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Kianasab MR, Mohammadhosseini M, Nekoei M, Mahdavi B, Baheri T. GC/MS analysis of the hydrodistilled essential oils and volatiles from the aerial parts of Cannabis sativa L. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-5. [PMID: 38108276 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2295919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. has been recognised as a narcotic drug in different parts of the world. The current report deals with the screening of the chemical profiles of the essential oils (EOs) and volatiles obtained from the aerial ports of Cannabis sativa L. (APCS) using classical hydrodistillation (HD), solid phase microextraction (SPME) along with a new technique namely innovative cigarette ignition (Incigig); all in combination with GC/MS. The characterised profiles had considerable differences from quantitative and qualitative points of view, with a high prevalence of non-terpene hydrocarbons for the EO and oxygenated monoterpenes for both volatiles using SPME and Incigig approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Kianasab
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Majid Mohammadhosseini
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nekoei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Behnam Mahdavi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Baheri
- Department of Anti-Narcotics, Amin University of Police Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Barbalace MC, Freschi M, Rinaldi I, Mazzara E, Maraldi T, Malaguti M, Prata C, Maggi F, Petrelli R, Hrelia S, Angeloni C. Identification of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Bioactive Compounds in Essential Oils and Aqueous Distillation Residues Obtained from Commercial Varieties of Cannabis sativa L. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16601. [PMID: 38068924 PMCID: PMC10706820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which is mainly triggered by microglia, is a key contributor to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products, and in particular Cannabis sativa L., due to its richness in phytochemical components, represent ideal candidates to counteract neuroinflammation. We previously characterized different C. sativa commercial varieties which showed significantly different chemical profiles. On these bases, the aim of this study was to evaluate essential oils and aqueous distillation residues from the inflorescences of three different hemp varieties for their anti-neuroinflammatory activity in BV-2 microglial cells. Cells were pretreated with aqueous residues or essential oils and then activated with LPS. Unlike essential oils, aqueous residues showed negligible effects in terms of anti-inflammatory activity. Among the essential oils, the one obtained from 'Gorilla Glue' was the most effective in inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators and in upregulating anti-inflammatory ones through the modulation of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, the sesquiterpenes (E)-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and caryophyllene oxide were identified as the main contributors to the essential oils' anti-inflammatory activity. To our knowledge, the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of α-humulene has not been previously described. In conclusion, our work shows that C. sativa essential oils characterized by high levels of sesquiterpenes can be promising candidates in the prevention/counteraction of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Barbalace
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (M.C.B.); (M.F.); (I.R.)
| | - Michela Freschi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (M.C.B.); (M.F.); (I.R.)
| | - Irene Rinaldi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (M.C.B.); (M.F.); (I.R.)
| | - Eugenia Mazzara
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (M.C.B.); (M.F.); (I.R.)
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (M.C.B.); (M.F.); (I.R.)
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (M.C.B.); (M.F.); (I.R.)
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de Aguiar AC, Vardanega R, Viganó J, Silva EK. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093849. [PMID: 37175258 PMCID: PMC10180460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction techniques meet all-new consumer market demands for health-promoting phytochemical compound-rich extracts produced from green and sustainable technology. In this regard, this review is dedicated to discussing is the promise of integrating high-pressure CO2 technologies into the Cannabis sativa L. processing chain to valorize its valuable pharmaceutical properties and food biomass. To do this, the cannabis plant, cannabinoids, and endocannabinoid system were reviewed to understand their therapeutic and side effects. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique was presented as a smart alternative to producing cannabis bioproducts. The impact of SFE operating conditions on cannabis compound extraction was examined for aerial parts (inflorescences, stems, and leaves), seeds, and byproducts. Furthermore, the opportunities of using non-thermal supercritical CO2 processing on cannabis biomass were addressed for industrial hemp valorization, focusing on its biorefinery to simultaneously produce cannabidiol and new ingredients for food applications as plant-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Aguiar
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Vardanega
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Juliane Viganó
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Eric Keven Silva
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
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Sirovec S, Tušek AJ, Benković M, Valinger D, Cvetnić TS, Kljusurić JG, Jurina T. Emulsification of Rosemary and Oregano Aqueous Extracts and Their In Vitro Bioavailability. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3372. [PMID: 36501410 PMCID: PMC9736180 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their richness in phenolic compounds, Mediterranean plants such as rosemary and oregano are increasingly recommended for consumption for their numerous health benefits. The pH shift and the presence of digestive enzymes significantly reduce the bioavailability of these biochemicals as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. To prevent this degradation of phenolic compounds, methods such as emulsification of plant aqueous extracts are used. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of emulsification conditions on the chemical properties (total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity) of emulsified rosemary and oregano extracts. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize sunflower oil concentration, rotational speed, and emulsifier concentration (commercial pea protein). The emulsions prepared under optimal conditions were then used in bioavailability studies (in vitro digestion). The antioxidant activity of the emulsified rosemary/oregano extracts, measured by the DPPH method, remained largely stable when simulating in vitro digestion. Analysis of antioxidant activity after in vitro simulation of the gastrointestinal system revealed a higher degree of maintenance (up to 76%) for emulsified plant extracts compared to aqueous plant extracts. This article contributes to our understanding of how plant extracts are prepared to preserve their biological activity and their application in the food industry.
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Mazzara E, Carletti R, Petrelli R, Mustafa AM, Caprioli G, Fiorini D, Scortichini S, Dall'Acqua S, Sut S, Nuñez S, López V, Zheljazkov VD, Bonacucina G, Maggi F, Cespi M. Green extraction of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) using microwave method for recovery of three valuable fractions (essential oil, phenolic compounds and cannabinoids): a central composite design optimization study. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:6220-6235. [PMID: 35485728 PMCID: PMC9790304 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a green extraction method capable of boosting the yield and quality profile of hemp essential oil when compared with other conventional extraction techniques. During this process, two by-products are produced, namely the aqueous residue containing bioactive phenolics and the residual deterpenated biomass, which can be used for further extraction and purification of phytocannabinoids. To date, the hemp industry has not utilized these products, although they can be valuable for the food, cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical market. RESULTS This study assessed and optimized the variables affecting MAE efficiency, namely microwave irradiation power, extraction time and added water, which were studied using a central composite design approach, and results were used to optimize the extraction process for recovering three valuable fractions: essential oil, polyphenols and phytocannabinoids. The products obtained using the optimized conditions were characterized in terms of yield, chemical profile and antioxidant potential. Moreover, the by-products obtained during the optimized run were further analyzed in terms of their biological activity using both enzymatic and non-enzymatic assays. The aqueous residue demonstrated a powerful α-glucosidase inhibition, a good activity in terms of superoxide radical scavenging activity, a modest efficacy in terms of inhibition of advanced glycation end products formation and no activity in terms of lipase inhibition. The residual deterpenated biomass did not possess significant biological activity. CONCLUSION This work demonstrated valorization of industrial hemp essential oil and its by-products, obtained by a sustainable and eco-friendly extraction method, through an almost waste-free approach. Cannabinoids as well as other valuable bioactive compounds such as glycosidic flavones may be recovered from the residues of the essential oil extraction, representing interesting substances in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical fields. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dennis Fiorini
- School of Science and TechnologyUniversity of CamerinoCamerinoItaly
| | | | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Natural Product LaboratoryUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Natural Product LaboratoryUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Sonia Nuñez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversidad San JorgeZaragozaSpain
| | - Victor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversidad San JorgeZaragozaSpain
| | | | | | - Filippo Maggi
- School of PharmacyUniversity of CamerinoCamerinoItaly
| | - Marco Cespi
- School of PharmacyUniversity of CamerinoCamerinoItaly
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Extraction, Characterization, and Chitosan Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds from Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica L., and Mitragyna speiosa K. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112103. [PMID: 36358475 PMCID: PMC9686816 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the research was to investigate the bioactive compounds of herbal plant leaves by microencapsulation technique for future application as a feed additive. In this experiment, three herbal plant leaves, namely Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica L., and Mitragyna speiosa K., were comparatively investigated using different methods to extract their bioactive compounds. Two methods were used to extract the bioactive compounds: microwave extraction (water-heating transferred) and maceration extraction (methanol extracted). The results obtained using microwave extraction revealed that the total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher and stronger, respectively, than those produced by the maceration extraction method (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the spray-drying technique was employed to enhance the extracted compounds by encapsulation with chitosan through ionic gelation properties. The physical characteristics of chitosan-encapsulated substrates were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and were as microparticle size (1.45 to 11.0 µm). The encapsulation efficiency of the bioactive compounds was found to be 99.7, 82.3, and 54.6% for microencapsulated M. speiosa, C. indica, and C. sativa, respectively. Therefore, microwave treatment prior to chitosan encapsulation of leaf extracts resulted in increased recovery of bioactive compound encroachment.
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Deng RX, Wang YH, Hou XG, Lu ZY, Zhang WH, Feng YH, Guo XH, Wang YP, Yi JP, Liu P. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and adsorption separation: Large-scale preparation of trans-ε-Viniferin, suffruficosol B and trans-Gnetin H for the first time. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 89:106123. [PMID: 35995022 PMCID: PMC9418984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the large-scale extraction, enrichment, and separation of suffruticosol B (SB), trans-ε-Viniferin (TV), trans-gnetin H (TG) from oil tree peony seeds shell (PSS) was successfully constructed. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), macroporous adsorption resin (MAR), and column chromatography (CC) were employed to extract, enrich and separate SB, TV and TG from PSS, and the conditions were optimized. The results implied that SB (1.6937 g), TV (0.5884 g) and TG (3.8786 g) with the purity of 99.67 %, 99.32 % and 98.54 %, respectively, were obtained after the extraction, enrichment and separation. The total yields of the SB, TV and TG were 0.61 mg/g, 0.02 mg/g and 6.64 mg/g with the total extraction rates at 70.55 %, 69.77 % and 78.36 %, respectively. This is the first report on the large-scale extraction, enrichment and separation of oligostilbenes. The SOP in this paper could produce high purity SB, TV and TG, and provide a new idea for PSS as a new oligostilbene resource. The study expands the new development and research field of PSS and provides theoretical support for the green utilization of oil tree peony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xue Deng
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Xiao-Gai Hou
- College of Agriculture/Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Zong-Yuan Lu
- Shanghai Standard Technology Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai 201314, China
| | - Wan-Hui Zhang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Yi-Hao Feng
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Xiao-Han Guo
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Yu-Pin Wang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Jun-Peng Yi
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Pu Liu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China.
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Das PC, Vista AR, Tabil LG, Baik OD. Postharvest Operations of Cannabis and Their Effect on Cannabinoid Content: A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080364. [PMID: 36004888 PMCID: PMC9404914 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has been legalized by many countries for production, processing, and use considering its tremendous medical and industrial applications. Cannabis contains more than a hundred biomolecules (cannabinoids) which have the potentiality to cure different chronic diseases. After harvesting, cannabis undergoes different postharvest operations including drying, curing, storage, etc. Presently, the cannabis industry relies on different traditional postharvest operations, which may result in an inconsistent quality of products. In this review, we aimed to describe the biosynthesis process of major cannabinoids, postharvest operations used by the cannabis industry, and the consequences of postharvest operations on the cannabinoid profile. As drying is the most important post-harvest operation of cannabis, the attributes associated with drying (water activity, equilibrium moisture content, sorption isotherms, etc.) and the significance of novel pre-treatments (microwave heating, cold plasma, ultrasound, pulse electric, irradiation, etc.) for improvement of the process are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, other operations, such as trimming, curing, packaging and storage, are discussed, and the effect of the different postharvest operations on the cannabinoid yield is summarized. A critical investigation of the factors involved in each postharvest operation is indeed key for obtaining quality products and for the sustainable development of the cannabis industry.
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Panić M, Radović M, Cvjetko Bubalo M, Radošević K, Rogošić M, Coutinho JAP, Radojčić Redovniković I, Jurinjak Tušek A. Prediction of pH Value of Aqueous Acidic and Basic Deep Eutectic Solvent Using COSMO-RS σ Profiles' Molecular Descriptors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144489. [PMID: 35889358 PMCID: PMC9324476 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a simple and easy-to-apply model to predict the pH values of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) over a wide range of pH values that can be used in daily work. For this purpose, the pH values of 38 different DESs were measured (ranging from 0.36 to 9.31) and mathematically interpreted. To develop mathematical models, DESs were first numerically described using σ profiles generated with the COSMOtherm software. After the DESs’ description, the following models were used: (i) multiple linear regression (MLR), (ii) piecewise linear regression (PLR), and (iii) artificial neural networks (ANNs) to link the experimental values with the descriptors. Both PLR and ANN were found to be applicable to predict the pH values of DESs with a very high goodness of fit (R2independent validation > 0.8600). Due to the good mathematical correlation of the experimental and predicted values, the σ profile generated with COSMOtherm could be used as a DES molecular descriptor for the prediction of their pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Panić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva Ulica 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.B.); (K.R.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Mia Radović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva Ulica 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.B.); (K.R.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Marina Cvjetko Bubalo
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva Ulica 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.B.); (K.R.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Kristina Radošević
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva Ulica 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.B.); (K.R.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Marko Rogošić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - João A. P. Coutinho
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Ivana Radojčić Redovniković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva Ulica 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.B.); (K.R.); (A.J.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Jurinjak Tušek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva Ulica 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.C.B.); (K.R.); (A.J.T.)
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10
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Mazzara E, Torresi J, Fico G, Papini A, Kulbaka N, Dall’Acqua S, Sut S, Garzoli S, Mustafa AM, Cappellacci L, Fiorini D, Maggi F, Giuliani C, Petrelli R. A Comprehensive Phytochemical Analysis of Terpenes, Polyphenols and Cannabinoids, and Micromorphological Characterization of 9 Commercial Varieties of Cannabis sativa L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070891. [PMID: 35406871 PMCID: PMC9003298 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
New hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) strains developed by crossbreeding selected varieties represent a novel research topic worthy of attention and investigation. This study focused on the phytochemical characterization of nine hemp commercial cultivars. Hydrodistillation was performed in order to collect the essential oils (EO), and also the residual water and deterpenated biomass. The volatile fraction was analyzed by GC-FID, GC-MS, and SPME-GC-MS, revealing three main chemotypes. The polyphenolic profile was studied in the residual water and deterpenated biomass by spectrophotometric assays, and HPLC-DAD-MSn and 1H-NMR analyses. The latter were employed for quali-quantitative determination of cannabinoids in the deterpenated material in comparison with the one not subjected to hydrodistillation. In addition, the glandular and non-glandular indumentum of the nine commercial varieties was studied by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in the attempt to find a possible correlation with the phytochemical and morphological traits. The EO and residual water were found to be rich in monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and flavonol glycosides, respectively, while the deterpenated material was found to be a source of neutral cannabinoids. The micromorphological survey allowed us to partly associate the phytochemistry of these varieties with the hair morphotypes. This research sheds light on the valorization of different products from the hydrodistillation of hemp varieties, namely, essential oil, residual water, and deterpenated biomass, which proved to be worthy of exploitation in industrial and health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Mazzara
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (J.T.); (A.M.M.); (L.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Jacopo Torresi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (J.T.); (A.M.M.); (L.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Gelsomina Fico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.F.); (C.G.)
- Ghirardi Botanic Garden, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Religione 25, 25088 Toscolano Maderno, Italy
| | - Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Nicola Kulbaka
- Società Agricola Everweed Di G.Di Vietri & C. SS, Frazione Conti 2, 63857 Amandola, Italy;
| | - Stefano Dall’Acqua
- Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefania Sut
- Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ahmed M. Mustafa
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (J.T.); (A.M.M.); (L.C.); (R.P.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (J.T.); (A.M.M.); (L.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Dennis Fiorini
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (J.T.); (A.M.M.); (L.C.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-07-37-404-506
| | - Claudia Giuliani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.F.); (C.G.)
- Ghirardi Botanic Garden, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Religione 25, 25088 Toscolano Maderno, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (J.T.); (A.M.M.); (L.C.); (R.P.)
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Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Terpenes from Cannabis sativa L. By-Products: From Conventional to Intensified Processes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060942. [PMID: 34200871 PMCID: PMC8230455 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a controversial crop due to its high tetrahydrocannabinol content varieties; however, the hemp varieties get an increased interest. This paper describes (i) the main categories of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, stilbenoids and lignans) and terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) from C. sativa by-products and their biological activities and (ii) the main extraction techniques for their recovery. It includes not only common techniques such as conventional solvent extraction, and hydrodistillation, but also intensification and emerging techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction or supercritical CO2 extraction. The effect of the operating conditions on the yield and composition of these categories of phenolic compounds and terpenes was discussed. A thorough investigation of innovative extraction techniques is indeed crucial for the extraction of phenolic compounds and terpenes from cannabis toward a sustainable industrial valorization of the whole plant.
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