1
|
Pinelli D, Bovina S, Rubertelli G, Martinelli A, Guida S, Soares A, Frascari D. Regeneration and modelling of a phosphorous removal and recovery hybrid ion exchange resin after long term operation with municipal wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131581. [PMID: 34325265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption represents one of the most promising process for phosphorous (P) removal and recovery from municipal wastewater, but questions about its long-term stability remain. The goals of this work were (i) to assess changes in morphology and adsorption performances of hybrid anion exchanger (HAIX) LayneRT after 2.5 years of operation in a 10 m3 d-1 demonstration plant fed with secondary-treated municipal wastewater, (ii) to optimize the LayneRT regeneration procedure, and (iii) to evaluate the suitability of the ion exchange model to describe P adsorption on LayneRT. LayneRT is composed of hydrated ferric nanoparticles dispersed in a strong base anion exchange resin. Batch and continuous flow adsorption/desorption tests were conducted with the resin used for 2.5 years, regenerated with two alternative solutions: NaOH, reactivating mainly the iron nanoparticles active sites, and NaOH + NaCl, also regenerating the active sites of the ion exchange media. The physicochemical characterization by Scanning Electron Microscope indicated that regeneration by NaOH significantly reduced the deterioration of the resin surface, even after 59 adsorption/desorption cycles. Lab-scale continuous flow tests showed that the resin regenerated with either solution featured P adsorption performances very close to that of the virgin resin. The isotherm tests showed that P adsorption by LayneRT was effectively simulated with the ion exchange model. This study confirms that LayneRT is a durable, resistant and promising media for P recovery from wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pinelli
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Bovina
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rubertelli
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Samuela Guida
- Cranfield Water Sciences Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Ana Soares
- Cranfield Water Sciences Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Dario Frascari
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Santos AF, Almeida PV, Alvarenga P, Gando-Ferreira LM, Quina MJ. From wastewater to fertilizer products: Alternative paths to mitigate phosphorus demand in European countries. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131258. [PMID: 34225107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable resource, irreplaceable for life and food production, and currently considered a Critical Raw Material to the European Union (EU). Due to concerns about the rate of consumption and limited reserves in countries with sensitive geopolitical contexts, it is urgent to recover P from urban and industrial flows. Indeed, the municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are considered relevant sources with several hot spots, especially sewage sludge with estimated recovery efficiencies of >80%. The most promising recovery strategies are based on thermal treatments (e.g., incineration of sludge) following by wet-chemical or thermo-chemical leaching, precipitation, and adsorption. The direct application of sludge on soil is no longer a primary route for P reintegration in the value-chain for countries as Switzerland, Germany, and The Netherlands. In fact, Switzerland and Austria paved the way for implementing P recovery legislation, focusing on recovery from raw sewage sludge or ashes. Indeed, industrial technologies with sludge ash as input show high recovery efficiencies (Ashdec® and Leachphos® with 98 and 79%) and lower environmental impacts, whereas Pearl® technology has about 12% recovery efficiency with wastewater as input. After all, struvite emerges as the most recovered product with recent access to the internal market of EU fertilisers and similar growth performance compared to triple-super-phosphate. However, several studies leave open the possibility of introducing loaded adsorbents with P as soil amendments as a new alternative to conventional desorption. Briefly, P recovery should be a compromise between efficiency, environmental impacts, and economic revenues from the final products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia F Santos
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia V Almeida
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvarenga
- LEAF, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Licínio M Gando-Ferreira
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida J Quina
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cai Y, Han Z, Lin X, Duan Y, Du J, Ye Z, Zhu J. Study on removal of phosphorus as struvite from synthetic wastewater using a pilot-scale electrodialysis system with magnesium anode. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138221. [PMID: 32320868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Struvite precipitation may become ineffective in removing phosphorus due to the low concentration of phosphate in the liquid. In this study, electrolysis with a magnesium anode was applied to recovering phosphorus and ammonia as struvite from wastewater. A novel electrodialysis process (ED) with a magnesium anode was developed, and its feasibility to treat synthetic wastewater with low phosphate concentration was demonstrated in a pilot-scale experimental system. To achieve high phosphate removal efficiency in the product stream, the optimal initial pH and flow rate were found to be 8.8 and 200 L h-1, respectively, for the ED system at a constant current of 0.1 A. The pilot-scale ED system under the consecutive batch mode removed 65% phosphate from the synthetic wastewater containning 10 mg L-1P, and the phosphate concentration in the product stream was kept at 30 mg L-1 after 280 min. The running cost of the ED system was estimated to be $31.27 kg-1 P for synthetic wastewater with 10 mg L-1 P, mainly resulting from the cost of the loss of the magnesium anode. The precipitates generated from the product stream were confirmed as struvite by XRD analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Cai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiying Han
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaochang Lin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yalin Duan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianghui Du
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhangying Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Novel Application of Hybrid Anion Exchange Resin for Phosphate Desorption Kinetics in Soils: Minimizing Re-Adsorption of Desorbed Ions. SOIL SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems4020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The process of phosphate desorption from soils is difficult to measure using stirred batch techniques because of the accumulation of desorbed ions in a bathing solution. To accurately measure the apparent rate coefficient of phosphate desorption from soils, it is necessary to remove the desorbed ions. In this study, a novel hybrid (i.e., iron oxide coated) anion exchange resin was used as a sink to study long-term (seven days) P desorption kinetics in intensively managed agricultural soils in the Midwestern U.S. (total phosphorus (TP): 196–419 mg/kg). The phosphate desorption kinetics in the hybrid anion exchange resin method were compared with those in the other conventional batch desorption method with pure anion exchange resins or without any sink. The extent of P desorption in the hybrid resin methods was >50% of total desorbed phosphate in the other methods. The initial kinetic rate estimated in the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was also highest (3.03–31.35 mg/(g·hr)) in the hybrid resin method when the same soil system was compared. This is because adsorbed P in the hybrid resins was nearly irreversible. The hybrid anion exchange resin might be a new and ideal sink in measuring the P desorption process in soils and sediments.
Collapse
|
5
|
Munir MT, Li B, Boiarkina I, Baroutian S, Yu W, Young BR. Phosphate recovery from hydrothermally treated sewage sludge using struvite precipitation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 239:171-179. [PMID: 28521226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
New technologies are needed to recover phosphate from organic wastes, such as sewage sludge. Sewage sludge can be hydrothermally treated to make it safe but this process is expensive. Recovering a valuable by-product, such as phosphate, could improve the economics of hydrothermal treatment. Therefore, the technical and preliminary differential cost analysis of combining hydrothermal treatment with phosphate recovery (by precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)) was investigated. The effects of pH, magnesium ion dose, and either wet oxidation or thermal hydrolysis hydrothermal treatment were examined. Phosphate recovery was more sensitive to pH than magnesium ion concentration, with diminishing rates of recovery at high levels of both. Also, more struvite was recovered following wet oxidation treatment than thermal hydrolysis. Preliminary differential cost analysis showed that wet oxidation combined with precipitation at an optimal pH and magnesium ion dose could generate revenue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Munir
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Irina Boiarkina
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saeid Baroutian
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brent R Young
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mayer BK, Baker LA, Boyer TH, Drechsel P, Gifford M, Hanjra MA, Parameswaran P, Stoltzfus J, Westerhoff P, Rittmann BE. Total Value of Phosphorus Recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6606-20. [PMID: 27214029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a critical, geographically concentrated, nonrenewable resource necessary to support global food production. In excess (e.g., due to runoff or wastewater discharges), P is also a primary cause of eutrophication. To reconcile the simultaneous shortage and overabundance of P, lost P flows must be recovered and reused, alongside improvements in P-use efficiency. While this motivation is increasingly being recognized, little P recovery is practiced today, as recovered P generally cannot compete with the relatively low cost of mined P. Therefore, P is often captured to prevent its release into the environment without beneficial recovery and reuse. However, additional incentives for P recovery emerge when accounting for the total value of P recovery. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the range of benefits of recovering P from waste streams, i.e., the total value of recovering P. This approach accounts for P products, as well as other assets that are associated with P and can be recovered in parallel, such as energy, nitrogen, metals and minerals, and water. Additionally, P recovery provides valuable services to society and the environment by protecting and improving environmental quality, enhancing efficiency of waste treatment facilities, and improving food security and social equity. The needs to make P recovery a reality are also discussed, including business models, bottlenecks, and policy and education strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Lawrence A Baker
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Treavor H Boyer
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment (ESSIE), University of Florida , P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6450, United States
| | - Pay Drechsel
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Mac Gifford
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University , 660 South College Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Munir A Hanjra
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI), P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Prathap Parameswaran
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University , 2118 Fiedler Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jared Stoltzfus
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University , 800 South Cady Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University , 660 South College Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University , P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nguyen TAH, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Pham TQ, Li FM, Nguyen TV, Bui XT. Adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solutions and sewage using zirconium loaded okara (ZLO): Fixed-bed column study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:40-9. [PMID: 25847314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the potential of removing phosphorus from aqueous solutions and sewage by Zr(IV)-loaded okara (ZLO) in the fixed-bed column. Soybean residue (okara) was impregnated with 0.25M Zr(IV) solution to prepare active binding sites for phosphate. The effect of several factors, including flow rate, bed height, initial phosphorus concentration, pH and adsorbent particle size on the performance of ZLO was examined. The maximum dynamic adsorption capacity of ZLO for phosphorus was estimated to be 16.43mg/g. Breakthrough curve modeling indicated that Adams-Bohart model and Thomas model fitted the experimental data better than Yoon-Nelson model. After treatment with ZLO packed bed column, the effluent could meet the discharge standard for phosphorus in Australia. Successful desorption and regeneration were achieved with 0.2 NaOH and 0.1 HCl, respectively. The results prove that ZLO can be used as a promising phosphorus adsorbent in the dynamic adsorption system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A H Nguyen
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - H H Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - W S Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - T Q Pham
- Faculty of Geography, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - F M Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - T V Nguyen
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - X T Bui
- Environmental Engineering and Management Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology-Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gifford M, Liu J, Rittmann BE, Vannela R, Westerhoff P. Phosphorus recovery from microbial biofuel residual using microwave peroxide digestion and anion exchange. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 70:130-137. [PMID: 25528543 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable production of microalgae for biofuel requires efficient phosphorus (P) utilization, which is a limited resource and vital for global food security. This research tracks the fate of P through biofuel production and investigates P recovery from the biomass using the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Our results show that Synechocystis contained 1.4% P dry weight. After crude lipids were extracted (e.g., for biofuel processing), 92% of the intracellular P remained in the residual biomass, indicating phospholipids comprised only a small percentage of cellular P. We estimate a majority of the P is primarily associated with nucleic acids. Advanced oxidation using hydrogen peroxide and microwave heating released 92% of the cellular P into orthophosphate. We then recovered the orthophosphate from the digestion matrix using two different types of anion exchange resins. One resin impregnated with iron nanoparticles adsorbed 98% of the influent P through 20 bed volumes, but only released 23% during regeneration. A strong-base anion exchange resin adsorbed 87% of the influent P through 20 bed volumes and released 50% of it upon regeneration. This recovered P subsequently supported growth of Synechocystis. This proof-of-concept recovery process reduced P demand of biofuel microalgae by 54%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- McKay Gifford
- Arizona State University, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, USA.
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Arizona State University, Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Raveender Vannela
- Arizona State University, Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Arizona State University, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
O'Neal JA, Boyer TH. Phosphate recovery using hybrid anion exchange: applications to source-separated urine and combined wastewater streams. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:5003-5017. [PMID: 23866131 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in recovering phosphorus (P) from various wastewater streams for beneficial use as fertilizer and to minimize environmental impacts of excess P on receiving waters. One such example is P recovery from human urine, which has a high concentration of phosphate (200-800 mg P/L) and accounts for a small volume (≈ 1%) of total wastewater flow. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to evaluate the potential to recover P from source-separated and combined wastewater streams that included undiluted human urine, urine diluted with tap water, greywater, mixture of urine and greywater, anaerobic digester supernatant, and secondary wastewater effluent. A hybrid anion exchange (HAIX) resin containing hydrous ferric oxide was used to recover P because of its selectivity for phosphate and the option to precipitate P minerals in the waste regeneration solution. The P recovery potential was fresh urine > hydrolyzed urine > greywater > biological wastewater effluent > anaerobic digester supernatant. The maximum loading of P on HAIX resin was fresh urine > hydrolyzed urine > anaerobic digester supernatant ≈ greywater > biological wastewater effluent. Results indicated that the sorption capacity of HAIX resin for phosphate and the total P recovery potential were greater for source-separated urine than the combined wastewater streams of secondary wastewater effluent and anaerobic digester supernatant. Dilution of urine with tap water decreased the phosphate loading on HAIX resin. The results of this work advance the current understanding of nutrient recovery from complex wastewater streams by sorption processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A O'Neal
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|