1
|
Holmström PK, Harman TS, Kalker A, Steiner B, Hawkins E, Jorgensen KC, Zhu KT, Kunwar AJ, Thakur N, Dhungel S, Sherpa N, Day TA, Schagatay EK, Bigham AW, Brutsaert TD. Differential splenic responses to hyperoxic breathing at high altitude in Sherpa and lowlanders. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:535-548. [PMID: 38180087 PMCID: PMC10988702 DOI: 10.1113/ep091579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The human spleen contracts in response to stress-induced catecholamine secretion, resulting in a temporary rise in haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]). Recent findings highlighted enhanced splenic response to exercise at high altitude in Sherpa, possibly due to a blunted splenic response to hypoxia. To explore the potential blunted splenic contraction in Sherpas at high altitude, we examined changes in spleen volume during hyperoxic breathing, comparing acclimatized Sherpa with acclimatized individuals of lowland ancestry. Our study included 14 non-Sherpa (7 female) residing at altitude for a mean continuous duration of 3 months and 46 Sherpa (24 female) with an average of 4 years altitude exposure. Participants underwent a hyperoxic breathing test at altitude (4300 m; barrometric pressure = ∼430 torr;P O 2 ${P_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ = ∼90 torr). Throughout the test, we measured spleen volume using ultrasonography and monitored oxygen saturation (S p O 2 ${S_{{\mathrm{p}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ ). During rest, Sherpa exhibited larger spleens (226 ± 70 mL) compared to non-Sherpa (165 ± 34 mL; P < 0.001; effect size (ES) = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.3-1.6). In response to hyperoxia, non-Sherpa demonstrated 22 ± 12% increase in spleen size (35 ± 17 mL, 95% CI: 20.7-48.9; P < 0.001; ES = 1.8, 95% CI: 0.93-2.66), while spleen size remained unchanged in Sherpa (-2 ± 13 mL, 95% CI: -2.4 to 7.3; P = 0.640; ES = 0.18, 95% CI: -0.10 to 0.47). Our findings suggest that Sherpa and non-Sherpas of lowland ancestry exhibit distinct variations in spleen volume during hyperoxia at high altitude, potentially indicating two distinct splenic functions. In Sherpa, this phenomenon may signify a diminished splenic response to altitude-related hypoxia at rest, potentially contributing to enhanced splenic contractions during physical stress. Conversely, non-Sherpa experienced a transient increase in spleen size during hyperoxia, indicating an active tonic contraction, which may influence early altitude acclimatization in lowlanders by raising [Hb].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pontus K. Holmström
- Department of Health SciencesMid‐Sweden UniversityÖstersundSweden
- Department of Exercise ScienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Taylor S. Harman
- Department of AnthropologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Anne Kalker
- Department of AnesthesiologyRadboud Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Bethany Steiner
- Department of Exercise ScienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Ella Hawkins
- Department of AnthropologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Kimberly T. Zhu
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ajaya J. Kunwar
- Kathmandu Center for Genomics and Research LaboratoryGlobal Hospital, GwarkoLalitpurNepal
| | - Nilam Thakur
- Kathmandu Center for Genomics and Research LaboratoryGlobal Hospital, GwarkoLalitpurNepal
| | - Sunil Dhungel
- College of MedicineNepalese Army Institute of Health SciencesKathmanduNepal
| | - Nima Sherpa
- Local collaborator without institutional affiliation
| | - Trevor A. Day
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryABCanada
| | | | - Abigail W. Bigham
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tom D. Brutsaert
- Department of Exercise ScienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ciekot-Sołtysiak M, Kusy K, Podgórski T, Pospieszna B, Zieliński J. Changes in red blood cell parameters during incremental exercise in highly trained athletes of different sport specializations. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17040. [PMID: 38560450 PMCID: PMC10981411 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During physical exercise, the level of hematological parameters change depending on the intensity and duration of exercise and the individual's physical fitness. Research results, based on samples taken before and after exercise, suggest that hematological parameters increase during incremental exercise. However, there is no data confirming this beyond any doubt. This study examined how red blood cell (RBC) parameters change during the same standard physical exertion in athletes representing different physiological training profiles determined by sport discipline. Methods The study included 39 highly trained male members of national teams: 13 futsal players, 12 sprinters, and 14 triathletes. We used multiple blood sampling to determine RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit value (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) before, during (every 3 min), and after (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min) an incremental treadmill exercise test until exhaustion. Results There were no significant exercise-induced differences in RBC parameters between athletic groups. No significant changes were recorded in RBC parameters during the low-intensity phase of exercise. RBC, Hb, and Hct increased significantly during incremental physical exercise, and rapidly returned to resting values upon test termination. Conclusions The general pattern of exercise-induced changes in RBC parameters is universal regardless of the athlete's physiological profile. The changes in RBC parameters are proportional to the intensity of exercise during the progressive test. The increase in hemoglobin concentration associated with the intensity of exercise is most likely an adaptation to the greater demand of tissues, mainly skeletal muscles, for oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ciekot-Sołtysiak
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Pospieszna
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lindblom H, Pernett F, Schagatay E, Holmström P. Effect of exercise intensity and apnea on splenic contraction and hemoglobin increase in well-trained cross-country skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05428-z. [PMID: 38393417 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The human spleen acts as a reservoir for red blood cells, which is mobilized into the systemic circulation during various conditions such as hypoxia and physical exertion. Cross-country (XC) skiers, renowned for their exceptional aerobic capacity, are regularly exposed to high-intensity exercise and local oxygen deficits. We investigated a putative dose-dependent relationship between splenic contraction and concomitant hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) elevation across four exercise intensities in well-trained XC skiers. Fourteen male XC skiers voluntarily participated in a 2-day protocol, encompassing a serial apnea test and a [Formula: see text]O2max test (day 1), followed by three submaximal exercise intensities on a roller skiing treadmill corresponding to 55, 70, and 85% of [Formula: see text]O2max (day 2). Spleen volume was measured via ultrasonic imaging, and venous blood samples were used to determine [Hb] levels. Baseline spleen volume was similar (266(35) mL) for all conditions (NS). Notably, all conditions induced significant splenic contractions and transient [Hb] elevations. The [Formula: see text]O2max test exhibited the most pronounced splenic contraction (35.8%, p < 0.001) and a [Hb] increase of 8.1%, while the 85% exercise intensity led to 27.1% contraction and the greatest [Hb] increase (8.3%, < 0.001) compared to baseline. The apnea test induced relatively smaller responses (splenic contraction: 20.4%, [Hb] = 3.3%, p < 0.001), akin to the response observed at the 70% exercise intensity (splenic contraction = 23%, [Hb] = 6.4%, p < 0,001) and 55% (splenic contraction = 20.0%, [Hb] = 4.8%, p < 0.001). This study shows a discernible dose-dependent relationship between splenic contraction and [Hb] increase with levels of exercise, effectively distinguishing between submaximal and maximal exercise intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Lindblom
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Frank Pernett
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Erika Schagatay
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Holmström
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bravo-Iñiguez CE, Fritz JR, Shukla S, Sarangi S, Thompson DA, Amin SG, Tsaava T, Chaudhry S, Valentino SP, Hoffman HB, Imossi CW, Addorisio ME, Valdes-Ferrer SI, Chavan SS, Blanc L, Czura CJ, Tracey KJ, Huston JM. Vagus nerve stimulation primes platelets and reduces bleeding in hemophilia A male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3122. [PMID: 37264009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of coagulation factor VIII in hemophilia A disrupts clotting and prolongs bleeding. While the current mainstay of therapy is infusion of factor VIII concentrates, inhibitor antibodies often render these ineffective. Because preclinical evidence shows electrical vagus nerve stimulation accelerates clotting to reduce hemorrhage without precipitating systemic thrombosis, we reasoned it might reduce bleeding in hemophilia A. Using two different male murine hemorrhage and thrombosis models, we show vagus nerve stimulation bypasses the factor VIII deficiency of hemophilia A to decrease bleeding and accelerate clotting. Vagus nerve stimulation targets acetylcholine-producing T lymphocytes in spleen and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) on platelets to increase calcium uptake and enhance alpha granule release. Splenectomy or genetic deletion of T cells or α7nAChR abolishes vagal control of platelet activation, thrombus formation, and bleeding in male mice. Vagus nerve stimulation warrants clinical study as a therapy for coagulation disorders and surgical or traumatic bleeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Bravo-Iñiguez
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Jason R Fritz
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Shilpa Shukla
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, Lake Success, NY, 11040, USA
| | - Susmita Sarangi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, Lake Success, NY, 11040, USA
| | - Dane A Thompson
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Surgery, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Seema G Amin
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, Lake Success, NY, 11040, USA
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Saher Chaudhry
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sara P Valentino
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Hannah B Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Catherine W Imossi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Meghan E Addorisio
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sergio I Valdes-Ferrer
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Lionel Blanc
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Boulevard, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Christopher J Czura
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Jared M Huston
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Department of Science Education, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Boulevard, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schmidt WFJ, Hoffmeister T, Wachsmuth NB, Byrnes WC. The effect of posture and exercise on blood CO kinetics during the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing procedure. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37154842 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2023.2204402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An indispensable precondition for the determination of hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and blood volume by CO rebreathing is complete mixing of CO in the blood. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the kinetics of CO in capillary and venous blood in different body positions and during moderate exercise. Six young subjects (4 male, 2 female) performed three 2-min CO rebreathing tests in seated (SEA) & supine (SUP) positions as well as during moderate exercise (EX) on a bicycle ergometer. Before, during, and until 15 min after CO rebreathing cubital venous and capillary blood samples were collected simultaneously and COHb% was determined. COHb% kinetics were significantly slower in SEA than in SUP or EX. Identical COHb% in capillary and venous blood were reached in SEA after 5.0 ± 2.3 min, in SUP after 3.2 ± 1.3 min and in EX after 1.9 ± 1.2 min (EX vs. SEA p < .01, SUP vs. SEA p < .05). After 7th min, Hbmass did not differ between the resting positions (capillary: SEA 766 ± 217 g, SUP 761 ± 227 g; venous: SEA 759 ± 224 g, SUP 744 ± 207 g). Under exercise, however, a higher Hbmass (p < .05) was determined (capillary: 823 ± 221 g, venous: 804 ± 226 g). In blood, the CO mixing time in the supine position is significantly shorter than in the seated position. By the 6th minute complete mixing is achieved in either position giving similar Hbmass determinations. CO-rebreathing under exercise conditions, however, leads to ∼7% higher Hbmass values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter F J Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Division of Exercise Physiology & Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Torben Hoffmeister
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nadine B Wachsmuth
- Division of Exercise Physiology & Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - William C Byrnes
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meyer-Lindemann U, Moggio A, Dutsch A, Kessler T, Sager HB. The Impact of Exercise on Immunity, Metabolism, and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3394. [PMID: 36834808 PMCID: PMC9967592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise represents an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy beneficially modifying the course of multiple diseases. The protective mechanisms of exercise are manifold; primarily, they are elicited by alterations in metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Exercise intensity and duration strongly influence the provoked response. This narrative review aims to provide comprehensive up-to-date insights into the beneficial effects of physical exercise by illustrating the impact of moderate and vigorous exercise on innate and adaptive immunity. Specifically, we describe qualitative and quantitative changes in different leukocyte subsets while distinguishing between acute and chronic exercise effects. Further, we elaborate on how exercise modifies the progression of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death worldwide, representing a prime example of a disease triggered by metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Here, we describe how exercise counteracts causal contributors and thereby improves outcomes. In addition, we identify gaps that still need to be addressed in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Meyer-Lindemann
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Moggio
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dutsch
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik B. Sager
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diaz-Canestro C, Montero D. Sex-specific improvement in cardiac phenotype in older females combining blood withdrawal and exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:296-304. [PMID: 36519567 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00328.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined whether an intervention combining hematological and exercise stimuli may overcome the prevailing limitations to improve the cardiac phenotype and orthostatic tolerance (OT) of females with advanced age. Healthy females (n = 15) and males (n = 14) matched by age (63.7 ± 7.0 vs. 63.6 ± 8.7 yr) and moderate physical activity were recruited. OT, transthoracic echocardiography, and central hemodynamics were assessed during incremental lower body negative pressure (LBNP) levels (up to -50 mmHg) for 1 h or until presyncope, prior to and after an intervention comprising standard (10%) blood withdrawal and an 8-wk exercise training program designed to maximize central hemodynamic adaptations. OT time was lower in females compared with males (48.1 ± 10.6 vs. 57.0 ± 4.8 min, P = 0.008) before the intervention. Improved OT time (+11%) in females (48.1 ± 10.6 vs. 53.5 ± 6.1 min, P = 0.021) but not in males (57.0 ± 4.8 vs. 56.7 ± 5.6 min, P = 0.868) was found following the intervention, resulting in similar OT time between females and males (P = 0.156). The intervention induced improvements in left ventricular (LV) diastolic function (+13% for myocardial e') along with increased LV mass (+13%) in females (P ≤ 0.039) but not in males (P ≥ 0.257). During the initial LBNP stages (0 to -20 mmHg), LV stroke volume and cardiac output were exclusively increased in females after the intervention (P ≤ 0.034). In conclusion, the cardiac phenotype of females with advanced age can be structurally and functionally modified in parallel to improved OT via short-term hematological and central hemodynamic stimuli.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Based on previous studies, main features of the cardiac phenotype in females with advanced age are generally unresponsive to lifestyle interventions. The present findings reveals that the cardiac phenotype of middle-age and older females is amenable to large modification in a short-term period when hematological stimuli are combined with those induced by exercise training. The same intervention only induced minor adaptations in males matched by age and potential confounding factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candela Diaz-Canestro
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - David Montero
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Persson G, Lodin-Sundström A, Linér MH, Andersson SHA, Sjögreen B, Andersson JPA. Splenic contraction and cardiovascular responses are augmented during apnea compared to rebreathing in humans. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1109958. [PMID: 36960158 PMCID: PMC10028099 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen contracts during apnea, releasing stored erythrocytes, thereby increasing systemic hemoglobin concentration (Hb). We compared apnea and rebreathing periods, of equal sub-maximal duration (mean 137 s; SD 30), in eighteen subjects to evaluate whether respiratory arrest or hypoxic and hypercapnic chemoreceptor stimulation is the primary elicitor of splenic contraction and cardiovascular responses during apnea. Spleen volume, Hb, cardiovascular variables, arterial (SaO2), cerebral (ScO2), and deltoid muscle oxygen saturations (SmO2) were recorded during the trials and end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen (PETO2) and carbon dioxide (PETCO2) were measured before and after maneuvers. The spleen volume was smaller after apnea, 213 (89) mL, than after rebreathing, 239 (95) mL, corresponding to relative reductions from control by 20.8 (17.8) % and 11.6 (8.0) %, respectively. The Hb increased 2.4 (2.0) % during apnea, while there was no significant change with rebreathing. The cardiovascular responses, including bradycardia, decrease in cardiac output, and increase in total peripheral resistance, were augmented during apnea compared to during rebreathing. The PETO2 was higher, and the PETCO2 was lower, after apnea compared to after rebreathing. The ScO2 was maintained during maneuvers. The SaO2 decreased 3.8 (3.1) % during apnea, and even more, 5.4 (4.4) %, during rebreathing, while the SmO2 decreased less during rebreathing, 2.2 (2.8) %, than during apnea, 8.3 (6.2) %. We conclude that respiratory arrest per se is an important stimulus for splenic contraction and Hb increase during apnea, as well as an important initiating factor for the apnea-associated cardiovascular responses and their oxygen-conserving effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Persson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Gustav Persson, ; Johan P. A. Andersson,
| | - Angelica Lodin-Sundström
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats H. Linér
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel H. A. Andersson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Johan P. A. Andersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Gustav Persson, ; Johan P. A. Andersson,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Komka Z, Szilágyi B, Molnár D, Sipos B, Tóth M, Sonkodi B, Ács P, Elek J, Szász M. Exercise-related hemoconcentration and hemodilution in hydrated and dehydrated athletes: An observational study of the Hungarian canoeists. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277978. [PMID: 36584041 PMCID: PMC9803156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoconcentration during exercise is a well-known phenomenon, however, the extent to which dehydration is involved is unclear. In our study, the effect of dehydration on exercise-induced hemoconcentration was examined in 12 elite Hungarian kayak-canoe athletes. The changes of blood markers were examined during acute maximal workload in hydrated and dehydrated states. Dehydration was achieved by exercise, during a 120-minute extensive-aerobic preload. Our research is one of the first studies in which the changes in blood components were examined with a higher time resolution and a wider range of the measured parameters. Hydration status had no effect on the dynamics of hemoconcentration during both the hydrated (HS) and dehydrated (DHS) load, although lower maximal power output were measured after the 120-minute preload [HS Hemoglobin(Hgb)Max median 17.4 (q1 17.03; q3 17.9) g/dl vs. DHS HgbMax median 16.9 (q1 16.43; q3 17.6) g/dl (n.s); HS Hematocrit(Hct)Max 53.50 (q1 52.28; q3 54.8) % vs. DHS HctMax 51.90 (q1 50.35; q3 53.93) % (n.s)]. Thirty minutes after the maximal loading, complete hemodilution was confirmed in both exercises. Dehydration had no effect on hemoconcentration or hemodilution in the recovery period [HS HgbR30' 15.7 (q1 15.15; q3 16.05) g/dl (n.s.) vs. DHS HgbR30' 15.75 (q1 15.48; q3 16.13) g/dl (n.s.), HS HctR30' 48.15 (q1 46.5; q3 49.2) % vs. DHS HctR30' 48.25 (q1 47.48; q3 49.45) % (n.s.)], however, plasma osmolality did not follow a corresponding decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit in the dehydrated group. Based on our data, metabolic products (glucose, lactate, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate ion, blood urea nitrogen) induced osmolality may not play a major role in the regulation of hemoconcentration and post-exercise hemodilution. From our results, we can conclude that hemoconcentration depends mainly on the intensity of the exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Komka
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Canoe Federation, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Brigitta Szilágyi
- Institute of Mathematics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistical Modelling, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Molnár
- Hungarian Canoe Federation, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Sipos
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Geometry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Tóth
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Sonkodi
- Department of Health Sciences and Sports Medicine, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pongrác Ács
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, Hungary
| | - János Elek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Keeler JM, Hess HW, Tourula E, Baker TB, Kerr PM, Greenshields JT, Chapman RF, Johnson BD, Schlader ZJ. Increased spleen volume provoked by temperate head-out-of-water immersion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R776-R786. [PMID: 36121146 PMCID: PMC9639762 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00111.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that 1) spleen volume increases during head-out-of-water immersion (HOWI) and returns to pre-HOWI values postdiuresis, and 2) the magnitude of apnea-induced spleen contraction increases when preapnea spleen volume is elevated. Spleen volume was measured before and after a set of five apneas in 12 healthy adults (28 ± 5 yr, 3 females) before, during (at 30 and 150 min), and 20 min after temperate temperature (36 ± 1°C) HOWI. At each time point, spleen length, width, and thickness were measured via ultrasound, and spleen volume was calculated using the Pilström equation. Compared with pre-HOWI (276 ± 88 mL), spleen volume was elevated at 30 (353 ± 94 mL, P < 0.01) and 150 (322 ± 87 mL, P < 0.01) min of HOWI but returned to pre-HOWI volume at post-HOWI (281 ± 90 mL, P = 0.58). Spleen volume decreased from pre- to postapnea bouts at each time point (P < 0.01). The magnitude of reduction in spleen volume from pre- to postapneas was elevated at 30 min of HOWI (-69 ± 24 mL) compared with pre-HOWI (-52 ± 20 mL, P = 0.04) but did not differ from pre-HOWI at 150 min of HOWI (-54 ± 16 mL, P = 0.99) and post-HOWI (-50 ± 18 mL, P = 0.87). Thus, spleen volume is increased throughout 180 min of HOWI, and whereas apnea-induced spleen contraction is augmented after 30 min of HOWI, the magnitude of spleen contraction is unaffected by HOWI thereafter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Keeler
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Hayden W Hess
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Erica Tourula
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Tyler B Baker
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Payton M Kerr
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Joel T Greenshields
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Robert F Chapman
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Blair D Johnson
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang K, Wang WB, Yu ZH, Cui XL, Yu ZB, Jiang Y, Gou JF, Du MM. Eight weeks of dry dynamic breath-hold training results in larger spleen volume but does not increase haemoglobin concentration. Front Physiol 2022; 13:925539. [PMID: 36277212 PMCID: PMC9585269 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.925539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: It has previously been reported that repeated exposure to hypoxia increases spleen size and haemoglobin (HGB) level and recent reports on the effect apnoea has on spleen size and haematological parameters are contradictory. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect apnoea training has on spleen size and haematological parameters. Methods: The breath-holding (BH) group was comprised of 12 local student-athletes with no BH exercise experience who performed BH jogging and BH jumping rope dynamic apnoea protocols, five times weekly for 8 weeks. The BH event duration was progressively increased as the apnoea tolerance of the athletes improved (20 to 35 s). The same training task was performed by the control group (n = 10) without BH. Spleen sizes were measured with an ultrasound system and a complete blood cell analysis was performed on the median cubital venous blood. Results: Spleen volume in the BH group increased from 109 ± 13 ml to 136 ± 13 ml (p < 0.001), and bulky platelets decreased from 70.50 ± 5.83 to 65.17 ± 5.87 (p = 0.034), but no changes were recorded for erythrocytes (p = 0.914), HGB (p = 0.637), PLTs (p = 0.346) and WBC (p = 0.532). No changes were recorded for the control group regarding spleen size or haematological parameters. Conclusion: Eight weeks of dry dynamic apnoea training increased spleen size and decreased the number of circulating bulky platelets in the athletes who were assessed in this study. However, the baseline RBC counts and HGB levels of the athletes were not altered by the training programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wang
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ze-Hua Yu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Cui
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhang-Biao Yu
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhang-Biao Yu,
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jin-Fei Gou
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Meng-Meng Du
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morozov SV, Izranov VA. Methods of Ultrasound Spleen Morphometry. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2022; 41:2123-2133. [PMID: 34845744 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a review of the methods of determining spleen size in sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The review aims to summarize the data on the methods of estimating the linear dimensions of the spleen and splenic volume and describe the physiological variability of spleen size depending on sex, age, and different physiological conditions. We systematized the methods used for measuring the spleen and presented them in the form of a table, analyzed the results of previous studies, and compared the accuracy of different methods of calculating the splenic volume using a variety of diagnostic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Morozov
- Institute of Medicine, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A Izranov
- Institute of Medicine, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Erjavec V, Vovk T, Nemec Svete A. The Effect of Two Acute Bouts of Exercise on Oxidative Stress, Hematological, and Biochemical Parameters, and Rectal Temperature in Trained Canicross Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:767482. [PMID: 35359677 PMCID: PMC8962953 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.767482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canicross is a sport discipline that connects human and canine athletes in running. Changes in physiological, hematological, and biochemical parameters, and exercise-induced oxidative stress have not been thoroughly characterized in canicross dogs. The aim of our study was the assessment of the health status of trained canicross dogs that were subjected to two acute bouts of exercise with their owners during the training season. Health status was assessed by measuring the rectal temperature, hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as blood oxidative stress parameters (plasma malondialdehyde, lipid peroxidation marker; whole blood glutathione peroxidase and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase1, antioxidant enzymes) before and during a two-day canicross training session and after a 24-h rest period. Seven trained canicross dogs (three females/four males) aged 12–120 months were included in the study. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the first acute bout of exercise (day 1), after the second acute bout of exercise (day 2), and after 24 h of rest (day 3). Rectal temperature was measured at the same time as blood sample collection. The majority of hematological and biochemical parameters remained within reference ranges at all sampling times. Rectal temperature was significantly higher after training on days 1 and 2 compared to resting temperature on day 3. Hematological parameters did not change significantly; however, there were significant differences in urea, creatinine, creatine kinase, and triglycerides between specific sampling times. Despite significant changes, these biochemical parameters remained within reference ranges. Significant changes in biochemical parameters seem to reflect the dogs' physiological response to each acute bout of exercise, considering all biochemical parameters and rectal temperature returned to pre-exercise values after a 24-h rest period (day 3). No significant differences in oxidative stress parameters were found between any sampling times. Relatively high erythrocyte superoxide dismutase1 activity at all sampling times may indicate that the canicross dogs are adapted to training by an increased expression of antioxidant enzymes. Based on our results, we can conclude that the trained canicross dogs included in our study were healthy, in good physical condition, and fit for the two acute bouts of field exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimira Erjavec
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Vovk
- The Chair of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Nemec Svete
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Alenka Nemec Svete
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hiraiwa H, Okumura T, Sawamura A, Araki T, Mizutani T, Kazama S, Kimura Y, Shibata N, Oishi H, Kuwayama T, Kondo T, Furusawa K, Morimoto R, Adachi T, Yamada S, Mutsuga M, Usui A, Murohara T. Relationship between spleen size and exercise tolerance in advanced heart failure patients with a left ventricular assist device. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:40. [PMID: 35144676 PMCID: PMC8832641 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spleen volume increases in patients with advanced heart failure (HF) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. However, the relationship between spleen volume and exercise tolerance (peak oxygen consumption [VO2]) in these patients remains unknown. In this exploratory study, we enrolled 27 patients with HF using a LVAD (median age: 46 years). Patients underwent blood testing, echocardiography, right heart catheterization, computed tomography (CT), and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Spleen size was measured using CT volumetry, and the correlations/causal relationships of factors affecting peak VO2 were identified using structural equation modeling. RESULTS The median spleen volume was 190.0 mL, and peak VO2 was 13.2 mL/kg/min. The factors affecting peak VO2 were peak heart rate (HR; β = 0.402, P = .015), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP; β = - 0.698, P = .014), right ventricular stroke work index (β = 0.533, P = .001), blood hemoglobin concentration (β = 0.359, P = .007), and spleen volume (β = 0.215, P = .041). Spleen volume correlated with peak HR, PCWP, and hemoglobin concentration, reflecting sympathetic activity, cardiac preload, and oxygen-carrying capacity, respectively, and was thus related to peak VO2. These results suggest an association between spleen volume and exercise tolerance in advanced HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hiraiwa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Akinori Sawamura
- Department of Cardiology, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, 2-2-22 Bunkyo, Ichinomiya, 491-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Araki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Mizutani
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shingo Kazama
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideo Oishi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tasuku Kuwayama
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Furusawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryota Morimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takuji Adachi
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Sumio Yamada
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masato Mutsuga
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akihiko Usui
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A century of exercise physiology: key concepts in muscle cell volume regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:541-559. [PMID: 35037123 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle cells can both gain and lose volume during periods of exercise and rest. Muscle cells do not behave as perfect osmometers because the cell volume changes are less than predicted from the change in extracellular osmolality. Therefore, there are mechanisms involved in regulating cell volume, and they are different for regulatory volume decreases and regulatory volume increases. Also, after an initial rapid change in cell volume, there is a gradual and partial recovery of cell volume that is effected by ion and water transport mechanisms. The mechanisms have been studied in non-contracting muscle cells, but remain to be fully elucidated in contracting muscle. Changes in muscle cell volume are known to affect the strength of contractile activity as well as anabolic/catabolic signaling, perhaps indicating that cell volume should be a regulated variable in skeletal muscle cells. Muscles contracting at moderate to high intensity gain intracellular volume because of increased intracellular osmolality. Concurrent increases in interstitial (extracellular) muscle volume occur from an increase in osmotically active molecules and increased vascular filtration pressure. At the same time, non-contracting muscles lose cell volume because of increased extracellular (blood) osmolality. This review provides the physiological foundations and highlights key concepts that underpin our current understanding of volume regulatory processes in skeletal muscle, beginning with consideration of osmosis more than 200 years ago and continuing through to the process of regulatory volume decrease and regulatory volume increase.
Collapse
|
16
|
High-Resolution Dynamics of Hemodilution After Exercise-Related Hemoconcentration. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:576-585. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Hemoconcentration during acute intense exercise is intensively investigated, while the rearrangement of hematological parameters during the recovery period is less understood. The aim of our study was to understand the mechanisms of hemodilution after short-term dynamic exercise. Methods: Twelve euhydrated male kayak athletes and 6 untrained controls were examined on a spiroergometer. In addition to the continuous recording of circulatory parameters, blood samples were taken at rest, at maximum load, and during restitution with a dense sampling frequency. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, osmolality, blood components, and core temperature were measured. Results: The hemoconcentration, independently of training status, reached its maximum (athletes Δ9.59% [4.18%] vs controls Δ11.85% [2.71%]) in the first minute of the recovery period. There was a significant increase in core temperature, reducing the viscosity of blood and promoting tissue oxygenation. High cardiac output and the increased blood flow compensate for viscosity being elevated by hemoconcentration during exercise. Hemoconcentration was maintained for 7 to 10 minutes and then diluted back to baseline 30 minutes after exercise. Temporarily higher viscosity during reduced cardiac output may result in a critical hemoconcentration zone, elevating the risk of circulatory overload. Elite athletes have a faster cardiac output decrease compared with that of hemodilution, making the circulation more vulnerable. We supposed that hemodilution was guided independently by plasma- and erythrocyte-related effectors. Conclusions: After high-intensity dynamic acute exercise, hemodilution is driven by independent factors, and a critical hemoconcentration zone may be formed during the recovery period in trained elite athletes.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lanfranchi F, D'Amico F, Raffa S, Pennone M, Donegani MI, Miceli A, Chiola S, Maggio S, Delucchi C, Cossu V, Morbelli S, Bauckneht M, Sambuceti G, Marini C. Spleen Perfusion as an Index of Gender Impact on Sympathetic Nervous System Response to Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:780713. [PMID: 34975534 PMCID: PMC8715039 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.780713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) reaction to exercise is gender dependent. Nevertheless, clinically applicable methods to identify this difference are still missing. An organ largely sensitive to SNS is the spleen whose response to exercise can be easily evaluated, being included in the field of view of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Here, we aimed to verify whether gender interferes with the spleen perfusion and its response to exercise. Methods: For this purpose, we evaluated 286 original scans of consecutive patients submitted to MPI in the course of 2019. Our standard procedure implies a single-day stress-rest sequence with a gap of ≥2 h between the administrations of 180 and 500 MBq of 99mTc-Sestamibi, respectively. Imaging is performed 30 min after radiotracer administration, with scan duration set at 25 and 35 s per view, respectively. Non-gated scans were reconstructed with the filtered back-projection method. A volume of interest was drawn on the spleen and heart to estimate the dose-normalized average counting rate that was expressed in normalized counts per seconds (NCPS). Results: In all subjects submitted to exercise MPI (n = 228), NCPS were higher during stress than at rest (3.52 ± 2.03 vs. 2.78 ± 2.07, respectively; p < 0.01). This effect was not detected in the 58 patients submitted to dipyridamole-stress. The response to exercise selectively involved the spleen, since NCPS in heart were unchanged irrespective of the used stressor. This same response was dependent upon gender, indeed spleen NCPS during stress were significantly higher in the 75 women than in the 153 men (3.86 ± 1.8 vs. 3.23 ± 1.6, respectively, p < 0.01). Again, this variance was not reproduced by heart. Finally, spleen NCPS were lower in the 173 patients with myocardial reversible perfusion defects (summed difference score ≥3) than in the remaining 55, despite similar values of rate pressure product at tracer injection. Conclusion: Thus, exercise interference on spleen perfusion can be detected during MPI. This effect is dependent upon gender and ischemia confirming the high sensitivity of this organ to SNS activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lanfranchi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Amico
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Raffa
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Miceli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Chiola
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Maggio
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Vanessa Cossu
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Morbelli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Marini
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Demissie S, Mergu P, Hailu T, Abebe G, Warsa M, Fikadu T. Morphometric assessment of spleen dimensions and its determinants among individuals living in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21:186. [PMID: 34863114 PMCID: PMC8642847 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-021-00719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The spleen is a vital lymphoid soft organ that demands constant attention from the clinical point of view. It is a multi-dimensional organ that enlarges in its all dimensions during some disease condition. The detection of the spleen by palpation is not an indicator of an enlarged spleen because normal spleen may be palpable. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the morphometry of spleen dimensions and its determinants among individuals living in Arba Minch town by sonographic examinations. Methods and materials Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Arba Minch town from February 1 to March 30, 2020. Seven hundred and eight study participants were selected using a multi-stage systematic random sampling technique. Data were checked for completeness, edited, coded and entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported to STATA software version 16 for analysis. Result The mean splenic length, width, thickness and volume were 10.24 cm, 4.79 cm, 3.93 cm, and 109.34 cm3, respectively. The mean spleen length, width, thickness and volumes among males were 10.64 cm, 4.92 cm, 4.05 cm and 119.81 cm3 and among females were 9.75 cm, 4.63 cm, 3.78 cm and 96.50 cm3 respectively. As age increased by one year the mean spleen length, width, thickness and volume was decreased by 0.032 cm, 0.018 cm 0.004 cm and 0.012 cm respectively. As height increased by 1 cm the mean spleen width and volume were increased by 0.096 cm and 0.052 cm respectively. As we go from male to female the mean spleen length decreased by 0.294 cm. Conclusion The spleen dimensions were higher in males than females. Splenic length was determined by age & sex, the spleen width was determined by age & height, the spleen volume was determined by age & height and the spleen thickness was determined by age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Demissie
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
| | - Prasad Mergu
- Department of Anatomy, MNR Medical College and Hospital, Sagerddy, Telangana, India
| | - Tadiwos Hailu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Abebe
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Warsa
- Department of Medicine, Arba Minch General Hospital, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Teshale Fikadu
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pernett F, Schagatay F, Vildevi C, Schagatay E. Spleen Contraction During Sudden Eupneic Hypoxia Elevates Hemoglobin Concentration. Front Physiol 2021; 12:729123. [PMID: 34621185 PMCID: PMC8490696 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.729123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen contracts progressively during moderate normobaric hypoxia exposure of 20 min, which elevates hemoglobin concentration (Hb). However, acute hypoxia exposure could be shorter and more severe when oxygen systems fail during, e.g., high-altitude sky diving, aircraft cabin pressure drop, balloon flights, extreme altitude climbing, and in some maladies. We aimed to evaluate the speed and magnitude of spleen contraction during short exposure to extreme eupneic hypoxia and its subsequent recovery on oxygen. Eight female and seven male volunteers were exposed to normobaric hypoxia (10% oxygen) for 10 min during sitting rest, followed by 10 min on 100% oxygen. Heart rate (HR), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were measured continuously. The spleen was measured via ultrasonic imaging every minute for volume calculations, and venous blood samples were drawn before and after exposure for hemoglobin concentration (Hb). Mean (SD) spleen volume was 279 (115) mL before exposure, 219 (75) mL (21% reduction; P = 0.005) at 3 min of exposure, and 201 (93) mL after 10 min exposure to hypoxia (28% reduction; P < 0.001). Hb was 138.8 (7.6) g·L−1 before and 142.9 (8.1) g·L−1 after 10 min of exposure (2.9% increase; P < 0.001). SpO2 was 96.4 (1.7)% before exposure and 74.7 (8.4)% during the last minute of exposure (22.5% reduction; P < 0.001). HR increased from 80 (14) to 90 (17) bpm during exposure (12% increase, P < 0.05). MAP remained unchanged. After 10 min recovery on oxygen, values had been restored for spleen volume and Hb, while SpO2 was higher and HR lower compared with before hypoxia exposure. We concluded that acute normobaric hypoxia of only 10 min caused significant spleen volume contraction with Hb increase. This rapid spleen response, evident already after 3 min of exposure, could have a protective effect during sudden exposure to severe hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pernett
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Erika Schagatay
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Östersund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Weinzirl J, Garnitschnig L, Scheffers T, Andrae L, Heusser P. Splenic Rhythms and Postprandial Dynamics in Physiology, Portal Hypertension, and Functional Hyposplenism: A Review. Digestion 2021; 102:326-334. [PMID: 32408299 DOI: 10.1159/000507346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Before the discovery of immunological and haematological functions of the spleen, it had for centuries been considered to be a digestive organ of variable size with a role in the portal vein system and nutritional metabolism. In the 19th and 20th centuries, volume changes in the spleen related to nutrition were studied using plethysmographic measurements. Rhythmical and regulatory functions of the spleen were demonstrated in the haemodynamics of the splanchnic region and were described as a "hepatolienal pendulum," a "Windkessel function," or a "pressure compensation." These studies were mainly published in German-speaking countries and have not, as far as is known, been discussed in the English-speaking world so far. SUMMARY This review explores the historical development of the rhythmical regulatory function of the spleen in the splanchnic region. Older studies and results are followed up in the modern literature, wherever possible, up to the present. The clinical relevance is illustrated with portal hypertension (with congestive or hyperdynamic splenomegaly), coeliac disease, and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (with functional hyposplenism). Key Message: The spleen's rhythmical regulatory function in nutrition is based on an autonomous rhythm comprising cycles of contractions and dilations of the spleen of around 1 min. These cycles can be influenced by sympathetically mediated single contractions with a release of pooled blood or by portal vein congestion. After food ingestion, the spleen responds either with contraction according to a vasomotor reaction or postprandial congestion with significant increases in volume. The spleen's rhythmical function is lost in the clinical picture of portal hypertension or in coeliac disease and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. In the aforementioned gastrointestinal diseases, we recommend taking more account of the haemodynamics between the spleen, liver, and intestine. New innovative techniques for recording splenograms are required which, besides elastographic measurements of spleen stiffness, could offer an important tool for early detection, diagnosis, and therapeutic evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Weinzirl
- Institute for Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Herdecke, Germany,
| | - Lydia Garnitschnig
- Institute for Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Herdecke, Germany
| | - Tom Scheffers
- Institute for Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Herdecke, Germany
| | - Lukas Andrae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Community Hospital Herdecke, Herdecke, Germany
| | - Peter Heusser
- Institute for Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Herdecke, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Santana ESDS, de Oliveira CA, Lima FIA, Nucci RAB, Fonseca FLA, Maifrino LBM. Effect of Resistance Training and Diet Intake on Spleen Structure of Ovariectomized Wistar Rats. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES NU 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Exercise is a key factor in immunity which may be affected by a different diet intake. Thus, we aimed to analyze the effects of diet intake and resistance training on spleen structure of ovariectomized female animals.
Materials and Methods Female Wistar rats were divided into eight experimental groups: sedentary and nonovariectomized animals plus vegetable protein diet (CVS) or animal protein diet (CAS); trained and nonovariectomized rats plus vegetable protein diet (CVT) or animal protein diet (CT); sedentary and ovariectomized groups plus vegetable protein diet (VOS) or animal protein diet (AOS); and trained and ovariectomized animals plus vegetable protein diet (VOT) or animal protein diet (AOT).
Results Groups submitted to both animal protein diet and resistance training, mainly ovariectomized groups, presented a great variability of collagen fibers type III, white pulp, and follicle structure in relation to the other spleen constituents.
Conclusion Resistance training with a vegetable protein diet may play a key factor to maintain spleen’s immune responses across age. However, animal protein diet is suggested to decrease spleen’s immune activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ricardo Aparecido Baptista Nucci
- Department of Aging Sciences, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
- Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, ABC District Medical School, Santo André, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Beatriz Mesiano Maifrino
- Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, ABC District Medical School, Santo André, Brazil
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Platelet-Rich Plasma Content of Active Spinal Cord Injured Patients: A Controlled Laboratory Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:651-655. [PMID: 32969966 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet-rich plasma has potential uses for patients with spinal cord injuries. However, no study has quantified the cellular and growth factor content of platelet-rich plasma in this population. This study aimed to analyze (1) platelet-rich plasma content of spinal cord injury subjects and (2) the effect of high-intensity interval exercise on their platelet-rich plasma. DESIGN Ten spinal cord injury patients and 10 controls were enrolled. At rest, platelet-rich plasma was created from both groups. The spinal cord injury group then performed high-intensity interval exercise and underwent a second blood draw to create post-high-intensity interval exercise platelet-rich plasma. Complete blood counts and growth factor analysis (via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was performed on all platelet-rich plasma. RESULTS The spinal cord injury group had lower platelets (305,700 ± 85,697/μl vs 380,800 ± 57,301/μl, P = 0.015) and transforming growth factor β (12.84 ± 1.58 vs 14.33 ± 0.63 ng/ml, P = 0.023). Four minutes of high-intensity interval exercise increased the platelets (305,700 ± 85,697/μl to 399,200 ± 96,251/μl, P = 0.004), leukocytes (906 ± 930 vs 2504 ± 3765/μl, P = 0.002) and transforming growth factor β (12.84 ± 1.58 to 14.28 ± 1.21 ng/ml, P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Spinal cord injury patients have fewer platelets and transforming growth factor β in their platelet-rich plasma at baseline compared with controls. Exercise increased platelet, leukocyte, and transforming growth factor β yield, compensating for the baseline deficits.
Collapse
|
23
|
Bouten J, Bourgois JG, Lootens L, Boone J. Acute apnea and white blood cell count: A biphasic response formal comment on 'Hematologic changes after short term hypoxia in non-elite apnea divers under voluntary dry apnea conditions'. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253584. [PMID: 34260608 PMCID: PMC8279404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Bouten
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan G. Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre of Sports Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Lootens
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Holmström PK, Karlsson Ö, Lindblom H, McGawley K, Schagatay EK. Enhanced splenic volume and contraction in elite endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:474-486. [PMID: 34166106 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01066.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenic contraction, which leads to ejection of stored erythrocytes, is greater in athletes involved in regular freediving or high-altitude activities. As this response facilitates oxygen-carrying capacity, similar characteristics may be expected of elite endurance athletes. Therefore, our aims were to compare resting and apnea-induced splenic volume in endurance athletes and untrained individuals, and to assess the athletes' exercise-induced splenic volume. Twelve elite biathletes (7 women) and 12 controls (6 women) performed a maximal effort apnea in a seated position. In addition, the biathletes completed a maximal roller-skiing time trial. Splenic dimensions were measured by ultrasonic imaging for subsequent volume calculations, whereas Hb was analyzed from capillary blood samples and cardiorespiratory variables were monitored continuously. Baseline splenic volume was larger in the biathletes (214 ± 56 mL) compared with controls (157 ± 39 mL, P = 0.008) and apnea-induced splenic contraction was also greater in the biathletes (46 ± 20 mL vs. 30 ± 16 mL, P = 0.035). Hb increased immediately after apnea in the biathletes (4.5 ± 4.8%, P = 0.029) but not in the controls (-0.7 ± 3.1%, P = 0.999). Increases in exercise-induced splenic contraction (P = 0.008) and Hb (P = 0.001) were greater compared with the apnea-induced responses among the athletes. Baseline splenic volume tended to be correlated with V̇o2max (r = 0.584, P = 0.059). We conclude that elite biathletes have greater splenic volume with a greater ability to contract and elevate Hb compared with untrained individuals. These characteristics may transiently enhance O2-carrying capacity and possibly increase O2 uptake, thereby helping biathletes to cope with high intermittent O2 demands and severe O2 deficits that occur during biathlon training and competition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that elite biathletes have larger splenic volume, apnea-induced splenic contraction, and Hb elevation compared with untrained individuals, which is likely functional to cope with high O2 demands and substantial O2 deficits. We believe that enhanced splenic contraction may be of importance during competitions involving cross-country skiing, to regulate circulating Hb and enhance O2-carrying capacity, which may protect [Formula: see text] and increase O2 uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pontus K Holmström
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Öyvind Karlsson
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Hampus Lindblom
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Kerry McGawley
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Erika K Schagatay
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bellomo A, Gentek R, Golub R, Bajénoff M. Macrophage-fibroblast circuits in the spleen. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:104-125. [PMID: 34028841 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are an integral part of all organs in the body, where they contribute to immune surveillance, protection, and tissue-specific homeostatic functions. This is facilitated by so-called niches composed of macrophages and their surrounding stroma. These niches structurally anchor macrophages and provide them with survival factors and tissue-specific signals that imprint their functional identity. In turn, macrophages ensure appropriate functioning of the niches they reside in. Macrophages thus form reciprocal, mutually beneficial circuits with their cellular niches. In this review, we explore how this concept applies to the spleen, a large secondary lymphoid organ whose primary functions are to filter the blood and regulate immunity. We first outline the splenic micro-anatomy, the different populations of splenic fibroblasts and macrophages and their respective contribution to protection of and key physiological processes occurring in the spleen. We then discuss firmly established and potential cellular circuits formed by splenic macrophages and fibroblasts, with an emphasis on the molecular cues underlying their crosstalk and their relevance to splenic functionality. Lastly, we conclude by considering how these macrophage-fibroblast circuits might be impaired by aging, and how understanding these changes might help identify novel therapeutic avenues with the potential of restoring splenic functions in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bellomo
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Centre for Inflammation Research & Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel Golub
- Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Lymphopoiesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Low-Dose Ammonium Preconditioning Enhances Endurance in Submaximal Physical Exercises. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9020029. [PMID: 33669436 PMCID: PMC7920466 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning is often used in medicine to protect organs from ischemic damage and in athletes to enhance the performances. We tested whether low-dose ammonium preconditioning (AMP) could have a beneficial effect on physical exercises (PE). We used Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) on a treadmill to investigate the effects of low-dose AMP on the physical exercise capacity of professional track and field athletes and tested twenty-five athletes. Because of the individual differences between athletes, we performed a preliminary treadmill test (Pre-test) and, according to the results, the athletes were randomly allocated into the AMP and control (placebo, PL) group based on the similarity of the total distance covered on a treadmill. In the AMP group, the covered distance increased (11.3 ± 3.6%, p < 0.02) compared to Pre-test. Similarly, AMP significantly increased O2 uptake volume—VO2 (4.6 ± 2.3%, p < 0.03) and pulmonary CO2 output—VCO2 (8.7 ± 2.8%, p < 0.01). Further, the basic blood parameters (pH, pO2, and lactate) shift was lower despite the greater physical exercise progress in the AMP group compared to Pre-test, whereas in the placebo group there were no differences between Pre-test and Load-test. Importantly, the AMP significantly increased red blood cell count (6.8 ± 2.0%, p < 0.01) and hemoglobin concentration (5.3 ± 1.9%, p < 0.01), which might explain the beneficial effects in physical exercise progress. For the first time, we showed that low-dose AMP had clear beneficial effects on submaximal PE.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
In contrast to other lymphoid tissues making up the immune system, the spleen as its biggest organ is directly linked into the blood circulation. Beside its main task to filter out microorganism, proteins, and overaged or pathologically altered blood cells, also humoral and cellular immune responses are initiated in this organ. The spleen is not palpable during a physical examination in most but not all healthy patients. A correct diagnosis of splenomegaly in children and adolescents must take into account age-dependent size reference values. Ultrasound examination is nowadays used to measure the spleen size and to judge on reasons for morphological alterations in associated with an increase in organ size. An enormous amount of possible causes has to be put in consideration if splenomegaly is diagnosed. Among these are infectious agents, hematologic disorders, infiltrative diseases, hyperplasia of the white pulp, congestion, and changes in the composition and structure of the white pulp by immunologically mediated diseases. This review attempts to discuss a comprehensive list of differential diagnoses to be considered clinically in children and young adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meinolf Suttorp
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Palliative Medicine Section, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Carl Friedrich Classen
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Palliative Medicine Section, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hematologic changes after short term hypoxia in non-elite apnea divers under voluntary dry apnea conditions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237673. [PMID: 32790747 PMCID: PMC7425904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the acute changes in full spectrum differential blood cell count including reticulocytes and immature reticulocytes after a voluntary maximal dry apnea in non-elite divers. Aim of the present study is to obtain information on important regulatory compensation mechanisms and to provide insights into apneic regulatory processes. Methods Ten apnea divers performed a voluntary dry mean apnea time of 317 sec [SD ±111 sec]. Differential blood cell count including reticulocytes was measured before and immediately after a single maximal breath-hold. To evaluate kinetics, blood samples were also taken after 30 min and 4 h. Value distributions are presented with dot plots. P-values were calculated using a mixed linear model for time dependency. Four difference values were compared to baseline values with Dunnett’s procedure. Results Significant changes were found in red blood cell parameters for erythrocytes, red cell distribution width, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, reticulocytes and immature reticulocytes, and in white blood cell parameters for leucocytes, lymphocytes, immature granulocytes, monocytes, basophile granulocytes, neutrophil granulocytes and eosinophil granulocytes and for thrombocytes. Conclusion Adaptive mechanisms regarding cell counts in elite apnea divers are not readily transferable to non-elite recreational sportspersons. Divers and physicians should be aware of the limited adaptive performance of humans in the case of extended apnea.
Collapse
|
29
|
Combes F, Meyer E, Sanders NN. Immune cells as tumor drug delivery vehicles. J Control Release 2020; 327:70-87. [PMID: 32735878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article describes the use of immune cells as potential candidates to deliver anti-cancer drugs deep within the tumor microenvironment. First, the rationale of using drug carriers to target tumors and potentially decrease drug-related side effects is discussed. We further explain some of the current limitations when using nanoparticles for this purpose. Next, a comprehensive step-by-step description of the migration cascade of immune cells is provided as well as arguments on why immune cells can be used to address some of the limitations associated with nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. We then describe the benefits and drawbacks of using red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T cells and NK cells for tumor-targeted drug delivery. An additional section discusses the versatility of nanoparticles to load anti-cancer drugs into immune cells. Lastly, we propose increasing the circulatory half-life and development of conditional release strategies as the two main future pillars to improve the efficacy of immune cell-mediated drug delivery to tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Combes
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Baria MR, Miller MM, Borchers J, Desmond S, Onate J, Magnussen R, Vasileff WK, Flanigan D, Kaeding C, Durgam S. High Intensity Interval Exercise Increases Platelet and Transforming Growth Factor-β Yield in Platelet-Rich Plasma. PM R 2020; 12:1244-1250. [PMID: 32198828 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging orthobiologic treatment for musculoskeletal conditions like osteoarthritis. Two studies have demonstrated the influence of longer duration exercise on PRP composition, but no study has ever explored the impact of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on PRP content. OBJECTIVE To quantify cellular and growth factor content changes in PRP after 4 minutes of HIIE. DESIGN Controlled laboratory pilot study. SETTING Academic sports medicine center. PARTICIPANTS Ten healthy volunteers (5 male, 5 female). INTERVENTION Volunteers had PRP prepared from 15 mL of whole blood using a single spin, plasma-based system (autologous conditioned plasma [ACP]) immediately before and after 4 minutes of HIIE on a stationary exercise bike (Tabata protocol). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The PRP was sent for complete blood counts and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RESULTS Mean platelet count in PRP increased from 367.4 ± 57.5 k/μL to 497.7 ± 93.3 k/μL after 4 minutes of HIIE (P < .001). TGF-β also increased from 8237.2 ± 7676.5 pg/mL to 21 535.7 ± 4062.6 pg/mL postexercise (P = .004). The other cellular components (leukocytes, red blood cells, and mean platelet volume) and growth factors (PDGF, IGF-1, and VEGF) were not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS A short 4-minute bout of HIIE significantly increased the total platelet count and TGF-β concentration in PRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Baria
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Meghan M Miller
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - James Borchers
- Department of Family Medicine, Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Shannon Desmond
- Resident, Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - James Onate
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Robert Magnussen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - William Kelton Vasileff
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - David Flanigan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Christopher Kaeding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sushmitha Durgam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Akintunde JK, Ayeni SA, Adeoye MA, Shittu AO. Rat liver and kidney post-mitochondrial dysfunction by addition of chronic mixed metal intoxication and hepatorenal wellness mediated by phenolic components from Croton zambiscus leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 74:103293. [PMID: 31760208 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of mixed-metal intoxication has been associated with prolonged oxidative stress and severe hepatorenal damage. This present study demonstrates the hepatoprotective and renoprotective activity of Croton zambesicus (C-ZAMB) leaves, naturally occurring phenolic compounds against chronic mixed-metal (EOMABRSL) induced toxicity. 0.5 ml of EOMABRSL via oral route induced chronic hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity on exposure for 98 days (non-withdrawal) and 70 days (withdrawal) by abnormal alteration in the levels of endogenous antioxidants. Moreover, EOMABRSL induced hepatorenal damage by increasing the markers of liver toxicity (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and bilirubin) and kidney failure (creatinine, urea, uric acid, and renal electrolytes-Na+ and K+). Both non-withdrawal and withdrawal approaches of EOMABRSL-exposed animals exhibited hepatorenal dysfunctions by increasing the activity of eco-51-nucleotidase (51ENT) followed by the decreased in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-index of cellular ATP. These results were further supported by the histopathological examination of nephritic cells, hepatocytes and splenocytes, manifested by hepatocellular necrosis, swelling or degeneration of tubular kidney epithelial cells as well as coalescing splenic periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALSs) and lymphoid haemosiderin. The chronic EOMABRSL intoxication was ameliorated by administration of phenolic antioxidants from C-ZAMB leaves. Therefore, our study supports the view that phenolic C-ZAMB leaves may mediate hepatorenal wellness on chronic exposure to mixed-metal intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Akintunde
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.
| | - S A Ayeni
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - M A Adeoye
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - A O Shittu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Garnitschnig L, Weinzirl J, Andrae L, Scheffers T, Ostermann T, Heusser P. Postprandial dynamics of splenic volume in healthy volunteers. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14319. [PMID: 31981412 PMCID: PMC6981305 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the history of medicine, many functions have been attributed to the spleen and numerous researchers have focused on a postulated digestive function. Beginning in 1825, systematic animal studies showed evidence for a postprandial increase in splenic volume (SV) with a peak 30 min to five hours after food intake. Since the introduction of imaging techniques, two studies have been conducted on humans, revealing a decrease in SV 30 to 45 min postprandially. The aim of this study was to examine possible postprandial changes in SV over a period of seven hours. The ethics-approved, randomized crossover study included 10 healthy volunteers, who received a standardized meal (3,600 kJ) on one study day and fasted on the other. Sonographic measurements were obtained at six measurement points on each day. Thirty minutes after the meal, SV increased significantly by 38.2 ± 51.2 cm3 (17.3%; p = .04) compared to the baseline measurement and decreased gradually afterward. In males, SV 30 min after the meal was 70.2 ± 21.6 cm3 higher (p = .002) compared to the fasting condition and 60 min later it was still significantly increased. The apparent SV increase after food intake is discussed in relation to hemodynamic changes in the splanchnic region. It seems plausible that the spleen has a rhythmic and regulative function within the portal system, something which warrants further research and should be taken more into account in nutritional physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Garnitschnig
- Institute for Integrative MedicineFaculty of HealthWitten/Herdecke UniversityHerdeckeGermany
| | - Johannes Weinzirl
- Institute for Integrative MedicineFaculty of HealthWitten/Herdecke UniversityHerdeckeGermany
| | - Lukas Andrae
- Department of Internal MedicineCommunity Hospital HerdeckeHerdeckeGermany
| | - Tom Scheffers
- Institute for Integrative MedicineFaculty of HealthWitten/Herdecke UniversityHerdeckeGermany
| | - Thomas Ostermann
- Institute for Integrative MedicineFaculty of HealthWitten/Herdecke UniversityHerdeckeGermany
| | - Peter Heusser
- Institute for Integrative MedicineFaculty of HealthWitten/Herdecke UniversityHerdeckeGermany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
BOUTEN JANNE, COLOSIO ALESSANDROL, BOURGOIS GIL, LOOTENS LEEN, VAN EENOO PETER, BOURGOIS JANG, BOONE JAN. Acute Apnea Does Not Improve 3-km Cycling Time Trial Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:1116-1125. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
34
|
Jahic D, Kapur E, Radjo I, Zerem E. Changes in Splenic Volume After the Treadmill Exercise at Specific Workloads in Elite Long-Distance Runners and Recreational Runners. Med Arch 2019; 73:32-34. [PMID: 31097857 PMCID: PMC6445628 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2019.73.32-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spleen acts as blood reservoir both in animals and human beings. Spleen contracts during the exercise and so augment the systemic circulation and helps body to maintain longer on high intensity exercise. Reviewing all available literature, the human spleen shows a decrease in volume, in range from 8% to 56%, depending on the work intensity. Aim: To evaluate the percentage of the decrease in splenic volume after the treadmill exercise at specific workloads: aerobic threshold intensity, anaerobic threshold intensity, submaximal intensity and maximal intensity. Methods: This prospective study with repeated measurements included 16 healthy subjects, divided in two groups. First group consisted of 8 elite long-distance runners and second group of 8 recreational runners. First testing consisted of treadmill ergospirometry test. This data was crucial for the second testing where subjects were exercising on treadmill at specific workloads. Four specific workloads were determined: treadmill exercise at aerobic threshold intensity (1st workload), anaerobic threshold intensity (2nd workload), submaximal intensity (3rd workload) and maximal intensity (4th workload). Workloads were controlled by the speed of treadmill, for each subject individually regarding the ergospirometry test. Ultrasound measurement of spleen was done before and after each workload. Results: Elite long-distance runners showed greater spleen contraction than recreational runners after four workloads. Spleen contraction was the biggest after the 3rd workload in elite long-distance runners. Smallest contraction was in group of recreational runners after the 1st workload. Statistically significant difference was not found between the groups, regarding the splenic volume after exercise at four specific workloads (p>0.05). Conclusion: Elite long-distance runners had greater decrease in splenic volume than recreational runners, after exercise at four specific workloads, without significant difference. Greatest decrease happened in elite long-distance runners, after exercise at submaximal intensity - 49% decrease in splenic volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dzenan Jahic
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Eldan Kapur
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Izet Radjo
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Enver Zerem
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Deebani A, Iyer N, Raman R, Jagadeeswaran P. Effect of MS222 on Hemostasis in Zebrafish. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:390-396. [PMID: 30925946 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
MS222 is a compound used in anesthetizing vertebrates, including fish and frogs. Several side effects of this anesthetic have been reported, but its effect on hemostasis has not been studied. In our laboratory, we have used zebrafish for more than 2 decades as a model system to study hemostasis. During this period, we have had trouble in collecting blood from anesthetized zebrafish and observed more rapid blood clotting than in nonanesthetized counterparts. However, no systematic studies regarding the effect of MS222 on zebrafish hemostasis are available. In this study, we performed various assays such as gill bleeding, measurement of Hct, total blood cell counts, thrombocyte counts, thrombocyte aggregation, and coagula- tion and measured the amount of blood collected. We found that Hct values, the amount of blood collected, bleeding, and coagulation differed significantly between anesthetized and nonanesthetized fish. Our results suggest that blood collected after MS222 anesthesia of zebrafish has altered hemostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Deebani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Neha Iyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Revathi Raman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas;,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Purdy GM, James MA, Rees JL, Ondrus P, Keess JL, Day TA, Steinback CD. Spleen reactivity during incremental ascent to altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:152-159. [PMID: 30462566 PMCID: PMC6383637 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00753.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen contains a reservoir of red blood cells that are mobilized into circulation when under physiological stress. Despite the spleen having an established role in compensation to acute hypoxia, no previous work has assessed the role of the spleen during ascent to high altitude. Twelve participants completed 2 min of handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction at 1,045, 3,440, and 4,240 m. In a subset of eight participants, an infusion of phenylephrine hydrochloride was administered at a dosage of 30 µg/l of predicted blood volume at each altitude. The spleen was imaged by ultrasound via a 2- to 5.5-MHz curvilinear probe. Spleen volume was calculated by the prolate ellipsoid formula. Finger capillary blood samples were taken to measure hematocrit. Spleen images and hematocrit were taken both before and at the end of both handgrip and phenylephrine infusion. No changes in resting spleen volume were observed between altitudes. At low altitude, the spleen contracted in response to handgrip [272.8 ml (SD 102.3) vs. 249.6 ml (SD 105.7), P = 0.009], leading to an increase in hematocrit (42.6% (SD 3.3) vs. 44.3% (SD 3.3), P = 0.023] but did not contract or increase hematocrit at the high-altitude locations. Infusion of phenylephrine led to spleen contraction at all altitudes, but only lead to an increase in hematocrit at low altitude. These data reveal that the human spleen may not contribute to acclimatization to chronic hypoxia, contrary to its response to acute sympathoexcitation. These results are explained by alterations in spleen reactivity to increased sympathetic activation at altitude. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that, despite the known role of the human spleen in increasing oxygen delivery to tissues during acute hypoxia scenarios, the spleen does not mobilize red blood cells during ascent to high altitude. Furthermore, the spleen's response to acute stressors at altitude depends on the nature of the stressor; the spleen's sensitivity to neurotransmitter is maintained, while its reflex response to stress is dampened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme M Purdy
- Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Marina A James
- Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Jordan L Rees
- Physical Activity and Diabetes Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Peter Ondrus
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Jamie L Keess
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Trevor A Day
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Mount Royal University , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Montero D, Lundby C. Regulation of Red Blood Cell Volume with Exercise Training. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:149-164. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
38
|
Slusher AL, Patterson VT, Schwartz CS, Acevedo EO. Impact of high intensity interval exercise on executive function and brain derived neurotrophic factor in healthy college aged males. Physiol Behav 2018; 191:116-122. [PMID: 29673858 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent executive function is enhanced immediately following high intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is considered a biomarker associated with enhanced execute functioning capacity at rest and in response to exercise. However, the mechanisms responsible for the acute exercise-induced BDNF response in plasma and serum differ, and it is likely that the utilization of BDNF in plasma and/or serum as a biomarker of improved executive function following HIIE may be limited. Therefore, this study examined the impact of HIIE on the plasma and serum BDNF response to understand the efficaciousness of BDNF as a peripheral biomarker associated with improvements in PFC-dependent executive function. Thirteen healthy males (age: 23.62 ± 1.06 years) participated in a randomized, counterbalanced study, performing the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) immediately following a 5-minute seated rest (control) and participation in a HIIE protocol administered two weeks apart. HIIE consisted of ten maximal bouts of all out pedaling on a cycle ergometer for 20 s (separated by 10 s of active recovery) against 5.5% of the subject's body weight. Whole blood was collected for the assessment of BDNF in both plasma and serum. Compared to the control session, HIIE elicited significant improvements in WCST performance, yet improvements in PFC-dependent executive function were independent of BDNF concentrations in plasma and serum. Results from this investigation demonstrate that a single session of low-volume, supramaximal HIIE significantly increases PFC-dependent executive function, thereby providing additional evidence to support the powerful benefits on HIIE on cognitive functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Virginia T Patterson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Charles S Schwartz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edmund O Acevedo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nader E, Guillot N, Lavorel L, Hancco I, Fort R, Stauffer E, Renoux C, Joly P, Germain M, Connes P. Eryptosis and hemorheological responses to maximal exercise in athletes: Comparison between running and cycling. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1532-1540. [PMID: 29356101 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of cycling and running exercise on hemorheological and hematological properties, as well as eryptosis markers. Seven endurance-trained subjects randomly performed a progressive and maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer and a treadmill. Blood was sampled at rest and at the end of the exercise to analyze hematological and blood rheological parameters including hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) deformability, aggregation, and blood viscosity. Hemoglobin saturation (SpO2), blood lactate, and glucose levels were also monitored. Red blood cell oxidative stress, calcium content, and phosphatidylserine exposure were determined by flow cytometry to assess eryptosis level. Cycling exercise increased blood viscosity and RBC aggregation whereas it had no significant effect on RBC deformability. In contrast, blood viscosity remained unchanged and RBC deformability increased with running. The increase in Hct, lactate, and glucose concentrations and the loss of weight at the end of exercise were not different between running and cycling. Eryptosis markers were not affected by exercise. A significant drop in SpO2 was noted during running but not during cycling. Our study showed that a progressive and maximal exercise test conducted on a cycle ergometer increased blood viscosity while the same test conducted on a treadmill did not change this parameter because of different RBC rheological behavior between the 2 tests. We also demonstrated that a short maximal exercise does not alter RBC physiology in trained athletes. We suspect that exercise-induced hypoxemia occurring during running could be at the origin of the RBC rheological behavior differences with cycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Nader
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Équipe "Biologie Vasculaire et du Globule Rouge", Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - N Guillot
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - L Lavorel
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Hôpital Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - I Hancco
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Hôpital Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - R Fort
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Équipe "Biologie Vasculaire et du Globule Rouge", Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - E Stauffer
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Équipe "Biologie Vasculaire et du Globule Rouge", Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Médecine du Sommeil et des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - C Renoux
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Équipe "Biologie Vasculaire et du Globule Rouge", Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Biochimie des Pathologies Erythrocytaires, Bron, France
| | - P Joly
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Équipe "Biologie Vasculaire et du Globule Rouge", Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Biochimie des Pathologies Erythrocytaires, Bron, France
| | - M Germain
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Hôpital Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - P Connes
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Équipe "Biologie Vasculaire et du Globule Rouge", Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Udroiu I, Sgura A. The Phylogeny of the Spleen. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/695327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
41
|
Moraga FA, Osorio J, Calderón-Jofré R, Pedreros A. Hemoconcentration During Maximum Exercise in Miners with Chronic Intermittent Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia (3800 m). High Alt Med Biol 2017; 19:15-20. [PMID: 29035586 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2017.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraga, Fernando A., Jorge Osorio, Rodrigo Calderón-Jofré, and Andrés Pedreros. Hemoconcentration during maximum exercise in miners with chronic intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (3800 m). High Alt Med Biol. 19:15-20, 2018. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of maximum exercise on hemoconcentration in miners with chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) at 3800 m. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen miners with CIHH at high altitude (3800 m) were subjected to maximum exercise levels on a cycle ergometer, increasing exercise load by 50 W every 3 minutes at sea level and high altitude (3800 m). During exercise, arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured. Blood samples were taken at each step to measure hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. Arterial blood oxygen content was also calculated. RESULTS At sea level, a decrease in arterial oxygen saturation to 92.1% ± 2.5% was observed at 150 W and the hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and oxygen content were not altered. At high altitude, arterial oxygen saturation decreased, reaching 88.2% ± 4.9% at 50 W and remained constant during the entire exercise protocol. Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit increased reaching 16.4 ± 0.9 g/dL and 48.8% ± 1.6%, respectively, at 100 W and were maintained until recovery. Arterial oxygen content was constant during exercise and increased in the recovery period. CONCLUSION An increase in hemoglobin concentration during exercise compensates for the decline in arterial oxygen saturation, meanwhile arterial oxygen content remains constant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Moraga
- 1 Laboratorio de Fisiología, Hipoxia y Función Vascular, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte , Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Jorge Osorio
- 2 Instituto de Estudios de la Salud , Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Calderón-Jofré
- 1 Laboratorio de Fisiología, Hipoxia y Función Vascular, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte , Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Andrés Pedreros
- 1 Laboratorio de Fisiología, Hipoxia y Función Vascular, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte , Coquimbo, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lydon H, Hall C, Matar H, Dalton C, Chipman JK, Graham JS, Chilcott RP. The percutaneous toxicokinetics of VX in a damaged skin porcine model and the evaluation of WoundStat™ as a topical decontaminant. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:318-328. [PMID: 29023806 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study used a damaged skin, porcine model to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of WoundStat™ for the decontamination of superficial, nerve agent-contaminated wounds. Anaesthetized animals were randomly assigned to either control (n = 7), no decontamination (n = 12) or WoundStat™ (n = 12) treatment groups. Pigs were exposed to a 5× LD50 dose of neat, radiolabelled S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]-O-ethyl methyl-phosphonothioate (VX; or equivalent volume of sterile saline for the control group) via an area of superficially damaged skin on the ear. WoundStat™ was applied at 30 seconds post-exposure to assigned animals. The VX contaminant (or saline) and decontaminant remained in place for the duration of the study (up to 6 hours). Physiological parameters and signs of intoxication were recorded during the exposure period. Skin and organ samples were taken post mortem for 14 C-VX distribution analyses. Blood samples were taken periodically for toxicokinetic and whole-blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity analyses. VX exposure was accompanied by a rapid decrease in AChE activity in all animals, regardless of decontamination. However, decontamination significantly improved survival rate and time and reduced the severity of signs of intoxication. In addition, the distribution of 14 C-VX in key internal organs and post mortem blood samples was significantly lower in the WoundStat™ treatment group. This study demonstrates that WoundStat™ may be a suitable medical countermeasure for increasing both survival rate and time following VX exposure. The results also suggest that AChE activity is not a useful prognostic indicator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Lydon
- CBRN & Chemical Toxicological Research Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency (now Public Health England), Chilton, UK.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Charlotte Hall
- CBRN & Chemical Toxicological Research Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency (now Public Health England), Chilton, UK.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Hazem Matar
- CBRN & Chemical Toxicological Research Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency (now Public Health England), Chilton, UK.,Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Christopher Dalton
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.,Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, Porton, UK
| | - J Kevin Chipman
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - John S Graham
- Medical Toxicology Branch Analytical Toxicology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Robert P Chilcott
- CBRN & Chemical Toxicological Research Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency (now Public Health England), Chilton, UK.,Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine appropriate management of the active individual with infectious mononucleosis (IM), including issues of diagnosis, the determination of splenomegaly, and other measures of disease status, the relationship of the disease to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and the risks of exercise at various points in the disease process. DATA SOURCES An Ovid/MEDLINE search (January 1996-June 2015) was widely supplemented by "similar articles" found in Ovid/MEDLINE and PubMed, reference lists, and personal files. MAIN RESULTS Clinical diagnoses of IM are unreliable. Traditional laboratory indicators (lymphocytosis, abnormal lymphocytes, and a heterophile-positive slide test) can be supplemented by more sensitive and more specific but also more costly Epstein-Barr antigen determinations. Clinical estimates of splenomegaly are fallible. Laboratory determinations, commonly by 2D ultrasonography, must take account of methodology, the formulae used in calculations and the individual's body size. The SD of normal values matches the typical increase of size in IM, but repeat measurements can help to monitor regression of the disease. The main risks to the athlete are spontaneous splenic rupture (seen in 0.1%-0.5% of patients and signaled by acute abdominal pain) and progression to chronic fatigue, best avoided by 3 to 4 weeks of restricted activity followed by graded reconditioning. A full recovery of athletic performance is usual with 2 to 3 months of conservative management. CONCLUSIONS Infectious mononucleosis is a common issue for young athletes. But given accurate diagnosis and the avoidance of splenic rupture and progression to CFS through a few weeks of restricted activity, long-term risks to the health of athletes are few.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ryan BJ, Goodrich JA, Schmidt WF, Stothard ER, Wright KP, Byrnes WC. Haemoglobin mass alterations in healthy humans following four-day head-down tilt bed rest. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:628-40. [PMID: 26914389 PMCID: PMC4851582 DOI: 10.1113/ep085665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) decreased following 4 days of head-down tilt bed rest (HDTBR), and does increased red blood cell (RBC) destruction mediate this adaptation? What is the main finding and its importance? Haemoglobin mass was increased immediately following HDTBR, before decreasing below baseline 5 days after return to normal living conditions. The transient increase in Hbmass might be the result of decreased RBC destruction, but it is also possible that spleen contraction after HDTBR contributed to this adaptation. Our data suggest that the decreased Hbmass 5 days following HDTBR resulted from decreased RBC production, not increased RBC destruction. Rapid decreases in haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) have been reported in healthy humans following spaceflight and descent from high altitude. It has been proposed that a selective increase in the destruction of young red blood cells (RBCs) mediates these decreases, but conclusive evidence demonstrating neocytolysis in humans is lacking. Based on the proposed triggers and time course of adaptation during spaceflight, we hypothesized that Hbmass would be reduced after 4 days of -6 deg head-down tilt bed rest (HDTBR) and that this would be associated with evidence for increased RBC destruction. We assessed Hbmass in seven healthy, recreationally active men before (PRE), 5 h after (POST) and 5 days after (POST5) 4 days of HDTBR. The concentration of erythropoietin decreased from 7.1 ± 1.8 mIU ml(-1) at PRE to 5.2 ± 2.8 mIU ml(-1) at POST (mean ± SD; P = 0.028). Contrary to our hypothesis, Hbmass was increased from 817 ± 135 g at PRE to 849 ± 141 g at POST (P = 0.014) before decreasing below PRE to 789 ± 139 g at POST5 (P = 0.027). From PRE to POST, the concentration of haptoglobin increased from 0.54 ± 0.32 to 0.68 ± 0.28 g l(-1) (P = 0.013) and the concentration of bilirubin decreased from 0.50 ± 0.24 to 0.32 ± 0.11 mg dl(-1) (P = 0.054), suggesting that decreased RBC destruction might have contributed to the increased Hbmass. However, it is possible that spleen contraction following HDTBR also played a role in the increase in Hbmass at POST, but as the transient increase in Hbmass was unexpected, we did not collect data that would provide direct evidence for or against spleen contraction. From PRE to POST5, the concentration of soluble transferrin receptor decreased from 20.7 ± 3.9 to 17.1 ± 3.3 nmol l(-1) (P = 0.018) but the concentrations of ferritin, haptoglobin and bilirubin were not significantly altered, suggesting that the decrease in Hbmass was mediated by decreased RBC production rather than increased RBC destruction. Peak oxygen uptake decreased by 0.31 ± 0.16 l min(-1) from PRE to POST (P = 2 × 10(-4) ) but was not significantly altered at POST5 compared with PRE. Overall, these findings indicate that 4 days of HDTBR does not increase RBC destruction and that re-examination of the time course and mechanisms of Hbmass alterations following short-term spaceflight and simulated microgravity is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Ryan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jesse A. Goodrich
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Walter F. Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ellen R. Stothard
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William C. Byrnes
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|