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Gugliandolo E, D'amico R, Cordaro M, Fusco R, Siracusa R, Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R. Effect of PEA-OXA on neuropathic pain and functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:264. [PMID: 30217164 PMCID: PMC6137737 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models of sciatic nerve injury are commonly used to study neuropathic pain as well as axon regeneration. Inflammation/immune response at the site of nerve lesion is known to be an essential trigger of the pathological changes that have a critical impact on nerve repair and regeneration; moreover, the damage to peripheral nerve can cause a loss of sensory function and produces a persistent neuropathic pain. N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) involve a family of lipid molecules existent in animal and plant, of which is N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) that arouses great attention owing to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective activities. The modulation of specific amidases for NAEs (and in particular NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase NAAA, which is more selective for PEA) could be a condition to preserve its levels. Here, we investigated, in a mice model of sciatic nerve crush, the effect of 2-pentadecyl-2-oxazoline (PEA-OXA) the oxazoline of PEA that reportedly modulates activity of NAAA. Methods In this experimental model, the mice, following the sciatic nerve crush, were treated daily with PEA-OXA at a dose of 10 mg\kg for 14 days. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of PEA-OXA on the degree of injury, on the inhibition of neuropathic pain, and on the inflammatory process, as in the improvement of reparative processes and therefore in the restoration of locomotor function. Results Our results showed that PEA-OXA (10 mg/kg) treatment, daily, for 14 days after sciatic nerve crush, have an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect and moreover have an analgesic protective effect on hypersensitivity, and improve the functional recovery after nerve crush. Conclusions Therefore, treatment with PEA-OXA as a whole has shown a protective effect, which makes it a powerful candidate for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy. .,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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Sonner MJ, Walters MC, Ladle DR. Analysis of Proprioceptive Sensory Innervation of the Mouse Soleus: A Whole-Mount Muscle Approach. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170751. [PMID: 28122055 PMCID: PMC5266321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle proprioceptive afferents provide feedback critical for successful execution of motor tasks via specialized mechanoreceptors housed within skeletal muscles: muscle spindles, supplied by group Ia and group II afferents, and Golgi tendon organs, supplied by group Ib afferents. The morphology of these proprioceptors and their associated afferents has been studied extensively in the cat soleus, and to a lesser degree, in the rat; however, quantitative analyses of proprioceptive innervation in the mouse soleus are comparatively limited. The present study employed genetically-encoded fluorescent reporting systems to label and analyze muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and the proprioceptive sensory neuron subpopulations supplying them within the intact mouse soleus muscle using high magnification confocal microscopy. Total proprioceptive receptors numbered 11.3 ± 0.4 and 5.2 ± 0.2 for muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs, respectively, and these receptor counts varied independently (n = 27 muscles). Analogous to findings in the rat, muscle spindles analyzed were most frequently supplied by two proprioceptive afferents, and in the majority of instances, both were classified as primary endings using established morphological criteria. Secondary endings were most frequently observed when spindle associated afferents totaled three or more. The mean diameter of primary and secondary afferent axons differed significantly, but the distributions overlap more than previously observed in cat and rat studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha J. Sonner
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Marie C. Walters
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David R. Ladle
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Duricki DA, Hutson TH, Kathe C, Soleman S, Gonzalez-Carter D, Petruska JC, Shine HD, Chen Q, Wood TC, Bernanos M, Cash D, Williams SCR, Gage FH, Moon LDF. Delayed intramuscular human neurotrophin-3 improves recovery in adult and elderly rats after stroke. Brain 2015; 139:259-75. [PMID: 26614754 PMCID: PMC4785394 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a therapy that reverses disability after stroke when initiated in a time frame suitable for the majority of new victims. We show here that intramuscular delivery of neurotrophin-3 (NT3, encoded by NTF3) can induce sensorimotor recovery when treatment is initiated 24 h after stroke. Specifically, in two randomized, blinded preclinical trials, we show improved sensory and locomotor function in adult (6 months) and elderly (18 months) rats treated 24 h following cortical ischaemic stroke with human NT3 delivered using a clinically approved serotype of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV1). Importantly, AAV1-hNT3 was given in a clinically-feasible timeframe using a straightforward, targeted route (injections into disabled forelimb muscles). Magnetic resonance imaging and histology showed that recovery was not due to neuroprotection, as expected given the delayed treatment. Rather, treatment caused corticospinal axons from the less affected hemisphere to sprout in the spinal cord. This treatment is the first gene therapy that reverses disability after stroke when administered intramuscularly in an elderly body. Importantly, phase I and II clinical trials by others show that repeated, peripherally administered high doses of recombinant NT3 are safe and well tolerated in humans with other conditions. This paves the way for NT3 as a therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Duricki
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 2 Centre for Integrative Biology, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Thomas H Hutson
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 3 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Kathe
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sara Soleman
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 4 John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair University of Cambridge, The E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Carter
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 3 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Petruska
- 5 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - H David Shine
- 6 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neuroscience, Alkek Bldg N1130.01, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Qin Chen
- 6 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neuroscience, Alkek Bldg N1130.01, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tobias C Wood
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Michel Bernanos
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Steven C R Williams
- 7 Neuroimaging Research Group, King's College London, PO42 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Fred H Gage
- 8 The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lawrence D F Moon
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, 16-18 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK 2 Centre for Integrative Biology, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Harandi VM, Lindquist S, Kolan SS, Brännström T, Liu JX. Analysis of neurotrophic factors in limb and extraocular muscles of mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109833. [PMID: 25334047 PMCID: PMC4198138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is currently an incurable fatal motor neuron syndrome characterized by progressive weakness, muscle wasting and death ensuing 3–5 years after diagnosis. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are known to be important in both nervous system development and maintenance. However, the attempt to translate the potential of NTFs into the therapeutic options remains limited despite substantial number of approaches, which have been tested clinically. Using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) technique, the present study investigated mRNA expression of four different NTFs: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in limb muscles and extraocular muscles (EOMs) from SOD1G93A transgenic mice at early and terminal stages of ALS. General morphological examination revealed that muscle fibres were well preserved in both limb muscles and EOMs in early stage ALS mice. However, in terminal ALS mice, most muscle fibres were either atrophied or hypertrophied in limb muscles but unaffected in EOMs. qRT-PCR analysis showed that in early stage ALS mice, NT-4 was significantly down-regulated in limb muscles whereas NT-3 and GDNF were markedly up-regulated in EOMs. In terminal ALS mice, only GDNF was significantly up-regulated in limb muscles. We concluded that the early down-regulation of NT-4 in limb muscles is closely associated with muscle dystrophy and dysfunction at late stage, whereas the early up-regulations of GDNF and NT-3 in EOMs are closely associated with the relatively well-preserved muscle morphology at late stage. Collectively, the data suggested that comparing NTFs expression between limb muscles and EOMs from different stages of ALS animal models is a useful method in revealing the patho-physiology and progression of ALS, and eventually rescuing motor neuron in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid M. Harandi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susanne Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Brännström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jing-Xia Liu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Phenotypic changes in diabetic neuropathy induced by a high-fat diet in diabetic C57BL/6 mice. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2011:848307. [PMID: 22144990 PMCID: PMC3226416 DOI: 10.1155/2011/848307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for diabetic neuropathy (DN) (reviewed by Vincent et al. 2009). To experimentally determine how dyslipidemia alters DN, we quantified neuropathic symptoms in diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet developed dyslipidemia and a painful neuropathy (mechanical allodynia) instead of the insensate neuropathy (mechanical insensitivity) that normally develops in this strain. Nondiabetic mice fed a high-fat diet also developed dyslipidemia and mechanical allodynia. Thermal sensitivity was significantly reduced in diabetic compared to nondiabetic mice, but was not worsened by the high-fat diet. Moreover, diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet had significantly slower sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities compared to nondiabetic mice. Overall, dyslipidemia resulting from a high-fat diet may modify DN phenotypes and/or increase risk for developing DN. These results provide new insight as to how dyslipidemia may alter the development and phenotype of diabetic neuropathy.
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Fey A, Schachner M, Irintchev A. A novel motion analysis approach reveals late recovery in C57BL/6 mice and deficits in NCAM-deficient mice after sciatic nerve crush. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:815-28. [PMID: 20121417 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of motor abilities after sciatic nerve injury in rodents, in particular mice, relies exclusively on walking track (footprint) analysis despite known limitations of this method. Using principles employed recently for video-based motion analyses after femoral nerve and spinal cord injuries, we have designed and report here a novel approach for functional assessments after sciatic nerve lesions in mice. Functional deficits are estimated by angle and distance measurements on single video frames recorded during beam-walking and inclined ladder climbing. Analyses of adult C57BL/6J mice after crush of the sciatic, tibial, or peroneal nerve allowed the identification of six numerical parameters, detecting impairments of the plantar flexion of the foot and the toe spread. Some of these parameters, as well as footprint functional indices, revealed severe impairment after crush injury of the sciatic or tibial, but not the peroneal nerve, and complete recovery within 3 weeks after lesion. Other novel estimates, however, showed that complete recovery is reached as late as 2-3 months after sciatic nerve crush. These measures detected both tibial and peroneal dysfunction. In contrast to the complete restoration of function in wild-type mice (100%), our new parameters, in contrast to the sciatic functional index, showed incomplete recovery (85%) 90 days after sciatic nerve crush in mice deficient in the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). We conclude that the novel video-based approach is more precise, sensitive, and versatile than established tests, allowing objective numerical assessment of different motor functions in a sciatic nerve injury paradigm in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fey
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Zhang W, Li Y, Wang ZJ, Zhou X, Ou KQ, Zhou HL, Wang TH. Functional roles of intrinsic neurotrophin-3 in spinal neuroplasticity of cats following partial ganglionectomy. Growth Factors 2010; 28:351-8. [PMID: 20919960 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2010.485571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study detected the effects of endogenous neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on the collateral sprouting derived from the L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after unilateral removal of adjacent DRGs (L1–L5 and L7) in cats. Cholera toxin B tracing revealed significant neurite growth from the spared L6 DRG and axonal sprouting in the dorsal column. There was a significant increase in the number of NT-3 and trkC immunopositive neurons as well as in NT-3 protein level in the spared DRG by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. NT-3 and its mRNA and trkC were located mainly in large- and medium-sized DRG neurons. NT-3 antibody neutralization in vivo and in vitro results in marked reduction in sprouted fibers. These findings point to an important role of NT-3 in neural plasticity at dorsal column axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
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Muller KA, Ryals JM, Feldman EL, Wright DE. Abnormal muscle spindle innervation and large-fiber neuropathy in diabetic mice. Diabetes 2008; 57:1693-701. [PMID: 18362211 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Large-fiber diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) leads to balance and gait abnormalities, placing patients at risk for falls. Large sensory axons innervating muscle spindles provide feedback for balance and gait and, when damaged, can cause altered sensorimotor function. This study aimed to determine whether symptoms of large-fiber DPN in type 1 and type 2 diabetic mouse models are related to alterations in muscle spindle innervation. In addition, diabetic mice were treated with insulin to assess whether sensorimotor and spindle deficits were reversible. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Behavioral assessments were performed in untreated and treated streptozotocin (STZ)-injected C57BL/6 mice to quantitate diabetes-induced deficits in balance and gait. Quantification of Ia axon innervation of spindles was carried out using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy on STZ-injected C57BL/6 and db/db mice. RESULTS STZ-injected C57BL/6 mice displayed significant and progressive sensorimotor dysfunction. Analysis of Ia innervation patterns of diabetic C57BL/6 spindles revealed a range of abnormalities suggestive of Ia axon degeneration and/or regeneration. The multiple abnormal Ia fiber morphologies resulted in substantial variability in axonal width and inter-rotational distance (IRD). Likewise, db/db mice displayed significant variability in their IRDs compared with db(+) mice, suggesting that damage to Ia axons occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes models. Insulin treatment improved behavioral deficits and restored Ia fiber innervation in comparison with nondiabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS Similar to small fibers, Ia axons are vulnerable to diabetes, and their damage may contribute to balance and gait deficits. In addition, these studies provide a novel method to assay therapeutic interventions designed for diabetes-induced large-fiber dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karra A Muller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Buss RR, Gould TW, Ma J, Vinsant S, Prevette D, Winseck A, Toops KA, Hammarback JA, Smith TL, Oppenheim RW. Neuromuscular development in the absence of programmed cell death: phenotypic alteration of motoneurons and muscle. J Neurosci 2007; 26:13413-27. [PMID: 17192424 PMCID: PMC6674711 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3528-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread, massive loss of developing neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of birds and mammals is generally considered to be an evolutionary adaptation. However, until recently, models for testing both the immediate and long-term consequences of preventing this normal cell loss have not been available. We have taken advantage of several methods for preventing neuronal death in vivo to ask whether rescued neurons [e.g., motoneurons (MNs)] differentiate normally and become functionally incorporated into the nervous system. Although many aspects of MN differentiation occurred normally after the prevention of cell death (including the expression of several motoneuron-specific markers, axon projections into the ventral root and peripheral nerves, ultrastructure, dendritic arborization, and afferent axosomatic synapses), other features of the neuromuscular system (MNs and muscle) were abnormal. The cell bodies and axons of MNs were smaller than normal, many MN axons failed to become myelinated or to form functional synaptic contacts with target muscles, and a subpopulation of rescued cells were transformed from alpha- to gamma-like MNs. Additionally, after the rescue of MNs in myogenin glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (MyoGDNF) transgenic mice, myofiber differentiation of extrafusal skeletal muscle was transformed and muscle physiology and motor behaviors were abnormal. In contrast, extrafusal myofiber phenotype, muscle physiology, and (except for muscle strength tests) motor behaviors were all normal after the rescue of MNs by genetic deletion of the proapoptotic gene Bax. However, there was an increase in intrafusal muscle fibers (spindles) in Bax knock-out versus both wild-type and MyoGDNF mice. Together, these data indicate that after the prevention of MN death, the neuromuscular system becomes transformed in novel ways to compensate for the presence of the thousands of excess cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Buss
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program, and
| | - Thomas W. Gould
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program, and
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Sharon Vinsant
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program, and
| | - David Prevette
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program, and
| | - Adam Winseck
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program, and
| | - Kimberly A. Toops
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program, and
| | | | - Thomas L. Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
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Chevrel G, Hohlfeld R, Sendtner M. The role of neurotrophins in muscle under physiological and pathological conditions. Muscle Nerve 2006; 33:462-76. [PMID: 16228973 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the various effects of neurotrophins in skeletal muscle and how these proteins act as potential regulators of development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers. Increasing evidence suggests that this family of neurotrophic factors not only modulates survival and function of innervating motoneurons and proprioceptive neurons but also development and differentiation of myoblasts and muscle fibers. Neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors play a role in the coordination of muscle innervation and functional differentiation of neuromuscular junctions. However, neurotrophin receptors are also expressed in differentiating muscle cells, in particular at early developmental stages in myoblasts before they fuse. In adults with pathological conditions such as human degenerative and inflammatory muscle disorders, variations of neurotrophin expression are found, but the role of neurotrophins under such conditions is still not clear. The goal of this review is to provide a basis for a better understanding and future studies on the role of these factors under such pathological conditions and for treatment of human muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chevrel
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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11
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Taylor MD, Holdeman AS, Weltmer SG, Ryals JM, Wright DE. Modulation of muscle spindle innervation by neurotrophin-3 following nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2005; 191:211-22. [PMID: 15589528 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Muscle spindles monitor changes in muscle length and are innervated by groups Ia and II sensory axons as well as gamma motor axons. Ia sensory axons respond to neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), which plays an important role in sculpting proprioceptive development. Previously, transgenic mice were generated that overexpress NT-3 in muscle (mlc/NT-3 mice). These mice have alterations in proprioceptive elements due to the developmental actions of NT-3 and neuroprotective effects on Ia axons following nerve injury (Taylor, M.D., Vancura, R., Williams, J.M., Riekhof, J.T., Taylor, B.K., Wright, D.E., 2001. Overexpression of neurotrophin-3 in skeletal muscle alters normal and injury-induced limb control. Somatosens. Motor Res. 18 (4), 286-294.) Here, we investigated the actions of NT-3 on each class of injured axons innervating spindles and explored the mechanisms by which NT-3 acts. Immunohistochemical assessment of muscle spindle innervation following crush revealed that the degeneration of Ia axons innervating spindles in mlc/NT-3 mice was substantially reduced, and overall spindle innervation by group II and gamma fibers was greatly improved at later stages. Mlc/NT-3 mice also displayed a significant reduction in the expression of the injury-induced transcription factor ATF3 by retrogradely labeled muscle afferent neurons. The effects of transgenic NT-3 overexpression on spindle innervation could be mimicked if wild-type mice were treated intramuscularly with recombinant NT-3 prior to but not following injury, suggesting that NT-3's actions were due to preexposure to NT-3. This view was supported by in vitro experiments in which large DRG neurons from mlc/NT-3 mice grew significantly longer neurites than wild-type neurons. The results reveal that improved Ia-spindle interactions after injury may enhance spindle innervation by group II and gamma fibers. Finally, exposure of muscle afferent fibers to NT-3 prior to injury alters axonal responses both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Taylor
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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12
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Lalonde R, Dumont M, Paly E, London J, Strazielle C. Characterization of hemizygous SOD1/wild-type transgenic mice with the SHIRPA primary screen and tests of sensorimotor function and anxiety. Brain Res Bull 2004; 64:251-8. [PMID: 15464862 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SOD1 is one of several overexpressed genes in Down's syndrome. In order to dissect genetic causes of the syndrome, hemizygous human wild-type SOD1 transgenic mice were compared to FVB/N non-transgenic controls at 3 months of age in the SHIRPA primary screen of neurologic function as well as in tests of motor activity and coordination. The responsiveness of SOD1/wt transgenic mice to visual and somatosensory stimuli was reduced in placing, pinna, corneal, and toe-pinch tests. In addition, SOD1/wt transgenic mice crossed fewer segments on a stationary beam. On the contrary, there was no intergroup difference for motor activity and anxiety in open-field and emergence tests and for latencies before falling on the stationary beam, coat-hanger, and rotorod. These results indicate mild deficits in sensorimotor responsiveness in a mouse model expressing human SOD1 and that the overexpressed gene may be responsible for some Down symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lalonde
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, INSERM U614, Bâtiment de Recherche, 22 bld Gambetta, Salle 1D18, 76183 Rouen, Cedex, France.
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