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Wardenaar FC, Beaumont JS, Boeckman J, van Geffen B, Vanos JK. Analysis of potential hydration opportunities during future football tournaments based on data from the 2018 FIFA World Cup. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:32-36. [PMID: 36252322 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2137574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The World Cup is traditionally held oppressive thermal conditions. Therefore, teams should follow heat strain mitigation strategies, including optimal fluid ingestion. The objective of this analysis was to assess and visually communicate match-based World Cup player hydration opportunities and behaviors. Broadcast recordings of the 2018 World Cup (June-July) were analyzed. Descriptive data were reported for match duration, the number, type, and duration of breaks, and player-initiated hydration moments, as well as environmental conditions categorized as 'no thermal stress' and 'thermal heat stress.' The median number and interquartile range of total match breaks were 7 [5-8] during official breaks, with a duration of 42 [23-72] seconds. There were 2 [1-3] player-initiated hydration moments per game, with a duration of 77 [55-100] seconds. On top of the 29% (#126) of breaks in which drinking occurred, an additional 26% (#33) of self-initiated drinking was registered with a duration of 7 [4-28] seconds without an official break. There was no significant difference (P = 0.22) in self-initiated hydration between thermal conditions. Relative percentages showed suboptimal use of substitution (14%) and VAR (38%) breaks vs. injury breaks (75%). In conclusion, football players did not sufficiently use available breaks to hydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua S Beaumont
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Josh Boeckman
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Bregje van Geffen
- Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer K Vanos
- School of Sustainability, College of Global Futures, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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2
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Ashley CD, Lopez RM, Tritsch AJ. Football Practices in Hot Environments Impact Subsequent Days' Hydration. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:90-96. [PMID: 37815236 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ashley, CD, Lopez, RM, and Tritsch, AJ. Football practices in hot environments impact subsequent days' hydration. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 90-96, 2024-The impact of proper hydration to prevent exertional heat illness in American football has not been evaluated during high school preseason football practices in a hot environment (wet-bulb globe temperature = 31.3 ± 1.8° C). The purposes of this study were to examine the accuracy of urinary hydration measures to assess body mass (BM) changes and to examine carryover effects of consecutive practices by comparing postpractice with the next prepractice values. Before and after each of 7 outdoor practices, 31 male high school football players (age = 16 ± 1 years, height = 181.2 ± 12.0 cm, BM = 85.7 ± 19.1 kg, body mass index = 20.8 ± 1.8) provided a urine sample and were weighed to assess hydration. Sensitivity and specificity of urine color (Ucol) and urine-specific gravity (USG) to determine BM changes were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Paired samples t -tests assessed carryover effects between practices. Repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed carryover effects across practices. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Sensitivity and specificity for using Ucol or USG to determine BM changes was not significant. For Ucol, there was a carryover effect from practice numbers 2 to 3, 6 to 7 am , 7 am to 7 pm ( p < 0.001 for all), and 10 to 11 ( p = 0.004); most with less than 24 hours between practices. The %BM loss (%BML) was significantly greater ( p = 0.001 to 0.024) after 2-a-day practices. Effects of previous days' exercise in the heat, as evidenced by higher Ucol and %BL, are greater after 2-a-day practices, which occurred on later practice days. Athletes must replenish fluids during and between practices to remain euhydrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candi D Ashley
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Rebecca M Lopez
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Amanda J Tritsch
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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3
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Dean TM, Knight SN, Robinson MJ, Bowling LR, Russell AR, O'Neal EK, Davis BA. 24 h Hydration profile of collegiate soccer players training once versus twice per day in the heat. Physiol Behav 2023; 269:114273. [PMID: 37331456 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
This study examined 24-h hydration parameters among collegiate, male soccer players (n = 17) during twice (X2) and once (X1) per day practice schedules in the heat. Urine specific gravity (USG) and body mass were measured before morning practices, afternoon practice (X2)/team meeting (X1), and the next morning practices. Fluid intake, sweat losses, and urinary losses were assessed during each 24-h window. Pre-practice body mass or USG did not differ among the timepoints. Sweat losses differed among all practices (p < 0.05) and averaged approximately 2.181±0.693 (X2AM) 1.710±0.474 (X2PM), and 3.361±0.956 L (X1AM), but players averaged replacing >50% of sweat losses with fluid intake every practice. Fluid intake during and between practices from practice 1 to the afternoon practice for X2 resulted in a positive fluid balance for X2 (+0.446±0.916 L). However, higher sweat loss during the initial morning practice and lower relative fluid intake prior to the afternoon team meeting the following morning resulted in a negative fluid balance (-0.304±0.675 L; p < 0.05: Cohen's d = 0.94) over the same time period for X1. By the start of the next morning practice sessions, both X1 (+0.664±1.051 L) and X2 (+0.446±0.916 L) were in positive fluid balance, respectively. Ample fluid consumption opportunities, scaled down practice intensities during X2, and potentially intentional greater relative fluid intake during X2 training resulted in no difference in fluid shift versus an X1 schedule before the start of practices. The majority of players maintained fluid balance drinking ad libitum regardless of practice schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tate M Dean
- Auburn University at Montgomery, Department of Kinesiology, Montgomery, United States of America
| | - Savanna N Knight
- University of North Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Florence, United States of America
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Auburn University at Montgomery, Department of Kinesiology, Montgomery, United States of America
| | - Lynnsey R Bowling
- University of North Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Florence, United States of America.
| | - Angela R Russell
- Auburn University at Montgomery, Department of Kinesiology, Montgomery, United States of America
| | - Eric K O'Neal
- University of North Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Florence, United States of America
| | - Brett A Davis
- Auburn University at Montgomery, Department of Kinesiology, Montgomery, United States of America
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4
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Turner O, Mitchell N, Ruddock A, Purvis A, Ranchordas MK. Fluid Balance, Sodium Losses and Hydration Practices of Elite Squash Players during Training. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071749. [PMID: 37049589 PMCID: PMC10096645 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite squash players are reported to train indoors at high volumes and intensities throughout a microcycle. This may increase hydration demands, with hypohydration potentially impairing many key performance indicators which characterise elite squash performance. Consequently, the main aim of this study was to quantify the sweat rates and sweat [Na+] of elite squash players throughout a training session, alongside their hydration practices. Fourteen (males = seven; females = seven) elite or world class squash player’s fluid balance, sweat [Na+] and hydration practices were calculated throughout a training session in moderate environmental conditions (20 ± 0.4 °C; 40.6 ± 1% RH). Rehydration practices were also quantified post-session until the players’ next training session, with some training the same day and some training the following day. Players had a mean fluid balance of −1.22 ± 1.22% throughout the session. Players had a mean sweat rate of 1.11 ± 0.56 L·h−1, with there being a significant difference between male and female players (p < 0.05), and a mean sweat (Na+) of 46 ± 12 mmol·L−1. Players training the following day were able to replace fluid and sodium losses, whereas players training again on the same day were not. These data suggest the variability in players hydration demands and highlight the need to individualise hydration strategies, as well as training prescription, to ensure players with high hydration demands have ample time to optimally rehydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Turner
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester M11 3BS, UK
| | | | - Alan Ruddock
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | - Alison Purvis
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | - Mayur K. Ranchordas
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
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Tarnowski CA, Rollo I, Carter JM, Lizarraga-Dallo MA, Oliva MP, Clifford T, James LJ, Randell RK. Fluid Balance and Carbohydrate Intake of Elite Female Soccer Players during Training and Competition. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153188. [PMID: 35956363 PMCID: PMC9370343 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined sweat rate, sweat sodium concentration [Na+], and ad-libitum carbohydrate and fluid intakes in elite female soccer players during training (n = 19) and a match (n = 8); eight completed both for comparisons. Body mass (kg) was obtained before and after exercise to calculate sweat rate. The sweat [Na+] was determined from absorbent patches on the thigh or back. Sweat rate, percentage body mass change, and sweat [Na+] for 19 players during training were 0.47 ± 0.19 L·h−1, +0.19 ± 0.65%, and 28 ± 10 mmol·L−1, respectively. Sweat rate was higher during a match (0.98 ± 0.34 L·h−1) versus training (0.49 ± 0.26 L·h−1, p = 0.007). Body mass losses were greater post-match (−1.12 ± 0.86%) than training (+0.29 ± 0.34%, p = 0.003). Sweat [Na+] was similar for training (29 ± 9 mmol·L−1) and a match (35 ± 9 mmol·L−1) (p = 0.215). There were no differences in match versus training carbohydrate intakes (2.0 ± 2.3 g·h−1, 0.9 ± 1.5 g·h−1, respectively, p = 0.219) or fluid intakes (0.71 ± 0.30 L·h−1, 0.53 ± 0.21 L·h−1, respectively, p = 0.114). In conclusion, female soccer players’ sweat rates were higher during a match than during training, and carbohydrate intakes were below recommendations for matches and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Tarnowski
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
| | - James M. Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
| | | | - Mireia Porta Oliva
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC Barcelona, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.L.-D.); (M.P.O.)
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Lewis J. James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Rebecca K. Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
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Evaluation of Water Intake in Spanish Adolescent Soccer Players during a Competition. J Hum Kinet 2022; 83:59-66. [PMID: 36157942 PMCID: PMC9465763 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimal state of hydration is essential to maintaining health. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the water intake of adolescents aged 12 to 16 years and their hydration level during an official soccer match. Three hundred and six players participated in the study (N = 306). Their water intake was recorded and the level of hydration was evaluated using the density of urine as an indicator. Weight measurements were made before and after the match. Water intake control, urine collection and analysis, and the recording of minutes played were carried out after the match. The average weight loss was 746.2 g (SD: 474.07; p < 0.001), with 36.5% with less than 1% loss and 23.3% with more than 2% loss. The mean volume of water ingested was 229.35 ml (SD: 211.11) and a significant correlation was observed between minutes of activity (ρ-value = 0.206; p < 0.001), environmental humidity (ρ-value = - 0.281; p < 0.001), and temperature (ρ-value = 0.200; p < 0.001). The sweat rate was 0.69 l/h (SD: 0.56) and it was significantly associated with playing time (ρ-value = -0.276; p < 0.001). The mean urine density was 1.019 (SD: 0.007), with 64.9% of youth athletes showing dehydration (≥ 1.020). An association was observed between dehydration and activity time (U- value = 4.124; p < 0.001). Approximately 10% of the participants stated that they had not drunk any water during the match. In conclusion, it is necessary to establish individual hydration guidelines based on personal, environmental and activity-related factors, as well as establish a minimum volume of fluids to consume.
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Slawinski J, Houel N, Moreau C, Mahlig A, Dinu D. Contribution of segmental kinetic energy to forward propulsion of the centre of mass: Analysis of sprint acceleration. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1282-1289. [PMID: 35435805 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2066829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the contribution of each body segment to the production of total body kinetic energy (KE) during a 40-m sprint. Nine recreational sprinters performed two 40-m sprints wearing a MVN Biomech suit (Xsens). Data recorded were used to calculate total body KE, and the KE of each segment. The KE of each segment was then expressed as a percentage of the total body KE. We divided the sprint into three phases: 1 - start to maximal power (Pmax), 2 - Pmax to maximal velocity (Vmax), and 3 - Vmax to the end of the 40 m. Total body KE increased from the start to the end of the 40-m sprint (from 331.3 ± 68.4 J in phase 1 to 2378.8 ± 233.0 J in phase 3; p ≤ 0.001). The contribution of the head-trunk increased (from 39.5 ± 2.4% to 46.3 ± 1.1%; p ≤ 0.05). Contribution of the upper and lower limbs decreased over the three phases (respectively from 15.7 ± 2.5% to 10.6 ± 0.6% and from 44.8 ± 2.1% to 43.1 ± 1.5%; p ≤ 0.05). This study revealed the important contribution of the trunk to forward propulsion throughout the entire acceleration phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Slawinski
- Expertise and Performance. Sport, Expertise and Performance Lab, French National Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Houel
- Laboratory of Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société (EA-7507), University of Reims, Champagne Ardennes UFRSTAPS, Reims, France
| | - Camille Moreau
- LINP-2APS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire En Neurosciences, Physiologie Et Psychologie: Activité Physique, Santé Et Apprentissages, University of Paris Nanterre UFRSTAPS, Nanterre, France
| | - Alexia Mahlig
- Expertise and Performance. Sport, Expertise and Performance Lab, French National Institute of Sport, Paris, France.,mécanique, Université de SherbrookeDépartement de génie , Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Dinu
- Expertise and Performance. Sport, Expertise and Performance Lab, French National Institute of Sport, Paris, France
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Hydration Status and Fluid Replacement Strategies of High-Performance Adolescent Athletes: An Application of Machine Learning to Distinguish Hydration Characteristics. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114073. [PMID: 34836328 PMCID: PMC8625246 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited data on the fluid balance characteristics and fluid replenishment behaviors of high-performance adolescent athletes. The heterogeneity of hydration status and practices of adolescent athletes warrant efficient approaches to individualizing hydration strategies. This study aimed to evaluate and characterize the hydration status and fluid balance characteristics of high-performance adolescent athletes and examine the differences in fluid consumption behaviors during training. In total, 105 high-performance adolescent athletes (male: 66, female: 39; age 14.1 ± 1.0 y) across 11 sports had their hydration status assessed on three separate occasions—upon rising and before a low and a high-intensity training session (pre-training). The results showed that 20–44% of athletes were identified as hypohydrated, with 21–44% and 15–34% of athletes commencing low- and high-intensity training in a hypohydrated state, respectively. Linear mixed model (LMM) analyses revealed that athletes who were hypohydrated consumed more fluid (F (1.183.85)) = 5.91, (p = 0.016). Additional K-means cluster analyses performed highlighted three clusters: “Heavy sweaters with sufficient compensatory hydration habits,” “Heavy sweaters with insufficient compensatory hydration habits” and “Light sweaters with sufficient compensatory hydration habits”. Our results highlight that high-performance adolescent athletes with ad libitum drinking have compensatory mechanisms to replenish fluids lost from training. The approach to distinguish athletes by hydration characteristics could assist practitioners in prioritizing future hydration intervention protocols.
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Predicted sweat rates for group water planning in sport: accuracy and application. Biol Sport 2021; 38:253-260. [PMID: 34079170 PMCID: PMC8139355 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.98454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the accuracy of a novel, limited-availability web application (H2Q™) for predicting sweat rates in a variety of sports using estimates of energy expenditure and air temperature only. The application of predictions for group water planning was investigated for soccer match play. Fourteen open literature studies were identified where group sweat rates were reported (n = 20 group means comprising 230 individual observations from 179 athletes) with fidelity. Sports represented included: walking, cycling, swimming, and soccer match play. The accuracy of H2Q™ sweat rates was tested by comparing to measured group sweat rates using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) with 95% confidence interval [CI]. The relative absolute error (RAE) with 95% [CI] was also assessed, whereby the mean absolute error was expressed relative to an acceptance limit of 0.250 L/h. The CCC was 0.98 [0.95, 0.99] and the RAE was 0.449 [0.279, 0.620], indicating that the prediction error was on average 0.112 L/h. The RAE was < 1.0 for 19/20 observations (95%). Drink volumes modeled as a proxy for sweat losses during soccer match play prevented dehydration (< 1% loss of body mass). The H2Q™ web application demonstrated high group sweat prediction accuracy for the variety of sports activities tested. Water planning for soccer match play suggests the feasibility of easily and accurately predicting sweat rates to plan group water needs and promote optimal hydration in training and/or competition.
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Martín-Payo R, Fernández-Álvarez MDM, Zabaleta-del-Olmo E, García-García R, González-Méndez X, Carrasco-Santos S. Feasibility Study of an Educational Intervention to Improve Water Intake in Adolescent Soccer Players: A Two-Arm, Non-Randomized Controlled Cluster Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031339. [PMID: 33540715 PMCID: PMC7908608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the feasibility of an educational intervention on hydration behavior in adolescent soccer players. A pilot study of a two-arm, non-randomized controlled cluster trial was conducted. A total of 316 players aged 13-16 agreed to participate. The response variables were the players' participation in the intervention, their perception of the knowledge acquired, the usefulness and the overall assessment of the intervention. Hydration patterns and acquisition of knowledge on hydration behavior were also assessed. The intervention involved two elements: posters and a web app. A total of 259 adolescents completed the study (intervention group (IG) = 131; control group (CG) = 128). 80.6% of the players responded to the survey assessing the feasibility of the intervention. The mean number of correct answers regarding behavior was significantly higher in the IG (3.54; SD = 1.162) than in the CG (2.64; SD = 1.174) (p < 0.001). The water consumption pattern at all the clubs was ad libitum. Of the players, 10% did not drink any water at all during the game. In conclusion, this intervention has been shown to be feasible for implementation with adolescent soccer players. It suggests that hydration guidelines should be informed by personal factors and that ad libitum water consumption should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín-Payo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Campus del Cristo s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- PRECAM Research Team, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Avenida Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (X.G.-M.); (S.C.-S.)
| | - María del Mar Fernández-Álvarez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Campus del Cristo s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- PRECAM Research Team, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Avenida Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (X.G.-M.); (S.C.-S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Edurne Zabaleta-del-Olmo
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
- Gerència Territorial de Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salut, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Nursing Department, Nursing Faculty, Universitat de Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Campus Bellaterra, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca García-García
- PRECAM Research Team, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Avenida Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (X.G.-M.); (S.C.-S.)
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avenida Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Xana González-Méndez
- PRECAM Research Team, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Avenida Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (X.G.-M.); (S.C.-S.)
- Hospital Universitario San Agustín de Avilés, Camino de Heros 6, 33401 Avilés, Spain
| | - Sergio Carrasco-Santos
- PRECAM Research Team, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Avenida Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (X.G.-M.); (S.C.-S.)
- Hospital Universitario San Agustín de Avilés, Camino de Heros 6, 33401 Avilés, Spain
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11
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Rollo I, Randell RK, Baker L, Leyes JY, Medina Leal D, Lizarraga A, Mesalles J, Jeukendrup AE, James LJ, Carter JM. Fluid Balance, Sweat Na + Losses, and Carbohydrate Intake of Elite Male Soccer Players in Response to Low and High Training Intensities in Cool and Hot Environments. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020401. [PMID: 33513989 PMCID: PMC7912570 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypohydration increases physiological strain and reduces physical and technical soccer performance, but there are limited data on how fluid balance responses change between different types of sessions in professional players. This study investigated sweat and fluid/carbohydrate intake responses in elite male professional soccer players training at low and high intensities in cool and hot environments. Fluid/sodium (Na+) losses and ad-libitum carbohydrate/fluid intake of fourteen elite male soccer players were measured on four occasions: cool (wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT): 15 ± 7 °C, 66 ± 6% relative humidity (RH)) low intensity (rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 2–4, m·min−1 40–46) (CL); cool high intensity (RPE 6–8, m·min−1 82–86) (CH); hot (29 ± 1 °C, 52 ± 7% RH) low intensity (HL); hot high intensity (HH). Exercise involved 65 ± 5 min of soccer-specific training. Before and after exercise, players were weighed in minimal clothing. During training, players had ad libitum access to carbohydrate beverages and water. Sweat [Na+] (mmol·L−1), which was measured by absorbent patches positioned on the thigh, was no different between conditions, CL: 35 ± 9, CH: 38 ± 8, HL: 34 ± 70.17, HH: 38 ± 8 (p = 0.475). Exercise intensity and environmental condition significantly influenced sweat rates (L·h−1), CL: 0.55 ± 0.20, CH: 0.98 ± 0.21, HL: 0.81 ± 0.17, HH: 1.43 ± 0.23 (p =0.001), and percentage dehydration (p < 0.001). Fluid intake was significantly associated with sweat rate (p = 0.019), with no players experiencing hypohydration > 2% of pre-exercise body mass. Carbohydrate intake varied between players (range 0–38 g·h−1), with no difference between conditions. These descriptive data gathered on elite professional players highlight the variation in the hydration status, sweat rate, sweat Na+ losses, and carbohydrate intake in response to training in cool and hot environments and at low and high exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +116-2348846
| | - Rebecca K. Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Lindsay Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Javier Yanguas Leyes
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Daniel Medina Leal
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Antonia Lizarraga
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Jordi Mesalles
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Asker E. Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Lewis J. James
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
| | - James M. Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
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12
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Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D'Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:416. [PMID: 33097528 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Football is a global game which is constantly evolving, showing substantial increases in physical and technical demands. Nutrition plays a valuable integrated role in optimising performance of elite players during training and match-play, and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. An evidence-based approach to nutrition emphasising, a 'food first' philosophy (ie, food over supplements), is fundamental to ensure effective player support. This requires relevant scientific evidence to be applied according to the constraints of what is practical and feasible in the football setting. The science underpinning sports nutrition is evolving fast, and practitioners must be alert to new developments. In response to these developments, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has gathered experts in applied sports nutrition research as well as practitioners working with elite football clubs and national associations/federations to issue an expert statement on a range of topics relevant to elite football nutrition: (1) match day nutrition, (2) training day nutrition, (3) body composition, (4) stressful environments and travel, (5) cultural diversity and dietary considerations, (6) dietary supplements, (7) rehabilitation, (8) referees and (9) junior high-level players. The expert group provide a narrative synthesis of the scientific background relating to these topics based on their knowledge and experience of the scientific research literature, as well as practical experience of applying knowledge within an elite sports setting. Our intention is to provide readers with content to help drive their own practical recommendations. In addition, to provide guidance to applied researchers where to focus future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Collins
- Intra Performance Group, London, UK.,Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Johann Bilsborough
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New England Patriots, Foxboro, MA, USA
| | - Asker Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,MySport Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S M Phillips
- Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Duffield
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Medina
- Athlete Care and Performance, Monumental Sports & Entertainment, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flavia Meyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ian Rollo
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Res
- Dutch Olympic Team, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Research and Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Castagna
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Florence, Italy.,Italian Football Referees Association, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte M Cowie
- Technical Directorate, Football Association, Burton upon Trent, UK.,Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Medical Centre of Excelence, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan McCall
- Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK .,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Chapelle L, Tassignon B, Rommers N, Mertens E, Mullie P, Clarys P. Pre-exercise hypohydration prevalence in soccer players: A quantitative systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:744-755. [PMID: 31526234 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1669716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exercise hypohydration can impair soccer performance and has been extensively studied in different soccer populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to report hypohydration prevalence, measured by blood or urine samples, in different soccer populations based on sex (males and females), performance level (professional and recreational players) and context (training sessions and games). The Pubmed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases were systematically searched until November 2018. Data were pooled to compare hypohydration prevalence between the different subgroups. Following the systematic search selection process, 24 studies were included. The results indicated that overall pre-exercise hypohydration prevalence was 63.3%, 37.4% and 58.8% for urine specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (U Osm) and urine colour, respectively. Furthermore, no study implemented blood samples to examine hypohydration prevalence in soccer players. The subgroup analyses using USG data indicated that pre-exercise hypohydration prevalence was significantly higher amongst males (66.0%; p = 0.001), professional soccer players (66.2%; p = 0.020) and before a training session (79.6%; p < 0.001). Pre-exercise hypohydration prevalence was 46.8% among female soccer players, 55.6% in recreational soccer players and 41,3% before a game. The subgroup analyses using U Osm data indicated that hypohydration prevalence was significantly higher before a training session (52.6%; p = 0.023). Based on these results, it can be concluded that hypohydration prevalence in soccer players is of major concern. Future research should explore how pre-exercise hydration status can be improved in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chapelle
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Tassignon
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Rommers
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Belgium
| | - E Mertens
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Erasmus University College, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Mullie
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Clarys
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Pre-Practice Hydration Status in Soccer (Football) Players in a Cool Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54060102. [PMID: 30563153 PMCID: PMC6306899 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Only a few studies have reported the pre-practice hydration status in soccer players (SPs) who train in a cool climate. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the hydration status of male semiprofessional SPs immediately before their regular training session in winter. The secondary purpose was to compare the urinary indices of the hydration status of Estonian and Latvian SPs. Materials and Methods: Pre-training urine samples were collected from 40 Estonian (age 22.1 ± 3.4 years, soccer training experience 13.7 ± 3.9 years) and 41 Latvian (age 20.8 ± 3.4 years, soccer training experience 13.3 ± 3.0 years) SPs and analyzed for urine specific gravity (USG). The average outdoor temperature during the sample collection period (January–March) was between −5.1 °C and 0.2 °C (Estonia) and −1.9 °C and −5.0 °C (Latvia). Results: The average pre-training USG of Estonian and Latvian SPs did not differ (P = 0.464). Pooling the data of Estonian and Latvian SPs yielded a mean USG value of 1.021 ± 0.007. Hypohydration (defined as a USG ≥ 1.020) was evident altogether in fifty SPs (61.7%) and one of them had a USG value greater than 1.030. Conclusions: Estonian and Latvian SPs do not differ in respect of USG and the prevalence of pre-training hypohydration is high in this athletic cohort. These findings suggest that SPs as well as their coaches, athletic trainers, and sports physicians should be better educated to recognize the importance of maintaining euhydration during the daily training routine in wintertime and to apply appropriate measures to avoid hypohydration.
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15
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Progressive Dehydration in Junior Laser Class Sailors During World Championship. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:75-81. [PMID: 29035599 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to assess the hydration status of elite young sailing athletes during World Championship competition. Twelve young, elite, male, Laser Class sailors (age: 15.8 ± 1.1 y, height: 1.74 ± 0.1 m, weight: 65.1 ± 1.5 kg, body fat: 12.5 ± 3.1%, training experience: 7.0 ± 1.2 y) participated in this descriptive study. After three-day baseline bodyweight measurements, hydration status was assessed via pre- and post-race body weights, urine-specific gravity, and thirst ratings via a visual analog scale during four consecutive days of racing. Measurements and data collection took place at the same time each racing day, with mean environmental temperature, humidity, and wind speed at 23.0 ± 0.8°C, 64-70%, and 9 ± 1 knots, respectively. Average racing time was 130 ± 9 min. Body weight was significantly decreased following each race-day as compared to prerace values (Day 1: -1.1 ± 0.2, Day 2: -2.5 ± 0.1, Day 3: -2.8 ± 0.1, and Day 4: -3.0 ± 0.1% of body weight; p < 0.05). The participants exhibited dehydration of -2.9 ± 0.2 and -5.8 ± 0.2% of body weight before and after the fourth racing day as compared to the three-day baseline body weight. Urine-specific gravity (pre-post → Day 1: 1.014-1.017; Day 2: 1.019-1.024; Day 3: 1.021-1.026; Day 4: 1.022-1.027) and thirst (pre-post → Day 1: 2.0-5.2; Day 2: 3.2-5.5; Day 3: 3.7-5.7; Day 4: 3.8-6.8) were also progressively and significantly elevated throughout the four days of competition. The data revealed progressive dehydration throughout four consecutive days of racing as indicated by decreased body weight, elevated urine concentration, and high thirst.
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16
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Tucker MA, Butts CL, Satterfield AZ, Six A, Johnson EC, Ganio MS. Spot Sample Urine Specific Gravity Does Not Accurately Represent Small Decreases in Plasma Volume in Resting Healthy Males. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 37:17-23. [PMID: 28985131 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1323692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine specific gravity (USG) is often used to assess hydration status, particularly around athletic competition, but it is unknown whether high USG is indicative of plasma volume (PV) reduction (i.e., hypohydration). We tested the hypothesis that if high USG is reflective of reduced PV, subsequent fluid ingestion would increase PV. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine 24-hour changes in USG and PV in individuals presenting with high and low spot USG. METHODS Nineteen healthy males were provided food and water over 24 hours with a total water volume of 35 ml·kg-1 body mass. Absolute PV and blood volume (BV), measured using the CO-rebreathe technique, along with USG were measured before and after a 24-hour intervention period. Based on a preintervention morning spot USG, subjects were post hoc assigned to groups according to USG (≤1.020 or >1.020; low and high USG, respectively). RESULTS Despite presenting with an elevated spot USG (1.026 ± 0.004), subsequent fluid ingestion over 24 hours did not lead to changes (∆) in PV (-75 ± 234 ml) or BV (-156 ± 370 ml) in the high USG group (p > 0.05). However, a spot USG after the 24-hour intervention in this group decreased (p = 0.018) to a level indicating improved hydration status (1.017 ± 0.007). In the low USG group, there were no changes in PV (-39 ± 274 ml), BV (-82 ± 396 ml), or USG (0.003 ± 0.007) over the 24-hour fluid intervention (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite a high preintervention USG and subsequent decrease after 24-hour fluid intake, measures of PV and BV were not indicative of this seemingly improved hydration status. This suggests that a highly concentrated spot sample USG and subsequent changes are not accurately representative of PV or BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Tucker
- a Department of Health , Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA.,b Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University , Augusta , Georgia , USA
| | - Cory L Butts
- a Department of Health , Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Alf Z Satterfield
- a Department of Health , Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Ashley Six
- a Department of Health , Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Evan C Johnson
- a Department of Health , Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA.,c Division of Kinesiology and Health , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming , USA
| | - Matthew S Ganio
- a Department of Health , Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
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17
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Nuccio RP, Barnes KA, Carter JM, Baker LB. Fluid Balance in Team Sport Athletes and the Effect of Hypohydration on Cognitive, Technical, and Physical Performance. Sports Med 2017; 47:1951-1982. [PMID: 28508338 PMCID: PMC5603646 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweat losses in team sports can be significant due to repeated bursts of high-intensity activity, as well as the large body size of athletes, equipment and uniform requirements, and environmental heat stress often present during training and competition. In this paper we aimed to: (1) describe sweat losses and fluid balance changes reported in team sport athletes, (2) review the literature assessing the impact of hypohydration on cognitive, technical, and physical performance in sports-specific studies, (3) briefly review the potential mechanisms by which hypohydration may impact team sport performance, and (4) discuss considerations for future directions. Significant hypohydration (mean body mass loss (BML) >2%) has been reported most consistently in soccer. Although American Football, rugby, basketball, tennis, and ice hockey have reported high sweating rates, fluid balance disturbances have generally been mild (mean BML <2%), suggesting that drinking opportunities were sufficient for most athletes to offset significant fluid losses. The effect of hydration status on team sport performance has been studied mostly in soccer, basketball, cricket, and baseball, with mixed results. Hypohydration typically impaired performance at higher levels of BML (3-4%) and when the method of dehydration involved heat stress. Increased subjective ratings of fatigue and perceived exertion consistently accompanied hypohydration and could explain, in part, the performance impairments reported in some studies. More research is needed to develop valid, reliable, and sensitive sport-specific protocols and should be used in future studies to determine the effects of hypohydration and modifying factors (e.g., age, sex, athlete caliber) on team sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Nuccio
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA.
| | - Kelly A Barnes
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
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18
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Tucker MA, Caldwell AR, Butts CL, Robinson FB, Reynebeau HC, Kavouras SA, McDermott BP, Washington TA, Turner RC, Ganio MS. Effect of hypohydration on thermoregulatory responses in men with low and high body fat exercising in the heat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:142-152. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00768.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether men with low body fat (LO-BF) have impaired thermoregulation during exercise heat stress compared with those with high body fat (HI-BF) when euhydration (EU) is maintained. Furthermore, in LO-BF individuals, hypohydration (HY) impairs thermoregulatory responses during exercise heat stress, but it is unknown whether this occurs in HI-BF counterparts. The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that men with HI-BF have impaired thermoregulatory responses to exercise heat stress and that HY further exacerbates these impairments vs. LO-BF. Men with LO-BF [ n = 11, body mass (BM) 73.9 ± 8.5 kg, BF% 13.6 ± 3.8] and HI-BF ( n = 9, BM 89.6 ± 6.9 kg, BF% 30.2 ± 4.1), in a randomized crossover design, performed 60 min of upright cycling in a hot environment (40.3 ± 0.4°C, relative humidity 32.5 ± 1.9%) at a metabolic heat production rate of 6 W/kg BM and finished exercise either euhydrated (EU; 0.3 ± 1.2 vs. 0.3 ± 0.9% BM loss) or HY (−2.5 ± 1.1 vs. −1.7 ± 1.5% BM loss). Changes in rectal temperature (ΔTrec), local sweat rate (ΔLSR), and cutaneous vascular conductance (ΔCVC; %max) were measured throughout. When EU, LO-BF and HI-BF had similar CVC and LSR responses ( P > 0.05); however, LO-BF had a lower ΔTrec vs. HI-BF (0.92 ± 0.35 vs. 1.31 ± 0.32°C, P = 0.021). Compared with EU, HY increased end-exercise ΔTrec in LO-BF (0.47 ± 0.37°C, P < 0.01) but not in HI-BF (−0.06 ± 0.29°C, P > 0.05). HY, compared with EU, did not affect ΔLSR and ΔCVC in either group ( P > 0.05). We conclude that, when euhydrated, men with HI-BF have a greater increase in Trec vs. LO-BF but similar CVC and LSR. HY exacerbates increases in Trec in LO-BF but not HI-BF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first known investigation to compare thermoregulatory responses to exercise heat stress between men with high and low body fat (BF) in a physiologically uncompensable environment while simultaneously examining the confounding influence of hydration status. Both groups demonstrated similar sweating and cutaneous vasodilatory responses when euhydrated, despite vast differences in rectal temperature. Furthermore, in contrast to low BF, individuals with high BF demonstrated similar increases in core body temperature when either euhydrated or hypohydrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Tucker
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Aaron R. Caldwell
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Cory L. Butts
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Forrest B. Robinson
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Haley C. Reynebeau
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Stavros A. Kavouras
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Brendon P. McDermott
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Tyrone A. Washington
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
| | - Ronna C. Turner
- Department of Rehabilitation, Human Resources, and Communication Disorders, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Matthew S. Ganio
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and
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19
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Azad A, Mousavi M, Gorzi A, Ghasemnian A. The Effect of Precooling on Exhaustive Performance in the Hot Environment. Asian J Sports Med 2016; 7:e33125. [PMID: 27826397 PMCID: PMC5098051 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.33125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-cooling is known to enhance exercise performance in soccer players. However, little information currently exists regarding precooling effects in Iranian young soccer players. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the effect of precooling (water immersion) on exhaustive performance in the heat ( temperature = 32 - 34°C, humidity = 50%). Patients and Methods Sixteen young male soccer players from the provincial competitive teams were divided into two equal groups and were randomly assigned to precooling (age = 16.5 ± 1.1 year, height = 171.7 ± 6.4 cm, BMI = 21.5 ± 3.3, VO2max = 50.6 ± 6.9 mL/kg/min) and non-precooling (age = 16.1 ± 1.1 year, height = 170.0 ± 4.7 cm, BMI = 21.3 ± 3.6, VO2max = 50.6 ± 6.8 mL/kg/min) groups. An exhaustive treadmill run test was conducted after warm-up (non-precooling) or warm-up + water immersion (temperature = 22 - 24°C). Oral temperature, plasma lactate and plasma volume were measured at the baseline (fasting state), mid test (immediately after warm up or warm -up + water immersion) and post test (immediately after exhaustive test). Mixed repeated measures analysis of variance and independent t test were used for data analyzing. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results There were no significant differences between two groups at baseline, mid test and post test regarding oral temperature and plasma lactate. The time to exhaustion was considerably higher in the precooling group compared with the non-precooling group, but the difference was not statistically significant. No significant differences were found between the two groups on measures of the baseline and mid test plasma volume, but post test plasma volume was significantly higher in the precooling group compared to the non-precooling group (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results show that precooling effectively attenuates dehydration, but has no positive effect on exhaustion time in the hot environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Azad
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Ahmad Azad, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9121413799, Fax: +98-2432283201, E-mail:
| | - Mansour Mousavi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IR Iran
| | - Ali Gorzi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IR Iran
| | - Aghaali Ghasemnian
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IR Iran
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20
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Arnaoutis G, Kavouras SA, Angelopoulou A, Skoulariki C, Bismpikou S, Mourtakos S, Sidossis LS. Fluid Balance During Training in Elite Young Athletes of Different Sports. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:3447-52. [PMID: 24513625 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although there are many studies demonstrating a high percentage of adult athletes who start exercise in suboptimal hydration state, limited data concerning hydration levels in athletic youth exist. The purpose of this study was to identify the hydration status of elite young athletes of different sports, during a typical day of training. Fifty-nine young elite male athletes from different sports (basketball, gymnastics, swimming, running, and canoeing) participated in the study (age: 15.2 ± 1.3 years; years of training: 7.7 ± 2.0). Hydration status was assessed in the morning, before and immediately after practice. Data collection took place at the same time of the day, with mean environmental temperature and humidity at the time of the measurements at 27.6 ± 0.9° C and 58 ± 8%, respectively. All athletes trained for approximately 90 minutes, and they were consuming fluids ad libitum throughout their practice. Over 89% of the athletes were hypohydrated (urine specific gravity [USG] ≥1.020 mg·dl) based on their first morning urine sample. Pretraining urine samples revealed that 76.3% of the athletes were hypohydrated, whereas a significant high percent remained hypohydrated even after training according to USG values ≥1.020 mg·dl (74.5%) and urine color scale: 5-6 (76.3%). Mean body weight loss during training was -1.1 ± 0.07%. We concluded that the prevalence of hypohydration among elite young athletes is very high, as indicated by the USG and urine color values. The majority of the athletes was hypohydrated throughout the day and dehydrated even more during practice despite fluid availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Arnaoutis
- 1Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; 2Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; and 3Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Sealy Center on Aging, Institute for Translational Sciences and Shriners Burns Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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21
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Castro-Sepulveda M, Johannsen N, Astudillo S, Jorquera C, Álvarez C, Zbinden-Foncea H, Ramírez-Campillo R. Effects of Beer, Non-Alcoholic Beer and Water Consumption before Exercise on Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis in Athletes. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060345. [PMID: 27338452 PMCID: PMC4924186 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid and electrolyte status have a significant impact on physical performance and health. Pre-exercise recommendations cite the possibility of consuming beverages with high amounts of sodium. In this sense, non-alcoholic beer can be considered an effective pre-exercise hydration beverage. This double-blind, randomized study aimed to compare the effect of beer, non-alcoholic beer and water consumption before exercise on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Seven male soccer players performed 45 min of treadmill running at 65% of the maximal heart rate, 45 min after ingesting 0.7 L of water (W), beer (AB) or non-alcoholic beer (NAB). Body mass, plasma Na+ and K+ concentrations and urine specific gravity (USG) were assessed before fluid consumption and after exercise. After exercise, body mass decreased (p < 0.05) in W (−1.1%), AB (−1.0%) and NAB (−1.0%). In the last minutes of exercise, plasma Na+ was reduced (p < 0.05) in W (−3.9%) and AB (−3.7%), plasma K+ was increased (p < 0.05) in AB (8.5%), and USG was reduced in W (−0.9%) and NAB (−1.0%). Collectively, these results suggest that non-alcoholic beer before exercise could help maintain electrolyte homeostasis during exercise. Alcoholic beer intake reduced plasma Na+ and increased plasma K+ during exercise, which may negatively affect health and physical performance, and finally, the consumption of water before exercise could induce decreases of Na+ in plasma during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 1509, Providencia, Santiago 7500000, Chile.
| | - Neil Johannsen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Sebastián Astudillo
- Family Health Center, El Peral s/n Sector La Pirca, Panquehue 2210000, Chile.
| | - Carlos Jorquera
- Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | | | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 1509, Providencia, Santiago 7500000, Chile.
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Gann JJ, Green JM, OʼNeal EK, Renfroe LG, Andre TL. Effects of Hypohydration on Repeated 40-yd Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 30:901-9. [PMID: 26349041 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of hypohydration on repeated 40-yd sprint performance. Anaerobically fit current and former Division II male athletes (n = 12) completed 2 bouts of 10 × 40-yd sprints followed by an agility test, dehydrated (∼3% body weight [DT]), or hydrated trial (HT). Statistical analysis of group means indicated that hypohydration had little effect on sprint times for either the first (DT= 5.38 ± 0.37; HT = 5.35 ± 0.34) or second (DT = 5.47 ± 0.39; HT = 5.42 ± 0.39) bout of 10 sprints with only sprint number 2, 5, and 6 of bout 2 reaching statistical significance. However, when individual sprint performance was considered, a greater effect was seen. In all, 83% (10 of 12) of subjects experienced a meaningful change (≥0.1 seconds) (positive or negative) in mean sprint time (DT vs. HT) for one or more bout of 10 sprints. Ratings of perceived exertion was significantly higher (∼1 unit on a 10 point scale) for DT in all sprints during bout 1 and the first 2 sprints of bout 2. These results indicate that the effect of hypohydration on repeated sprint performance varies among individuals. Some improved performance with hypohydration, while others experienced detrimental effects. Hypohydration also resulted in a particularly notable negative impact on perceptual measures of exertion even when performance was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Gann
- 1Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas; and 2Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama
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Influence of Hydration Status on Changes in Plasma Cortisol, Leukocytes, and Antigen-Stimulated Cytokine Production by Whole Blood Culture following Prolonged Exercise. ISRN NUTRITION 2014; 2014:561401. [PMID: 24967270 PMCID: PMC4045312 DOI: 10.1155/2014/561401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated antigen-stimulated anti-inflammatory cytokine production appears to be a risk factor for upper respiratory tract illness in athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prolonged exercise and hydration on antigen-stimulated cytokine production. Twelve healthy males cycled for 120 min at 60% V˙O2max on two occasions, either euhydrated or moderately hypohydrated (induced by fluid restriction for 24 h). Blood samples were collected before and after exercise and following 2 h recovery for determination of cell counts, plasma cortisol, and in vitro antigen-stimulated cytokine production by whole blood culture. Fluid restriction resulted in mean body mass loss of 1.3% and 3.9% before and after exercise, respectively. Exercise elicited a significant leukocytosis and elevated plasma cortisol, with no differences between trials. IL-6 production was significantly reduced 2 h postexercise (P < 0.05), while IL-10 production was elevated postexercise (P < 0.05). IFN-γ and IL-2 production tended to decrease postexercise. No significant effect of hydration status was observed for the measured variables. Prolonged exercise appears to result in augmented anti-inflammatory cytokine release in response to antigen challenge, possibly coupled with acute suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production, corresponding with studies using mitogen or endotoxin as stimulant. Moderate hypohydration does not appear to influence these changes.
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Ööpik V, Timpmann S, Burk A, Hannus I. Hydration status of Greco-Roman wrestlers in an authentic precompetition situation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:621-5. [PMID: 23724878 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the urinary indexes of hydration status of Greco-Roman wrestlers in an authentic precompetition situation at the time of official weigh-in (OWI). A total of 51 of 89 wrestlers competing in the Estonian Championship in 2009 donated a urine sample. Questionnaire responses revealed that 27 wrestlers (body mass losers (BMLs)) reduced body mass before the competition, whereas 24 wrestlers (those who do not lose body mass (n-BMLs)) did not. In 42 wrestlers, values of urine specific gravity ≥1.020 and urine osmolality ≥700 mOsmol·kg(-1) revealed a hypohydrated status. The prevalence of hypohydration in the BMLs (96%) was higher than in the n-BMLs (67%) (χ(2) = 7.68; p < 0.05). The prevalence of serious hypohydration (urine specific gravity >1.030) was 5.3 times greater (χ(2) = 8.32; p < 0.05) in the BMLs than in the n-BMLs. In the BMLs, the extent of body mass gain during the 16-h recovery (2.5 ± 1.2 kg) was associated (r = 0.764; p < 0.05) with self-reported precompetition body mass loss (4.3 ± 2.0 kg) and exceeded the body mass gain observed in the n-BMLs (0.7 ± 1.2 kg; p < 0.05). We conclude that hypohydration is prevalent among Greco-Roman wrestlers at the time of OWI. The prevalence of hypohydration and serious hypohydration is especially high among wrestlers who are accustomed to reducing body mass before competition. These results suggest that an effective rehydration strategy is needed for Olympic-style wrestlers, and that changes in wrestling rules should be considered to reduce the prevalence of harmful body mass management behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahur Ööpik
- Institute of Exercise Biology and Physiotherapy, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 18 Ülikooli Street, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
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