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Demarie S, Chirico E, Bratta C, Cortis C. Puberal and Adolescent Horse Riders' Fitness during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Effects of Training Restrictions on Health-Related and Functional Motor Abilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6394. [PMID: 35681978 PMCID: PMC9180726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyse the fitness level of young horse riders before and after 12 weeks of training restrictions instituted due to the COVID-19 emergency. Anthropometrical measure assessment and an eight-items fitness test battery were administered to 61 puberal and adolescent female amateur horse riders. Subjects were evaluated within 3 weeks before (pre-tests) the period of training restrictions and on the first day of normal training after it (post-tests). Post-test results showed significant increases in body weight (Z: −1.732; p value: 0.001; ES: −0.157) and BMI (F: 9.918; p value: 0.003; ES: 0.146), whilst the performance in hand grip and abdominal strength, hip mobility, and 10 × 5 m Shuttle and Cooper 12 min tests’ outcomes significantly decreased (F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001, respectively). Correlation analysis revealed that riders’ experience was significantly correlated with hand grip (p < 0.01), leg strength (p < 0.01), hip mobility (p < 0.05), and 5 × 10 m Shuttle (p < 0.01) and the Cooper 12 min (p < 0.01) test results. It could be suggested that equestrian activities could produce a higher fitness level in puberal and adolescent riders, whilst home-based, unsupervised, and unattentively planned training during the twelve weeks of training restrictions might be insufficient to maintain it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Demarie
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Chirico
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Bratta
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (C.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Cortis
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (C.B.); (C.C.)
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Abstract
Flexibility refers to the intrinsic properties of body tissues that determine maximal joint range of motion without causing injury. For many years, flexibility has been classified by the American College of Sports Medicine as a major component of physical fitness. The notion flexibility is important for fitness has also led to the idea static stretching should be prescribed to improve flexibility. The current paper proposes flexibility be retired as a major component of physical fitness, and consequently, stretching be de-emphasized as a standard component of exercise prescriptions for most populations. First, I show flexibility has little predictive or concurrent validity with health and performance outcomes (e.g., mortality, falls, occupational performance) in apparently healthy individuals, particularly when viewed in light of the other major components of fitness (i.e., body composition, cardiovascular endurance, muscle endurance, muscle strength). Second, I explain that if flexibility requires improvement, this does not necessitate a prescription of stretching in most populations. Flexibility can be maintained or improved by exercise modalities that cause more robust health benefits than stretching (e.g., resistance training). Retirement of flexibility as a major component of physical fitness will simplify fitness batteries; save time and resources dedicated to flexibility instruction, measurement, and evaluation; and prevent erroneous conclusions about fitness status when interpreting flexibility scores. De-emphasis of stretching in exercise prescriptions will ensure stretching does not negatively impact other exercise and does not take away from time that could be allocated to training activities that have more robust health and performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia, 2031.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Iglesias-Soler E, Rúa-Alonso M, Rial-Vázquez J, Lete-Lasa JR, Clavel I, Giráldez-García MA, Rico-Díaz J, Corral MRD, Carballeira-Fernández E, Dopico-Calvo X. Percentiles and Principal Component Analysis of Physical Fitness From a Big Sample of Children and Adolescents Aged 6-18 Years: The DAFIS Project. Front Psychol 2021; 12:627834. [PMID: 33679548 PMCID: PMC7932997 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing physical fitness has emerged as a proxy of the health status of children and adolescents and therefore as relevant from a public health point of view. DAFIS is a project included in Plan Galicia Saudable (Healthy Galicia Plan) of the regional government of Galicia (Spain). DAFIS consists of an on-line software devoted to record the results of a standard physical fitness protocol carried out as a part of the physical education curriculum. The aims of this study were: to obtain normative values of physical fitness of the Galician school population evaluated in the DAFIS project, and to identify a reduced number of components and tests able to capture a significant amount of the variability in the physical fitness of children and adolescents. From an initial sample of 27784 records, 15287 cases (7543 males, 7744 females) were considered after filtering. Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape were used for obtaining percentile curves and tables for each sex. Furthermore, a principal components analysis was performed, selecting the number of components by applying the Kaiser's rule and selecting a subset of variables considering the correlation between each variable and the components. Percentile curves and normative values are reported for each test and sex. Physical fitness was better in boys than in girls throughout age groups, except for flexibility that was consistently higher in girls. Two main components were detected throughout age groups: the first one representing body composition and partially cardiorespiratory fitness and the second one muscular fitness. For boys and girls, waist to height ratio had the highest correlations with the first component in four out of six age groups. The highest correlation with the second component, was most frequently observed for the handgrip test both in boys and girls (four out of six age groups). This study provides evidence about the utility of school community actions like DAFIS aimed to track the health-related fitness of children and adolescents. The results suggest that fat mass distribution (i.e., waist to height ratio and waist circumference) and muscular performance (mainly handgrip) concentrate a high proportion physical fitness variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - María Rúa-Alonso
- Performance and Health Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jessica Rial-Vázquez
- Performance and Health Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Iván Clavel
- Galician Sport Foundation, General Sport Secretariat, Galician Government, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Giráldez-García
- Performance and Health Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Javier Rico-Díaz
- General Sport Secretariat, Galician Government, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Carballeira-Fernández
- Performance and Health Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Xurxo Dopico-Calvo
- Performance and Health Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
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Reference performance values of pre-seasonal physical fitness in elite youth male football players in Greece. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ponce-González JG, Gutiérrez-Manzanedo JV, De Castro-Maqueda G, Fernández-Torres VJ, Fernández-Santos JR. The Federated Practice of Soccer Influences Hamstring Flexibility in Healthy Adolescents: Role of Age and Weight Status. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8040049. [PMID: 32295013 PMCID: PMC7240520 DOI: 10.3390/sports8040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the hamstring flexibility between federated soccer and non-federated adolescents, and also to evaluate the effect of age and weight status on hamstring flexibility. The participants were 234 students (11–18 years old) divided into: (i) G1: non-federated (n = 127), and (ii) G2: federated in soccer (n = 107). The deep flexion of the trunk (DF) test and the sit and reach test (SRT) were performed. G2 showed higher values for the DF and SRT compared to G1 (p < 0.05). Both flexibility tests correlated positively (r = 0.4, p < 0.001). Body mass index (BMI) was negatively correlated with the DF test (r = −0.3, p < 0.001), but not with the SRT. Divided by BMI, the underweight and normal weight groups had higher scores in the DF test compared with the overweight and obese groups (p < 0.001). BMI was negatively correlated with hamstring flexibility. Federated soccer students present higher scores of hamstring flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González
- MOVE-IT Research Group and Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain;
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (G.D.C.-M.); (V.J.F.-T.); (J.R.F.-S.)
| | - José V. Gutiérrez-Manzanedo
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (G.D.C.-M.); (V.J.F.-T.); (J.R.F.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-6277-197-54; Fax: +34-9560-162-53
| | - Guillermo De Castro-Maqueda
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (G.D.C.-M.); (V.J.F.-T.); (J.R.F.-S.)
| | - Victor Jose Fernández-Torres
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (G.D.C.-M.); (V.J.F.-T.); (J.R.F.-S.)
| | - Jorge R. Fernández-Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; (G.D.C.-M.); (V.J.F.-T.); (J.R.F.-S.)
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Corten L, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman B. Does the item 'hands on floor' add value to the Beighton score in identifying joint hypermobility? Eur J Rheumatol 2020; 7:79-83. [PMID: 32644928 DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2020.19185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Different assessment tools are used to screen for joint hypermobility. One of the most commonly used tools is the Beighton score. However, the inclusion of the item "hands on floor" (HOF) has been questioned, as this maneuver is not a pure measure of the range of motion because it involves multiple joints and stretching of muscular structures. This study therefore aimed to determine the value of the HOF item to the Beighton score in children aged 6-11 years. METHODS Exploratory research involved children in Grades 1-4 attending four different primary schools in South Africa. Children with a severe medical or neurological condition were excluded from the study. Hypermobility was determined as a score ≥5/8 on the Beighton score excluding the HOF item. RESULTS A total of 460 children (median age 8.58 years [interquartile range, 7.33-9.50]) were tested, of which 34.57% were hypermobile. However, only 8.91% of all children scored positive on HOF. Although a significant association was found between HOF and the hypermobility classification (p=0.007), 86.16% of the hypermobile children could not place their hands flat on the floor. Internal consistency improved slightly when HOF was removed from the scale (α changed from 0.698 to 0.703), with a weak corrected item-total correlation (r=0.16). The specificity of the item HOF in identifying hypermobility is high (93.69%); however, the sensitivity is very low (13.84%). CONCLUSION This study does not show an additional value of the item HOF of the Beighton score in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Corten
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom.,Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gillian Ferguson
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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He H, Pan L, Du J, Liu F, Jin Y, Ma J, Wang L, Jia P, Hu Z, Shan G. Muscle fitness and its association with body mass index in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:101. [PMID: 30971224 PMCID: PMC6456985 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was the first one aimed to investigate the current muscle fitness and its associated factors among children and adolescents in mainland China. METHODS From Nov 2013 to Jul 2014, 2283 children and adolescents aged 7-18 were recruited in Hainan and Shaanxi Provinces in China by cross-sectional design. Information on anthropometry and muscle fitness, measured by hand grip strength (GS), vertical jump (VJ) and sit-and-reach (SR), were collected. Analysis of covariance was performed by using general linear regression models to identify the association between BMI and muscle fitness. RESULTS The means of GS, VJ and SR in boys were 22.30 ± 11.55 kg, 22.93 ± 6.80 cm and 3.58 ± 7.31 cm, respectively, and in girls were 16.61 ± 6.87 kg, 18.11 ± 4.08 cm and 7.18 ± 5.72 cm, respectively. GS (from 8.26 kg in the 7-8-year-old group to 27.91 kg in the 17-18 group) and SR (from 1.75 cm in the-8-year-old group to 10.12 cm in the 17-18 group) increased with age (both p for trend < 0.001). Boys had higher GS and VJ, but significantly lower SR than girls in each age group (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, residential areas and study regions, GS increased with elevated BMI (compared with normal weight group, the regression coefficient for thinness and overweight/obesity were - 2.997(95%CI: -3.693 to - 2.301) and 1.220 (95%CI: 0.285 to 2.155), respectively. With the p values less than 0.001 and 0.011, respectively). For VJ, there was no difference found between normal weight group and overweight/obesity group (p = 0.550), but the thinness group had the lowest performance (regression coefficient = - 2.681, 95%CI from - 3.965 to - 1.397, p < 0.001). For SR, compared with normal weight group, the regression coefficients for thinness and overweight/obesity were - 1.313(95%CI: -2.228 to - 0.399) and - 1.623(95%CI: -3.216 to - 0.030) respectively, both p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Increased body weight may have a positive association with isometric muscle strength measured by grip strength, but a negative one with strength of lifting the body. Sex difference was also found in the performance of flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing He
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jianwei Du
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, Hainan Province, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuming Jin
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jingang Ma
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Pengben Jia
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guangliang Shan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China. .,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dongdansantiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Patti A, Maggio MC, Corsello G, Messina G, Iovane A, Palma A. Evaluation of Fitness and the Balance Levels of Children with a Diagnosis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070806. [PMID: 28753965 PMCID: PMC5551244 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a main cause of physical disability and has high economic costs for society. The purpose of this study was to assess the fitness levels and the postural and balance deficits with a specific test battery. Methods: Fifty-six subjects were enrolled in this study. Thirty-nine healthy subjects were included in the control group and seventeen in the juvenile idiopathic arthritis group. All subjects were evaluated using a posturography system. The fitness level was evaluated with a battery of tests (Abalakov test, sit-up test, hand grip test, backsaver sit and reach, the toe touch test). An unpaired t-test was used to determine differences. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the tests. Results: The battery of tests demonstrated that subjects in the juvenile idiopathic arthritis group have lower fitness levels compared to the control group. The juvenile idiopathic arthritis group showed low postural control with respect to the control group. Pearson analysis of the juvenile idiopathic arthritis group data showed significant correlations between variables. Pearson’s results from the control group data showed a similar trend. Conclusions: The results suggest that the battery of tests used could be an appropriate tool. However, we highlight that these conclusions need to be supported by other studies with a larger population scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Patti
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Maggio
- Department of Science for the Promotion of Health and Infant Maternal "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Department of Science for the Promotion of Health and Infant Maternal "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Messina
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
- Posturalab Italy, 90131 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Angelo Iovane
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Antonio Palma
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
- Regional Sport School of Sicily CONI (Olympic National Italian Committee), 90141 Palermo, Italy.
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Velasco-Roldán O, Riquelme I, Ferragut-Garcías A, Heredia-Rizo AM, Rodríguez-Blanco C, Oliva-Pascual-Vaca Á. Immediate and Short-Term Effects of Kinesio Taping Tightness in Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PM R 2017; 10:28-35. [PMID: 28602935 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is controversy regarding the best technique for applying Kinesio Taping (KT), and the theory supporting that skin convolutions may explain its efficacy has recently been challenged. OBJECTIVE To compare the immediate and short-term effectiveness of KT tightness on mechanosensitivity and spinal mobility in nonspecific low back pain (LBP), and to observe the influence of gender in the outcome measures. DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING University-based clinical research center. PARTICIPANTS A total of 75 individuals with a mean age of 33 years (±7.4 years), 60% female and 40% male, with nonspecific LBP were recruited and randomly assigned to 1 of the following study groups: standard KT tension (n = 26), increased KT tension (n = 25), and no KT tension (n = 24). INTERVENTIONS All participants received a two I-strip taping over the paravertebral muscles for 24 hours. Paper-off tension (15%-25% of the available stretch) was used in the standard KT group, which was increased to 40% in the increased KT tension group. The rest of participants received a taping procedure with no KT tension. Measurements were taken at baseline, immediately after the taping, 24 hours after the taping, and after KT removal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome included pressure pain thresholds over the erector spinae and gluteus medius muscles. The secondary outcome was lumbar mobility (assessed with a digital inclinometer, and back-saver sit-and-reach, finger-to-floor, and sit-and-reach tests). RESULTS In the between-groups analysis of the mean score changes after baseline assessment, no significant differences were found for any of the outcome measures (P > .05) except the left back-saver sit-and-reach test (P = .03). A statistically significant interaction group × gender × time was observed only for mechanosensitivity values (P = .02 for the gluteus and P = .01 for the erector spinae). CONCLUSION KT tightness does not seem to influence pain sensitivity and lumbar mobility in chronic LBP in either the immediate or short term. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Velasco-Roldán
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, The Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Riquelme
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ferragut-Garcías
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, The Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Alberto Marcos Heredia-Rizo
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cleofás Rodríguez-Blanco
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ángel Oliva-Pascual-Vaca
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Samant R, Vishal K, D'silva C. A comparison between active knee extension test and back-saver sit-and-reach test in assessing hamstring flexibility among healthy schoolchildren in India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2016.23.4.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated the correlation between the active knee extension test and the back-saver sit and reach test among healthy schoolchildren aged 9–13 years in India. Method: Five hundred and two healthy schoolchildren aged between 9–13 years were recruited from selected schools in India, and their hamstring flexibility for the right and the left leg was measured using the back-saver sit and reach test and the active knee extension test. The test protocol for the back-saver sit and reach test was taken from the FITNESSGRAM fitness test (while active knee extension test was performed according to the procedures taken from reliability studies). A Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed to identify the relationship between the two scores. Results: The mean (SD) of the test values were as follows: active knee extension test right leg: 29.09 (± 6.51); left leg: 29.07 (± 6.51). Back-saver sit and reach test right leg: 10.81 (± 1.79); left leg: 10.83 (± 1.70). The two showed a moderate correlation (right leg r=-.439 and left leg r=-.429, P≤.05). The active knee extension test was more sensitive to age increments, showing an overall decrease in the scores with advancing age. Conclusion: The active knee extension test and the back-saver sit and reach test are both tests that measure hamstring flexibility. The active knee extension test was found to be more sensitive to hamstring length changes, and should be used in the assessment of flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Samant
- Postgraduate student, Department of Physiotherapy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Vishal
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Cherishma D'silva
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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11
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Fintelman DM, Sterling M, Hemida H, Li FX. The effect of time trial cycling position on physiological and aerodynamic variables. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:1730-7. [PMID: 25658151 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1009936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To reduce aerodynamic resistance cyclists lower their torso angle, concurrently reducing Peak Power Output (PPO). However, realistic torso angle changes in the range used by time trial cyclists have not yet been examined. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of torso angle on physiological parameters and frontal area in different commonly used time trial positions. Nineteen well-trained male cyclists performed incremental tests on a cycle ergometer at five different torso angles: their preferred torso angle and at 0, 8, 16 and 24°. Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide expiration, minute ventilation, gross efficiency, PPO, heart rate, cadence and frontal area were recorded. The frontal area provides an estimate of the aerodynamic drag. Overall, results showed that lower torso angles attenuated performance. Maximal values of all variables, attained in the incremental test, decreased with lower torso angles (P < 0.001). The 0° torso angle position significantly affected the metabolic and physiological variables compared to all other investigated positions. At constant submaximal intensities of 60, 70 and 80% PPO, all variables significantly increased with increasing intensity (P < 0.0001) and decreasing torso angle (P < 0.005). This study shows that for trained cyclists there should be a trade-off between the aerodynamic drag and physiological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Fintelman
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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Muyor JM, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Alacid F, López-Miñarro PA. Criterion-Related Validity of Sit-and-Reach and Toe-Touch Tests as a Measure of Hamstring Extensibility in Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:546-55. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31829b54fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Mier CM, Shapiro BS. Sex Differences in Pelvic and Hip Flexibility in Men and Women Matched for Sit-and-Reach Score. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:1031-5. [PMID: 22739326 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182651d79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constance M Mier
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise, Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida, USA.
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14
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Fourchet F, Materne O, Horobeanu C, Hudacek T, Buchheit M. Reliability of a novel procedure to monitor the flexibility of lower limb muscle groups in highly-trained adolescent athletes. Phys Ther Sport 2013; 14:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Mier CM, Shapiro BS. Reliability of a Computer Software Angle Tool for Measuring Spine and Pelvic Flexibility During the Sit-and-Reach Test. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:501-6. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318257806d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Coledam DHC, Arruda GAD, Oliveira ARD. Efeitos de um programa de exercícios no desempenho de crianças nos testes de flexibilidade e impulsão vertical. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742012000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Esse estudo investigou o efeito de um programa de exercícios na flexibilidade e impulsão vertical de escolares. 61 crianças (30 meninos) foram divididas em Grupo Controle Masculino (GCM), Grupo Intervenção Masculino (GIM), Grupo Controle Feminino (GCF) e Grupo Intervenção Feminino (GIF). O GIM e GIF foram submetidos a um programa de exercícios durante as aulas de Educação Física Escolar com duração de 12 semanas. Foram realizados os testes de "sentar-e-alcançar" e impulsão vertical anteriormente às 12 semanas e após o término deste programa. Os resultados indicaram que o GIF e o GIM aumentaram significativamente o desempenho nos testes de impulsão vertical e "sentar-e-alcançar" após o programa de intervenção (P<0,05). No GCM e GCF não foram verificadas diferenças significativas no desempenho do teste de impulsão vertical e "sentar-e-alcançar" (P>0,05). O programa de intervenção utilizado nesse estudo foi eficiente em aumentar a flexibilidade e impulsão vertical de crianças.
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Ortega FB, Sánchez-López M, Solera-Martínez M, Fernández-Sánchez A, Sjöström M, Martínez-Vizcaino V. Self-reported and measured cardiorespiratory fitness similarly predict cardiovascular disease risk in young adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 23:749-57. [PMID: 22417235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to (a) examine the validity and reliability of the International FItness Scale (IFIS) in Spanish young adults and (b) compare the capacity of self-reported vs measured fitness to predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The study comprised 276 participants (18-30 years). Fitness level (overall and specific components) was both self-reported (IFIS) and measured using standard fitness tests. Total and trunk fat was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We computed a previously validated metabolic syndrome score. A separate sample of 181 of same age and characteristics fulfilled IFIS twice for reliability purposes. The results of the present study support the validity and reliability of self-reported fitness, as measured by IFIS, in Spanish young adults. Our data also suggest that not only measured cardiorespiratory fitness but also self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness predicts CVD risk, as assessed by adiposity and metabolic syndrome indicators. The associations for muscular fitness (both reported and measured) differed depending on how it was expressed (i.e., absolute vs relative terms). Self-reported fitness, as assessed by IFIS, can be a good alternative when physical fitness cannot be measured in large surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Ortega
- Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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18
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Sacchetti R, Ceciliani A, Garulli A, Masotti A, Poletti G, Beltrami P, Leoni E. Physical fitness of primary school children in relation to overweight prevalence and physical activity habits. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:633-40. [PMID: 22348275 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.661070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out to analyse, through a limited number of fitness tests, the main conditioning and coordinative abilities in children aged 8-9 years, and their relationship with gender, anthropometric variables and physical activity habits. The height and weight of 256 boys and 241 girls were measured and information about physical activity habits was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Physical performance was assessed by means of a few standardised tests: 'sit & reach', medicine-ball forward throw, standing long jump, 20 m running speed, and forward roll test. In both boys and girls, body weight and body mass index (BMI) were positively correlated with the medicine-ball throw performances and negatively correlated for the standing long jump and speed tests, while no association was found with tests measuring back flexibility and total body coordination. Daily physical activity and participation in sport were not significantly correlated with body weight and BMI, but were positively associated with children's motor performance. The standardised fitness tests selected in the current study have been found to be suitable to identify fitness levels of primary school children. Thanks to their limited number and ease of measurement, they can be used in any school context to classify children and for monitoring the effects of targeted interventions promoting physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sacchetti
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, España-Romero V, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Martínez-Gómez D, Manios Y, Béghin L, Molnar D, Widhalm K, Moreno LA, Sjöström M, Castillo MJ. The International Fitness Scale (IFIS): usefulness of self-reported fitness in youth. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40:701-11. [PMID: 21441238 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined: (i) the usefulness of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) to correctly rank adolescents into physical fitness levels; (ii) the capacity of the IFIS for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; and (iii) the reliability of the IFIS in adolescents. METHODS The study comprised 3059 adolescents (aged 12.5-17.5 years) from nine European countries (HELENA study). Blood samples were collected in one-third of the participants (randomly selected, n = 981). Test-retest reliability of the IFIS was studied in a separate sample of 277 adolescents. Physical fitness-cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness (MF), speed-agility (SP-AG), flexibility and overall fitness-was self-reported using 5-point Likert-scale questions (1 = very poor, 5 = very good) and measured using standard field-based tests. The CVD risk factors measured included total/central adiposity indices and mean arterial pressure, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance (HOMA) and C-reactive protein. RESULTS Analysis of covariance showed that adolescents reporting better fitness had higher measured fitness levels for all the variables studied (all P < 0.001), regardless of gender, age and weight status. Adolescents reporting very good overall fitness, CRF and SP-AG had a healthier cardiovascular profile in eight out of nine CVD risk factors studied. Perfect agreement (same test-retest answer) was observed in 65% of the adolescents and perfect-acceptable agreement (same answer or ±1) in 97% of the adolescents. CONCLUSIONS (i) The IFIS is able to correctly rank adolescents according to their measured physical fitness levels; (ii) adolescents reporting a good/very good overall fitness, CRF or SP-AG have a more favorable cardiovascular profile; and (iii) The IFIS is reliable in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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