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Namwanje M, Brown CW. Activins and Inhibins: Roles in Development, Physiology, and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a021881. [PMID: 27328872 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since their original discovery as regulators of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion and erythropoiesis, the TGF-β family members activin and inhibin have been shown to participate in a variety of biological processes, from the earliest stages of embryonic development to highly specialized functions in terminally differentiated cells and tissues. Herein, we present the history, structures, signaling mechanisms, regulation, and biological processes in which activins and inhibins participate, including several recently discovered biological activities and functional antagonists. The potential therapeutic relevance of these advances is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Namwanje
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chester W Brown
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
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18
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Runa F, Adamian Y, Kelber JA. Ascending the PEAK1 toward targeting TGFβ during cancer progression: Recent advances and future perspectives. CANCER CELL & MICROENVIRONMENT 2016; 3:e1162. [PMID: 29392163 PMCID: PMC5790177 DOI: 10.14800/ccm.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Mortality in patients with solid, epithelial-derived tumors strongly correlates with disease stage and the systemic metastatic load. In such cancers, notable morphological and molecular changes have been attributed to cells as they pass through a continuum of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) states and many of these changes are essential for metastasis. While cancer metastasis is a complex cascade that is regulated by cell-autonomous and microenvironmental influences, it is well-accepted that understanding and controlling metastatic disease is a viable method for increasing patient survival. In the past 5 years, the novel non-receptor tyrosine kinase PEAK1 has surfaced as a central regulator of tumor progression and metastasis in the context of solid, epithelial cancers. Here, we review this literature with a special focus on our recent work demonstrating that PEAK1 mediates non-canonical pro-tumorigenic TGFβ signaling and is an intracellular control point between tumor cells and their extracellular microenvironment. We conclude with a brief discussion of potential applications derived from our current understanding of PEAK1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Runa
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Yvess Adamian
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
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19
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Growth factors and pathogenesis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 34:25-36. [PMID: 26527305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are relatively small and stable, secreted or membrane-bound polypeptide ligands, which play an important role in proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, survival, inflammation, and tissue repair, or fibrosis. They exert multiple effects through the activation of signal transduction pathways by binding to their receptors on the surface of target cells. A number of studies have demonstrated the central role of growth factors and their signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas. Numerous differentially expressed growth factors have been identified in leiomyoma and myometrial cells. These growth factors can activate multiple signaling pathways (Smad 2/3, ERK 1/2, PI3K, and β-catenin) and regulate major cellular processes, including inflammation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis which are linked to uterine leiomyoma development and growth. In this chapter, we discuss the role of growth factors and their signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas.
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20
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Human Cerberus prevents nodal-receptor binding, inhibits nodal signaling, and suppresses nodal-mediated phenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114954. [PMID: 25603319 PMCID: PMC4300205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor-ß (TGFß) family ligand Nodal is an essential embryonic morphogen that is associated with progression of breast and other cancers. It has therefore been suggested that Nodal inhibitors could be used to treat breast cancers where Nodal plays a defined role. As secreted antagonists, such as Cerberus, tightly regulate Nodal signaling during embryonic development, we undertook to produce human Cerberus, characterize its biochemical activities, and determine its effect on human breast cancer cells. Using quantitative methods, we investigated the mechanism of Nodal signaling, we evaluated binding of human Cerberus to Nodal and other TGFß family ligands, and we characterized the mechanism of Nodal inhibition by Cerberus. Using cancer cell assays, we examined the ability of Cerberus to suppress aggressive breast cancer cell phenotypes. We found that human Cerberus binds Nodal with high affinity and specificity, blocks binding of Nodal to its signaling partners, and inhibits Nodal signaling. Moreover, we showed that Cerberus profoundly suppresses migration, invasion, and colony forming ability of Nodal expressing and Nodal supplemented breast cancer cells. Taken together, our studies provide mechanistic insights into Nodal signaling and Nodal inhibition with Cerberus and highlight the potential value of Cerberus as anti-Nodal therapeutic.
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21
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Shi W, Xu G, Wang C, Sperber SM, Chen Y, Zhou Q, Deng Y, Zhao H. Heat shock 70-kDa protein 5 (Hspa5) is essential for pronephros formation by mediating retinoic acid signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:577-89. [PMID: 25398881 PMCID: PMC4281759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock 70-kDa protein 5 (Hspa5), also known as binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip) or glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78), belongs to the heat shock protein 70 kDa family. As a multifunctional protein, it participates in protein folding and calcium homeostasis and serves as an essential regulator of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. It has also been implicated in signal transduction by acting as a receptor or co-receptor residing at the plasma membrane. Its function during embryonic development, however, remains largely elusive. In this study, we used morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MOs) to knock down Hspa5 activity in Xenopus embryos. In Hspa5 morphants, pronephros formation was strongly inhibited with the reduction of pronephric marker genes Lim homeobox protein 1 (lhx1), pax2, and β1 subunit of Na/K-ATPase (atp1b1). Pronephros tissue was induced in vitro by treating animal caps with all-trans-retinoic acid and activin. Depletion of Hspa5 in animal caps, however, blocked the induction of pronephros as well as reduced the expression of retinoic acid (RA)-responsive genes, suggesting that knockdown of Hspa5 attenuated RA signaling. Knockdown of Hspa5 in animal caps resulted in decreased expression of lhx1, a transcription factor directly regulated by RA signaling and essential for pronephros specification. Co-injection of Hspa5MO with lhx1 mRNA partially rescued the phenotype induced by Hspa5MO. These results suggest that the RA-Lhx1 signaling cascade is involved in Hspa5MO-induced pronephros malformation. This study shows that Hspa5, a key regulator of the unfolded protein response, plays an essential role in pronephros formation, which is mediated in part through RA signaling during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Shi
- From the Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- From the Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Steven M Sperber
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029-6574
| | - Yonglong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China, and
| | - Qin Zhou
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi Deng
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China,
| | - Hui Zhao
- From the Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China,
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22
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Engineering TGF-β superfamily ligands for clinical applications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:648-57. [PMID: 25458539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β superfamily ligands govern normal tissue development and homeostasis, and their dysfunction is a hallmark of many diseases. These ligands are also well defined both structurally and functionally. This review focuses on TGF-β superfamily ligand engineering for therapeutic purposes, in particular for regenerative medicine and musculoskeletal disorders. We describe the key discovery that structure-guided mutation of receptor-binding epitopes, especially swapping of these epitopes between ligands, results in new ligands with unique functional properties that can be harnessed clinically. Given the promising results with prototypical engineered TGF-β superfamily ligands, and the vast number of such molecules that remain to be produced and tested, this strategy is likely to hold great promise for the development of new biologics.
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23
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Spike BT, Kelber JA, Booker E, Kalathur M, Rodewald R, Lipianskaya J, La J, He M, Wright T, Klemke R, Wahl GM, Gray PC. CRIPTO/GRP78 signaling maintains fetal and adult mammary stem cells ex vivo. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:427-39. [PMID: 24749068 PMCID: PMC3986630 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the extracellular signaling factors that govern mammary stem cell behavior. Here, we identify CRIPTO and its cell-surface receptor GRP78 as regulators of stem cell behavior in isolated fetal and adult mammary epithelial cells. We develop a CRIPTO antagonist that promotes differentiation and reduces self-renewal of mammary stem cell-enriched populations cultured ex vivo. By contrast, CRIPTO treatment maintains the stem cell phenotype in these cultures and yields colonies with enhanced mammary gland reconstitution capacity. Surface expression of GRP78 marks CRIPTO-responsive, stem cell-enriched fetal and adult mammary epithelial cells, and deletion of GRP78 from adult mammary epithelial cells blocks their mammary gland reconstitution potential. Together, these findings identify the CRIPTO/GRP78 pathway as a developmentally conserved regulator of fetal and adult mammary stem cell behavior ex vivo, with implications for the stem-like cells found in many cancers. CRIPTO/GRP78 signaling activates PI3K/AKT in fetal mammary epithelial cells ex vivo Cell-surface GRP78 marks a CRIPTO-responsive adult mammary stem cell population An antagonist, ALK4L75A-Fc, blocks soluble CRIPTO growth-factor-like activity CRIPTO promotes and ALK4L75A-Fc inhibits mammary stem cell maintenance ex vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Spike
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kelber
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Evan Booker
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Madhuri Kalathur
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rose Rodewald
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julia Lipianskaya
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Justin La
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marielle He
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tracy Wright
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard Klemke
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Wahl
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter C Gray
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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24
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Esquivies L, Blackler A, Peran M, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Booker E, Gray PC, Ahn C, Kwiatkowski W, Choe S. Designer nodal/BMP2 chimeras mimic nodal signaling, promote chondrogenesis, and reveal a BMP2-like structure. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1788-97. [PMID: 24311780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, plays an important role in vertebrate and invertebrate early development. The biochemical study of Nodal and its signaling pathway has been a challenge, mainly because of difficulties in producing the protein in sufficient quantities. We have developed a library of stable, chemically refoldable Nodal/BMP2 chimeric ligands (NB2 library). Three chimeras, named NB250, NB260, and NB264, show Nodal-like signaling properties including dependence on the co-receptor Cripto and activation of the Smad2 pathway. NB250, like Nodal, alters heart looping during the establishment of embryonic left-right asymmetry, and both NB250 and NB260, as well as Nodal, induce chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. This Nodal-induced differentiation is shown to be more efficient than BPM2-induced differentiation. Interestingly, the crystal structure of NB250 shows a backbone scaffold similar to that of BMP2. Our results show that these chimeric ligands may have therapeutic implications in cartilage injuries.
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25
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Placental trophoblast cell differentiation: Physiological regulation and pathological relevance to preeclampsia. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:981-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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MicroRNA miR-98 inhibits tumor angiogenesis and invasion by targeting activin receptor-like kinase-4 and matrix metalloproteinase-11. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1370-85. [PMID: 23211491 PMCID: PMC3717799 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis and invasion are essential processes for solid tumor growth and dissemination. The tumor development process can be dependent on the activation of a series of signaling pathways, including growth factor-activated pathways. MicroRNAs have been shown to be critical for tumorigenesis, but their roles in cancer angiogenesis, invasion and other signaling pathways important for tumor development are still unclear in the context of tumor biology. We investigated the role of microRNA miR-98 in regulating tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis using a highly aggressive breast cancer model in vitro and in vitro. We found that the expression of miR-98 inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, survival, tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous miR-98 promoted cell proliferation, survival, tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. It appeared that miR-98 inhibited angiogenesis by modulating endothelial cell activities including cell spreading, cell invasion and tubule formation. Interestingly, miR-98 reduced the expression of ALK4 and MMP11, both of which were potential targets of miR-98. Transfection of an anti-miR-98 construct increased the expression of both targets. We confirmed that mir-98 targeted the 3'-untranslated regions of ALK4 and MMP11. Finally, ALK4- and MMP11-specific siRNAs inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. Rescue experiments with ALK4 and MMP11 constructs reversed the anti-proliferative, anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic effects of miR-98. Our findings define a regulatory role of miR-98 in tumor angiogenesis and invasion through repressed ALK4 and MMP11 expression.
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27
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Wang L, Hou Y, Quan H, Xu W, Bao Y, Li Y, Fu Y, Zou S. A compound-based computational approach for the accurate determination of hot spots. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1060-70. [PMID: 23776011 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of both experimental and computational methods have been proposed in the past 20 years for the identification of hot spots at a protein-protein interface. The experimental determination of a protein-protein complex followed by alanine scanning mutagenesis, though able to determine hot spots with much precision, is expensive and has no guarantee of success while the accuracy of the current computational methods for hot-spot identification remains low. Here, we present a novel structure-based computational approach that accurately determines hot spots through docking into a set of proteins homologous to only one of the two interacting partners of a compound capable of disrupting the protein-protein interaction (PPI). This approach has been applied to identify the hot spots of human activin receptor type II (ActRII) critical for its binding toward Cripto-I. The subsequent experimental confirmation of the computationally identified hot spots portends a potentially accurate method for hot-spot determination in silico given a compound capable of disrupting the PPI in question. The hot spots of human ActRII first reported here may well become the focal points for the design of small molecule drugs that target the PPI. The determination of their interface may have significant biological implications in that it suggests that Cripto-I plays an important role in both activin and nodal signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincong Wang
- The College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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28
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Cripto regulates skeletal muscle regeneration and modulates satellite cell determination by antagonizing myostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E3231-40. [PMID: 23129614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204017109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration mainly depends on satellite cells, a population of resident muscle stem cells. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying satellite cell activation is still largely undefined. Here, we show that Cripto, a regulator of early embryogenesis, is a novel regulator of muscle regeneration and satellite cell progression toward the myogenic lineage. Conditional inactivation of cripto in adult satellite cells compromises skeletal muscle regeneration, whereas gain of function of Cripto accelerates regeneration, leading to muscle hypertrophy. Moreover, we provide evidence that Cripto modulates myogenic cell determination and promotes proliferation by antagonizing the TGF-β ligand myostatin. Our data provide unique insights into the molecular and cellular basis of Cripto activity in skeletal muscle regeneration and raise previously undescribed implications for stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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29
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Walton KL, Makanji Y, Harrison CA. New insights into the mechanisms of activin action and inhibition. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 359:2-12. [PMID: 21763751 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Like other members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, activins are synthesised as precursor molecules comprising an N-terminal prodomain and C-terminal mature region. During synthesis, the prodomain interacts non-covalently with mature activin, maintaining the molecule in a conformation competent for dimerisation. Dimeric precursors are cleaved by proprotein convertases and activin is secreted from the cell non-covalently associated with its propeptide. Extracellularly, the propeptide interacts with heparan sulfate proteoglycans to regulate activin localization within tissues. The mature activin dimer exhibits the classic 'open-hand' structure of TGF-β ligands with 'finger-like' domains projecting outward from the cysteine knot core of the molecule. These finger domains form the binding epitopes for type I and II serine/threonine kinase receptors. Activins ability to access its signalling receptors is regulated by the extracellular binding proteins, follistatin, follistatin-like-3, and by inhibins, which, in the presence of betaglycan, sequester type II receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Walton
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
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30
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Gray PC, Vale W. Cripto/GRP78 modulation of the TGF-β pathway in development and oncogenesis. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1836-45. [PMID: 22306319 PMCID: PMC3723343 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cripto is a small, GPI-anchored signaling protein that regulates cellular survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration during normal developmental processes and tumorigenesis. Cripto functions as an obligatory co-receptor for the TGF-β ligands Nodal, GDF1 and GDF3 but attenuates signaling of others such as activin-A, activin-B and TGF-β1. Soluble, secreted forms of Cripto also activate Src, ras/raf/MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways via a mechanism that remains largely obscure. This review describes the biological roles and signaling mechanisms of Cripto, highlighting our identification of the 78 kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78) as a cell surface receptor/co-factor required for Cripto signaling via both TGF-β and Src/MAPK/PI3K pathways. We discuss emerging evidence indicating that Cripto/GRP78 signaling regulates normal somatic stem cells and their tumorigenic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Gray
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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31
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Souquet B, Tourpin S, Messiaen S, Moison D, Habert R, Livera G. Nodal signaling regulates the entry into meiosis in fetal germ cells. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2466-73. [PMID: 22396454 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating the entry into meiosis in mammalian germ cells remain incompletely understood. We investigated the involvement of the TGF-β family members in fetal germ cell meiosis initiation. Nodal, a member of the TGF-β family, and its target genes are precociously expressed in embryonic gonads and show sexual dimorphism in favor of the developing testis. Nodal receptor genes, Acvr2a and Acvr2b, Alk4, and Tdgf1/Cripto, were identified in male germ cells. Nodal itself, Tdgf1, and Lefty1 and Lefty2 are targets of Nodal signaling and were all found specifically expressed in male germ cells. To elucidate the role of this signaling pathway, activin-like kinases that mediate TGF-β/Nodal/activin signaling were inhibited in 11.5 d postconception testis in organotypic culture. Activin-like kinases inhibition disrupted normal male germ cell development and induced germ cell entry into meiosis such as that observed in female germ cells at the equivalent stage. Interestingly Stra8, the gatekeeper of the mitotic/meiotic switch, was induced independently of any change of either Cyp26b1 or Fgf9 expression, the two genes currently identified as testicular meiotic inhibitors. On the other hand, recombinant Nodal significantly dampened Stra8 expression and germ cell meiosis in cultured 11.5 d postconception ovaries. Our results allowed us to propose for the first time an autocrine role of Nodal during the development of germ cells and indicate that members of the TGB-β family may reinforce the male fate and prevent meiosis in embryonic germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Souquet
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA)/Direction des Science du Vivant (DSV), Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (iRCM), Service Cellules Souches et Radiation (SCSR), Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades (LDG), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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Nagaoka T, Karasawa H, Castro NP, Rangel MC, Salomon DS, Bianco C. An evolving web of signaling networks regulated by Cripto-1. Growth Factors 2012; 30:13-21. [PMID: 22149969 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.641962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, our understanding of the embryonic gene Cripto-1 has considerably advanced through biochemical, cell biology, and animal studies. Cripto-1 performs key functions during embryonic development, while it dramatically disappears in adult tissues, except possibly in adult tissue stem cells. Cripto-1 is re-expressed in human tumors promoting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and tumor angiogenesis. This diversity of biological effects is dependent upon interaction of Cripto-1 with an extensive array of signaling molecules. In fact, Cripto-1 modulates signaling of transforming growth factor-β family members, including Nodal, GDF-1/-3, Activin, and TGF-β1, activates c-src/MAPK/Protein Kinase B (AKT) pathway in a Glypican-1 and GRP78-dependent manner, and cross-talks with erbB4, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Caveolin-1, and Apelin/putative receptor protein related to Angiotensin-type I receptor (APJ) pathways. This article provides an updated survey of the various signaling pathways modulated by Cripto-1 with a focus on mechanistic insights in our understanding of the biological function of Cripto-1 in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Nagaoka
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kemaladewi DU, de Gorter DJJ, Aartsma-Rus A, van Ommen GJ, ten Dijke P, 't Hoen PAC, Hoogaars WM. Cell-type specific regulation of myostatin signaling. FASEB J 2011; 26:1462-72. [PMID: 22202673 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-191189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family member myostatin is an important regulator of myoblast, adipocyte, and fibroblast growth and differentiation, but the signaling mechanisms remain to be established. We therefore determined the contribution of myostatin type I receptors activin receptor-like kinase-4 (ALK4) and -5 (ALK5) and different coreceptors in C2C12 myoblasts, C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells, and 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, as well as in primary myoblast and fibroblasts. We performed siRNA-mediated knockdown of each receptor and measured signaling activity using Smad3-dependent luciferase and Smad2 phosphorylation assays with nontargeting siRNA as control. We find that myostatin utilizes ALK4 in myoblasts, whereas it has a preference for ALK5 in nonmyogenic cells. Notably, our results show that coreceptor Cripto is expressed in myoblasts but not in the nonmyogenic cells and that it regulates myostatin activity. More specifically, myostatin requires Cripto in myoblasts, whereas Cripto represses activin activity and TGF-β signaling is Cripto independent. Cripto-mediated myostatin signaling is dependent on both epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like and Cripto-FRL1-cryptic (CFC) domains, whereas activin signaling is solely conferred by the CFC domain. Furthermore, Cripto down-regulation enhances myoblast differentiation, showing its importance in myostatin signaling. Together, our results identify a molecular mechanism that explains the cell-type specific aspects of signaling by myostatin and other TGF-β family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi U Kemaladewi
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S4-P, PO Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Allendorph GP, Read JD, Kawakami Y, Kelber JA, Isaacs MJ, Choe S. Designer TGFβ superfamily ligands with diversified functionality. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26402. [PMID: 22073163 PMCID: PMC3208551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor – beta (TGFβ) superfamily ligands, including Activins, Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs), and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), are excellent targets for protein-based therapeutics because of their pervasiveness in numerous developmental and cellular processes. We developed a strategy termed RASCH (Random Assembly of Segmental Chimera and Heteromer), to engineer chemically-refoldable TGFβ superfamily ligands with unique signaling properties. One of these engineered ligands, AB208, created from Activin-βA and BMP-2 sequences, exhibits the refolding characteristics of BMP-2 while possessing Activin-like signaling attributes. Further, we find several additional ligands, AB204, AB211, and AB215, which initiate the intracellular Smad1-mediated signaling pathways more strongly than BMP-2 but show no sensitivity to the natural BMP antagonist Noggin unlike natural BMP-2. In another design, incorporation of a short N-terminal segment from BMP-2 was sufficient to enable chemical refolding of BMP-9, without which was never produced nor refolded. Our studies show that the RASCH strategy enables us to expand the functional repertoire of TGFβ superfamily ligands through development of novel chimeric TGFβ ligands with diverse biological and clinical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P. Allendorph
- Joint Center for Biosciences at Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University for Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
- Structural Biology Laboratory Salk Institute for Biology Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Read
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biology Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Kelber
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biology Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Isaacs
- Joint Center for Biosciences at Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University for Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
| | - Senyon Choe
- Joint Center for Biosciences at Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University for Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
- Structural Biology Laboratory Salk Institute for Biology Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kruithof-de Julio M, Alvarez MJ, Galli A, Chu J, Price SM, Califano A, Shen MM. Regulation of extra-embryonic endoderm stem cell differentiation by Nodal and Cripto signaling. Development 2011; 138:3885-95. [PMID: 21862554 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The signaling pathway for Nodal, a ligand of the TGFβ superfamily, plays a central role in regulating the differentiation and/or maintenance of stem cell types that can be derived from the peri-implantation mouse embryo. Extra-embryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells resemble the primitive endoderm of the blastocyst, which normally gives rise to the parietal and the visceral endoderm in vivo, but XEN cells do not contribute efficiently to the visceral endoderm in chimeric embryos. We have found that XEN cells treated with Nodal or Cripto (Tdgf1), an EGF-CFC co-receptor for Nodal, display upregulation of markers for visceral endoderm as well as anterior visceral endoderm (AVE), and can contribute to visceral endoderm and AVE in chimeric embryos. In culture, XEN cells do not express Cripto, but do express the related EGF-CFC co-receptor Cryptic (Cfc1), and require Cryptic for Nodal signaling. Notably, the response to Nodal is inhibited by the Alk4/Alk5/Alk7 inhibitor SB431542, but the response to Cripto is unaffected, suggesting that the activity of Cripto is at least partially independent of type I receptor kinase activity. Gene set enrichment analysis of genome-wide expression signatures generated from XEN cells under these treatment conditions confirmed the differing responses of Nodal- and Cripto-treated XEN cells to SB431542. Our findings define distinct pathways for Nodal and Cripto in the differentiation of visceral endoderm and AVE from XEN cells and provide new insights into the specification of these cell types in vivo.
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Abrash EB, Davies KA, Bergmann DC. Generation of signaling specificity in Arabidopsis by spatially restricted buffering of ligand-receptor interactions. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:2864-79. [PMID: 21862708 PMCID: PMC3180797 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.086637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Core signaling pathways function in multiple programs during multicellular development. The mechanisms that compartmentalize pathway function or confer process specificity, however, remain largely unknown. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ERECTA (ER) family receptors have major roles in many growth and cell fate decisions. The ER family acts with receptor TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) and several ligands of the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR LIKE (EPFL) family, which play distinct yet overlapping roles in patterning of epidermal stomata. Here, our examination of EPFL genes EPFL6/CHALLAH (CHAL), EPFL5/CHALLAH-LIKE1, and EPFL4/CHALLAH-LIKE2 (CLL2) reveals that this family may mediate additional ER-dependent processes. chal cll2 mutants display growth phenotypes characteristic of er mutants, and genetic interactions are consistent with CHAL family molecules acting as ER family ligands. We propose that different classes of EPFL genes regulate different aspects of ER family function and introduce a TMM-based discriminatory mechanism that permits simultaneous, yet compartmentalized and distinct, function of the ER family receptors in growth and epidermal patterning.
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Lawrence MG, Margaryan NV, Loessner D, Collins A, Kerr KM, Turner M, Seftor EA, Stephens CR, Lai J, BioResource APC, Postovit LM, Clements JA, Hendrix MJ. Reactivation of embryonic nodal signaling is associated with tumor progression and promotes the growth of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2011; 71:1198-209. [PMID: 21656830 PMCID: PMC3234312 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily that directs embryonic patterning and promotes the plasticity and tumorigenicity of tumor cells, but its role in the prostate is unknown. The goal of this study was to characterize the expression and function of Nodal in prostate cancer and determine whether, like other TGFβ ligands, it modulates androgen receptor (AR) activity. METHODS Nodal expression was investigated using immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays and Western blots of prostate cell lines. The functional role of Nodal was examined using Matrigel and soft agar growth assays. Cross-talk between Nodal and AR signaling was assessed with luciferase reporter assays and expression of endogenous androgen regulated genes. RESULTS Significantly increased Nodal expression was observed in cancer compared with benign prostate specimens. Nodal was only expressed by DU145 and PC3 cells. All cell lines expressed Nodal's co-receptor, Cripto-1, but lacked Lefty, a critical negative regulator of Nodal signaling. Recombinant human Nodal triggered downstream Smad2 phosphorylation in DU145 and LNCaP cells, and stable transfection of pre-pro-Nodal enhanced the growth of LNCaP cells in Matrigel and soft agar. Finally, Nodal attenuated AR signaling, reducing the activity of a PSA promoter construct in luciferase assays and down-regulating the endogenous expression of androgen regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS An aberrant Nodal signaling pathway is re-expressed and functionally active in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G. Lawrence
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059
| | - Naira V. Margaryan
- Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 60614
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059
| | - Angus Collins
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4068
| | - Kris M. Kerr
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4068
| | - Megan Turner
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4068
| | - Elisabeth A. Seftor
- Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 60614
| | - Carson R. Stephens
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059
| | - John Lai
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059
| | | | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Judith A. Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059
- Correspondence: Mary J.C. Hendrix, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 2300 Children’s Plaza, Box 222, Chicago, IL 60614-3394, and Judith A. Clements, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059,
| | - Mary J.C. Hendrix
- Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 60614
- Correspondence: Mary J.C. Hendrix, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 2300 Children’s Plaza, Box 222, Chicago, IL 60614-3394, and Judith A. Clements, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059,
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Ciarmela P, Islam MS, Reis FM, Gray PC, Bloise E, Petraglia F, Vale W, Castellucci M. Growth factors and myometrium: biological effects in uterine fibroid and possible clinical implications. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17:772-90. [PMID: 21788281 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmr031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth factors are proteins secreted by a number of cell types that are capable of modulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation. It is well accepted that uterine cellular events such as proliferation and differentiation are regulated by sex steroids and their actions in target tissues are mediated by local production of growth factors acting through paracrine and/or autocrine mechanisms. Myometrial mass is ultimately modified in pregnancy as well as in tumour conditions such as leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. Leiomyomas, also known as fibroids, are benign tumours of the uterus, considered to be one of the most frequent causes of infertility in reproductive years in women. METHODS For this review, we searched the database MEDLINE and Google Scholar for articles with content related to growth factors acting on myometrium; the findings are hereby reviewed and discussed. RESULTS Different growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and TGF-β perform actions in myometrium and in leiomyomas. In addition to these growth factors, activin and myostatin have been recently identified in myometrium and leiomyoma. CONCLUSIONS Growth factors play an important role in the mechanisms involved in myometrial patho-physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquapina Ciarmela
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Tronto 10/a, 60020 Ancona, Italy.
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Lee KL, Lim SK, Orlov YL, Yit LY, Yang H, Ang LT, Poellinger L, Lim B. Graded Nodal/Activin signaling titrates conversion of quantitative phospho-Smad2 levels into qualitative embryonic stem cell fate decisions. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002130. [PMID: 21731500 PMCID: PMC3121749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal and Activin are morphogens of the TGFbeta superfamily of signaling molecules that direct differential cell fate decisions in a dose- and distance-dependent manner. During early embryonic development the Nodal/Activin pathway is responsible for the specification of mesoderm, endoderm, node, and mesendoderm. In contradiction to this drive towards cellular differentiation, the pathway also plays important roles in the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency in embryonic and epiblast stem cells. The molecular basis behind stem cell interpretation of Nodal/Activin signaling gradients and the undertaking of disparate cell fate decisions remains poorly understood. Here, we show that any perturbation of endogenous signaling levels in mouse embryonic stem cells leads to their exit from self-renewal towards divergent differentiation programs. Increasing Nodal signals above basal levels by direct stimulation with Activin promotes differentiation towards the mesendodermal lineages while repression of signaling with the specific Nodal/Activin receptor inhibitor SB431542 induces trophectodermal differentiation. To address how quantitative Nodal/Activin signals are translated qualitatively into distinct cell fates decisions, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation of phospho-Smad2, the primary downstream transcriptional factor of the Nodal/Activin pathway, followed by massively parallel sequencing, and show that phospho-Smad2 binds to and regulates distinct subsets of target genes in a dose-dependent manner. Crucially, Nodal/Activin signaling directly controls the Oct4 master regulator of pluripotency by graded phospho-Smad2 binding in the promoter region. Hence stem cells interpret and carry out differential Nodal/Activin signaling instructions via a corresponding gradient of Smad2 phosphorylation that selectively titrates self-renewal against alternative differentiation programs by direct regulation of distinct target gene subsets and Oct4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Leong Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (KLL); –star.edu.sg (BL)
| | - Sandy Keat Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuriy Lvovich Orlov
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Le Yau Yit
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lay Teng Ang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lorenz Poellinger
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bing Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KLL); –star.edu.sg (BL)
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Rocha ALL, Carrarelli P, Novembri R, Sabbioni L, Luisi S, Reis FM, Petraglia F. Altered expression of activin, cripto, and follistatin in the endometrium of women with endometrioma. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:2241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ravisankar V, Singh TP, Manoj N. Molecular evolution of the EGF-CFC protein family. Gene 2011; 482:43-50. [PMID: 21640172 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor-Cripto-1/FRL-1/Cryptic (EGF-CFC) proteins, characterized by the highly conserved EGF and CFC domains, are extracellular membrane associated growth factor-like glycoproteins. These proteins are essential components of the Nodal signaling pathway during early vertebrate embryogenesis. Homologs of the EGF-CFC family have also been implicated in tumorigenesis in humans. Yet, little is known about the mode of molecular evolution in this family. Here we investigate the origin, extent of conservation and evolutionary relationships of EGF-CFC proteins across the metazoa. The results suggest that the first appearance of the EGF-CFC gene occurred in the ancestor of the deuterostomes. Phylogenetic analysis supports the classification of the family into distinct subfamilies that appear to have evolved through lineage-specific duplication and divergence. Site-specific analyses of evolutionary rate shifts between the two major mammalian paralogous subfamilies, Cripto and Cryptic, reveal critical amino acid sites that may account for the observed functional divergence. Furthermore, estimates of functional divergence suggest that rapid change of evolutionary rates at sites located mainly in the CFC domain may contribute towards distinct functional properties of the two paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ravisankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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Kelly RK, Olson DL, Sun Y, Wen D, Wortham KA, Antognetti G, Cheung AE, Orozco OE, Yang L, Bailly V, Sanicola M. An antibody-cytotoxic conjugate, BIIB015, is a new targeted therapy for Cripto positive tumours. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1736-46. [PMID: 21458984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BIIB015 is an immunoconjugate created for the treatment of solid tumours and is currently in Phase I of clinical evaluation. BIIB015 consists of a humanised monoclonal antibody against the Cripto protein carrying a payload, via a hindered disulphide linker, of the maytansinoid derivative, DM4. Cripto is a GPI-linked protein required for signal transduction of the TGF-beta ligand, Nodal. Cripto has been previously described as an oncogene and fits the classic pattern of an embryonic gene that is re-expressed in a transformed tumour cell. Cripto expression is highly prevalent on a number of solid tumours, including greater than 75% of breast, lung, and colorectal tumours. Our report documents for the first time that targeting the cell surface Cripto protein with an anti-Cripto antibody-cytotoxic conjugate is an effective means of inhibiting or regressing growth of Cripto positive tumours. BIIB015 which utilises a 'cleavable' linker containing a disulphide bond exhibits superior activity when compared to huB3F6 mAb conjugates with different linker systems, including one with a 'non-cleavable' linker. BIIB015 displays specificity for Cripto in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. In human xenograft models originating from lung (Calu-6), colon (CT-3), testicular (NCCIT) and breast (MDA-MB-231) tumour samples, BIIB015 shows robust activity with results ranging from >50% tumour inhibition to complete tumour regression. The efficacy seen in the MDA-MB-231 model, a triple negative (-HER2, -ER, and -PR) tumour, is particularly exciting since there is currently no approved therapy for this indication. In addition, BIIB015 can be combined with standard of care chemotherapeutics for enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Kelly
- Biogen Idec, Inc, Discovery Oncology, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Ciarmela P, Bloise E, Gray PC, Carrarelli P, Islam MS, De Pascalis F, Severi FM, Vale W, Castellucci M, Petraglia F. Activin-A and myostatin response and steroid regulation in human myometrium: disruption of their signalling in uterine fibroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:755-65. [PMID: 21177794 PMCID: PMC3047220 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Investigation of activin-A (A) and myostatin (M) in human myometrium (HM) and leiomyoma (HL) will explain their involvement in human myometrial pathophysiology. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate A and M response and steroid regulation in HM. We also evaluated A and M expression and response in HL. DESIGN Tissues were analyzed and cultured. PATIENTS Patients included fertile (in proliferative phase) and menopausal women undergoing hysterectomy. INTERVENTIONS HM explant cultures were treated with A and M (for Smad-7 mRNA quantification) or estrogen and progesterone (for A and M mRNA quantification). A and M expression levels were also evaluated in menopausal (physiological absence of steroids) HM specimens. A and M and their receptors were evaluated in HL (n = 8, diameter 5-8 cm) compared with their matched HM. HL explants cultures were treated with A and M (for Smad7 mRNA quantification), and, to explain the absence of response, the levels of follistatin, follistatin-related gene (FLRG), and Cripto were evaluated. RESULTS A and M increased Smad7 expression in HM explants. A and M mRNAs were both reduced after estradiol treatment, unchanged after progesterone treatment, but were higher in menopausal than fertile (in proliferative phase) specimens. A, M, and FLRG were expressed at higher levels in HL compared with adjacent HM, whereas the receptors, follistatin, and Smad7 mRNAs resulted unchanged. Cripto mRNA was expressed only in HL. CONCLUSIONS A and M act on human HM and are regulated by steroids. In HL there is an increase of A, M, FLRG, and Cripto expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquapina Ciarmela
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Tronto 10/a, 60020 Ancona, Italy.
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Lonardo E, Parish CL, Ponticelli S, Marasco D, Ribeiro D, Ruvo M, De Falco S, Arenas E, Minchiotti G. A small synthetic cripto blocking Peptide improves neural induction, dopaminergic differentiation, and functional integration of mouse embryonic stem cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1326-37. [PMID: 20641036 DOI: 10.1002/stem.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cripto is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored coreceptor that binds Nodal and the activin type I (ALK)-4 receptor, and is involved in cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Interestingly, genetic ablation of cripto results in increased neuralization and midbrain dopaminergic (DA) differentiation of mESCs, as well as improved DA cell replacement therapy (CRT) in a model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we developed a Cripto specific blocking tool that would mimic the deletion of cripto, but could be easily applied to embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines without the need of genetic manipulation. We thus screened a combinatorial peptide library and identified a tetrameric tripeptide, Cripto blocking peptide (BP), which prevents Cripto/ALK-4 receptor interaction and interferes with Cripto signaling. Cripto BP treatment favored neuroectoderm formation and promoted midbrain DA neuron differentiation of mESCs in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, Cripto BP-treated ESCs, when transplanted into the striatum of PD rats, enhanced functional recovery and reduced tumor formation, mimicking the effect of genetic ablation of cripto. We therefore suggest that specific blockers such as Cripto BP may be used to improve the differentiation of ESC-derived DA neurons in vitro and their engraftment in vivo, bringing us closer towards an application of ESCs in CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Lonardo
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
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Choi SC, Han JK. Negative Regulation of Activin Signal Transduction. VITAMINS & HORMONES 2011; 85:79-104. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385961-7.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Galvin-Burgess KE, Vivian JL. Transforming growth factor-beta superfamily in mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2011; 87:341-65. [PMID: 22127250 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386015-6.00035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells that maintain the capability of undifferentiated self-renewal in culture. As mouse ES cells have the capacity to give rise to all the tissues of the body, they are an excellent developmental biology model system and a model for regenerative therapies. The extracellular cues and the intracellular signaling cascades that regulate ES cell self-renewal and cell-fate choices are complex and actively studied. Many developmental signaling pathways regulate the ES cell phenotype, and their intracellular programs interact to modulate the gene networks controlling ES cell pluripotency. This review focuses on the current understanding and outstanding questions of the roles of the transforming growth factor-beta-related signaling pathways in regulating pluripotency and differentiation of mouse ES cells. The complex dichotomic roles of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in maintaining the undifferentiated state and also inducing specific cell fates will be reviewed. The emerging roles of Nodal signaling in ES cell self-renewal will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Galvin-Burgess
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
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Abstract
The biological responses of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, which includes Activins and Nodal, are induced by activation of a receptor complex and Smads. A type I receptor, which is a component of the complex, is known as an activin receptor-like kinase (ALK); currently seven ALKs (ALK1-ALK7) have been identified in humans. Activins signaling, which is mediated by ALK4 and 7 together with ActRIIA and IIB, plays a critical role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, development/neogenesis, and glucose homeostatic control of pancreatic endocrine cells; the insulin gene is regulated by these signaling pathways via ALK7, which is a receptor for Activins AB and B and Nodal. This review discusses signal transduction of ALKs in pancreatic endocrine cells and the role of ALKs in insulin gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Watanabe
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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de Castro NP, Rangel MC, Nagaoka T, Salomon DS, Bianco C. Cripto-1: an embryonic gene that promotes tumorigenesis. Future Oncol 2010; 6:1127-42. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that cell fate regulation during embryonic development and oncogenic transformation share common regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways. Indeed, an embryonic gene member of the EGF–Cripto-1/FRL1/Cryptic family, Cripto-1, has been implicated in embryogenesis and in carcinogenesis. Cripto-1 together with the TGF-β ligand Nodal is a key regulator of embryonic development and is a marker of undifferentiated human and mouse embryonic stem cells. While Cripto-1 expression is very low in normal adult tissues, Cripto-1 is re-expressed at high levels in several different human tumors, modulating cancer cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stimulating tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of Cripto-1 expression using blocking antibodies or antisense expression vectors might be a useful modality not only to target fully differentiated cancer cells but also to target a subpopulation of tumor cells with stem-like characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Pereira de Castro
- Mammary Biology & Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bldg 37 Room 1112, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Mammary Biology & Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bldg 37 Room 1112, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tadahiro Nagaoka
- Mammary Biology & Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bldg 37 Room 1112, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David S Salomon
- Mammary Biology & Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bldg 37 Room 1112, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Papageorgiou I, Nicholls PK, Wang F, Lackmann M, Makanji Y, Salamonsen LA, Robertson DM, Harrison CA. Expression of nodal signalling components in cycling human endometrium and in endometrial cancer. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:122. [PMID: 19874624 PMCID: PMC2774317 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human endometrium is unique in its capacity to remodel constantly throughout adult reproductive life. Although the processes of tissue damage and breakdown in the endometrium have been well studied, little is known of how endometrial regeneration is achieved after menstruation. Nodal, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, regulates the processes of pattern formation and differentiation that occur during early embryo development. METHODS In this study, the expression of Nodal, Cripto (co-receptor) and Lefty A (antagonist) was examined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry across the menstrual cycle and in endometrial carcinomas. RESULTS Nodal and Cripto were found to be expressed at high levels in both stromal and epithelial cells during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Although immunoreactivity for both proteins in surface and glandular epithelium was maintained at relatively steady-state levels across the cycle, their expression was significantly decreased within the stromal compartment by the mid-secretory phase. Lefty expression, as has previously been reported, was primarily restricted to glandular epithelium and surrounding stroma during the late secretory and menstrual phases. In line with recent studies that have shown that Nodal pathway activity is upregulated in many human cancers, we found that Nodal and Cripto immunoreactivity increased dramatically in the transition from histologic Grade 1 to histologic Grades 2 and 3 endometrial carcinomas. Strikingly, Lefty expression was low or absent in all cancer tissues. CONCLUSION The expression of Nodal in normal and malignant endometrial cells that lack Lefty strongly supports an important role for this embryonic morphogen in the tissue remodelling events that occur across the menstrual cycle and in tumourogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Papageorgiou
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - Peter K Nicholls
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - Fang Wang
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - Martin Lackmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - Yogeshwar Makanji
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - Lois A Salamonsen
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - David M Robertson
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
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Jarinova O, Stewart AFR, Roberts R, Wells G, Lau P, Naing T, Buerki C, McLean BW, Cook RC, Parker JS, McPherson R. Functional analysis of the chromosome 9p21.3 coronary artery disease risk locus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1671-7. [PMID: 19592466 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.189522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have investigated the functional significance of conserved sequences within the 9p21.3 risk locus for coronary artery disease (CAD) and determined the relationship of 9p21.3 to expression of ANRIL and to whole genome gene expression. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrate that a conserved sequence within the 9p21.3 locus has enhancer activity and that the risk variant significantly increases reporter gene expression in primary aortic smooth muscle cells. Whole blood RNA expression of the short variants of ANRIL was increased by 2.2-fold whereas expression of the long ANRIL variant was decreased by 1.2-fold in healthy subjects homozygous for the risk allele. Expression levels of the long and short ANRIL variants were positively correlated with that of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, CDKN2B (p15) and TDGF1 (Cripto), respectively. Relevant to atherosclerosis, genome-wide expression profiling demonstrated upregulation of gene sets modulating cellular proliferation in carriers of the risk allele. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the 9p21.3 risk allele contains a functional enhancer, the activity of which is altered in carriers of the risk allele. 9p21.3 may promote atherosclerosis by regulating expression of ANRIL, which in turn is associated with altered expression of genes controlling cellular proliferation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Jarinova
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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