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Primavessy D, Metz J, Schnur S, Schneider M, Lehr CM, Hittinger M. Pulmonary in vitro instruments for the replacement of animal experiments. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:62-75. [PMID: 34438019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro systems often combine a mechanical-physical instrument with a biological component e.g. cell culture models. For testing of aerosols, it is of advantage to consider aerosol behavior, particle deposition and lung region specific cell lines. Although there are many good reviews on the selection of cell cultures, articles on instruments are rare. This article focuses on the development of in vitro instruments targeting the exposure of aerosols on cell cultures. In this context, guidelines for toxicity investigation are taken into account as the aim of new methods must be the prediction of human relevant data and the replacement of existing animal experiments. We provide an overview on development history of research-based instruments from a pharmaceutical point of view. The standardized commercial devices resulting from the research-based instruments are presented and the future perspectives on pulmonary in vitro devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Primavessy
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Julia Metz
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schnur
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; 3RProducts Marius Hittinger, Blieskastel, Germany
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2
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Vasanthi Bathrinarayanan P, Brown JEP, Marshall LJ, Leslie LJ. An investigation into E-cigarette cytotoxicity in-vitro using a novel 3D differentiated co-culture model of human airways. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:255-264. [PMID: 29940344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is a lack of consensus on the possible adverse health effects of E-cigarettes (ECs). Important factors including cell model employed and exposure method determine the physiological relevance of EC studies. The present study aimed to evaluate EC cytotoxicity using a physiologically relevant in-vitro multicellular model of human airways. Human bronchial epithelial cells (CALU-3) and pulmonary fibroblasts (MRC-5) were co-cultured at air-liquid-interface for 11-14 days post which they were exposed to whole cigarette smoke (WCS) or EC vapour (ECV) at standard ISO-3308 regime for 7 m using a bespoke aerosol delivery system. ECV effects were further investigated at higher exposure times (1 h-6 h). Results showed that while WCS significantly reduced cell viability after 7 m, ECV decreased cell viability only at exposure times higher than 3 h. Furthermore, ECV caused elevated IL-6 and IL-8 production despite reduced cell viability. ECV exposure also produced a marked increase in oxidative stress. Finally, WCS but not ECV exposure induced caspase 3/7 activation, suggesting a caspase independent death of ECV exposed cells. Overall, our results indicate that prolonged ECV exposure (≥3 h) has a significant impact on pro-inflammatory mediators' production, oxidative stress and cell viability but not caspase 3/7 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Vasanthi Bathrinarayanan
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - James E P Brown
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom; Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay J Marshall
- Research and Toxicology Department, Humane Society International, 5, Underwood Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Leslie
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
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3
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Zhang S, Li X, Xie F, Liu K, Liu H, Xie J. Evaluation of whole cigarette smoke induced oxidative stress in A549 and BEAS-2B cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 54:40-47. [PMID: 28672163 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex and oxidative aerosol. Previous researches on the hazards of cigarette smoke mainly focused on the adverse bioeffects induced by its condensates or gas vapor phase, which ignored the dynamic processes of smoking and the cigarette smoke aging. To overcome these disadvantages, we performed air-liquid interface exposure of whole smoke, which used native and unmodified smoke and ensured the exposure similar to physiological inhalation. Our results indicated that whole cigarette smoke induced lung epithelial cells (A549) and bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) damages in cytotoxicity assays (methyl thiazoly tetrazolium and neutral red uptake assays). In addition, A549 and BEAS-2B cells showed oxidative damages in whole smoke exposure, with concentration change of several biomarkers (reduced and oxidized glutathione, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxyhydroxy-2-nonenal, extracellular superoxide dismutase, and 8-hydroxyl deoxyguanosine). These results indicate that whole smoke-induced oxidative stress occurs in two different kinds of cells at air-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Technique Center of Tobacco Production, PingDingshanTobacco Company of Henan Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, PingDingshan 467000, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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4
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Zavala J, Greenan R, Krantz QT, DeMarini DM, Higuchi M, Gilmour MI, White PA. Regulating temperature and relative humidity in air-liquid interface in vitro systems eliminates cytotoxicity resulting from control air exposures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:448-459. [PMID: 30090513 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
VITROCELL® systems permit cell exposures at the air-liquid interface (ALI); however, there are inconsistent methodologies in the literature for their operation. Some studies find that exposure to air (vehicle control) induced cytotoxicity relative to incubator controls; others do not mention if any cytotoxicity was encountered. We sought to test whether temperature and relative humidity (temp/RH) influence cytotoxicity with an unmodified (conditions A & B) and modified (condition C) VITROCELL® 6 CF with temp/RH controls to permit conditioning of the sampled air-flow. We exposed BEAS-2B cells for 1 h to air and measured viability (WST-1 cell proliferation assay) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release 6 h post-exposure. Relative to controls, cells exposed to air at (A) 22 °C and 18% RH had a 47.9% ± 3.2% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 10.7% ± 2.0% (p < 0.0001) increase in LDH release (B) 22 °C and 55% RH had a 40.3% ± 5.8% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 2.6% ± 2.0% (p = 0.2056) increase in LDH release, or (C) 37 °C and >75% RH showed no changes in cell viability and no increase in LDH release. Furthermore, cells exposed to air at 37 °C and >75% RH 24 h post-exposure showed no changes in viability or LDH release relative to incubator controls. Thus, reductions in cell viability were induced under conditions used typically in the literature (conditions A & B). However, our modifications (condition C) overcome this shortcoming by preventing cell desiccation; regulating temp/RH is essential for conducting adequate ALI exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Rebecca Greenan
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - David M DeMarini
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Mark Higuchi
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Paul A White
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
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5
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Fields W, Maione A, Keyser B, Bombick B. Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Brian Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Majeed S, Frentzel S, Wagner S, Kuehn D, Leroy P, Guy PA, Knorr A, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Characterization of the Vitrocell® 24/48 in vitro aerosol exposure system using mainstream cigarette smoke. Chem Cent J 2014; 8:62. [PMID: 25411580 PMCID: PMC4236458 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-014-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Only a few exposure systems are presently available that enable cigarette smoke exposure of living cells at the air–liquid interface, of which one of the most versatile is the Vitrocell® system (Vitrocell® Systems GmbH). To assess its performance and optimize the exposure conditions, we characterized a Vitrocell® 24/48 system connected to a 30-port carousel smoking machine. The Vitrocell® 24/48 system allows for simultaneous exposure of 48 cell culture inserts using dilution airflow rates of 0–3.0 L/min and exposes six inserts per dilution. These flow rates represent cigarette smoke concentrations of 7–100%. Results By characterizing the exposure inside the Vitrocell® 24/48, we verified that (I) the cigarette smoke aerosol distribution is uniform across all inserts, (II) the utility of Vitrocell® crystal quartz microbalances for determining the online deposition of particle mass on the inserts, and (III) the amount of particles deposited per surface area and the amounts of trapped carbonyls and nicotine were concentration dependent. At a fixed dilution airflow of 0.5 L/min, the results showed a coefficient of variation of 12.2% between inserts of the Vitrocell® 24/48 module, excluding variations caused by different runs. Although nicotine and carbonyl concentrations were linear over the tested dilution range, particle mass deposition increased nonlinearly. The observed effect on cell viability was well-correlated with increasing concentration of cigarette smoke. Conclusions Overall, the obtained results highlight the suitability of the Vitrocell® 24/48 system to assess the effect of cigarette smoke on cells under air–liquid interface exposure conditions, which is closely related to the conditions occurring in human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Eurofins Umwelt West GmbH, Vorgebirgsstraße 20, D-50389 Wesseling, Germany
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A Guy
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Knorr
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Streibel T, Mitschke S, Adam T, Zimmermann R. Time-resolved analysis of the emission of sidestream smoke (SSS) from cigarettes during smoking by photo ionisation/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-TOFMS): towards a better description of environmental tobacco smoke. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7071-82. [PMID: 23354580 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the chemical composition of sidestream smoke (SSS) emissions of cigarettes are characterised using a laser-based single-photon ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometer. SSS is generated from various cigarette types (2R4F research cigarette; Burley, Oriental and Virginia single-tobacco-type cigarettes) smoked on a single-port smoking machine and collected using a so-called fishtail chimney device. Using this setup, a puff-resolved quantification of several SSS components was performed. Investigations of the dynamics of SSS emissions show that concentration profiles of various substances can be categorised into several groups, either depending on the occurrence of a puff or uninfluenced by the changes in the burning zone during puffing. The SSS emissions occurring directly after a puff strongly resemble the composition of mainstream smoke (MSS). In the smouldering phase, clear differences between MSS and SSS are observed. The changed chemical profiles of SSS and MSS might be also of importance on environmental tobacco smoke which is largely determined by SSS. Additionally, the chemical composition of the SSS is strongly affected by the tobacco type. Hence, the higher nitrogen content of Burley tobacco leads to the detection of increased amounts of nitrogen-containing substances in SSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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8
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Detection of the cytotoxicity of water-insoluble fraction of cigarette smoke by direct exposure to cultured cells at an air-liquid interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:683-8. [PMID: 22999638 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For the biological evaluation of cigarette smoke in vitro, the particulate phase (PP) and the gas vapor phase (GVP) of mainstream smoke have usually been collected individually and exposed to biological material such as cultured cells. Using this traditional method, the GVP is collected by bubbling in an aqueous solution such as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In such a way the water-insoluble GVP fraction is excluded from the GVP, meaning that the toxic potential of the water-insoluble GVP fraction has hardly been investigated so far. In our experiments we used a direct exposure method to expose cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI) to the water-insoluble GVP fraction for demonstrating its toxicological/biological activity. In order to isolate the water-insoluble GVP fraction from mainstream smoke, the GVP was passed through 6 impingers connected in series with PBS. After direct exposure of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) with the water-insoluble GVP fraction in the CULTEX(®) system its cytotoxicity was assayed by using the neutral red uptake assay. The water-insoluble GVP fraction was proven to be less cytotoxic than the water-soluble GVP fraction, but showed a significant effect in a dose-dependent manner. The results of this study showed that the direct exposure of cultivated cells at the air-liquid interface offers the possibility to analyze the biological and toxicological activities of all fractions of cigarette smoke including the water-insoluble GVP fraction.
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9
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Development of an in vitro exposure model for investigating the biological effects of therapeutic aerosols on human cells from the respiratory tract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 63:593-8. [PMID: 20570119 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases like asthma or COPD are gaining more and more importance worldwide due to an increased exposure of humans to inhalable compounds such as cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust or other forms of environmental pollution. Therefore, a high impact on national health systems is expected, meaning long-term treatment, with periodic examinations accompanied by high costs. Although a number of efficient drugs for these disease patterns, like Tiotropium (antimuscarinic), Salmetron (β-antagonist) or corticosteroids, are already available, a great deal of effort has to be put into the development of new drugs and therapy concepts. In this context, in vitro methods may be useful to establish more efficient prescreening procedures to analyze, for example, the toxicity of new compounds during the research and development process. These studies should aim to achieve a better selection of substances relevant for further development and a final reduction in the number of animal experiments. Therefore, we established an in vitro exposure device that allows the analysis of inhalable compounds for their pharmacological and toxicological effects. This CULTEX(®) device is composed of an exposure entity representing the in vivo respiratory air compartment and a basal feeding compartment representing the subepithelium. Both compartments are connected by porous transwells on which cells form an epithelium-like cell layer. We have used this system for exposing human lung cells directly to liquid aerosols and present the first data with regard to aerosolized model substances.
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10
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Müller L, Comte P, Czerwinski J, Kasper M, Mayer ACR, Gehr P, Burtscher H, Morin JP, Konstandopoulos A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. New exposure system to evaluate the toxicity of (scooter) exhaust emissions in lung cells in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2632-2638. [PMID: 20230045 DOI: 10.1021/es903146g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A constantly growing number of scooters produce an increasing amount of potentially harmful emissions. Due to their engine technology, two-stroke scooters emit huge amounts of adverse substances, which can induce adverse pulmonary and cardiovascular health effects. The aim of this study was to develop a system to expose a characterized triple cell coculture model of the human epithelial airway barrier, to freshly produced and characterized total scooter exhaust emissions. In exposure chambers, cell cultures were exposed for 1 and 2 h to 1:100 diluted exhaust emissions and in the reference chamber to filtered ambient air, both controlled at 5% CO(2), 85% relative humidity, and 37 degrees C. The postexposure time was 0-24 h. Cytotoxicity, used to validate the exposure system, was significantly increased in exposed cell cultures after 8 h postexposure time. (Pro-) inflammatory chemo- and cytokine concentrations in the medium of exposed cells were significantly higher at the 12 h postexposure time point. It was shown that the described exposure system (with 2 h exposure duration, 8 and 24 h postexposure time, dilution of 1:100, flow of 2 L/min as optimal exposure conditions) can be used to evaluate the toxic potential of total exhaust emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Müller
- Institute of Anatomy, Division of Histology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Bern 9, Switzerland.
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11
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Toxicological evaluation of diesel emissions on A549 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:363-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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KOMORI K, MURAI K, MIYAJIMA S, FUJII T, MOHRI S, ONO Y, SAKAI Y. Development of an in vitro Batch-type Closed Gas Exposure Device with an Alveolar Epithelial Cell Line, A549, for Toxicity Evaluations of Gaseous Compounds. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:957-62. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kikuo KOMORI
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
| | - Kenji MURAI
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
| | | | - Takao FUJII
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
| | - Shino MOHRI
- Department of Environmental & Civil Engineering, University of Okayama
| | - Yoshiro ONO
- Department of Environmental & Civil Engineering, University of Okayama
| | - Yasuyuki SAKAI
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo
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13
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Bitterle E, Karg E, Schroeppel A, Kreyling WG, Tippe A, Ferron GA, Schmid O, Heyder J, Maier KL, Hofer T. Dose-controlled exposure of A549 epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface to airborne ultrafine carbonaceous particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:1784-90. [PMID: 16762398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The geometry of commercially available perfusion chambers designed for harbouring three membrane-based cell cultures was modified for reliable and dose-controlled air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures. Confluent A549 epithelial cells grown on membranes were integrated in the chamber system and supplied with medium from the chamber bottom. Cell viability was not impaired by the conditions of ALI exposure without particles. Expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 by A549 cells during ALI exposure to filtered air for 6h and subsequent stimulation with tumor necrosis factor was not altered compared to submersed controls, indicating that the cells maintained their functional integrity. Ultrafine carbonaceous model particles with a count median mobility diameter of about 95+/-5 nm were produced by spark discharge at a stable concentration of about 2 x 10(6) cm(-3) and continuously monitored for accurate determination of the exposure dose. Delivery to the ALI exposure system yielded a homogeneous particle deposition over the membranes with a deposition efficiency of 2%. Mid dose exposure of A549 cells to this aerosol for 6h yielded a total particle deposition of (2.6+/-0.4) x 10(8) cm(-2) corresponding to (87+/-23) ng cm(-2). The 2.7-fold (p < or = 0.05) increased transcription of heme oxygenase-1 indicated a sensitive antioxidant and stress response, while cell viability did not reveal a toxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bitterle
- GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute for Inhalation Biology, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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14
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Abstract
In vitro studies of adverse cellular effects induced by inhalable substances face a number of problems due to the difficulties in exposing cultured cells of the respiratory tract directly to test atmospheres composed of complex gases and particulate compounds. This paper discusses the characteristics of in vitro work and summarizes the use of different in vitro technologies to determine the adverse effects of inhaled pollutants. The exposure of cells to test atmospheres requires accurate control of the pollutant levels, as well as the close contact of cells and gas without interfering with the medium. Systems which rely on the solution of the gas in the medium overlay do not resemble the exposure conditions in vivo, and may not be suitable for studying, for example, the effects of poorly soluble gases. Exposure to gases or complex mixtures can be performed with roller bottles or flasks on rotating and rocking platforms and, using these techniques, the cells are periodically exposed to the test atmosphere. However, the most promising approach is based on a biphasic cell culture technique, where cells are grown on microporous membranes at an air-liquid interface. Here the cells are nutrified from the basal side of the membrane whilst the apical part with the cultivated cells is in direct contact with the test atmosphere. Based on this culture technique, different exposure systems have been developed and these are described and discussed. Exposure of cells from the respiratory tract to gases or particles is responsible for cell injury or cell activation associated with an overexpression of mRNA and the release of bioactive mediators. Therefore, in vitro studies using such a strategy, in combination with relevant and efficient exposure devices, open up new ways to test native complex gases and aerosols. Furthermore, such an experimental approach is not only suitable for cultivated cells, but it can also be used for exposing bacteria to inhalable test compounds. It is possible to analyze the mutagenic potency of in- and outdoor pollutants and several attempts have been made to determine the induction of revertants in a modified Ames assay after exposure to single gases or complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Aufderheide
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Aufderheide M, Knebel JW, Ritter D. An improved in vitro model for testing the pulmonary toxicity of complex mixtures such as cigarette smoke. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2003; 55:51-7. [PMID: 12940629 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous approaches have been employed for testing the biological activity of cigarette smoke in vitro. None of them has managed to expose cultured lung cells in a realistic manner to the complex gaseous and particulate mixture that constitutes cigarette smoke. We have devised a system that makes this possible. The system presented here enables the direct exposure of human lung cells to native, unmodified cigarette mainstream smoke. It consists of a smoking machine, a dilution device for the smoke, analytical devices for online monitoring and a specially adapted exposure module based on the Cultex** cell cultivation system that is equipped with a gas-exposure top. Due to the special design of the exposure device and the optimised exposure conditions, this equipment allows cultured human lung cells to be exposed to freshly generated cigarette mainstream smoke. Exploratory experiments revealed that the smoke could be diluted over a wide concentration range in a reproducible way with respect to gas and particulate phases, and also demonstrated reproducible particle deposition depending on smoke concentration. Furthermore, it was shown that the exposed cells maintained their viability. Native cigarette mainstream smoke induced dose-dependent cellular effects in exposed cells with respect to cellular viability (viable cell number monitored by tetrazolium salt cleavage) and intracellular parameters (ATP and glutathione content). Therefore, fresh, physically and chemically unmodified cigarette mainstream smoke can be tested using this novel system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Aufderheide
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
The in vitro study of adverse cellular effects induced by inhaled pollutants poses a special problem due to the difficulties of exposing cultured cells of the respiratory tract directly to test atmospheres that can include complex gaseous and particulate mixtures. In general, there is no widely accepted in vitro exposure system. However, in vitro methods offer the unique possibility for use of human cells, developed and validated cell culture and exposure device (CULTEX(1)) using the principle of the air/liquid exposure technique. Cells of the respiratory tract are grown on porous membranes in transwell inserts. After removal of the medium, the cells can be treated on their superficial surfaces with the test atmosphere, and at the same time they are supplied with nutrients through the membrane below. In comparison with other experimental approaches, the goal of our studies is to analyze the biological effects of test atmospheres under environmental conditions, i.e. without humidifying the atmosphere or adding additional CO(2). The system used is small and flexible enough independent of a cultivation chamber and thus offers the opportunity for onsite study of indoor and outdoor atmospheres in the field. The efficacy of the exposure device has already been demonstrated in the analysis of dose-dependent cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of exposure of epithelial lung cells to complex mixtures such as native diesel exhaust and side-stream smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Aufderheide
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Drug Research and Clinical Inhalation, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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17
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Aufderheide M, Knebel JW, Ritter D. A method for the in vitro exposure of human cells to environmental and complex gaseous mixtures: application to various types of atmosphere. Altern Lab Anim 2002; 30:433-41. [PMID: 12234248 DOI: 10.1177/026119290203000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The application of in vitro methods to the analysis of the effects of airborne materials is still limited, because there are no generally accepted concepts and technologies for efficiently exposing adherent growing cells to test atmospheres, especially those comprising complex mixtures of gaseous and particulate phases. The introduction of in vitro research into the field of inhalation toxicology offers a unique possibility for using human cells and tissues for pre-screening studies, thus reducing the necessity for animal experiments, and cutting the numbers of animals used in toxicological testing. We therefore developed a novel experimental concept that uses an exposure device based on the cell cultivation system CULTEX (Patent No. DE 198011763; PCT/EP99/00295). This allowed us to investigate environmental atmospheres, which were chemically and physically unmodified, in an in vitro system, by exposing the target cells directly at the air/liquid interface. The exposure device itself is small and flexible enough to be connected to a variety of aerosol-generating systems without the need for an incubator, as it fulfils all the requirements for maintaining cell viability over a defined period. The general applicability and the sensitivity of this in vitro approach for testing various generated atmospheres under the same cell-exposure conditions were demonstrated by studying dose-dependent cytotoxic effects in human lung epithelial cells exposed to air contaminated with single gases or complex mixtures, such as diesel exhaust fumes and side-stream cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Aufderheide
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Pharmacology and Clinical Inhalation, Nikdai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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18
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Wolz L, Krause G, Scherer G, Aufderheide M, Mohr U. In vitro genotoxicity assay of sidestream smoke using a human bronchial epithelial cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40:845-50. [PMID: 11983279 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic effects of air contaminants, such as gaseous or particulate compounds, have been difficult to investigate due to inefficient methods for exposing cell cultures directly to these substances. New cultivation and exposure techniques enable treatment of epithelial cells with sample atmospheres with subsequent in vitro assays, as demonstrated by a new system called CULTEX (CULTEX: patent No. DE 19801763; PCT/EP99/00295), which uses a transwell membrane technique for direct exposure of complex mixtures, for example sidestream cigarette smoke, at the air/liquid interface. The sensitivity and susceptibility of human bronchial epithelial cells to this complex mixture have already been shown for cytotoxic endpoints. In this study, genotoxic effects of sidestream cigarette smoke at different concentrations were assessed using the alkaline comet assay. HFBE 21 cells were exposed for 1 h to clean air, nitrogen dioxide or sidestream smoke. Exposure of the cells to sidestream cigarette smoke induced DNA strand breaks in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of gas phase exposure and the comet assay provides a realistic and efficient model for sensitive detection of DNA strand breaks induced by airborne and inhalable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wolz
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor München, Goethestr. 2, 80336, Germany
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19
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Knebel JW, Ritter D, Aufderheide M. Exposure of human lung cells to native diesel motor exhaust--development of an optimized in vitro test strategy. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:185-92. [PMID: 11869881 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(01)00110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of native diesel motor exhaust on human lung cells in vitro, a new experimental concept was developed using an exposure device on the base of the cell cultivation system CULTEX (Patent No. DE19801763.PCT/EP99/00295) to handle the cells during a 1-h exposure period independent of an incubator and next to an engine test rig. The final experimental set-up allows the investigation of native (chemically and physically unmodified) diesel exhaust using short distances for the transportation of the gas to the target cells. The analysis of several atmospheric compounds as well as the particle concentration of the exhaust was performed by online monitoring in parallel. To validate the complete system we concentrated on the measurement of two distinct viability parameters after exposure to air and undiluted, diluted and filtered diesel motor exhaust generated under different engine operating conditions. Cell viability was not influenced by the exposure to clean air, whereas dose-dependent cytotoxicity was found contingent on the dosage of exhaust. Additionally, the quality of exhaust, represented by two engine operating conditions (idling, higher load), also showed well-distinguishable cytotoxicity. In summary, the experimental set-up allows research on biological effects of native engine emissions using short exposure times.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Knebel
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Nikolai-Fuchs Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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