1
|
Tran QH, Eder OM, Winkler A. Dynamics-driven allosteric stimulation of diguanylate cyclase activity in a red light-regulated phytochrome. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107217. [PMID: 38522512 PMCID: PMC11035067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensor-effector proteins integrate information from different stimuli and transform this into cellular responses. Some sensory domains, like red-light responsive bacteriophytochromes, show remarkable modularity regulating a variety of effectors. One effector domain is the GGDEF diguanylate cyclase catalyzing the formation of the bacterial second messenger cyclic-dimeric-guanosine monophosphate. While critical signal integration elements have been described for different phytochromes, a generalized understanding of signal processing and communication over large distances, roughly 100 Å in phytochrome diguanylate cyclases, is missing. Here we show that dynamics-driven allostery is key to understanding signal integration on a molecular level. We generated protein variants stabilized in their far-red-absorbing Pfr state and demonstrated by analysis of conformational dynamics using hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry that single amino acid replacements are accompanied by altered dynamics of functional elements throughout the protein. We show that the conformational dynamics correlate with the enzymatic activity of these variants, explaining also the increased activity of a non-photochromic variant. In addition, we demonstrate the functional importance of mixed Pfr/intermediate state dimers using a fast-reverting variant that still enables wild-type-like fold-changes of enzymatic stimulation by red light. This supports the functional role of single protomer activation in phytochromes, a property that might correlate with the non-canonical mixed Pfr/intermediate-state spectra observed for many phytochrome systems. We anticipate our results to stimulate research in the direction of dynamics-driven allosteric regulation of different bacteriophytochrome-based sensor-effectors. This will eventually impact design strategies for the creation of novel sensor-effector systems for enriching the optogenetic toolbox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quang Hieu Tran
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rockwell NC, Lagarias JC. Cyanobacteriochromes from Gloeobacterales Provide New Insight into the Diversification of Cyanobacterial Photoreceptors. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168313. [PMID: 37839679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The phytochrome superfamily comprises three groups of photoreceptors sharing a conserved GAF (cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases, cyanobacterial adenylate cyclases, and formate hydrogen lyase transcription activator FhlA) domain that uses a covalently attached linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophore to sense light. Knotted red/far-red phytochromes are widespread in both bacteria and eukaryotes, but cyanobacteria also contain knotless red/far-red phytochromes and cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs). Unlike typical phytochromes, CBCRs require only the GAF domain for bilin binding, chromophore ligation, and full, reversible photoconversion. CBCRs can sense a wide range of wavelengths (ca. 330-750 nm) and can regulate phototaxis, second messenger metabolism, and optimization of the cyanobacterial light-harvesting apparatus. However, the origins of CBCRs are not well understood: we do not know when or why CBCRs evolved, or what selective advantages led to retention of early CBCRs in cyanobacterial genomes. In the current work, we use the increasing availability of genomes and metagenome-assembled-genomes from early-branching cyanobacteria to explore the origins of CBCRs. We reaffirm the earliest branches in CBCR evolution. We also show that early-branching cyanobacteria contain late-branching CBCRs, implicating early appearance of CBCRs during cyanobacterial evolution. Moreover, we show that early-branching CBCRs behave as integrators of light and pH, providing a potential unique function for early CBCRs that led to their retention and subsequent diversification. Our results thus provide new insight into the origins of these diverse cyanobacterial photoreceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Rockwell
- 31 Briggs Hall, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- 31 Briggs Hall, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fischer T, Köhler L, Engel PD, Song C, Gärtner W, Wachtveitl J, Slavov C. Conserved tyrosine in phytochromes controls the photodynamics through steric demand and hydrogen bonding capabilities. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148996. [PMID: 37437858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.148996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Using ultrafast spectroscopy and site-specific mutagenesis, we demonstrate the central role of a conserved tyrosine within the chromophore binding pocket in the forward (Pr → Pfr) photoconversion of phytochromes. Taking GAF1 of the knotless phytochrome All2699g1 from Nostoc as representative member of phytochromes, it was found that the mutations have no influence on the early (<30 ps) dynamics associated with conformational changes of the chromophore in the excited state. Conversely, they drastically impact the extended protein-controlled excited state decay (>100 ps). Thus, the steric demand, position and H-bonding capabilities of the identified tyrosine control the chromophore photoisomerization while leaving the excited state chromophore dynamics unaffected. In effect, this residue operates as an isomerization-steric-gate that tunes the excited state lifetime and the photoreaction efficiency by modulating the available space of the chromophore and by stabilizing the primary intermediate Lumi-R. Understanding the role of such a conserved structural element sheds light on a key aspect of phytochrome functionality and provides a basis for rational design of optimized photoreceptors for biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Lisa Köhler
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Philipp D Engel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Chen Song
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, 33620 Tampa, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kurttila M, Rumfeldt J, Takala H, Ihalainen JA. The interconnecting hairpin extension "arm": An essential allosteric element of phytochrome activity. Structure 2023; 31:1100-1108.e4. [PMID: 37392739 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In red-light sensing phytochromes, isomerization of the bilin chromophore triggers structural and dynamic changes across multiple domains, ultimately leading to control of the output module (OPM) activity. In between, a hairpin structure, "arm", extends from an interconnecting domain to the chromophore region. Here, by removing this protein segment in a bacteriophytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans (DrBphP), we show that the arm is crucial for signal transduction. Crystallographic, spectroscopic, and biochemical data indicate that this variant maintains the properties of DrBphP in the resting state. Spectroscopic data also reveal that the armless systems maintain the ability to respond to light. However, there is no subsequent regulation of OPM activity without the arms. Thermal denaturation reveals that the arms stabilize the DrBphP structure. Our results underline the importance of the structurally flexible interconnecting hairpin extensions and describe their central role in the allosteric coupling of phytochromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moona Kurttila
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jessica Rumfeldt
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chenchiliyan M, Kübel J, Ooi SA, Salvadori G, Mennucci B, Westenhoff S, Maj M. Ground-state heterogeneity and vibrational energy redistribution in bacterial phytochrome observed with femtosecond 2D IR spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:085103. [PMID: 36859103 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes belong to a group of photoreceptor proteins containing a covalently bound biliverdin chromophore that inter-converts between two isomeric forms upon photoexcitation. The existence and stability of the photocycle products are largely determined by the protein sequence and the presence of conserved hydrogen-bonding interactions in the vicinity of the chromophore. The vibrational signatures of biliverdin, however, are often weak and obscured under more intense protein bands, limiting spectroscopic studies of its non-transient signals. In this study, we apply isotope-labeling techniques to isolate the vibrational bands from the protein-bound chromophore of the bacterial phytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans. We elucidate the structure and ultrafast dynamics of the chromophore with 2D infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. The carbonyl stretch vibrations of the pyrrole rings show the heterogeneous distribution of hydrogen-bonding structures, which exhibit distinct ultrafast relaxation dynamics. Moreover, we resolve a previously undetected 1678 cm-1 band that is strongly coupled to the A- and D-ring of biliverdin and demonstrate the presence of complex vibrational redistribution pathways between the biliverdin modes with relaxation-assisted measurements of 2D IR cross peaks. In summary, we expect 2D IR spectroscopy to be useful in explaining how point mutations in the protein sequence affect the hydrogen-bonding structure around the chromophore and consequently its ability to photoisomerize to the light-activated states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoop Chenchiliyan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Kübel
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saik Ann Ooi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giacomo Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michał Maj
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chaudhari AS, Chatterjee A, Domingos CAO, Andrikopoulos PC, Liu Y, Andersson I, Schneider B, Lórenz-Fonfría VA, Fuertes G. Genetically encoded non-canonical amino acids reveal asynchronous dark reversion of chromophore, backbone and side-chains in EL222. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4590. [PMID: 36764820 PMCID: PMC10019195 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptors containing the light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain elicit biological responses upon excitation of their flavin mononucleotide (FMN) chromophore by blue light. The mechanism and kinetics of dark-state recovery are not well understood. Here we incorporated the non-canonical amino acid p-cyanophenylalanine (CNF) by genetic code expansion technology at forty-five positions of the bacterial transcription factor EL222. Screening of light-induced changes in infrared (IR) absorption frequency, electric field and hydration of the nitrile groups identified residues CNF31 and CNF35 as reporters of monomer/oligomer and caged/decaged equilibria, respectively. Time-resolved multi-probe UV/Visible and IR spectroscopy experiments of the lit-to-dark transition revealed four dynamical events. Predominantly, rearrangements around the A'α helix interface (CNF31 and CNF35) precede FMN-cysteinyl adduct scission, folding of α-helices (amide bands), and relaxation of residue CNF151. This study illustrates the importance of characterizing all parts of a protein and suggests a key role for the N-terminal A'α extension of the LOV domain in controlling EL222 photocycle length. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya S Chaudhari
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Catarina A O Domingos
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Lavradio, Portugal
| | | | - Yingliang Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Inger Andersson
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bohdan Schneider
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gustavo Fuertes
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wahlgren WY, Claesson E, Tuure I, Trillo-Muyo S, Bódizs S, Ihalainen JA, Takala H, Westenhoff S. Structural mechanism of signal transduction in a phytochrome histidine kinase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7673. [PMID: 36509762 PMCID: PMC9744887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome proteins detect red/far-red light to guide the growth, motion, development and reproduction in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Bacterial phytochromes commonly function as an entrance signal in two-component sensory systems. Despite the availability of three-dimensional structures of phytochromes and other two-component proteins, the conformational changes, which lead to activation of the protein, are not understood. We reveal cryo electron microscopy structures of the complete phytochrome from Deinoccocus radiodurans in its resting and photoactivated states at 3.6 Å and 3.5 Å resolution, respectively. Upon photoactivation, the photosensory core module hardly changes its tertiary domain arrangement, but the connector helices between the photosensory and the histidine kinase modules open up like a zipper, causing asymmetry and disorder in the effector domains. The structures provide a framework for atom-scale understanding of signaling in phytochromes, visualize allosteric communication over several nanometers, and suggest that disorder in the dimeric arrangement of the effector domains is important for phosphatase activity in a two-component system. The results have implications for the development of optogenetic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao Yuan Wahlgren
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Claesson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iida Tuure
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Sergio Trillo-Muyo
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Szabolcs Bódizs
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Chemistry—BMC, Biochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sadeghi M, Balke J, Rafaluk-Mohr T, Alexiev U. Long-Distance Protonation-Conformation Coupling in Phytochrome Species. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238395. [PMID: 36500486 PMCID: PMC9737838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are biological red/far-red light sensors found in many organisms. The connection between photoconversion and the cellular output signal involves light-mediated global structural changes in the interaction between the photosensory module (PAS-GAF-PHY, PGP) and the C-terminal transmitter (output) module. We recently showed a direct correlation of chromophore deprotonation with pH-dependent conformational changes in the various domains of the prototypical phytochrome Cph1 PGP. These results suggested that the transient phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore deprotonation is closely associated with a higher protein mobility both in proximal and distal protein sites, implying a causal relationship that might be important for the global large-scale protein rearrangements. Here, we investigate the prototypical biliverdin (BV)-binding phytochrome Agp1. The structural changes at various positions in Agp1 PGP were investigated as a function of pH using picosecond time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy and site-directed fluorescence labeling of cysteine variants of Agp1 PGP. We show that the direct correlation of chromophore deprotonation with pH-dependent conformational changes does not occur in Agp1. Together with the absence of long-range effects between the PHY domain and chromophore pKa, in contrast to the findings in Cph1, our results imply phytochrome species-specific correlations between transient chromophore deprotonation and intramolecular signal transduction.
Collapse
|
9
|
Protein control of photochemistry and transient intermediates in phytochromes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6838. [PMID: 36369284 PMCID: PMC9652276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are ubiquitous photoreceptors responsible for sensing light in plants, fungi and bacteria. Their photoactivation is initiated by the photoisomerization of the embedded chromophore, triggering large conformational changes in the protein. Despite numerous experimental and computational studies, the role of chromophore-protein interactions in controlling the mechanism and timescale of the process remains elusive. Here, we combine nonadiabatic surface hopping trajectories and adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the molecular details of such control for the Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytochrome. Our simulations reveal that chromophore photoisomerization proceeds through a hula-twist mechanism whose kinetics is mainly determined by the hydrogen bond of the chromophore with a close-by histidine. The resulting photoproduct relaxes to an early intermediate stabilized by a tyrosine, and finally evolves into a late intermediate, featuring a more disordered binding pocket and a weakening of the aspartate-to-arginine salt-bridge interaction, whose cleavage is essential to interconvert the phytochrome to the active state.
Collapse
|
10
|
Multamäki E, García de Fuentes A, Sieryi O, Bykov A, Gerken U, Ranzani A, Köhler J, Meglinski I, Möglich A, Takala H. Optogenetic Control of Bacterial Expression by Red Light. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3354-3367. [PMID: 35998606 PMCID: PMC9594775 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In optogenetics, as in nature, sensory photoreceptors serve to control cellular processes by light. Bacteriophytochrome (BphP) photoreceptors sense red and far-red light via a biliverdin chromophore and, in response, cycle between the spectroscopically, structurally, and functionally distinct Pr and Pfr states. BphPs commonly belong to two-component systems that control the phosphorylation of cognate response regulators and downstream gene expression through histidine kinase modules. We recently demonstrated that the paradigm BphP from Deinococcus radiodurans exclusively acts as a phosphatase but that its photosensory module can control the histidine kinase activity of homologous receptors. Here, we apply this insight to reprogram two widely used setups for bacterial gene expression from blue-light to red-light control. The resultant pREDusk and pREDawn systems allow gene expression to be regulated down and up, respectively, uniformly under red light by 100-fold or more. Both setups are realized as portable, single plasmids that encode all necessary components including the biliverdin-producing machinery. The triggering by red light affords high spatial resolution down to the single-cell level. As pREDusk and pREDawn respond sensitively to red light, they support multiplexing with optogenetic systems sensitive to other light colors. Owing to the superior tissue penetration of red light, the pREDawn system can be triggered at therapeutically safe light intensities through material layers, replicating the optical properties of the skin and skull. Given these advantages, pREDusk and pREDawn enable red-light-regulated expression for diverse use cases in bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Multamäki
- Department
of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | | | - Oleksii Sieryi
- Optoelectronics
and Measurement Techniques, University of
Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Alexander Bykov
- Optoelectronics
and Measurement Techniques, University of
Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Uwe Gerken
- Lehrstuhl
für Spektroskopie weicher Materie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Köhler
- Lehrstuhl
für Spektroskopie weicher Materie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Optoelectronics
and Measurement Techniques, University of
Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland,College
of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston
University, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K.
| | - Andreas Möglich
- Lehrstuhl
für Biochemie, Photobiochemie, Universität
Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany,. Phone: +49 921 55
7835
| | - Heikki Takala
- Department
of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Department
of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland,. Phone: +358 46 923 6211
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kurttila M, Etzl S, Rumfeldt J, Takala H, Galler N, Winkler A, Ihalainen JA. The structural effect between the output module and chromophore-binding domain is a two-way street via the hairpin extension. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:1881-1894. [PMID: 35984631 PMCID: PMC9630206 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction typically starts with either ligand binding or cofactor activation, eventually affecting biological activities in the cell. In red light-sensing phytochromes, isomerization of the bilin chromophore results in regulation of the activity of diverse output modules. During this process, several structural elements and chemical events influence signal propagation. In our study, we have studied the full-length bacteriophytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans as well as a previously generated optogenetic tool where the native histidine kinase output module has been replaced with an adenylate cyclase. We show that the composition of the output module influences the stability of the hairpin extension. The hairpin, often referred as the PHY tongue, is one of the central structural elements for signal transduction. It extends from a distinct domain establishing close contacts with the chromophore binding site. If the coupling between these interactions is disrupted, the dynamic range of the enzymatic regulation is reduced. Our study highlights the complex conformational properties of the hairpin extension as a bidirectional link between the chromophore-binding site and the output module, as well as functional properties of diverse output modules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moona Kurttila
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Stefan Etzl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jessica Rumfeldt
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nadine Galler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Conserved histidine and tyrosine determine spectral responses through the water network in Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:1975-1989. [PMID: 35906527 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red light-sensing photoreceptor proteins that bind a bilin chromophore. Here, we investigate the role of a conserved histidine (H260) and tyrosine (Y263) in the chromophore-binding domain (CBD) of Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome (DrBphP). Using crystallography, we show that in the H260A variant, the missing imidazole side chain leads to increased water content in the binding pocket. On the other hand, Y263F mutation reduces the water occupancy around the chromophore. Together, these changes in water coordination alter the protonation and spectroscopic properties of the biliverdin. These results pinpoint the importance of this conserved histidine and tyrosine, and the related water network, for the function and applications of phytochromes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Morozov D, Modi V, Mironov V, Groenhof G. The Photocycle of Bacteriophytochrome Is Initiated by Counterclockwise Chromophore Isomerization. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4538-4542. [PMID: 35576453 PMCID: PMC9150100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivation of bacteriophytochrome involves a cis-trans photoisomerization of a biliverdin chromophore, but neither the precise sequence of events nor the direction of the isomerization is known. Here, we used nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations on the photosensory protein dimer to resolve the isomerization mechanism in atomic detail. In our simulations the photoisomerization of the D ring occurs in the counterclockwise direction. On a subpicosecond time scale, the photoexcited chromophore adopts a short-lived intermediate with a highly twisted configuration stabilized by an extended hydrogen-bonding network. Within tens of picoseconds, these hydrogen bonds break, allowing the chromophore to adopt a more planar configuration, which we assign to the early Lumi-R state. The isomerization process is completed via helix inversion of the biliverdin chromophore to form the late Lumi-R state. The mechanistic insights into the photoisomerization process are essential to understand how bacteriophytochrome has evolved to mediate photoactivation and to engineer this protein for new applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vaibhav Modi
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vladimir Mironov
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nagano S, Sadeghi M, Balke J, Fleck M, Heckmann N, Psakis G, Alexiev U. Improved fluorescent phytochromes for in situ imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5587. [PMID: 35379835 PMCID: PMC8980088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractModern biology investigations on phytochromes as near-infrared fluorescent pigments pave the way for the development of new biosensors, as well as for optogenetics and in vivo imaging tools. Recently, near-infrared fluorescent proteins (NIR-FPs) engineered from biliverdin-binding bacteriophytochromes and cyanobacteriochromes, and from phycocyanobilin-binding cyanobacterial phytochromes have become promising probes for fluorescence microscopy and in vivo imaging. However, current NIR-FPs typically suffer from low fluorescence quantum yields and short fluorescence lifetimes. Here, we applied the rational approach of combining mutations known to enhance fluorescence in the cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1 to derive a series of highly fluorescent variants with fluorescence quantum yield exceeding 15%. These variants were characterised by biochemical and spectroscopic methods, including time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. We show that these new NIR-FPs exhibit high fluorescence quantum yields and long fluorescence lifetimes, contributing to their bright fluorescence, and provide fluorescence lifetime imaging measurements in E.coli cells.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rydzewski J, Walczewska-Szewc K, Czach S, Nowak W, Kuczera K. Enhancing the Inhomogeneous Photodynamics of Canonical Bacteriophytochrome. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2647-2657. [PMID: 35357137 PMCID: PMC9014414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ability of phytochromes
to act as photoswitches in plants and
microorganisms depends on interactions between a bilin-like chromophore
and a host protein. The interconversion occurs between the spectrally
distinct red (Pr) and far-red (Pfr) conformers. This conformational
change is triggered by the photoisomerization of the chromophore D-ring
pyrrole. In this study, as a representative example of a phytochrome-bilin
system, we consider biliverdin IXα (BV) bound to bacteriophytochrome
(BphP) from Deinococcus radiodurans. In the absence
of light, we use an enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (MD) method
to overcome the photoisomerization energy barrier. We find that the
calculated free energy (FE) barriers between essential metastable
states agree with spectroscopic results. We show that the enhanced
dynamics of the BV chromophore in BphP contributes to triggering nanometer-scale
conformational movements that propagate by two experimentally determined
signal transduction pathways. Most importantly, we describe how the
metastable states enable a thermal transition known as the dark reversion
between Pfr and Pr, through a previously unknown intermediate state
of Pfr. We present the heterogeneity of temperature-dependent Pfr
states at the atomistic level. This work paves a way toward understanding
the complete mechanism of the photoisomerization of a bilin-like chromophore
in phytochromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rydzewski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Walczewska-Szewc
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Sylwia Czach
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Nowak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lehtinen K, Nokia MS, Takala H. Red Light Optogenetics in Neuroscience. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:778900. [PMID: 35046775 PMCID: PMC8761848 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.778900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics, a field concentrating on controlling cellular functions by means of light-activated proteins, has shown tremendous potential in neuroscience. It possesses superior spatiotemporal resolution compared to the surgical, electrical, and pharmacological methods traditionally used in studying brain function. A multitude of optogenetic tools for neuroscience have been created that, for example, enable the control of action potential generation via light-activated ion channels. Other optogenetic proteins have been used in the brain, for example, to control long-term potentiation or to ablate specific subtypes of neurons. In in vivo applications, however, the majority of optogenetic tools are operated with blue, green, or yellow light, which all have limited penetration in biological tissues compared to red light and especially infrared light. This difference is significant, especially considering the size of the rodent brain, a major research model in neuroscience. Our review will focus on the utilization of red light-operated optogenetic tools in neuroscience. We first outline the advantages of red light for in vivo studies. Then we provide a brief overview of the red light-activated optogenetic proteins and systems with a focus on new developments in the field. Finally, we will highlight different tools and applications, which further facilitate the use of red light optogenetics in neuroscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Lehtinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Miriam S. Nokia
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ghosh S, Mondal S, Yadav K, Aggarwal S, Schaefer WF, Narayana C, Subramanian R. Modulation of biliverdin dynamics and spectral properties by Sandercyanin. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20296-20304. [PMID: 35919616 PMCID: PMC9277520 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02880h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliverdin IX-alpha (BV), a tetrapyrrole, is found ubiquitously in most living organisms. It functions as a metabolite, pigment, and signaling compound. While BV is known to bind to diverse protein families such as heme-metabolizing enzymes and phytochromes, not many BV-bound lipocalins (ubiquitous, small lipid-binding proteins) have been studied. The molecular basis of binding and conformational selectivity of BV in lipocalins remains unexplained. Sandercyanin (SFP)–BV complex is a blue lipocalin protein present in the mucus of the Canadian walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). In this study, we present the structures and binding modes of BV to SFP. Using a combination of designed site-directed mutations, X-ray crystallography, UV/VIS, and resonance Raman spectroscopy, we have identified multiple conformations of BV that are stabilized in the binding pocket of SFP. In complex with the protein, these conformers generate varied spectroscopic signatures both in their absorption and fluorescence spectra. We show that despite no covalent anchor, structural heterogeneity of the chromophore is primarily driven by the D-ring pyrrole of BV. Our work shows how conformational promiscuity of BV is correlated to the rearrangement of amino acids in the protein matrix leading to modulation of spectral properties. Biliverdin IX-alpha undergoes rotation around the D-ring pyrrole and displays a broad far-red absorbance on binding to monomeric Sandercyanin variant (orange) compared to the wild-type tetrameric protein (cyan).![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swagatha Ghosh
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sayan Mondal
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Keerti Yadav
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, 576104, India
| | - Shantanu Aggarwal
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Wayne F. Schaefer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Washington County, West Bend, WI 53095, USA
| | - Chandrabhas Narayana
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rumfeldt J, Kurttila M, Takala H, Ihalainen JA. The hairpin extension controls solvent access to the chromophore binding pocket in a bacterial phytochrome: a UV-vis absorption spectroscopy study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1173-1181. [PMID: 34460093 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Solvent access to the protein interior plays an important role in the function of many proteins. Phytochromes contain a specific structural feature, a hairpin extension that appears to relay structural information from the chromophore to the rest of the protein. The extension interacts with amino acids near the chromophore, and hence shields the chromophore from the surrounding solvent. We envision that the detachment of the extension from the protein surface allows solvent exchange reactions in the vicinity of the chromophore. This can facilitate for example, proton transfer processes between solvent and the protein interior. To test this hypothesis, the kinetics of the protonation state of the biliverdin chromophore from Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytchrome, and thus, the pH of the surrounding solution, is determined. The observed absorbance changes are related to the solvent access of the chromophore binding pocket, gated by the hairpin extension. We therefore propose a model with an "open" (solvent-exposed, deprotonation-active on a (sub)second time-scale) state and a "closed" (solvent-gated, deprotonation inactive) state, where the hairpin fluctuates slowly between these conformations thereby controlling the deprotonation process of the chromophore on a minute time scale. When the connection between the hairpin and the biliverdin surroundings is destabilized by a point mutation, the amplitude of the deprotonation phase increases considerably. In the absence of the extension, the chromophore deprotonates essentially without any "gating". Hence, we introduce a straightforward method to study the stability and fluctuation of the phytochrome hairpin in its photostationary state. This approach can be extended to other chromophore-protein systems where absorption changes reflect dynamic processes of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rumfeldt
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Moona Kurttila
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Böhm C, Todorović N, Balasso M, Gourinchas G, Winkler A. The PHY Domain Dimer Interface of Bacteriophytochromes Mediates Cross-talk between Photosensory Modules and Output Domains. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167092. [PMID: 34116122 PMCID: PMC7615318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein dynamics play a major role for the catalytic function of enzymes, the interaction of protein complexes or signal integration in regulatory proteins. In the context of multi-domain proteins involved in light-regulation of enzymatic effectors, the central role of conformational dynamics is well established. Light activation of sensory modules is followed by long-range signal transduction to different effectors; rather than domino-style structural rearrangements, a complex interplay of functional elements is required to maintain functionality. One family of such sensor-effector systems are red-light-regulated phytochromes that control diguanylate cyclases involved in cyclic-dimeric-GMP formation. Based on structural and functional studies of one prototypic family member, the central role of the coiled-coil sensor-effector linker was established. Interestingly, subfamilies with different linker lengths feature strongly varying biochemical characteristics. The dynamic interplay of the domains involved, however, is presently not understood. Here we show that the PHY domain dimer interface plays an essential role in signal integration, and that a functional coupling with the coiled-coil linker element is crucial. Chimaeras of two biochemically different family members highlight the phytochrome-spanning helical spine as an essential structural element involved in light-dependent upregulation of enzymatic turnover. However, isolated structural elements can frequently not be assigned to individual characteristics, which further emphasises the importance of global conformational dynamics. Our results provide insights into the intricate processes at play during light signal integration and transduction in these photosensory systems and thus provide additional guidelines for a more directed design of novel sensor-effector combinations with potential applications as optogenetic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Böhm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nikolina Todorović
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marco Balasso
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Geoffrey Gourinchas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Multamäki E, Nanekar R, Morozov D, Lievonen T, Golonka D, Wahlgren WY, Stucki-Buchli B, Rossi J, Hytönen VP, Westenhoff S, Ihalainen JA, Möglich A, Takala H. Comparative analysis of two paradigm bacteriophytochromes reveals opposite functionalities in two-component signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4394. [PMID: 34285211 PMCID: PMC8292422 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial phytochrome photoreceptors usually belong to two-component signaling systems which transmit environmental stimuli to a response regulator through a histidine kinase domain. Phytochromes switch between red light-absorbing and far-red light-absorbing states. Despite exhibiting extensive structural responses during this transition, the model bacteriophytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans (DrBphP) lacks detectable kinase activity. Here, we resolve this long-standing conundrum by comparatively analyzing the interactions and output activities of DrBphP and a bacteriophytochrome from Agrobacterium fabrum (Agp1). Whereas Agp1 acts as a conventional histidine kinase, we identify DrBphP as a light-sensitive phosphatase. While Agp1 binds its cognate response regulator only transiently, DrBphP does so strongly, which is rationalized at the structural level. Our data pinpoint two key residues affecting the balance between kinase and phosphatase activities, which immediately bears on photoreception and two-component signaling. The opposing output activities in two highly similar bacteriophytochromes suggest the use of light-controllable histidine kinases and phosphatases for optogenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Multamäki
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rahul Nanekar
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Topias Lievonen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - David Golonka
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Weixiao Yuan Wahlgren
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brigitte Stucki-Buchli
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jari Rossi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland ,grid.511163.10000 0004 0518 4910Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Andreas Möglich
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heikki Takala
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kurttila M, Stucki-Buchli B, Rumfeldt J, Schroeder L, Häkkänen H, Liukkonen A, Takala H, Kottke T, Ihalainen JA. Site-by-site tracking of signal transduction in an azidophenylalanine-labeled bacteriophytochrome with step-scan FTIR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5615-5628. [PMID: 33656023 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06553f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signal propagation in photosensory proteins is a complex and multidimensional event. Unraveling such mechanisms site-specifically in real time is an eligible but a challenging goal. Here, we elucidate the site-specific events in a red-light sensing phytochrome using the unnatural amino acid azidophenylalanine, vibrationally distinguishable from all other protein signals. In canonical phytochromes, signal transduction starts with isomerization of an excited bilin chromophore, initiating a multitude of processes in the photosensory unit of the protein, which eventually control the biochemical activity of the output domain, nanometers away from the chromophore. By implementing the label in prime protein locations and running two-color step-scan FTIR spectroscopy on the Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytochrome, we track the signal propagation at three specific sites in the photosensory unit. We show that a structurally switchable hairpin extension, a so-called tongue region, responds to the photoconversion already in microseconds and finalizes its structural changes concomitant with the chromophore, in milliseconds. In contrast, kinetics from the other two label positions indicate that the site-specific changes deviate from the chromophore actions, even though the labels locate in the chromophore vicinity. Several other sites for labeling resulted in impaired photoswitching, low structural stability, or no changes in the difference spectrum, which provides additional information on the inner dynamics of the photosensory unit. Our work enlightens the multidimensionality of the structural changes of proteins under action. The study also shows that the signaling mechanism of phytochromes is accessible in a time-resolved and site-specific approach by azido probes and demonstrates challenges in using these labels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moona Kurttila
- University of Jyväskylä, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Brigitte Stucki-Buchli
- University of Jyväskylä, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Jessica Rumfeldt
- University of Jyväskylä, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Lea Schroeder
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Heikki Häkkänen
- University of Jyväskylä, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Alli Liukkonen
- University of Jyväskylä, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Heikki Takala
- University of Jyväskylä, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- University of Jyväskylä, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kaberniuk AA, Baloban M, Monakhov MV, Shcherbakova DM, Verkhusha VV. Single-component near-infrared optogenetic systems for gene transcription regulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3859. [PMID: 34162879 PMCID: PMC8222386 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) optogenetic systems for transcription regulation are in high demand because NIR light exhibits low phototoxicity, low scattering, and allows combining with probes of visible range. However, available NIR optogenetic systems consist of several protein components of large size and multidomain structure. Here, we engineer single-component NIR systems consisting of evolved photosensory core module of Idiomarina sp. bacterial phytochrome, named iLight, which are smaller and packable in adeno-associated virus. We characterize iLight in vitro and in gene transcription repression in bacterial and gene transcription activation in mammalian cells. Bacterial iLight system shows 115-fold repression of protein production. Comparing to multi-component NIR systems, mammalian iLight system exhibits higher activation of 65-fold in cells and faster 6-fold activation in deep tissues of mice. Neurons transduced with viral-encoded iLight system exhibit 50-fold induction of fluorescent reporter. NIR light-induced neuronal expression of green-light-activatable CheRiff channelrhodopsin causes 20-fold increase of photocurrent and demonstrates efficient spectral multiplexing. Current near-IR optogenetic systems to regulate transcription consist of a number of large protein components. Here the authors report a smaller single-component near-IR system, iLight, developed from a bacterial phytochrome that they use to control gene transcription in bacterial and mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrii A Kaberniuk
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail Baloban
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail V Monakhov
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daria M Shcherbakova
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Science Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Takala H, Edlund P, Ihalainen JA, Westenhoff S. Tips and turns of bacteriophytochrome photoactivation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:1488-1510. [PMID: 33107538 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00117a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are ubiquitous photosensor proteins, which control the growth, reproduction and movement in plants, fungi and bacteria. Phytochromes switch between two photophysical states depending on the light conditions. In analogy to molecular machines, light absorption induces a series of structural changes that are transduced from the bilin chromophore, through the protein, and to the output domains. Recent progress towards understanding this structural mechanism of signal transduction has been manifold. We describe this progress with a focus on bacteriophytochromes. We describe the mechanism along three structural tiers, which are the chromophore-binding pocket, the photosensory module, and the output domains. We discuss possible interconnections between the tiers and conclude by presenting future directions and open questions. We hope that this review may serve as a compendium to guide future structural and spectroscopic studies designed to understand structural signaling in phytochromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Takala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petra Edlund
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khan FI, Song H, Hassan F, Tian J, Tang L, Lai D, Juan F. Impact of amino acid substitutions on the behavior of a photoactivatable near infrared fluorescent protein PAiRFP1. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 253:119572. [PMID: 33631627 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A photoactivatable near-infrared fluorescent protein (NIR-FP) PAiRFP1 has been developed by 15 amino acid substitutions in its nonfluorescent template Agp2. In our previous communication, we investigated the role of three amino acids in PHY domain distal from BV molecule. The impact of the twelve amino acids in GAF domain, especially five residues near BV-binding pocket is unclear. In this paper, PCR based reverse mutagenesis, spectroscopic methods, molecular modelling and simulations have been employed to explore the roles of these substitutions during the molecular evolution of PAiRFP1. It was found that the residue L163 is important for protein folding in PAiRFP1. The residues F244 and C280 exerted remarkable effects on molar extinction coefficient, NIR fluorescence quantum yield, molecular brightness, fluorescence fold, and dark recovery rate. The residues F244 and V276 modulate the maximum absorption and emission peak position. The reverse mutant L168M exhibited a higher fluorescence fold than PAiRFP1. Additionally, the reverse mutants V203A, V294E, S218G and D127G possessed better spectral properties than PAiRFP1. This study is important for the rational design of a better BphP-based photoactivatable NIR-FPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faez Iqbal Khan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghong Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fakhrul Hassan
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Tang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Feng Juan
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Macaluso V, Salvadori G, Cupellini L, Mennucci B. The structural changes in the signaling mechanism of bacteriophytochromes in solution revealed by a multiscale computational investigation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5555-5565. [PMID: 34168792 PMCID: PMC8179611 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00186h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are red-light sensing proteins, with important light-regulatory roles in different organisms, which are capturing an increasing interest in bioimaging and optogenetics. Upon absorption of light by the embedded bilin chromophore, they undergo structural changes that extend from the chromophore to the protein and finally drive the biological function. Up to now, the underlying mechanism still has to be characterized fully. Here we investigate the Pfr activated form of a bacterial phytochrome, by combining extensive molecular dynamics simulations with a polarizable QM/MM description of the spectroscopic properties, revealing a large structure relaxation in solution, compared to the crystal structure, both in the chromophore-binding pocket and in the overall structure of the phytochrome. Our results indicate that the final opening of the dimeric structure is preceded by an important internal reorganization of the phytochrome specific (PHY) domain involving a bend of the helical spine connecting the PHY domain with the chromophore-binding domain, opening the way to a new understanding of the activation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Macaluso
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Giacomo Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cupellini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa 56124 Pisa Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Red light-induced structure changes in phytochrome A from Pisum sativum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2827. [PMID: 33531580 PMCID: PMC7854702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) is a photoreceptor protein of plants that regulates the red/far-red light photomorphogenic responses of plants essential for growth and development. PhyA, composed of approximately 1100 amino acid residues, folds into photosensory and output signaling modules. The photosensory module covalently binds phytochromobilin as a chromophore for photoreversible interconversion between inactive red light-absorbing (Pr) and active far-red light-absorbing (Pfr) forms to act as a light-driven phosphorylation enzyme. To understand the molecular mechanism in the initial process of photomorphogenic response, we studied the molecular structures of large phyA (LphyA) from Pisum sativum, which lacks the 52 residues in the N-terminal, by small-angle X-ray scattering combined with multivariate analyses applied to molecular models predicted from the scattering profiles. According to our analyses, Pr was in a dimer and had a four-leaf shape, and the subunit was approximated as a bent rod of 175 × 50 Å. The scattering profile of Pfr was calculated from that recorded for a mixture of Pr and Pfr under red-light irradiation by using their population determined from the absorption spectrum. The Pfr dimer exhibited a butterfly shape composed of subunits with a straight rod of 175 × 50 Å. The shape differences between Pr and Pfr indicated conformational changes in the Pr/Pfr interconversion which would be essential to the interaction with protein molecules involved in transcriptional control.
Collapse
|
27
|
Buhrke D, Oppelt KT, Heckmeier PJ, Fernández-Terán R, Hamm P. Nanosecond protein dynamics in a red/green cyanobacteriochrome revealed by transient IR spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:245101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0033107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Buhrke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Isaksson L, Gustavsson E, Persson C, Brath U, Vrhovac L, Karlsson G, Orekhov V, Westenhoff S. Signaling Mechanism of Phytochromes in Solution. Structure 2020; 29:151-160.e3. [PMID: 32916102 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phytochrome proteins guide the red/far-red photoresponse of plants, fungi, and bacteria. Crystal structures suggest that the mechanism of signal transduction from the chromophore to the output domains involves refolding of the so-called PHY tongue. It is currently not clear how the two other notable structural features of the phytochrome superfamily, the so-called helical spine and a knot in the peptide chain, are involved in photoconversion. Here, we present solution NMR data of the complete photosensory core module from Deinococcus radiodurans. Photoswitching between the resting and the active states induces changes in amide chemical shifts, residual dipolar couplings, and relaxation dynamics. All observables indicate a photoinduced structural change in the knot region and lower part of the helical spine. This implies that a conformational signal is transduced from the chromophore to the helical spine through the PAS and GAF domains. The discovered pathway underpins functional studies of plant phytochromes and may explain photosensing by phytochromes under biological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linnéa Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emil Gustavsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden; Swedish NMR Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Swedish NMR Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Brath
- Swedish NMR Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lidija Vrhovac
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Karlsson
- Swedish NMR Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vladislav Orekhov
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden; Swedish NMR Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khan FI, Hassan F, Anwer R, Juan F, Lai D. Comparative Analysis of Bacteriophytochrome Agp2 and Its Engineered Photoactivatable NIR Fluorescent Proteins PAiRFP1 and PAiRFP2. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091286. [PMID: 32906690 PMCID: PMC7564321 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two photoactivatable near infrared fluorescent proteins (NIR FPs) named “PAiRFP1” and “PAiRFP2” are formed by directed molecular evolution from Agp2, a bathy bacteriophytochrome of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. There are 15 and 24 amino acid substitutions in the structure of PAiRFP1 and PAiRFP2, respectively. A comprehensive molecular exploration of these bacteriophytochrome photoreceptors (BphPs) are required to understand the structure dynamics. In this study, the NIR fluorescence emission spectra for PAiRFP1 were recorded upon repeated excitation and the fluorescence intensity of PAiRFP1 tends to increase as the irradiation time was prolonged. We also predicted that mutations Q168L, V244F, and A480V in Agp2 will enhance the molecular stability and flexibility. During molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the average root mean square deviations of Agp2, PAiRFP1, and PAiRFP2 were found to be 0.40, 0.49, and 0.48 nm, respectively. The structure of PAiRFP1 and PAiRFP2 were more deviated than Agp2 from its native conformation and the hydrophobic regions that were buried in PAiRFP1 and PAiRFP2 core exposed to solvent molecules. The eigenvalues and the trace of covariance matrix were found to be high for PAiRFP1 (597.90 nm2) and PAiRFP2 (726.74 nm2) when compared with Agp2 (535.79 nm2). It was also found that PAiRFP1 has more sharp Gibbs free energy global minima than Agp2 and PAiRFP2. This comparative analysis will help to gain deeper understanding on the structural changes during the evolution of photoactivatable NIR FPs. Further work can be carried out by combining PCR-based directed mutagenesis and spectroscopic methods to provide strategies for the rational designing of these PAiRFPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faez Iqbal Khan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Fakhrul Hassan
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (F.H.); (F.J.)
| | - Razique Anwer
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13317, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Feng Juan
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (F.H.); (F.J.)
| | - Dakun Lai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-182-0052-9516
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Antelo GT, Sánchez-Lamas M, Goldbaum FA, Otero LH, Bonomi HR, Rinaldi J. A Spectroscopy-based Methodology for Rapid Screening and Characterization of Phytochrome Photochemistry in Search of Pfr-favored Variants. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1221-1232. [PMID: 32683707 DOI: 10.1111/php.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are photosensitive proteins with a covalently bound open-chain chromophore that can switch between two principal states: red light absorbing Pr and far-red light absorbing Pfr. Our group has previously shown that the bacteriophytochrome from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (XccBphP) is a bathy-like phytochrome that uses biliverdin IXα as a co-factor and is involved in bacterial virulence. To date, the XccBphP crystal structure could only be solved in the Pr state, while the structure of its Pfr state remains elusive. The aims of this work were to develop an efficient screening methodology for the rapid characterization and to identify XccBphP variants that favor the Pfr form. The screening approach developed here consists in analyzing the UV-Vis absorption behavior of clarified crude extracts containing recombinant phytochromes. This strategy has allowed us to quickly explore over a hundred XccBphP variants, characterize multiple variants and identify Pfr-favored candidates. The high-quality data obtained enabled not only a qualitative, but also a quantitative characterization of their photochemistry. This method could be easily adapted to other phytochromes or other photoreceptor families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisandro Horacio Otero
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jimena Rinaldi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu QZ, Goett-Zink L, Gärtner W, Zhao KH, Kottke T. Tongue Refolding in the Knotless Cyanobacterial Phytochrome All2699. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2047-2054. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Zhao Xu
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lukas Goett-Zink
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai-Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nagano S, Guan K, Shenkutie SM, Feiler C, Weiss M, Kraskov A, Buhrke D, Hildebrandt P, Hughes J. Structural insights into photoactivation and signalling in plant phytochromes. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:581-588. [PMID: 32366982 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant phytochromes are red/far-red photochromic photoreceptors that act as master regulators of development, controlling the expression of thousands of genes. Here, we describe the crystal structures of four plant phytochrome sensory modules, three at about 2 Å resolution or better, including the first of an A-type phytochrome. Together with extensive spectral data, these structures provide detailed insight into the structure and function of plant phytochromes. In the Pr state, the substitution of phycocyanobilin and phytochromobilin cofactors has no structural effect, nor does the amino-terminal extension play a significant functional role. Our data suggest that the chromophore propionates and especially the phytochrome-specific domain tongue act differently in plant and prokaryotic phytochromes. We find that the photoproduct in period-ARNT-single-minded (PAS)-cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-adenylyl cyclase-FhlA (GAF) bidomains might represent a novel intermediate between MetaRc and Pfr. We also discuss the possible role of a likely nuclear localization signal specific to and conserved in the phytochrome A lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soshichiro Nagano
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Kaoling Guan
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Feiler
- BESSY II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Weiss
- BESSY II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kraskov
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Buhrke
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon Hughes
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hassan F, Khan FI, Song H, Lai D, Juan F. Effects of reverse genetic mutations on the spectral and photochemical behavior of a photoactivatable fluorescent protein PAiRFP1. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 228:117807. [PMID: 31806482 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophytochrome photoreceptors (BphPs) containing biliverdin (BV) have great potential for the development of genetically engineered near-infrared fluorescent proteins (NIR FPs). We investigated a photoactivatable fluorescent protein PAiRFP1, was engineered through directed molecular evolution. The coexistence of both red light absorbing (Pr) and far-red light absorbing (Pfr) states in dark is essential for the photoactivation of PAiRFP1. The PCR based site-directed reverse mutagenesis, spectroscopic measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on three targeted sites V386A, V480A and Y498H in PHY domain to explore their potential effects during molecular evolution of PAiRFP1. We found that these substitutions did not affect the coexistence of Pr and Pfr states but led to slight changes in the photophysical parameters. The covalent docking of biliverdin (cis and trans form) with PAiRFP1 was followed by several 100 ns MD simulations to provide some theoretical explanations for the coexistence of Pr and pfr states. The results suggested that experimentally observed coexistence of Pr and Pfr states in both PAiRFP1 and mutants were resulted from the improved stability of Pr state. The use of experimental and computational work provided useful understanding of Pr and Pfr states and the effects of these mutations on the photophysical properties of PAiRFP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhrul Hassan
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Faez Iqbal Khan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Honghong Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Feng Juan
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kraskov A, Nguyen AD, Goerling J, Buhrke D, Velazquez Escobar F, Fernandez Lopez M, Michael N, Sauthof L, Schmidt A, Piwowarski P, Yang Y, Stensitzki T, Adam S, Bartl F, Schapiro I, Heyne K, Siebert F, Scheerer P, Mroginski MA, Hildebrandt P. Intramolecular Proton Transfer Controls Protein Structural Changes in Phytochrome. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1023-1037. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kraskov
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anh Duc Nguyen
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Goerling
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Buhrke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco Velazquez Escobar
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Fernandez Lopez
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Michael
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Sauthof
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmidt
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Piwowarski
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- Freie Universität Berlin, Experimentelle Physik, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Stensitzki
- Freie Universität Berlin, Experimentelle Physik, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Suliman Adam
- Institute of Chemistry, Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Franz Bartl
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Karsten Heyne
- Freie Universität Berlin, Experimentelle Physik, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich Siebert
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Sektion Biophysik, Hermann-Herderstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Buhrke D, Gourinchas G, Müller M, Michael N, Hildebrandt P, Winkler A. Distinct chromophore-protein environments enable asymmetric activation of a bacteriophytochrome-activated diguanylate cyclase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:539-551. [PMID: 31801828 PMCID: PMC6956517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing of red and far-red light by bacteriophytochromes involves intricate interactions between their bilin chromophore and the protein environment. The light-triggered rearrangements of the cofactor configuration and eventually the protein conformation enable bacteriophytochromes to interact with various protein effector domains for biological modulation of diverse physiological functions. Excitation of the holoproteins by red or far-red light promotes the photoconversion to their far-red light-absorbing Pfr state or the red light-absorbing Pr state, respectively. Because prototypical bacteriophytochromes have a parallel dimer architecture, it is generally assumed that symmetric activation with two Pfr state protomers constitutes the signaling-active species. However, the bacteriophytochrome from Idiomarina species A28L (IsPadC) has recently been reported to enable long-range signal transduction also in asymmetric dimers containing only one Pfr protomer. By combining crystallography, hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to MS, and vibrational spectroscopy, we show here that Pfr of IsPadC is in equilibrium with an intermediate "Pfr-like" state that combines features of Pfr and Meta-R states observed in other bacteriophytochromes. We also show that structural rearrangements in the N-terminal segment (NTS) can stabilize this Pfr-like state and that the PHY-tongue conformation of IsPadC is partially uncoupled from the initial changes in the NTS. This uncoupling enables structural asymmetry of the overall homodimeric assembly and allows signal transduction to the covalently linked physiological diguanylate cyclase output module in which asymmetry might play a role in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The functional differences to other phytochrome systems identified here highlight opportunities for using additional red-light sensors in artificial sensor-effector systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Buhrke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straβe des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Geoffrey Gourinchas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Michael
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straβe des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straβe des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kübel J, Chenchiliyan M, Ooi SA, Gustavsson E, Isaksson L, Kuznetsova V, Ihalainen JA, Westenhoff S, Maj M. Transient IR spectroscopy identifies key interactions and unravels new intermediates in the photocycle of a bacterial phytochrome. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9195-9203. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06995j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infra-red spectroscopy advances our understanding of how photosensory proteins carry their function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kübel
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Gothenburg
- Gothenburg 40530
- Sweden
| | - Manoop Chenchiliyan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Gothenburg
- Gothenburg 40530
- Sweden
| | - Saik Ann Ooi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Gothenburg
- Gothenburg 40530
- Sweden
| | - Emil Gustavsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Gothenburg
- Gothenburg 40530
- Sweden
| | - Linnéa Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Gothenburg
- Gothenburg 40530
- Sweden
| | - Valentyna Kuznetsova
- Nanoscience Center
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science
- University of Jyväskylä
- Jyväskylä 40014
- Finland
| | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- Nanoscience Center
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science
- University of Jyväskylä
- Jyväskylä 40014
- Finland
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Gothenburg
- Gothenburg 40530
- Sweden
| | - Michał Maj
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Gothenburg
- Gothenburg 40530
- Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Buhrke D, Hildebrandt P. Probing Structure and Reaction Dynamics of Proteins Using Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2019; 120:3577-3630. [PMID: 31814387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic understanding of protein functions requires insight into the structural and reaction dynamics. To elucidate these processes, a variety of experimental approaches are employed. Among them, time-resolved (TR) resonance Raman (RR) is a particularly versatile tool to probe processes of proteins harboring cofactors with electronic transitions in the visible range, such as retinal or heme proteins. TR RR spectroscopy offers the advantage of simultaneously providing molecular structure and kinetic information. The various TR RR spectroscopic methods can cover a wide dynamic range down to the femtosecond time regime and have been employed in monitoring photoinduced reaction cascades, ligand binding and dissociation, electron transfer, enzymatic reactions, and protein un- and refolding. In this account, we review the achievements of TR RR spectroscopy of nearly 50 years of research in this field, which also illustrates how the role of TR RR spectroscopy in molecular life science has changed from the beginning until now. We outline the various methodological approaches and developments and point out current limitations and potential perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Buhrke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gustavsson E, Isaksson L, Persson C, Mayzel M, Brath U, Vrhovac L, Ihalainen JA, Karlsson BG, Orekhov V, Westenhoff S. Modulation of Structural Heterogeneity Controls Phytochrome Photoswitching. Biophys J 2019; 118:415-421. [PMID: 31839260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes sense red/far-red light and control many biological processes in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Although the crystal structures of dark- and light-adapted states have been determined, the molecular mechanisms underlying photoactivation remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the conserved tongue region of the PHY domain of a 57-kDa photosensory module of Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome changes from a structurally heterogeneous dark state to an ordered, light-activated state. The results were obtained in solution by utilizing a laser-triggered activation approach detected on the atomic level with high-resolution protein NMR spectroscopy. The data suggest that photosignaling of phytochromes relies on careful modulation of structural heterogeneity of the PHY tongue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Gustavsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linnéa Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Swedish NMR center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maxim Mayzel
- Swedish NMR center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Brath
- Swedish NMR center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lidija Vrhovac
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - B Göran Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Swedish NMR center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vladislav Orekhov
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Swedish NMR center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Subach OM, Barykina NV, Anokhin KV, Piatkevich KD, Subach FV. Near-Infrared Genetically Encoded Positive Calcium Indicator Based on GAF-FP Bacterial Phytochrome. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143488. [PMID: 31315229 PMCID: PMC6678319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of genetically encoded calcium indicators are currently available for visualization of calcium dynamics in cultured cells and in vivo. Only one of them, called NIR-GECO1, exhibits fluorescence in the near-infrared region of the spectrum. NIR-GECO1 is engineered based on the near-infrared fluorescent protein mIFP derived from bacterial phytochromes. However, NIR-GECO1 has an inverted response to calcium ions and its excitation spectrum is not optimal for the commonly used 640 nm lasers. Using small near-infrared bacterial phytochrome GAF-FP and calmodulin/M13-peptide pair, we developed a near-infrared calcium indicator called GAF-CaMP2. In vitro, GAF-CaMP2 showed a positive response of 78% and high affinity (Kd of 466 nM) to the calcium ions. It had excitation and emission maxima at 642 and 674 nm, respectively. GAF-CaMP2 had a 2.0-fold lower brightness, 5.5-fold faster maturation and lower pH stability compared to GAF-FP in vitro. GAF-CaMP2 showed 2.9-fold higher photostability than smURFP protein. The GAF-CaMP2 fusion with sfGFP demonstrated a ratiometric response with a dynamic range of 169% when expressed in the cytosol of mammalian cells in culture. Finally, we successfully applied the ratiometric version of GAF-CaMP2 for the simultaneous visualization of calcium transients in three organelles of mammalian cells using four-color fluorescence microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oksana M Subach
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123182, Russia
| | | | - Konstantin V Anokhin
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow 125315, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kiryl D Piatkevich
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Fedor V Subach
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123182, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rumfeldt JA, Takala H, Liukkonen A, Ihalainen JA. UV‐Vis Spectroscopy Reveals a Correlation Between Y263 and BV Protonation States in Bacteriophytochromes. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:969-979. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Rumfeldt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Anatomy Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Alli Liukkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gourinchas G, Etzl S, Winkler A. Bacteriophytochromes - from informative model systems of phytochrome function to powerful tools in cell biology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:72-83. [PMID: 30878713 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophytochromes are a subfamily of the diverse light responsive phytochrome photoreceptors. Considering their preferential interaction with biliverdin IXα as endogenous cofactor, they have recently been used for creating optogenetic tools and engineering fluorescent probes. Ideal absorption characteristics for the activation of bacteriophytochrome-based systems in the therapeutic near-infrared window as well the availability of biliverdin in mammalian tissues have resulted in tremendous progress in re-engineering bacteriophytochromes for diverse applications. At the same time, both the structural analysis and the functional characterization of diverse naturally occurring bacteriophytochrome systems have unraveled remarkable differences in signaling mechanisms and have so far only touched the surface of the evolutionary diversity within the family of bacteriophytochromes. This review highlights recent findings and future challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Gourinchas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Etzl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Consiglieri E, Gutt A, Gärtner W, Schubert L, Viappiani C, Abbruzzetti S, Losi A. Dynamics and efficiency of photoswitching in biliverdin-binding phytochromes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2484-2496. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00264b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A full scale analysis of the kinetic processes in the μ-to-millisecond time scale for red-and far red-triggered processes in biliverdin-binding bacterial and fungal phytochromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Consiglieri
- Department of Mathematical
- Physical and Computer Sciences
- University of Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Alexander Gutt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion
- 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry
- University of Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Luiz Schubert
- Institute for Physical Chemistry
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Department of Mathematical
- Physical and Computer Sciences
- University of Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Department of Mathematical
- Physical and Computer Sciences
- University of Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Aba Losi
- Department of Mathematical
- Physical and Computer Sciences
- University of Parma
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lenngren N, Edlund P, Takala H, Stucki-Buchli B, Rumfeldt J, Peshev I, Häkkänen H, Westenhoff S, Ihalainen JA. Coordination of the biliverdin D-ring in bacteriophytochromes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18216-18225. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01696h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy and crystallography experiments provide a basis for understanding the isomerization reaction in phytochrome proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lenngren
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Petra Edlund
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- Biochemistry and Biophysics
- University of Gothenburg
- SE-40530 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Heikki Takala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
- University of Helsinki
| | - Brigitte Stucki-Buchli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Jessica Rumfeldt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Ivan Peshev
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Heikki Häkkänen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- Biochemistry and Biophysics
- University of Gothenburg
- SE-40530 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
| |
Collapse
|