1
|
de Winne C, Pascual FL, Lopez-Vicchi F, Etcheverry-Boneo L, Mendez-Garcia LF, Ornstein AM, Lacau-Mengido IM, Sorianello E, Becu-Villalobos D. Neuroendocrine control of brown adipocyte function by prolactin and growth hormone. J Neuroendocrinol 2023:e13248. [PMID: 36932836 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is fundamental for growth and glucose homeostasis, and prolactin for optimal pregnancy and lactation outcome, but additionally, both hormones have multiple functions that include a strong impact on energetic metabolism. In this respect, prolactin and GH receptors have been found in brown, and white adipocytes, as well as in hypothalamic centers regulating thermogenesis. This review describes the neuroendocrine control of the function and plasticity of brown and beige adipocytes, with a special focus on prolactin and GH actions. Most evidence points to a negative association between high prolactin levels and the thermogenic capacity of BAT, except in early development. During lactation and pregnancy, prolactin may be a contributing factor that limits unneeded thermogenesis, downregulating BAT UCP1. Furthermore, animal models of high serum prolactin have low BAT UCP1 levels and whitening of the tissue, while lack of Prlr induces beiging in WAT depots. These actions may involve hypothalamic nuclei, particularly the DMN, POA and ARN, brain centers that participate in thermogenesis. Studies on GH regulation of BAT function present some controversies. Most mouse models with GH excess or deficiency point to an inhibitory role of GH on BAT function. Even so, a stimulatory role of GH on WAT beiging has also been described, in accordance with whole-genome microarrays that demonstrate divergent response signatures of BAT and WAT genes to the loss of GH signaling. Understanding the physiology of BAT and WAT beiging may contribute to the ongoing efforts to curtail obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina de Winne
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia L Pascual
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felicitas Lopez-Vicchi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luz Etcheverry-Boneo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis F Mendez-Garcia
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Maria Ornstein
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabel Maria Lacau-Mengido
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Sorianello
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becu-Villalobos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stewart C, Marshall CJ. Seasonality of prolactin in birds and mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:919-938. [PMID: 35686456 PMCID: PMC9796654 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In most animals, annual rhythms in environmental cues and internal programs regulate seasonal physiology and behavior. Prolactin, an evolutionarily ancient hormone, serves as a molecular correlate of seasonal timing in most species. Prolactin is highly pleiotropic with a wide variety of well-documented physiological effects; in a seasonal context prolactin is known to regulate annual changes in pelage and molt. While short-term homeostatic variation of prolactin secretion is under the control of the hypothalamus, long-term seasonal rhythms of prolactin are programmed by endogenous timers that reside in the pituitary gland. The molecular basis of these rhythms is generally understood to be melatonin dependent in mammals. Prolactin rhythmicity persists for several years in many species, in the absence of hypothalamic signaling. Such evidence in mammals has supported the hypothesis that seasonal rhythms in prolactin derive from an endogenous timer within the pituitary gland that is entrained by external photoperiod. In this review, we describe the conserved nature of prolactin signaling in birds and mammals and highlight its role in regulating multiple diverse physiological systems. The review will cover the current understanding of the molecular control of prolactin seasonality and propose a mechanism by which long-term rhythms may be generated in amniotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calum Stewart
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Christopher J. Marshall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martínez-Alarcón O, García-López G, Guerra-Mora JR, Molina-Hernández A, Diaz-Martínez NE, Portillo W, Díaz NF. Prolactin from Pluripotency to Central Nervous System Development. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:201-214. [PMID: 33934093 DOI: 10.1159/000516939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a versatile hormone that exerts more than 300 functions in vertebrates, mainly associated with physiological effects in adult animals. Although the process that regulates early development is poorly understood, evidence suggests a role of PRL in the early embryonic development regarding pluripotency and nervous system development. Thus, PRL could be a crucial regulator in oocyte preimplantation and maturation as well as during diapause, a reversible state of blastocyst development arrest that shares metabolic, transcriptomic, and proteomic similarities with pluripotent stem cells in the naïve state. Thus, we analyzed the role of the hormone during those processes, which involve the regulation of its receptor and several signaling cascades (Jak/Mapk, Jak/Stat, and PI3k/Akt), resulting in either a plethora of physiological actions or their dysregulation, a factor in developmental disorders. Finally, we propose models to improve the knowledge on PRL function during early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Martínez-Alarcón
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García-López
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Raúl Guerra-Mora
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Cirugia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anayansi Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Néstor Emmanuel Diaz-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular y Bioingeniería de Tejidos, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Wendy Portillo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Quéretaro, Mexico
| | - Néstor Fabián Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Metabolic-endocrine disruption due to preterm birth impacts growth, body composition, and neonatal outcome. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1350-1360. [PMID: 34040160 PMCID: PMC9197767 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite optimized nutrition, preterm-born infants grow slowly and tend to over-accrete body fat. We hypothesize that the premature dissociation of the maternal-placental-fetal unit disrupts the maintenance of physiological endocrine function in the fetus, which has severe consequences for postnatal development. This review highlights the endocrine interactions of the maternal-placental-fetal unit and the early perinatal period in both preterm and term infants. We report on hormonal levels (including tissue, thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, pituitary, and placental hormones) and nutritional supply and their impact on infant body composition. The data suggest that the premature dissociation of the maternal-placental-fetal unit leads to a clinical picture similar to panhypopituitarism. Further, we describe how the premature withdrawal of the maternal-placental unit, neonatal morbidities, and perinatal stress can cause differences in the levels of growth-promoting hormones, particularly insulin-like growth factors (IGF). In combination with the endocrine disruption that occurs following dissociation of the maternal-placental-fetal unit, the premature adaptation to the extrauterine environment leads to early and fast accretion of fat mass in an immature body. In addition, we report on interventional studies that have aimed to compensate for hormonal deficiencies in infants born preterm through IGF therapy, resulting in improved neonatal morbidity and growth. IMPACT: Preterm birth prematurely dissociates the maternal-placental-fetal unit and disrupts the metabolic-endocrine maintenance of the immature fetus with serious consequences for growth, body composition, and neonatal outcomes. The preterm metabolic-endocrine disruption induces symptoms resembling anterior pituitary failure (panhypopituitarism) with low levels of IGF-1, excessive postnatal fat mass accretion, poor longitudinal growth, and failure to thrive. Appropriate gestational age-adapted nutrition alone seems insufficient for the achievement of optimal growth of preterm infants. Preliminary results from interventional studies show promising effects of early IGF-1 supplementation on postnatal development and neonatal outcomes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Potential Biomarkers of Peripheral and Central Fatigue in High-Intensity Trained Athletes at High-Temperature: A Pilot Study with Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon). J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:4768390. [PMID: 32587872 PMCID: PMC7298321 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4768390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among potent dietary supplements, Momordica charantia, commonly called bitter melon, has various biological effects, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and improves energy metabolism and fatigue recovery. However, it is unknown whether Momordica charantia extract (MCE) induces antifatigue effects during exercise training in high-temperature environments. This study aimed at investigating the efficacy of MCE by examining 10 male tennis players consuming 100 mL MCE/dose (6 times a day over 4 weeks) during the summer training season. Peripheral (ammonia and uric acid) and central (serotonin, dopamine, and prolactin) fatigue parameters were measured before and after MCE consumption; before, during, and after exercise; and the next morning. After consuming MCE supplements, ammonia levels were higher during and after exercise and recovered the next morning, whereas uric acid levels did not change at any time point. Serotonin levels were lower during exercise. Dopamine levels were higher, especially during exercise. Prolactin levels were lower at all time points, especially during and after exercise. Although high-intensity training in a hot environment causes accumulation of fatigue-related metabolites, our results indicate that 4 weeks of MCE intake positively influenced fatigue parameters, suggesting that MCE can efficiently combat fatigue.
Collapse
|
6
|
McIlvride S, Mushtaq A, Papacleovoulou G, Hurling C, Steel J, Jansen E, Abu-Hayyeh S, Williamson C. A progesterone-brown fat axis is involved in regulating fetal growth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10671. [PMID: 28878263 PMCID: PMC5587669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with profound maternal metabolic changes, necessary for the growth and development of the fetus, mediated by reproductive signals acting on metabolic organs. However, the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in regulating gestational metabolism is unknown. We show that BAT phenotype is lost in murine pregnancy, while there is a gain of white adipose tissue (WAT)-like features. This is characterised by reduced thermogenic capacity and mitochondrial content, accompanied by increased levels of markers of WAT and lipid accumulation. Surgical ablation of BAT prior to conception caused maternal and fetal hyperlipidemia, and consequently larger fetuses. We show that BAT phenotype is altered from day 5 of gestation, implicating early pregnancy factors, which was confirmed by reduced expression of BAT markers in progesterone challenged oophorectomised mice. Moreover, in vitro data using primary BAT cultures show a direct impact of progesterone on expression of Ucp1. These data demonstrate that progesterone mediates a phenotypic change in BAT, which contributes to the gestational metabolic environment, and thus overall fetal size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saraid McIlvride
- Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Aleena Mushtaq
- Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chloe Hurling
- Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Steel
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Eugène Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shadi Abu-Hayyeh
- Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meléndez García R, Arredondo Zamarripa D, Arnold E, Ruiz-Herrera X, Noguez Imm R, Baeza Cruz G, Adán N, Binart N, Riesgo-Escovar J, Goffin V, Ordaz B, Peña-Ortega F, Martínez-Torres A, Clapp C, Thebault S. Prolactin protects retinal pigment epithelium by inhibiting sirtuin 2-dependent cell death. EBioMedicine 2016; 7:35-49. [PMID: 27322457 PMCID: PMC4909382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of pathways necessary for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) function is fundamental to uncover therapies for blindness. Prolactin (PRL) receptors are expressed in the retina, but nothing is known about the role of PRL in RPE. Using the adult RPE 19 (ARPE-19) human cell line and mouse RPE, we identified the presence of PRL receptors and demonstrated that PRL is necessary for RPE cell survival via anti-apoptotic and antioxidant actions. PRL promotes the antioxidant capacity of ARPE-19 cells by reducing glutathione. It also blocks the hydrogen peroxide-induced increase in deacetylase sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) expression, which inhibits the TRPM2-mediated intracellular Ca(2+) rise associated with reduced survival under oxidant conditions. RPE from PRL receptor-null (prlr(-/-)) mice showed increased levels of oxidative stress, Sirt2 expression and apoptosis, effects that were exacerbated in animals with advancing age. These observations identify PRL as a regulator of RPE homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Meléndez García
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - David Arredondo Zamarripa
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Edith Arnold
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Xarubet Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ramsés Noguez Imm
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - German Baeza Cruz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Norma Adán
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Nadine Binart
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1185, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Juan Riesgo-Escovar
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France
| | - Benito Ordaz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Stéphanie Thebault
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hausman GJ, Basu U, Wei S, Hausman DB, Dodson MV. Preadipocyte and adipose tissue differentiation in meat animals: influence of species and anatomical location. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2015; 2:323-51. [PMID: 25384146 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early in porcine adipose tissue development, the stromal-vascular (SV) elements control and dictate the extent of adipogenesis in a depot-dependent manner. The vasculature and collagen matrix differentiate before overt adipocyte differentiation. In the fetal pig, subcutaneous (SQ) layer development is predictive of adipocyte development, as the outer, middle, and inner layers of dorsal SQ adipose tissue develop and maintain layered morphology throughout postnatal growth of SQ adipose tissue. Bovine and ovine fetuses contain brown adipose tissue but SQ white adipose tissue is poorly developed structurally. Fetal adipose tissue differentiation is associated with the precocious expression of several genes encoding secreted factors and key transcription factors like peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)γ and CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein. Identification of adipocyte-associated genes differentially expressed by age, depot, and species in vivo and in vitro has been achieved using single-gene analysis, microarrays, suppressive subtraction hybridization, and next-generation sequencing applications. Gene polymorphisms in PPARγ, cathepsins, and uncoupling protein 3 have been associated with back fat accumulation. Genome scans have mapped several quantitative trait loci (QTL) predictive of adipose tissue-deposition phenotypes in cattle and pigs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Law J, Bloor I, Budge H, Symonds ME. The influence of sex steroids on adipose tissue growth and function. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 19:13-24. [PMID: 25390013 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity remains a major global health concern. Understanding the metabolic influences of the obesity epidemic in the human population on maintenance of a healthy weight and metabolic profile is still of great significance. The importance and role of white adipose tissue has been long established, particularly with excess adiposity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), however, has only recently been shown to contribute significantly to the metabolic signature of mammals outside the previously recognised role in small mammals and neonates. BAT's detection in adults has led to a renewed interest and is now considered to be a potential therapeutic target to prevent excess white fat accumulation in obesity, a theory further promoted by the recent discovery of beige fat. Adipose tissue distribution varies significantly between genders. Pre-menopausal females often show enhanced lower and peripheral fat deposition in adiposity deposition compared to the male profile of central and visceral fat accumulation with obesity. This sex disparity is partly attributed to the different effects of sex hormone profiles and interactions on the adipose tissue system. In this review, we explore this intricate relationship and show how modifications in the effects of sex hormones impact on both brown and white adipose tissues. We also discuss the impact of sex hormones on activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and how the three pathways between adiposity, HPA and sex steroids can have a major contribution to the prevention or maintenance of obesity and therefore on overall health.
Collapse
|
10
|
Woodside B, Budin R, Wellman MK, Abizaid A. Many mouths to feed: the control of food intake during lactation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:301-14. [PMID: 23000403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Providing nutrients to their developing young is perhaps the most energetically demanding task facing female mammals. In this paper we focus primarily on studies carried out in rats to describe the changes in the maternal brain that enable the dam to meet the energetic demands of her offspring. In rats, providing milk for their litter is associated with a dramatic increase in caloric intake, a reduction in energy expenditure and changes in the pattern of energy utilization as well as storage. These behavioral and physiological adaptations result, in part, from alterations in the central pathways controlling energy balance. Differences in circulating levels of metabolic hormones such as leptin, ghrelin and insulin as well as in responsiveness to these signals between lactating and nonlactating animals, contribute to the modifications in energy balance pathways seen postpartum. Suckling stimulation from the pups both directly, and through the hormonal state that it induces in the mother, plays a key role in facilitating these adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de recherches en neurobiologie comportementale, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Myers DA, Hanson K, Mlynarczyk M, Kaushal KM, Ducsay CA. Long-term hypoxia modulates expression of key genes regulating adipose function in the late-gestation ovine fetus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R1312-8. [PMID: 18287225 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00004.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A major function of abdominal adipose in the newborn is nonshivering thermogenesis. Uncoupling protein (UCP) UCP1 and UCP2 play major roles in thermogenesis. The present study tested the hypothesis that long-term hypoxia (LTH) modulates expression of UCP1 and UCP2, and key genes regulating expression of these genes in the late-gestation ovine fetus. Ewes were maintained at high altitude (3,820 m) from 30 to 138 days gestation (dG); perirenal adipose tissue was collected from LTH and age-matched, normoxic control fetuses at 139-141 dG. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze mRNA for UCP1, UCP2, 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) and 2 (HSD11B2), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), beta3 adrenergic receptor (beta3AR), deiodinase type 1 (DIO1) and DIO2, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma and PPARgamma coactivator 1 (PGC1alpha). Concentrations of mRNA for UCP1, HSD11B1, PPARgamma, PGC1, DIO1, and DIO2 were significantly higher in perirenal adipose of LTH compared with control fetuses, while mRNA for HSD11B2, GR, or PPARalpha in perirenal adipose did not differ between control and LTH fetuses. The increased expression of UCP1 is likely an adaptive response to LTH, assuring adequate thermogenesis in the event of birth under oxygen-limiting conditions. Because both glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone regulate UCP1 expression, the increase in HSD11B1, DIO1, and DIO2 implicate increased adipose capacity for local synthesis of these hormones. PPARgamma and its coactivator may provide an underlying mechanism via which LTH alters development of the fetal adipocyte. These findings have important implications regarding fetal/neonatal adipose tissue function in response to LTH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Myers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a 23-kDa protein hormone that binds to a single-span membrane receptor, a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, and exerts its action via several interacting signaling pathways. PRL is a multifunctional hormone that affects multiple reproductive and metabolic functions and is also involved in tumorigenicity. In addition to being a classical pituitary hormone, PRL in humans is produced by many tissues throughout the body where it acts as a cytokine. The objective of this review is to compare and contrast multiple aspects of PRL, from structure to regulation, and from physiology to pathology in rats, mice, and humans. At each juncture, questions are raised whether, or to what extent, data from rodents are relevant to PRL homeostasis in humans. Most current knowledge on PRL has been obtained from studies with rats and, more recently, from the use of transgenic mice. Although this information is indispensable for understanding PRL in human health and disease, there is sufficient disparity in the control of the production, distribution, and physiological functions of PRL among these species to warrant careful and judicial extrapolation to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nira Ben-Jonathan
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45255, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The nutritional needs of developing young place a large energetic demand on lactating females. In this paper some of the mechanisms through which lactating rats meet these demands are described. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms that drive increased food intake in suckled rats that are independent of milk delivery and negative energy balance. Evidence is presented to suggest that prolactin (PRL), released from the pituitary in response to suckling stimulation, acts centrally to stimulate food intake during lactation. Brain areas in which PRL may act to stimulate food intake as well as its interactions with other hormones and neuropeptides involved in energy balance are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou H, Deeb N, Evock-Clover CM, Ashwell CM, Lamont SJ. Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis to Identify Chromosomal Regions Affecting Phenotypic Traits in the Chicken. II. Body Composition. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1712-21. [PMID: 17012160 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.10.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two informative chicken F(2) populations based on crosses between a broiler breeder male line and dams from genetically distinct, highly inbred (>99%) chicken lines, the Leghorn G-B2 and Fayoumi M15.2, have been used for genome-wide linkage and QTL analysis. Phenotypic data on 12 body composition traits (breast muscle weight, breast muscle weight percentage, abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat weight percentage, heart weight, heart weight percentage, liver weight, liver weight percentage, spleen weight, spleen weight percentage, and drumstick weight, and drumstick weight percentage) were collected. Birds were genotyped for 269 microsatellite markers across the genome. The QTL Express program was used to detect QTL for body composition traits. Significant levels were obtained using the permutation test. For the twelve traits, a total of 61 (Gga 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24, and Z) and 45 (Gga 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, and E46) significant QTL were detected at the 5% chromosome-wise significance level, of which 19 and 11 were significant at the 5% genome-wise level for the broiler-Leghorn cross and broiler-Fayoumi cross, respectively. Phenotypic variation for each trait explained by all QTL across the genome ranged from 3.22 to 33.31% in the broiler-Leghorn cross and 4.83 to 47.12% in broiler-Fayoumi cross. Distinct QTL profiles between the 2 crosses were observed for most traits. Cryptic alleles were detected for each trait. Potential candidate genes within the QTL region for body composition traits at the 1% chromosome-wise significance level were identified from databases for future association study. The results of the current study will increase the knowledge of genetic markers associated with body composition traits and aid the process of identifying causative genes. Knowledge of beneficial genetic variation can be incorporated in breeding programs to enhance genetic improvement through marker-assisted selection in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tomás A, Casellas J, Ramírez O, Muñoz G, Noguera JL, Sánchez A. High amino acid variation in the intracellular domain of the pig prolactin receptor (PRLR) and its relation to ovulation rate and piglet survival traits1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:1991-8. [PMID: 16864857 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two polymorphisms of the porcine prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene were previously related to litter size by several authors; however, the magnitude and direction of such effects varied depending on the population analyzed. We have sequenced the complete coding region of the porcine PRLR gene and found 6 nonconservative SNP: C1217T (Leu/Pro406), C1283A (Asp/Ala428), G1439A (Lys/Arg480), T1528A (Met/Leu510), G1600A (Gly/Ser534), and G1789A (Gly/Ser597), within exon 10 of the gene, which encodes the entire intracytoplasmic domain of the protein. Eight haplotypes were found and were segregating at different frequencies in 6 porcine breeds. The effects of each individual SNP and haplotype were evaluated in an Iberian x Meishan F2 population using a univariate mixed-inheritance animal model. Significant effects on the number of corpora lutea were found for PRLR haplotypes (P < 0.012), confirming the previously reported associations of PRLR in this process and highlighting the importance of performing analysis of haplotypes rather than of individual SNP. Suggestive effects or tendencies were found for heart rate at birth (P < 0.10), rectal temperature (P < 0.05), and oxygen saturation (P < 0.10) 1 h after birth, and time to first suckle (P < 0.10). We found greater than expected levels of amino acid variability within the intracellular domain of the porcine PRLR, which have been associated with differences in the number of corpus lutea of sows and the preweaning survivability of piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tomás
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Matsuzaki M, Milne JS, Aitken RP, Wallace JM. Overnourishing pregnant adolescent ewes preserves perirenal fat deposition in their growth-restricted fetuses. Reprod Fertil Dev 2006; 18:357-64. [PMID: 16554011 DOI: 10.1071/rd05067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Overnourishing the adolescent sheep promotes rapid maternal growth at the expense of the gravid uterus. The growth of the placenta is impaired and results in the premature delivery of low-birthweight lambs. The present study details fetal adipose tissue development in these growth-restricted pregnancies. Singleton pregnancies were established by embryo transfer and, thereafter, adolescent ewes were offered a high (H; n = 12) or moderate (M; n = 14) level of a complete diet until necropsy on Day 131 of gestation. Fetal weight was lower (P < 0.001) in H compared with M groups. High maternal intake preserved brain and perirenal fat weight (P < 0.003), whereas relative weights of the heart, lungs, spleen and liver were unaltered. High nutrient intake resulted in significantly elevated maternal plasma concentrations of insulin, leptin, prolactin and glucose, no significant changes in fetal insulin, leptin or non-esterified fatty acids and attenuated fetal prolactin concentrations. Irrespective of nutritional intake, maternal plasma leptin, prolactin and glucose concentrations were negatively correlated with fetal weight and were positively correlated with fetal perirenal fat proportion (all P < 0.01). The mRNA expression for leptin, prolactin receptor and uncoupling protein (UCP) 1 in fetal perirenal fat was equivalent between groups, but, irrespective of maternal nutrition, UCP1 mRNA levels were negatively correlated with fetal weight (P < 0.01). Thus, overnourishing pregnant adolescent sheep preserves fat deposition in their growth-restricted fetuses, which may have implications for neonatal thermogenesis and for programming of postnatal adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Matsuzaki
- National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, Nishigoshi-machi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gentili S, Waters MJ, McMillen IC. Differential regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in the liver and adipose tissue of the sheep fetus in late gestation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 290:R1044-51. [PMID: 16284084 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00573.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether the JAK/STAT/suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) intracellular signaling pathway plays a role in tissue growth and metabolism during fetal life. We investigated whether there is a differential profile of SOCS-3 expression in the liver and perirenal adipose tissue during the period of increased fetal growth in late gestation and the impact of fetal growth restriction on SOCS-3 expression in the fetal liver. We also determined whether basal SOCS-3 expression in the fetal liver and perirenal adipose tissue is regulated by endogenous fetal prolactin (PRL). SOCS-3 mRNA abundance was higher in the liver than in the pancreas, spleen, and kidney of the sheep fetus during late gestation. In the liver, SOCS-3 mRNA expression was increased (P < 0.05) between 125 (n = 4) and 145 days (n = 7) gestation and lower (P < 0.05) in growth-restricted compared with normally grown fetal sheep in late gestation. The relative expression of SOCS-3 mRNA in the fetal liver was directly related to the mean plasma PRL concentrations during a 48-h infusion of either a dopaminergic agonist, bromocriptine (n = 7), or saline (n = 5), such that SOCS-3 mRNA expression was lower when plasma PRL concentrations decreased below approximately 20 ng/ml [y = 0.99 - (2.47/x) + (4.96/x(2)); r(2) = 0.91, P < 0.0001, n = 12]. No relationship was shown between the abundance of phospho-STAT5 in the fetal liver and circulating PRL. SOCS-3 expression in perirenal adipose tissue decreased (P < 0001) between 90-91 (n = 6) and 140-145 days (n = 9) gestation and was not related to endogenous PRL concentrations. Thus SOCS-3 is differentially expressed and regulated in key fetal tissues and may play an important and tissue-specific role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation before birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan Gentili
- Centre for the Early Origins of Adult Health, Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Isobe Y, Kawaguchi T, Tauchi H. Thermoregulatory responses in rat pups during the nursing period: effects of separation from the dam on Per2, Bmal1, LDH and Arg-vasopressin mRNAs in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/09291010500138662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|