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Rowe S, House JK, Pooley H, Bullen S, Humphris M, Ingenhoff L, Norris JM, Zadoks RN. Evaluation of Point-of-Care Tests for Identification of Pathogens to Inform Clinical Mastitis Treatment Decisions in Pasture- and Confinement-Managed Dairy Cows in Australia. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00820-8. [PMID: 38788848 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
To support antimicrobial stewardship in livestock production, there is a growing array of point of care diagnostics to guide antimicrobial treatment. The primary objective of this observational study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of 5 point of care tests currently available in Australia for guiding lactational treatment of non-severe clinical mastitis. A secondary objective was to describe the pathogen profiles of mastitis-causing organisms in cows managed in barns ("intensive") and on pasture ("non-intensive"). Foremilk samples (n = 641) were collected by farm staff in dairy herds in Australia (n = 30) and tested at a university laboratory using a reference test and 5 index tests. The reference test was aerobic culture on Trypticase Soy Agar with 5% sheep blood followed by MALDI-TOF for identification of isolates. The following point of care tests were evaluated as index tests: Accumast®, biplate, Check-Up, Mastatest®, and 3M Petrifilm. We found that 23% of samples were contaminated, with the median herd contamination prevalence being 22%. After excluding contaminated samples, the most common diagnoses (according to the reference test) in intensive herds were no growth (31.7%), Klebsiella spp. (28.1%), E. coli (15.0%), and Strep. uberis (8.4%). The most common diagnoses in non-contaminated samples from cows in non-intensive herds were Strep. uberis (35.0%), no growth (26.9%), and E. coli (13.3%). After 24 h of incubation, all index tests demonstrated limited diagnostic sensitivity for identification of pathogens of interest (range: 0.06 to 0.63). Diagnostic performance was better at the group-level, with sensitivity and specificity for identification of non-contaminated gram-positive growths (i.e., cases that are widely considered to be candidates for antimicrobial treatment) being 0.84 and 0.75 (biplate), 0.76 and 0.90 (Accumast), 0.89 and 0.79 (Check-Up), 0.67 and 0.83 (Petrifilm), and 0.55 and 0.81 (Mastatest). In intensive herds, 22.7 to 40% of cases were classified as antimicrobial treatment candidates by index tests, which was less than for cows in non-intensive herds (41.3 to 61.0%). Despite limited diagnostic reliability at genus and species level, and the need to ensure samples are collected aseptically, our findings indicate that implementation of selective treatment protocols using the tests evaluated in this study would likely reduce antimicrobial usage in Australian herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Rowe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia; Livestock Veterinary Services, The University of Sydney, Brownlow Hill, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - John K House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia; Livestock Veterinary Services, The University of Sydney, Brownlow Hill, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hannah Pooley
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Luke Ingenhoff
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia; Livestock Veterinary Services, The University of Sydney, Brownlow Hill, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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House JK, Izzo MM, Page SW, Browning GF, Norris JM. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for dairy cattle. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:143-186. [PMID: 38317437 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- J K House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M M Izzo
- Smithton Veterinary Service, Smithton TAS, Australia
| | - S W Page
- Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - G F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - J M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Speksnijder DC, Verduijn HC, van Haren S, Ussing T, van Werven T. Laboratory evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for dairy mastitis. J DAIRY RES 2024; 91:67-69. [PMID: 38494757 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic tests that differentiate between Gram positive, Gram negative and the absence of aerobic bacteria in milk samples from dairy cows with clinical mastitis can support antimicrobial treatment decisions and contribute to a more prudent use of antimicrobials in the dairy industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test characteristics of the novel rapid BACT mastitis test in discriminating causes of clinical mastitis under laboratory conditions. Test outcomes of 155 milk samples from clinical mastitis cases were incubated for 14-16 h in the BACT test and compared to results of bacteriological culture. The accuracy for detection of bacterial growth and Gram positive growth was 91 and 89%, respectively. The BACT test could provide an accurate and relatively fast decision tool for farmers to aid in antimicrobial treatment decisions in cases of clinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Speksnijder
- University Farm Animal Practice, Harmelen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Tine van Werven
- University Farm Animal Practice, Harmelen, the Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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4
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de Jong E, McCubbin KD, Speksnijder D, Dufour S, Middleton JR, Ruegg PL, Lam TJGM, Kelton DF, McDougall S, Godden SM, Lago A, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Orsel K, De Vliegher S, Krömker V, Nobrega DB, Kastelic JP, Barkema HW. Invited review: Selective treatment of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3761-3778. [PMID: 37080782 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of clinical mastitis (CM) and use of antimicrobials for dry cow therapy are responsible for the majority of animal-defined daily doses of antimicrobial use (AMU) on dairy farms. However, advancements made in the last decade have enabled excluding nonsevere CM cases from antimicrobial treatment that have a high probability of cure without antimicrobials (no bacterial causes or gram-negative, excluding Klebsiella spp.) and cases with a low bacteriological cure rate (chronic cases). These advancements include availability of rapid diagnostic tests and improved udder health management practices, which reduced the incidence and infection pressure of contagious CM pathogens. This review informed an evidence-based protocol for selective CM treatment decisions based on a combination of rapid diagnostic test results, review of somatic cell count and CM records, and elucidated consequences in terms of udder health, AMU, and farm economics. Relatively fast identification of the causative agent is the most important factor in selective CM treatment protocols. Many reported studies did not indicate detrimental udder health consequences (e.g., reduced clinical or bacteriological cures, increased somatic cell count, increased culling rate, or increased recurrence of CM later in lactation) after initiating selective CM treatment protocols using on-farm testing. The magnitude of AMU reduction following a selective CM treatment protocol implementation depended on the causal pathogen distribution and protocol characteristics. Uptake of selective treatment of nonsevere CM cases differs across regions and is dependent on management systems and adoption of udder health programs. No economic losses or animal welfare issues are expected when adopting a selective versus blanket CM treatment protocol. Therefore, selective CM treatment of nonsevere cases can be a practical tool to aid AMU reduction on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen de Jong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J25 2M2
| | - Kayley D McCubbin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J25 2M2
| | - David Speksnijder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Animal Health Clinic ULP, 3481 LZ Harmelen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Dufour
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J25 2M2; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Theo J G M Lam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; GD Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - David F Kelton
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J25 2M2; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Scott McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa, Morrinsville 3340, New Zealand; School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sandra M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | | | - Päivi J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Volker Krömker
- Section for Animal Production, Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Diego B Nobrega
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - John P Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J25 2M2.
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5
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de Jong E, Creytens L, De Vliegher S, McCubbin KD, Baptiste M, Leung AA, Speksnijder D, Dufour S, Middleton JR, Ruegg PL, Lam TJGM, Kelton DF, McDougall S, Godden SM, Lago A, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Orsel K, Krömker V, Kastelic JP, Barkema HW. Selective treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis does not adversely affect cure, somatic cell count, milk yield, recurrence, or culling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1267-1286. [PMID: 36543640 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of clinical mastitis (CM) contributes to antimicrobial use on dairy farms. Selective treatment of CM based on bacterial diagnosis can reduce antimicrobial use, as not all cases of CM will benefit from antimicrobial treatment, e.g., mild and moderate gram-negative infections. However, impacts of selective CM treatment on udder health and culling are not fully understood. A systematic search identified 13 studies that compared selective versus blanket CM treatment protocols. Reported outcomes were synthesized with random-effects models and presented as risk ratios or mean differences. Selective CM treatment protocol was not inferior to blanket CM treatment protocol for the outcome bacteriological cure. Noninferiority margins could not be established for the outcomes clinical cure, new intramammary infection, somatic cell count, milk yield, recurrence, or culling. However, no differences were detected between selective and blanket CM treatment protocols using traditional analyses, apart from a not clinically relevant increase in interval from treatment to clinical cure (0.4 d) in the selective group and higher proportion of clinical cure at 14 d in the selective group. The latter occurred in studies co-administering nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories only in the selective group. Bias could not be ruled out in most studies due to suboptimal randomization, although this would likely only affect subjective outcomes such as clinical cure. Hence, findings were supported by a high or moderate certainty of evidence for all outcome measures except clinical cure. In conclusion, this review supported the assertion that a selective CM treatment protocol can be adopted without adversely influencing bacteriological and clinical cure, somatic cell count, milk yield, and incidence of recurrence or culling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen de Jong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada; Mastitis Network, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J25 2M2 Canada
| | - Lien Creytens
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820 Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820 Belgium
| | - Kayley D McCubbin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada; Mastitis Network, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J25 2M2 Canada
| | - Mya Baptiste
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Alexander A Leung
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Science, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - David Speksnijder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TD, the Netherlands; University Farm Animal Practice, Harmelen, 3481 LZ, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Dufour
- Mastitis Network, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J25 2M2 Canada; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Theo J G M Lam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands; GD Animal Health, Deventer, 7400 AA, the Netherlands
| | - David F Kelton
- Mastitis Network, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J25 2M2 Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Scott McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa, Morrinsville, 3340 New Zealand; School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Sandra M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | | | - Päivi J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Volker Krömker
- Section for Animal Production, Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John P Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada; Mastitis Network, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J25 2M2 Canada; Departments of Medicine and Community Health Science, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada.
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6
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Zadoks RN, Scholz E, Rowe SM, Norris JM, Pooley HB, House J. A framework for evaluation of on-farm mastitis diagnostics in Australia. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:142-152. [PMID: 36635984 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous culture-based diagnostics are available on the Australian and international markets for on-farm detection of bacterial pathogens in milk. Use of such diagnostics may provide an opportunity to improve the prudent use of antimicrobials in udder health management. Farms are low-resource settings in terms of diagnostic microbiology capacity. The World Health Organisation has identified criteria for the evaluation of diagnostic tests in low resource settings based on Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, User-friendliness, being Rapid or Robust, Equipment-free and being Deliverable (ASSURED). Here, we review how those criteria can be interpreted in the context of microbiological diagnosis of mastitis pathogens, and how on-farm diagnostics that are currently available in Australia perform relative to ASSURED criteria. This evaluation identifies multiple trade-offs, both with regard to scientific criteria and with regards to convenience criteria. More importantly, the purpose of testing may differ between farms, and test performance should be evaluated relative to its intended use. The ability of on-farm mastitis diagnostics to inform mastitis treatment decision-making in a timely and cost-effective manner depends not just on test characteristics but also on farm-specific pathogen prevalence, and on the farm enterprise's priorities and the farm manager's potential courses of action. With most assay evaluations to date conducted in professional laboratories, there is a surprising dearth of information on how well any of the diagnostic tests perform on-farm and, indeed, of the on-farm decision-making processes that they aim to inform.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E Scholz
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S M Rowe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H B Pooley
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Rediger D, Butty MA, Kittl S, Bodmer M, Hartnack S. Bayesian latent class models to determine diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of two point of care rapid tests (Selma plus, Dipslide) for the detection of Streptococcus uberis associated with mastitis in dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1062056. [PMID: 36583039 PMCID: PMC9792763 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1062056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Development and validations of accurate mastitis diagnostics are crucial to make timely and evidence-based decisions on mastitis therapy in order to reduce its impact on productivity, animal welfare and practicing the prudent use of antimicrobials on dairy farms. Methods The objectives of this study were to assess the agreement between test results from reference laboratory and two point of care tests (Selma plus, Dipslide) and to estimate the test accuracies with Bayesian latent class models (BLCMs). In total of 509 single quarter milk samples from cows with mastitis were included in the study. Results Among all analyzed mastitis pathogens, Streptococcus spp. was detected in up to one third of all analyzed samples and for Selma all Streptococcus samples were considered as Streptococcus uberis. The agreement (κ) when comparing two tests varied greatly depending on the bacteria, ranging from no agreement to good agreement (κ = negative to 0.86) depending on the prevalence of identified pathogens. Based on BLCMs to assess diagnostic test accuracies for the pathogen Streptococcus uberis, posterior sensitivities of 76, 71, and 64% for Selma plus, Dipslide and laboratory standard culture and specificities of 93%, 98% for Selma and Dipslide, respectively, were obtained. Discussion The two point of care rapid culture systems Dipslide and Selma plus plate can provide important preliminary pathogen identification for targeted mastitis therapy, especially when general information about growth and a rough classification of the bacteria into groups have an impact on treatment strategy. The two evaluated rapid culture systems, Dipslide and Selma plus plate, show good test accuracies for Streptococcus uberis at least at genus level. Therefore, using these tests may contribute to prudent use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rediger
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc André Butty
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Kittl
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Bodmer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Sonja Hartnack
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Realities, Challenges and Benefits of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Dairy Practice in the United States. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081626. [PMID: 36014044 PMCID: PMC9415423 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials for the treatment of food-producing animals is increasingly scrutinized and regulated based on concerns about maintaining the efficacy of antimicrobials used to treat important human diseases. Consumers are skeptical about the use of antibiotics in dairy cows, while dairy producers and veterinarians demonstrate ambivalence about maintaining animal welfare with reduced antimicrobial usage. Antimicrobial stewardship refers to proactive actions taken to preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials and emphasizes the prevention of bacterial diseases and use of evidence-based treatment protocols. The ability to broadly implement antimicrobial stewardship in the dairy industry is based on the recognition of appropriate antimicrobial usage as well as an understanding of the benefits of participating in such programs. The most common reason for the use of antimicrobials on dairy farms is the intramammary treatment of cows affected with clinical mastitis or at dry off. Based on national sales data, intramammary treatments comprise < 1% of overall antimicrobial use for food-producing animals, but a large proportion of that usage is a third-generation cephalosporin, which is classified as a highest-priority, critically important antimicrobial. Opportunities exist to improve the use of antimicrobials in dairy practice. While there are barriers to the increased adoption of antimicrobial stewardship principles, the structured nature of dairy practice and existing emphasis on disease prevention provides an opportunity to easily integrate principles of antimicrobial stewardship into daily veterinary practice. The purpose of this paper is to define elements of antimicrobial stewardship in dairy practice and discuss the challenges and potential benefits associated with these concepts.
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9
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Dyson R, Charman N, Hodge A, Rowe SM, Taylor LF. A survey of mastitis pathogens including antimicrobial susceptibility in southeastern Australian dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1504-1518. [PMID: 34955276 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objectives for this study were to (1) describe the pathogen profile in quarters from cows with clinical mastitis and in cows with subclinical mastitis in southeastern Australia; and (2) describe antimicrobial susceptibility among isolated pathogens. As a secondary objective, we aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance prevalence in pathogens isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitis samples. A convenience sample of dairy herds (n = 65) from 4 regions in southeastern Australia (Gippsland, Northern Victoria, Tasmania, Western Victoria) were invited to submit milk samples from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis over a 14-mo period (January 2011 to March 2012). Farmers were instructed to collect aseptic quarter milk samples from the first 10 cases of clinical mastitis for each month of the study. In addition, farmers submitted composite milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis at 1 or 2 sampling occasions during the study period. Aerobic culture and biochemical tests were used to identify isolates. Isolates were classified as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to a panel of antimicrobial agents based on the zone of growth inhibition around antimicrobial-impregnated disks, with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) classified as nonsusceptibility by combining intermediate and resistant groups into a single category. Generalized linear mixed models were used to compare the prevalence of AMR between clinical and subclinical mastitis isolates. For clinical mastitis samples (n = 3,044), 472 samples (15.5%) were excluded for contamination. Of the remaining samples (n = 2,572), the most common results were Streptococcus uberis (39.2%), no growth (27.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.6%), Escherichia coli (8.4%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (6.4%). For subclinical mastitis samples (n = 1,072), 425 (39.6%) were excluded due to contamination. Of the remaining samples (n = 647), the most common results were no growth (29.1%), Staph. aureus (29.1%), and Strep. uberis (21.6%). The prevalence of AMR among common isolates was low for the majority of antimicrobial agents. Exploratory analysis found that the probability of Staph. aureus demonstrating resistance to penicillin was 5.16 times higher (95% confidence interval: 1.68, 15.88) in subclinical isolates relative to clinical Staph. aureus isolates. A similar association was observed for amoxicillin with subclinical Staph. aureus isolates being 4.70 times (95% confidence interval: 1.49, 14.75) more likely to be resistant than clinical Staph. aureus isolates. We concluded that the most common bacteria causing clinical mastitis in dairy herds in Australia is likely to be Strep. uberis, whereas Staph. aureus is likely to be the most common cause of subclinical mastitis. Despite decades of antimicrobial use to control these organisms, AMR appears to be uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dyson
- Dairy Focus, 181 Wharparilla Drive, Echuca, Victoria, 3564, Australia
| | - N Charman
- Zoetis Australia, 5 Rider Blvd, Rhodes, New South Wales, 2138, Australia
| | - A Hodge
- Zoetis Australia, 5 Rider Blvd, Rhodes, New South Wales, 2138, Australia
| | - S M Rowe
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - L F Taylor
- Zoetis Australia, 5 Rider Blvd, Rhodes, New South Wales, 2138, Australia.
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10
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Quantification of antimicrobial use in Fijian livestock farms. One Health 2021; 13:100326. [PMID: 34568535 PMCID: PMC8449124 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to humans and animals globally. Antimicrobial stewardship has been acknowledged as a primary strategy to tackle AMR. An important first step for antimicrobial stewardship is to quantify antimicrobial use (AMU). In Fiji, there are currently no data on AMU in livestock farms. This study aimed to quantify AMU in different livestock enterprises (beef, dairy, broiler, and layer) and farming systems (backyard, semi-commercial and commercial) in Central and Western divisions of Viti Levu, Fiji. A survey with 210 livestock farmers and 26 managers representing 276 enterprises was conducted between May and September 2019. The difference in AMU between different livestock enterprises and farming systems was investigated using ANOVA. In Fiji, the estimated annual antibiotic use in livestock was lower than the global average (44 compared with 118 mg/PCU). However, this use was concentrated in 56% of participant farms (the remaining 44% did not use antimicrobials). Total estimated quarterly anthelmintic use (20,797 mg) was not affected by farming systems but was highest (P < 0.001) in dairy enterprises (24,120 mg) and lowest in broiler enterprises (4 mg). Quarterly antibiotic use was different between the enterprises regardless of the metrics used to quantify the use (P < 0.05). Total estimated quarterly mg/PCU of antibiotic use was highest (P < 0.001) in broiler enterprises (12.4 mg/PCU) and lowest in beef enterprises (0.2 mg/PCU). For all other ESVAC metrics, total estimated antibiotic use was higher in poultry and lower in cattle enterprises. Backyard systems used less antibiotics (total mg) than commercial systems, but for other metrics, the trend was reversed. The use of both antibiotics and anthelmintics (rather than antibiotics or anthelmintics alone, or no AMU) was associated with dairy enterprises (Χ2 = 123, P < 0.001). Further studies should be conducted to quantify and evaluate the drivers of AMU in Fijian livestock farms. In addition, differences in AMU between different enterprises and farming systems suggest that strategies to reduce AMU should be tailored to specific settings.
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Hogeveen H, Klaas IC, Dalen G, Honig H, Zecconi A, Kelton DF, Mainar MS. Novel ways to use sensor data to improve mastitis management. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11317-11332. [PMID: 34304877 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current sensor systems are used to detect cows with clinical mastitis. Although, the systems perform well enough to not negatively affect the adoption of automatic milking systems, the performance is far from perfect. An important advantage of sensor systems is the availability of multiple measurements per day. By clearly defining the need for detection of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) from the farmers' management perspective, detection and management of SCM and CM may be improved. Sensor systems may also be used for other aspects of mastitis management. In this paper we have defined 4 mastitis situations that could be managed with the support of sensor systems. Because of differences in the associated management and the epidemiology of these specific mastitis situations, the required demands for performance of the sensor systems do differ. The 4 defined mastitis situations with the requirements of performance are the following: (1) Cows with severe CM needing immediate attention. Sensor systems should have a very high sensitivity (>95% and preferably close to 100%) and specificity (>99%) within a narrow time window (maximum 12 h) to ensure that close to all cows with true cases of severe CM are detected quickly. Although never studied, it is expected that because of the effects of severe CM, such a high detection performance is feasible. (2) Cows with mastitis that do not need immediate attention. Although these cows have a risk of progressing into severe CM or chronic mastitis, they should get the chance to cure spontaneously under close monitoring. Sensor alerts should have a reasonable sensitivity (>80%) and a high specificity (>99.5%). The time window may be around 7 d. (3) Cows needing attention at drying off. For selective dry cow treatment, the absence or presence of an intramammary infection at dry-off needs to be known. To avoid both false-positive and false-negative alerts, sensitivity and specificity can be equally high (>95%). (4) Herd-level udder health. By combining sensor readings from all cows in the herd, novel herd-level key performance indicators can be developed to monitor udder health status and development over time and raise alerts at significant deviances from predefined thresholds; sensitivity should be reasonably high, >80%, and because of the costs for further analysis of false-positive alerts, the specificity should be >99%. The development and validation of sensor-based algorithms specifically for these 4 mastitis situations will encourage situation-specific farmer interventions and operational udder health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Hogeveen
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Economics group, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ilka C Klaas
- DeLaval International AB, Gustaf De Lavals väg 15, 147 21 Tumba, Sweden
| | | | - Hen Honig
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon Leziyyon, Israel
| | - Alfonso Zecconi
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences - One Health Unit, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - David F Kelton
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Maria Sánchez Mainar
- International Dairy Federation, 70/B Boulevard Auguste Reyers, 1030 Brussels, Belgium
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Abdelfattah EM, Ekong PS, Okello E, Williams DR, Karle BM, Rowe JD, Marshall ES, Lehenbauer TW, Aly SS. 2019 Survey of Antimicrobial Drug Use and Stewardship Practices in Adult Cows on California Dairies: Post Senate Bill 27. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1507. [PMID: 34361940 PMCID: PMC8304910 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue for both human and animal health. Antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in animals can contribute to the emergence of AMR. In January 2018, California (CA) implemented legislation (Senate Bill 27; SB 27) requiring veterinary prescriptions for medically important AMD use in food animals. The objective of our survey was to characterize AMD use, health management, and AMD stewardship practices of adult cows on CA dairies since the implementation of SB 27. In 2019, we mailed a questionnaire to 1282 California dairies. We received a total of 131 (10.2%) survey responses from 19 counties in CA. Our results showed that 45.6% of respondents included a veterinarian in their decision on which injectable AMD to purchase. Additionally, 48.8% of dairy producers included a veterinarian in their decision on which AMDs were used to treat sick cows. The majority (96.8%) of dairy producers were aware that all uses of medically important AMDs require a prescription. Approximately 49% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that AMD use in livestock does not cause problems in humans. The survey documents antimicrobial use and stewardship practices in CA's dairy industry and focus areas for future research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Abdelfattah
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
| | - Pius S. Ekong
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Deniece R. Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
| | - Betsy M. Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA 95963, USA;
| | - Joan D. Rowe
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Edith S. Marshall
- Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship, Animal Health and Food Safety Services Division, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA;
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA or (E.M.A.); (P.S.E.); (E.O.); (D.R.W.); (T.W.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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Griffioen K, Velthuis AGJ, Koop G, Lam TJGM. Effects of a mastitis treatment strategy with or without on-farm testing. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4665-4681. [PMID: 33663824 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of mastitis is crucial information to use antimicrobials prudently for control and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mastitis diagnosis and treatment strategies with on-farm testing, on cure, new intramammary infections (IMI), somatic cell count (SCC), and antimicrobial use, compared with farmers' current diagnosis and treatment strategies. The on-farm tests used, CHROMagar Mastitis (CHROMagar, Paris, France) and Minnesota Easy Culture System II Tri-plate (University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN), both had etiological groups of IMI as result, being gram-positive growth, gram-negative growth, or culture negative. Two randomized controlled trials were conducted on 15 herds: trial 1 prospectively enrolled 155 cows with clinical mastitis, and trial 2 cross-sectionally included 78 cows with subclinical mastitis. In both trials, cows were randomly distributed over 3 equal-sized groups: a test group using CHROMagar, a test group using Minnesota, and a control group not using on-farm tests. Farmers decided whether or not to treat, and which antimicrobial treatment would be applied, using information available on the day of enrollment (control group), complemented with the on-farm test result 1 d after enrollment (both test groups). For clinical mastitis, an antimicrobial treatment was given in 58% of cases that used CHROMagar, in 80% that used Minnesota, and in 86% of the controls. For subclinical mastitis, an antimicrobial treatment was given in 50% of cases that used CHROMagar, in 54% that used Minnesota, and in 4% of the controls. Bacteriological cure rate of clinical mastitis was lowest in the CHROMagar group [odds ratio 0.18 (95%CI 0.03-0.99)] compared with the controls. Using the Minnesota on-farm test for subclinical mastitis diagnosis and treatments resulted in fewer new IMI on d 21 [odds ratio 0.06 (95%CI 0.00-0.74)] compared with the controls. Clinical cure rate, percentage of new IMI, and SCC on d 21 of clinical mastitis were comparable among the groups. Using on-farm tests in farmers' decision-making process resulted in more treatments in accordance with the etiology of mastitis than without on-farm testing. A diagnosis and treatment strategy with on-farm testing is advised in cows with clinical mastitis to enhance prudent antimicrobial use. For subclinical mastitis, however, on-farm testing may lead to an unacceptable increase in use of antimicrobials and thus should not be advised as the common approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karien Griffioen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.151, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Annet G J Velthuis
- Royal GD, PO Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands; Aeres University of Applied Sciences, Postbus 374, 8250 AJ, Dronten, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.151, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo J G M Lam
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.151, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Royal GD, PO Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
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Sipka A, Wieland M, Biscarini F, Rossi RM, Roman N, Santisteban C, Moroni P, Nydam DV. Short communication: Comparative performance of 3 on-farm culture systems for detection of mastitis pathogens interpreted by trained and untrained observers. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4936-4941. [PMID: 33612204 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
On-farm culture (OFC) systems facilitate pathogen-based mastitis management and can facilitate antimicrobial stewardship on dairy farms. Interpretation of the results, however, may present a challenge for those with limited microbiology experience. Here, we compared results of 3 OFC systems interpreted by trained and untrained observers against results of a standard laboratory reference method (aerobic culture and mass spectrometry). Milk samples (280 quarter and 60 composite) were selected from submissions for routine diagnostic testing to Quality Milk Production Services (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY) between August 2017 and January 2018. Samples were cultured simultaneously using the standard laboratory reference method and 3 commercially available OFC systems that varied in detail of pathogen identification (provided in parentheses) as follows: (1) Minnesota Easy Culture System II Bi-plate (University of Minnesota Laboratory for Udder Health, St. Paul; gram-positive, gram-negative), (2) Minnesota Easy Culture System II Tri-plate (gram-positive, gram-negative, some genus level), and (3) FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals AccuMast plate (Ithaca, NY; genus level, some species level). After 18 to 24 h of incubation, OFC plates were interpreted by 1 trained observer (>10 yr of experience in milk microbiology) and 6 untrained observers with no previous milk microbiology training, using only the manufacturers' instructions for guidance. Strength of agreement (κ) between observer groups and the reference method was determined for the available outcomes of each system. Interpreted by the trained observer, agreement was moderate for identifying gram-positive organisms (Bi-plate, κ = 0.56) and substantial for Streptococcus spp. (Tri-plate, κ = 0.64, AccuMast κ = 0.61). Interpretation by untrained observers resulted in fair agreement (κ = 0.29-0.37) for these organisms. Moderate agreement (κ = 0.43-0.59) was found across all 3 OFC for the identification of gram-negative organisms (Bi-plate), non-aureus staphylococci (Tri-plate and AccuMast), Lactococcus spp., and Enterococcus spp. (AccuMast) when interpreted by the trained observer, and fair to moderate agreement was found (κ = 0.31-0.53) among untrained observers. Across all 3 OFC, agreement was almost perfect (κ = 0.80-0.89) for Staphylococcus aureus for the trained observer, and moderate to substantial (κ = 0.56-0.61) for untrained observers. We concluded that all 3 OFC appeared suitable to support pathogen-based mastitis management when operated by trained observers. Training beyond the instruction manual is a prerequisite to make OFC systems useful for pathogen-based mastitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sipka
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - M Wieland
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - F Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - R M Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - N Roman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C Santisteban
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - P Moroni
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Riley CB, Pfeffer H, MacLachlan C, Wakeford L, Gibson IR, Benschop J, Lawrence KE. Isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and multidrug resistance of bacteria cultured from samples collected from sheep in New Zealand (2003-2016). N Z Vet J 2020; 69:20-26. [PMID: 32623972 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2020.1789517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aim: To describe the common species, antimicrobial susceptibility and multidrug resistance (MDR) of bacteria cultured from samples submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories from sheep in New Zealand between 2003 and 2016. Methods: Bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test data from June 2003 to March 2016 for animals identified as sheep were obtained from two commercial veterinary diagnostic laboratories in New Zealand. Submission information included animal signalment, geographic origin, specimen description, the organisms cultured, and where available, antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates. MDR was defined as any isolate with resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes. Results: There were 1,971 unique laboratory submissions, yielding 2,188 isolates. Of the 1,971 submissions, the most commonly represented breeds were Romney (933; 47.3%), Romney cross (264; 13.4%), and Coopworth (197; 10.0%), and there were more submissions from females (1,006; 51.0%) than males (184; 9.3%). Most submissions were from Canterbury (549; 27.9%), Southland (471; 23.9%), and Manawatu-Wanganui (272; 13.8%) regions. Other signalment data were inconsistently described. Submitted samples most commonly originated from the gastrointestinal tract (852; 43.2%), faeces (378; 12.1%), or liver (146; 7.4%). Of the 2,188 isolates, 1,771 (80.9%) were identified by species and 247 (11.4%) by genus, with the most common isolates being Salmonella spp. (880; 40.2%), Campylobacter spp. (408; 18.6%), Listeria spp. (140; 6.4%) and Yersinia spp. (113; 5.2%). Susceptibility results were available for 117/2,188 (5.3%) isolates from 51/1,971 (2.6%) submissions. No antimicrobial susceptibility data were available for Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp. or Yersinia spp. Overall for the isolates tested, susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines was greatest, and MDR was found in 24/117 (20.5%) isolates. MDR was a more frequent finding for Enterococcus spp., Bacillus spp., and Proteus mirabilis, but was infrequent in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, alpha-haemolytic streptococci, Escherichia coli or Enterobacter spp. Conclusions and clinical relevance: This is the first report on antimicrobial susceptibility and MDR for isolates from laboratory submissions from sheep in New Zealand. The low numbers of isolates submitted for antimicrobial susceptibility testing during the period studied mean that these findings provide limited insights into antimicrobial resistance in this population, and highlight the need to address significant gaps in our understanding of why veterinarians do not more frequently submit samples from sheep for bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. Abbreviation: AMR: Antimicrobial resistance; MDR: Multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Riley
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - H Pfeffer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C MacLachlan
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - L Wakeford
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - J Benschop
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K E Lawrence
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Bates A, Laven R, Bork O, Hay M, McDowell J, Saldias B. Selective and deferred treatment of clinical mastitis in seven New Zealand dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104915. [PMID: 32062434 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is the most frequent reason for antibiotic use in New Zealand dairy cattle and technologies reducing and targeting this use contribute to responsible product stewardship. Rapid identification of pathogen and antibiotic susceptibility facilitate targeted treatment but currently involve a minimum 24 h delay. Studies from confinement systems where Gram-negative organisms are responsible for a significant proportion of mastitis, indicate selective treatment can reduce antibiotic use without reducing clinical or bacteriological cure. However, in New Zealand's seasonal, pastoral dairy system, mastitis is dominated by Gram-positive organisms and if treatment is deferred, it is vital both short- and long-term clinical health outcomes are not compromised. Mastatest® is a diagnostic system for bovine mastitis indicating the pathogen and its antibiotic sensitivity within 24 h of sampling. This study focused on evaluating this system's ability to control antibiotic usage whilst achieving equivalent bacteriological and clinical cure rates alongside long term individual somatic cell count (ISCC) outcomes as conventional treatment choices. Mild to moderate mastitis cases in the 100 days after calving in 6467 cows from 7 farms were milk sampled and randomly allocated to a positive control group non-selective treatment or a culture-based treatment. All milk samples were processed using Mastatest®. For the positive control, the quarter was treated immediately with 3 treatments of procaine penicillin every 12 h. For the selective treatment group, treatment was delayed for 24 h and then informed by pathogen and antibiotic sensitivity from the Mastatest® result. Gram-negative and no-growth quarters were untreated. Gram-positive quarters were treated with the antibiotic for which the lowest in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity was reported. Re-sampling was carried out from affected quarter(s) approximately 21 days after initial diagnosis and cultured for bacterial identification. Clinical recurrence within 60 days and ISCC data was recorded at herd tests over the duration of the lactation. Antimicrobial usage and days of milk withhold pending clearance of antibiotic residues were also noted. There was no difference in bacteriological or clinical cure rate between the two treatment groups. Final herd test ISCC and days of milk withhold from supply did not differ between groups. Antibiotic usage was 24 % less (95 % predictive interval = 12-47 %) in the selective group. This study suggests that on farm decisions about deferred treatment of mastitis using Mastatest® to identify the intramammary pathogen can reduce the antimicrobial usage with no loss in bacterial or clinical cure and with no effect on ISCC over the lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bates
- Vetlife NZ, Vetlife Scientific, 1, Waitohi-Temuka Road, Temuka, New Zealand.
| | - Richard Laven
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Olaf Bork
- Mastaplex Ltd, Centre for Innovation, 87 St David Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Merlyn Hay
- Vetlife Oamaru, 281 Thames Street, Oamaru, 9400, New Zealand
| | - Jess McDowell
- Vetlife Temuka, 1 Waitohi-Temuka Road, Temuka, 7920, New Zealand
| | - Bernardita Saldias
- Centre for Dairy Excellence, 20, Wilson Street, Geraldine, 7930, New Zealand
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Understanding the effect of producers' attitudes, perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control on intentions to use antimicrobials prudently on New York dairy farms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222442. [PMID: 31509595 PMCID: PMC6738616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding farmers' behavior, motivations, and perceptions toward antimicrobial use can influence how veterinarians translate research into practice and guide effective ways of implementing protocols. A multidisciplinary team investigated behavioral tendencies of New York dairy farmers toward antimicrobial use by administering a survey modeled with the reasoned action approach. This approach is a framework from social psychology containing the constructs attitude, perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control, and is used in combination with structural equation modeling to determine what drives intentions. Multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) models were then used to determine the effects of beliefs on their underlying constructs. The objective of the study was to provide direct and indirect measures of the constructs using survey data to determine importance of and associations with intention to use antimicrobials prudently. The structural equation model indicated that perceived behavioral control explained intention. Thus, farmers who feel capable of prudent use expressed positive intentions. Attitude and perception of others also had influence to a lesser extent. MIMIC models showed that the most important attributes of instrumental attitude were increasing profitability, decreasing risk of residues, and increasing herd health. Contributing attributes of affective attitude were job satisfaction, decreasing resistance, and increasing milk production. For perceived norms, the attributes were opinions/approval of family and peers, veterinarians, and milk processors. Finally, for perceived behavioral control, attributes focused on saving money on labor and treatment, ability to fit into the daily routine, and effectiveness with veterinary guidance. In conclusion, the best approach for adoption of practices might be presentation of examples of successful strategies by other producers, particularly in peer groups. In addition, veterinarians should provide the tools and guidance needed to produce economic gain, reduction of risks associated with residues and resistance, and positive experiences when using the tactics.
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Vasquez A, Ganda E, Capel M, Eicker S, Virkler P, Bicalho R, Nydam D. The microbiome of Escherichia coli and culture-negative nonsevere clinical mastitis: Characterization and associations with linear score and milk production. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:578-594. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Collis RM, Burgess SA, Biggs PJ, Midwinter AC, French NP, Toombs-Ruane L, Cookson AL. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Dairy Farm Environments: A New Zealand Perspective. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 16:5-22. [PMID: 30418042 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue for both human and animal health. Infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria present treatment option challenges and are often associated with heightened severity of infection. Antimicrobial use (AMU) in human and animal health is a main driver for the development of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Increasing levels of AMU and the development and spread of AMR in food-producing animals, especially in poultry and swine production, has been identified as a food safety risk, but dairy production systems have been less studied. A number of farm management practices may impact on animal disease and as a result can influence the use of antimicrobials and subsequently AMR prevalence. However, this relationship is multifactorial and complex. Several AMR transmission pathways between dairy cattle, the environment, and humans have been proposed, including contact with manure-contaminated pastures, direct contact, or through the food chain from contaminated animal-derived products. The World Health Organization has defined a priority list for selected bacterial pathogens of concern to human health according to 10 criteria relating to health and AMR. This list includes human pathogens such as the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), which can be associated with dairy cattle, their environment, as well as animal-derived food products. ESBL-E represent a potential risk to human and animal health and an emerging food safety concern. This review addresses two areas; first, the current understanding of the role of dairy farming in the prevalence and spread of AMR is considered, highlighting research gaps using ESBL-E as an exemplar; and second, a New Zealand perspective is taken to examine how farm management practices may contribute to on-farm AMU and AMR in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Collis
- 1 AgResearch Ltd, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sara A Burgess
- 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,3 Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,4 New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anne C Midwinter
- 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,4 New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Leah Toombs-Ruane
- 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Adrian L Cookson
- 1 AgResearch Ltd, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Cuong NV, Padungtod P, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas JJ. Antimicrobial Usage in Animal Production: A Review of the Literature with a Focus on Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E75. [PMID: 30111750 PMCID: PMC6164101 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. As consumption of animal protein and associated animal production is forecast to increase markedly over coming years in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), accurate monitoring of AMU has become imperative. We summarized data from 89 scientific studies reporting AMU data in animal production published in English since 1998, identified through the 'ISI Web of Knowledge' search engine. The aims were as follows: (a) to describe methodologies and metrics used to quantify AMU; (b) to summarize qualitative (on-farm prevalence of use) and quantitative (amounts of antimicrobial active principle) data, in order to identify food animal species at the highest risk of AMU; and (c) to highlight data gaps from LMICs. Only 17/89 (19.1%) studies were conducted in LMICs. Sixty (67.3%) reported quantitative data use, with 'daily doses per animal-time' being the most common metric. AMU was greatest in chickens (138 doses/1000 animal-days [inter quartile range (IQR) 91.1⁻438.3]), followed by swine (40.2 [IQR 8.5⁻120.4]), and dairy cattle (10.0 [IQR 5.5⁻13.6]). However, per kg of meat produced, AMU was highest in swine, followed by chickens and cattle. Our review highlights a large deficit of data from LMICs, and provides a reference for comparison with further surveillance and research initiatives aiming to reduce AMU in animal production globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen V Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Green One UN House Building, 304 Kim Ma, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Juan J Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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