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Brtva P, Irwin G, Farana R. The effect of changes in fundamental skill complexity on upper limb loading and biomechanical characteristics of performance in female gymnastics. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:567-581. [PMID: 33660580 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1876755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims of this study were to investigate if changes in elbow and wrist joints loading and biomechanical characteristics of performance existed as a function of (a) different hand placement and (b) fundamental skills development in female gymnastics. Ten female gymnasts performed 54 successful trials of round-off skills (cartwheel [18], round-off [18], round-off to back handspring [18]), with three different hand positions (parallel, T-shape and reverse). Kinematic and kinetic data were collected for each trial. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyse the injury risk factors. Findings of the current study showed that an increase in RO skill difficulty level significantly influences the mechanical load on the upper extremities. With the increase in mechanical load on the upper extremities during the reverse and parallel hand positions, this study suggests that that T-shape hand position should be used as the primary technique for the young female. Differences in vertical velocity from touchdown to take-off between the three hand positions for the RO and RO-BH suggested that the reverse position was less effective for young female gymnasts. The findings of the current study demonstrated no clear performance benefits between hand position selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Brtva
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Roman Farana
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Ede CJ, Yeadon MR, Hiley MJ. A kinetic and kinematic comparison of the two-footed and step-out back handsprings on the balance beam. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:301-313. [PMID: 33428547 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1849379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The back handspring is one of the most commonly performed skills on the balance beam in women's gymnastics. Despite this, quantitative research on the beam has often been overlooked. This study aimed to investigate the kinetic and kinematic variables during the performance of two back handspring techniques on the beam: the back handspring with two footed landing and the back handspring step-out. A modified balance beam was fixed to a force plate with an isolated mat for landing to allow analysis of the take-off and hand contact phases. Kinetic and kinematic data were recorded for twelve gymnasts performing both techniques. No statistically significant differences between techniques were found during take-off. However, average peak vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces (4.1 bodyweights ± 1.1 BW, and 0.7 BW ± 0.2 BW, respectively) were higher and time to peak force shorter during the hand contact phase for the two footed variant. A more vertical trajectory, along with a greater hand contact ground reaction force were found in comparison to the back handspring performed on the floor. These results highlight the need for more specific investigation to understand the factors which could contribute to reducing the load faced during balance beam performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie J Ede
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Maurice R Yeadon
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Michael J Hiley
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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3
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Sekiguchi T, Saito S, Ogura T, Tsuchiya A, Shiratsuchi H. Abnormal Wrist Sagittal Kinematics in Gymnasts With Dorsal Wrist Pain: A New Syndrome. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:232-241. [PMID: 38164673 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231204361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathology of dorsal wrist pain in gymnasts without abnormal radiographic findings remains unclear. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to identify abnormal wrist sagittal kinematics in gymnasts with dorsal wrist pain. It was hypothesized that gymnasts with dorsal wrist pain would show abnormal sagittal kinematics with reversible hypermobility of the intercarpal joint. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Participants included 19 wrists in male gymnasts with dorsal wrist pain, 18 wrist in male gymnasts without wrist pain, and 20 adult men without a history of wrist pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (T2-weighted sagittal images) findings at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of wrist extension were used in kinematic analysis. The angles and translations of the radiolunate, capitolunate, and third carpometacarpal joint were measured and compared between the 3 groups. RESULTS At 90° of wrist extension, gymnasts with dorsal wrist pain had a significantly lower radiolunate joint angle (28.70°± 6.28° vs 36.19°± 7.81°; P = .020) and a significantly higher capitolunate joint angle (57.99°± 6.15° vs 50.50°± 6.98°; P = .004) and distal translation (1.17 ± 0.50 mm vs 0.46 ± 0.62 mm; P = .002) than gymnasts without dorsal wrist pain. CONCLUSION Gymnasts with dorsal wrist pain showed abnormal wrist sagittal kinematics. These novel findings may facilitate understanding of dorsal wrist pain, which can be recognized as a new syndrome termed "gymnast's lunate dyskinesia."
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sekiguchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Funabashi Orthopaedic Clinic, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saito
- Japan Community Health care Organization (JCHO) Tokyo Joto Hospital, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogura
- Sports Medicine Center, Funabashi Orthopaedic Hospital, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tsuchiya
- Sports Medicine Center, Funabashi Orthopaedic Hospital, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
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Farana R, Williams G, Fujihara T, Wyatt HE, Naundorf F, Irwin G. Current issues and future directions in gymnastics research: biomechanics, motor control and coaching interface. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:161-185. [PMID: 34962219 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sport of gymnastics is undergoing a global examination of its culture and the relationship between the gymnast, coach and environment is a central focus. The aim of this review is to explore biomechanics and motor control research in skill development and technique selection in artistic gymnastics with a focus on the underlying concepts and scientific principles that allow performance enhancement, skill development and injury risk reduction. The current review examines peer reviewed papers from 2000 onwards, with a focus on contemporary approaches in the field of gymnastics research, and highlights several key directions for future gymnastics research. Based on our review and the integration of the models of Newell (1986) and Irwin et al. (2005), we recommend that future gymnastics research should embrace at the very least a multidisciplinary approach and aim for an interdisciplinary paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Farana
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - T Fujihara
- Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - H E Wyatt
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - F Naundorf
- Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Irwin
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Campbell RA, Bradshaw EJ, Ball N, Hunter A, Spratford W. The use of inertial measurement units to quantify forearm loading and symmetry during gymnastics vault training sessions. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:204-221. [PMID: 36065960 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2117642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The upper limbs are important in gymnastics vaulting, as the success of the flight phase is dependent on a quick and forceful push-off from the vault. This places the upper limbs under stress, which has been associated with pain and injury. This study aimed to quantify forearm segmental loading and symmetry when performing foundation to advanced-level vaulting skills during training. Twelve advanced-level artistic gymnasts (female, n = 6; male, n = 6) wore bilaterally forearm-mounted inertial measurement units while completing their vaulting sessions. The peak resultant acceleration for the leading and non-leading forearms during contact were calculated. Female gymnasts performed variations of Yurchenko vaults, while male gymnasts performed Handspring and Tsukahara vaults. Descriptive statistics (median and inter-quartile range), symmetry index scores, and total session impact load (measure of cumulative loading) were calculated between the lead and non-lead forearms. High asymmetrical loading was identified for some Yurchenko, Handspring, and Tsukahara vaults, with large variations identified between gymnasts. Some gymnasts experienced greater loading at their lead forearm, while others experienced greater loading at their non-lead forearm. Results indicate that limb loading patterns in advanced gymnastics are highly individualised, indicating that individual analysis is needed to identify gymnasts (or limbs) at an increased risk for overuse injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon A Campbell
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Bradshaw
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nick Ball
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Adam Hunter
- Performance Services, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Sakai S, Takatori R, Nomura M, Uehara K. Useful parameters for the motion analysis of facial skin care in Japanese women. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:22. [PMID: 32831147 PMCID: PMC7507946 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Facial skin care (FSC) is an important routine for Japanese women. Hand motions during FSC physically affect psychological state. However, it is very difficult to evaluate hand motions during personal and complex FSC. The objective of this study was to find out objective and quantitative parameters for hand motions during facial skin care (FSC). Women who enjoy and soothe during FSC (Enjoyment group (E group), n = 20) or not (non-enjoyment group (NE group), n = 19) were recruited by an advance questionnaire. The same lotion, emulsion, and cream were provided to all subjects, and they used sequentially in the same way as the women’s daily FSC. The motion of the marker on the back side of the right middle finger during FSC was tracked by a motion capture system. The heart rate variability (HRV) was also measured before and after FSC for evaluating psychological effect. Results The averaged acceleration (Avg. ACC), approximate entropy (ApEn), and power law scaling exponent (Rest γ) of the cumulative duration of slow motion from the sequential data of acceleration were evaluated. Compared to the NE group, the E group showed a lower Avg. ACC when using emulsion (p = 0.005) and cream (p = 0.007), a lower ApEn when using emulsion (p = 0.003), and a lower Rest γ (p = 0.024) when using all items, suggesting that compared to the NE group, the E group had more tender and regular motion, and sustainable slow motions, especially in the use of emulsion. In the E group, the low/high-frequency component of HRV decreased significantly after FSC, suggesting suppression of sympathetic activity (p = 0.045). NE group did not. For all subjects, ApEn and Rest γ showed significantly positive correlation with the increase in the low/high-frequency component of HRV after FSC (p < 0.01). ApEn showed significantly negative correlation with the increase in the high-frequency component of HRV after FSC (p < 0.05). Avg. ACC did not show significant correlation with them. These results suggested that the behavior of FSC influences the autonomic nerve system. Conclusions ApEn and Rest γ are useful parameters for evaluating quality of hand motions during FSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sakai
- Skincare Products Research, Kao Corporation, 5-3-28, Kotobuki-cho, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0002, Japan.
| | - Ruako Takatori
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada, 657-8501, Japan.,Present address: Core Device Development Sec., Service Development HQ, R&D Dept., Dwango Co., Ltd., Kabukiza Tower, 4-12-14 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0061, Japan
| | - Mika Nomura
- Kansei Value Development Sensory Science Research, Kao Corporation, 5-3-28, Kotobuki-cho, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0002, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Uehara
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada, 657-8501, Japan
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Wollstein R, Kramer A, Friedlander S, Werner F. Midcarpal Structure Effect on Force Distribution through the Radiocarpal Joint. J Wrist Surg 2019; 8:477-481. [PMID: 31815062 PMCID: PMC6892653 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Wrist structure is complicated by distinct anatomical patterns. Previous studies defined radiographic wrist types based on lunate and capitate shape within the midcarpal joint. We hypothesized that these disparate structural patterns will transfer forces differently through the wrist. Objective This study aims to correlate force transferred to the distal radius and ulna with morphological measurements in cadaver arms. Methods Radiographs from 46 wrists, previously tested for force transfer between the radius and ulna, were examined. The percentage of compressive force through the distal ulna was determined by mounting load cells to the radius and ulna, while 22.2 Newton (N) tensile forces were individually applied to multiple tendons. Each wrist was tested in a neutral flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation position. Results Wrist type and lunate type were associated with percentage of force transfer through the ulna ( p = 0.002, p = 0.0003, respectively). Percentage of force transfer was correlated with capitate circumference ( p = 0.02, r = 0.34). Conclusions This study supports distinct force transfer between morphological wrist types. Clinical Relevance Understanding the mechanical significance of different structural variations in the wrist bones will improve our ability to understand wrist function and the distinctive development of wrist pathology. Level of Evidence This is a Level II study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Wollstein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Aviv Kramer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology School of Medicine Haifa, Israel
| | - Scott Friedlander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Frederick Werner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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Ling D, Sleeper M, Casey E. Identification of Risk Factors for Injury in Women's Collegiate Gymnastics With the Gymnastics Functional Measurement Tool. PM R 2019; 12:43-48. [DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Ling
- Sports Medicine EpidemiologistHospital for Special Surgery New York NY
| | - Mark Sleeper
- Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of Buffalo Buffalo NY
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Farana R, Strutzenberger G, Exell T, Skypala J, Wiltshire H, Irwin G. Sex differences in elbow and wrist joint loading during the cartwheel and round off with different hand positions performed by young gymnasts. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1449-1456. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1565110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Farana
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Gerda Strutzenberger
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Timothy Exell
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jiri Skypala
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Huw Wiltshire
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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10
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Farana R, Exell T, Strutzenberger G, Irwin G. Technique selection in young female gymnasts: Elbow and wrist joint loading during the cartwheel and round-off. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:423-430. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1424941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Farana
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy Exell
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gerda Strutzenberger
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Farana R, Jandacka D, Uchytil J, Zahradnik D, Irwin G. Technique Selection 'the Coaches Challenge' Influencing Injury Risk During the First Contact Hand of the Round off Skill in Female Gymnastics. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:51-59. [PMID: 28469743 PMCID: PMC5384052 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of technique selection on elbow injury risk has been identified for the key round off skill in female gymnastics, with a focus on the second contact limb. The aim of this study was to shift the focus to the first contact limb and investigate the biomechanical injury risk during parallel and T-shape round-off (RO) techniques. Seven international-level female gymnasts performed 10 trials of the RO to back-handspring with parallel and T-shape hand positions. Synchronized kinematic (3D motion analysis system; 247 Hz) and kinetic (two force plates; 1235 Hz) data were collected for each trial. The t-test with effect size statistics determined differences between the two techniques. No significant differences were found for vertical, anterior posterior and resultant ground reaction force, elbow joint kinematics and kinetics. Specifically, the results highlighted that change in technique in RO skills did not influence first contact limb elbow joint mechanics and therefore, injury risk. The findings of the present study suggest the injury potential of this skill is focused on the second limb during the parallel technique of this fundamental gymnastic skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Farana
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jandacka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Uchytil
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - David Zahradnik
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Sport Biomechanics Research Group, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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