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Scott D, Bruinvels G, Norris D, Lovell R. The Dose-Response in Elite Soccer: Preliminary Insights From Menstrual-Cycle Tracking During the FIFA Women's World Cup 2019. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:331-339. [PMID: 38198788 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This preliminary study examined the influence of estimated menstrual-cycle (MC) phase on responses to soccer matches and training sessions in preparation for and during the FIFA (Fédération internationale de football association) Women's World Cup 2019. METHODS Twenty outfield players representing a national team were tracked over a 45-day period. External (10-Hz global positioning system; total and distance covered at high-metabolic power [≥20 W·kg-1]) and internal load measures (minutes ≥80% heart-rate maximum, sessional ratings of perceived exertion) were collected during all training and matches, with single-item wellness measures (fatigue, soreness, sleep quality, and sleep duration) collected each morning prior to activity. MC phase was estimated individually via an algorithm, informed from pretournament survey responses and ongoing symptom reporting (FitrWoman). Model comparison statistics were used to determine the impact of estimated MC phase in nonhormonal contraceptive users (n = 16). RESULTS Sessional rating of perceived exertion responses to total distances ≥5 km were higher during the luteal phase (+0.6-1.0 au; P ≤ .0178) versus menstruation (phase 1), but no other observable dose-response trends were observed. Sleep, fatigue, and soreness ratings were not typically associated with MC phase, with the exception of exacerbated fatigue ratings in luteal versus follicular phase 48 hours postmatch (-0.73 au, P = .0275). CONCLUSIONS Preliminary findings suggest that estimated MC phase may contribute to the understanding of the dose-response to soccer training and matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Scott
- Performance, Medical & Innovation Department, Washington Spirit Soccer Club, Washington, DC, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Georgie Bruinvels
- Orreco Ltd, Galway, Ireland
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Norris
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Ric Lovell
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Beato M, Datson N, Anderson L, Brownlee T, Coates A, Hulton A. Rationale and Practical Recommendations for Testing Protocols in Female Soccer: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1912-1922. [PMID: 37184978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beato, M, Datson, N, Anderson, L, Brownlee, T, Coates, A, and Hulton, A. Rationale and practical recommendations for testing protocols in female soccer: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1912-1922, 2023-The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the presented literature on tests (aerobic, speed, changes of direction [COD], strength, power, jump, and anthropometry) of the varied components of female soccer and to draw attention to the most suitable protocols to allow practitioners to accurately track players' fitness status. The 2 most common field tests used to assess aerobic fitness are the Yo-Yo intermittent test (level 1 and level 2) and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test because of an ability to measure multiple players at once with a soccer-specific intermittent profile. The sprinting performance can be assessed on distances of <30 m; however, longer distances (e.g., 40 m) allow for achieving peak speed (flying sprint test), which can be assessed using global navigation satellite system. Changes-of-direction capacity has been found to be an important component of players testing and training programs, although there is no "gold standard" to assess COD or repeated sprint ability performance in female players. Lower-limb power can be assessed using jump tests that can use force platforms, jump mats, and optoelectronic devices, while maintaining a good reliability. Several in-direct tests are currently available for assessing anthropometry parameters, such as skinfold thickness, hydrodensitometry, and ultrasound. However, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is the most valid and reliable method for assessing body composition in team sport athletes, with the addition of bone health that is a key measure in female athletes. In conclusion, the evidence reported in this review will be able to aid practitioners, coaches, and researchers to decide which tests meet the requirements of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alex Coates
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Dello Iacono A, Beato M, Unnithan VB, Shushan T. Programming High-Speed and Sprint Running Exposure in Football: Beliefs and Practices of More Than 100 Practitioners Worldwide. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37116894 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To gain knowledge on the beliefs and practices of football practitioners applying high-speed and sprint running exposure programming strategies. METHODS One hundred two football practitioners from 22 different countries participated in a study consisting of a survey including 5 domains: demographic and professional characteristics (Who); importance of high-speed and sprint running exposure for physical-capability development, preparation for competition, and injury-prevention strategies (Why); exposure timing (When); methodological procedures for exposure monitoring and training scheduling (What); and effectiveness of common training practices (How). Data were analyzed using a combination of descriptive statistics, generalized mixed effects, and multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS Data revealed 5 main findings: (1) overall agreement on the importance of exposure for physical-capability development, preparation for competition, and injury-prevention strategies; (2) different exposure timing and selective training scheduling for starting and nonstarting players across typical and congested weeks; (3) lack of consensus on the conceptual constructs defining high-speed and sprint running metrics and the methodological procedures used for monitoring; (4) a probable association between match-related outcomes and exposure strategies used in training; and (5) a broad range of training methods considered effective to elicit exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study provides actionable insights into the planning, implementing, and monitoring strategies for high-speed and sprint running exposure in football. While some conform with the evidence on high-speed and sprint running training in football, further research and professional debate are warranted to develop empirical knowledge and provide pragmatic recommendations to help practitioners in adopting evidence-informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton,United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich,United Kingdom
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton,United Kingdom
| | - Tzlil Shushan
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW,Australia
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Gualtieri A, Rampinini E, Dello Iacono A, Beato M. High-speed running and sprinting in professional adult soccer: Current thresholds definition, match demands and training strategies. A systematic review. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1116293. [PMID: 36860737 PMCID: PMC9968809 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this systematic review were (1) to summarize the evidence on absolute velocity thresholds used to classify high-speed running and sprinting, (2) to examine the existing evidence about the individualized thresholds approach, (3) to describe high-speed and sprint running distance match demands, and (4) to provide training strategies for eliciting HSR and sprinting during training sessions in professional adult soccer. This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. After the authors' screening, 30 studies were included in this review. This review found that, to date, there is no consensus on the absolute thresholds defining high-speed and sprint running in adult soccer players. Until international standards are defined, it is reasonable to set absolute thresholds considering the range of values found in the literature collected in this review. Relative velocity thresholds could be considered for specific training sessions whose goal is to reach near maximal velocity exposure. During official matches, high-speed and sprint running distances ranged from 911 to 1,063 m and 223-307 m, respectively, in professional female soccer players, while ranges from 618 to 1,001 m and 153-295 m, respectively, in professional male soccer players. During training, game-based drills designed in formats using relative areas per player greater than 225 m2 and 300 m2 appear to be adequate for achieving high-speed running and sprinting exposure, respectively, for male players. The combination of game-based, running exercises and soccer circuit-based drills is advisable to ensure adequate high-speed and sprint running exposure both at a team and individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gualtieri
- Sport Science and R&D Department, Juventus Football Club, Torino, Italy
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Olgiate Olona, Italy
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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Costa JA, Rago V, Brito P, Figueiredo P, Sousa A, Abade E, Brito J. Training in women soccer players: A systematic review on training load monitoring. Front Psychol 2022; 13:943857. [PMID: 35967662 PMCID: PMC9372388 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present systematic review aimed to provide an overview of training load (TL), along with their responses, monitoring during training sessions in highly trained and elite adult women soccer players. Data source Electronic databases searches (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Ebsco) for relevant studies published in peer-reviewed journals were conducted, and eligibility criteria were based on the PICOS model in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Study selection Studies were considered as follows: (a) highly trained and elite adult (>18 years) women's soccer players; (b) continuous (minimum 1-week duration) TL monitoring in the context of the team routine; (c) TL collected from entire training session. Methodological qualitative assessments and risk of bias criteria were used for judging the studies. Data extraction A total of 1,163 studies were identified, and 16 were included. The selected studies were fully screened to extract the population characteristics; the number of players; a type of study design; region where the study was performed; the main findings. Data synthesis Accumulated external TL (ETL) during the pre-season was positively correlated to enhanced adaptations in intermittent exercise capacity. Daily ETL was negatively correlated to next-day self-reported fatigue and muscle soreness. Daily internal TL (ITL) was negatively correlated to post-session sleep duration and sleep efficiency. One study showed that higher accumulated player load and total distance were associated with injury. Conclusion Information about TL during training sessions in women soccer players is very sparse, and it is currently very difficult to consider evidence-based practices for training sessions in highly trained and elite adult women soccer players. Moreover, the dose-response relationships between TL and training outcome (e.g., fatigue, training adaptations and injuries) need to be further explored to understand the optimal training stimulus to enhance performance outcomes while preserving player health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio A. Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vincenzo Rago
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sousa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Abade
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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Bennett T, Marshall P, Barrett S, Malone JJ, Towlson C. Brief Review of Methods to Quantify High-Speed Running in Rugby League: Are Current Methods Appropriate? Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Torres-Ronda L, Beanland E, Whitehead S, Sweeting A, Clubb J. Tracking Systems in Team Sports: A Narrative Review of Applications of the Data and Sport Specific Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:15. [PMID: 35076796 PMCID: PMC8789973 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Seeking to obtain a competitive advantage and manage the risk of injury, team sport organisations are investing in tracking systems that can quantify training and competition characteristics. It is expected that such information can support objective decision-making for the prescription and manipulation of training load. This narrative review aims to summarise, and critically evaluate, different tracking systems and their use within team sports. The selection of systems should be dependent upon the context of the sport and needs careful consideration by practitioners. The selection of metrics requires a critical process to be able to describe, plan, monitor and evaluate training and competition characteristics of each sport. An emerging consideration for tracking systems data is the selection of suitable time analysis, such as temporal durations, peak demands or time series segmentation, whose best use depends on the temporal characteristics of the sport. Finally, examples of characteristics and the application of tracking data across seven popular team sports are presented. Practitioners working in specific team sports are advised to follow a critical thinking process, with a healthy dose of scepticism and awareness of appropriate theoretical frameworks, where possible, when creating new or selecting an existing metric to profile team sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Torres-Ronda
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Spanish Basketball Federation, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK
| | - Alice Sweeting
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jo Clubb
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Clubb J, Towlson C, Barrett S. Measurement properties of external training load variables during standardised games in soccer: Implications for training and monitoring strategies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262274. [PMID: 35061784 PMCID: PMC8782283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the measurement properties of external training load measures across three formats of standardised training games. Eighty-eight players from two English professional soccer clubs participated in the study spanning three consecutive seasons. External training load data was collected from three types of standardised game format drills (11v11, 10v10, 7v7+6) using Global Positioning Systems. For each external training load metric in each game format, the following measurement properties were calculated; coefficient of variation (CV%) to determine between- and within-subject reliability, intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) to determine test-retest reliability, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to determine sensitivity. Total distance (TD) and PlayerLoad™ (PL) demonstrated good sensitivity (TD SNR = 1.6–4.6; PL SNR = 1.2–4.3) on a group level. However, a wide variety of within-subject reliability was demonstrated for these variables (TD CV% = 1.7–36.3%; PL CV% = 4.3–39.5%) and corresponding intensity measures calculated per minute. The percentage contribution of individual planes to PL showed the lowest between-subject CV% (CV% = 2–7%), although sensitivity varied across formats (SNR = 0.3–1.4). High speed running demonstrated poor reliability across all three formats of SSG (CV% = 51–103%, ICC = 0.03–0.53). Given the measurement properties of external training load measures observed in this study, specifically the within-subject variation, reliability across trials of standardised training games should be calculated on an individual level. This will allow practitioners to detect worthwhile changes across trials of standardised game format drills. Such information is important for the appropriate implementation of training and monitoring strategies in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Clubb
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Steve Barrett
- Sport Science, Performance Analysis, Research and Coaching (SPARC), PlayerMaker, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Kyprianou E, Di Salvo V, Lolli L, Al Haddad H, Villanueva AM, Gregson W, Weston M. To Measure Peak Velocity in Soccer, Let the Players Sprint. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:273-276. [PMID: 31800476 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kyprianou, E, Di Salvo, V, Lolli, L, Al Haddad, H, Villanueva, AM, Gregson, W, and Weston, M. To measure peak velocity in soccer, let the players sprint. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 273-276, 2022-Expressing externals loads relative to a player's individual capacities has potential to enhance understanding of dose-response. Peak velocity is an important metric for the individualization process and is usually measured during a sprint test. Recently, however, peak velocity was reported to be faster during soccer matches when compared with a 40-m sprint test. With the aim of developing the practice of individualized training prescription and match evaluation, we examined whether the aforementioned finding replicates in a group of elite youth soccer players across a broader range of soccer activities. To do this, we compared the peak velocities of 12 full-time male youth soccer players (age 16.3 ± 0.8 years) recorded during a 40-m sprint test with peak velocity recorded during their routine activities (matches, sprints, and skill-based conditioning drills: small-sided games [SSG], medium-sided games [MSG], large-sided games [LSG]). All activities were monitored with 10-Hz global positioning systems (Catapult Optimeye S5, version 7.32) with the highest speed attained during each activity retained as the instantaneous peak velocity. Interpretation of clear between-activity differences in peak velocity was based on nonoverlap of the 95% confidence intervals for the mean difference between activities with sprint testing. Peak velocity was clearly faster for the sprint test (8.76 ± 0.39 m·s-1) when compared with matches (7.94 ± 0.49 m·s-1), LSG (6.94 ± 0.65 m·s-1), MSG (6.40 ± 0.75 m·s-1), and SSG (5.25 ± 0.92 m·s-1), but not sprints (8.50 ± 0.36 m·s-1). Our data show the necessity for 40-m sprint testing to determine peak velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Kyprianou
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy ; and
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Hani Al Haddad
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Weston
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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Massard T, Carey DL, Whalan M, Sampson JA, Hulin BT, Lovell R. Comparison of player-dependent and independent high-speed running thresholds to model injury risk in football. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:606-613. [PMID: 34789058 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2006414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High-speed running (HSR) loads have been linked with non-contact injury risks in team-sports. This study investigated whether player-specific speed zones, reflecting individual fitness characteristics, impact the associations between non-contact injury and acute and chronic HSR loads. Semi-professional soccer players from two clubs (n = 47) were tracked over two seasons using 10 Hz GPS (5552 observations). HSR distances were calculated arbitrarily (≥5.5 m·s-1), and in an individualised fashion based on the final speed of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test. Cumulative running loads were represented by exponentially weighted moving averages with 7-(acute) and 28-day (chronic) decay parameters. Physiotherapists collected non-contact, lower-limb, time-loss injury data (n = 101). Injury models using session type (training vs matches), coach, as well as arbitrary or individualised running loads were constructed via mixed-effect logistic regression. Session type had the largest effect on injury (training vs match OR = 0.28; 95%CI:0.17-0.44). Variations in individualised or arbitrary acute and chronic HSR loads within the mid-range of the observed data had negligible effects on predicted injury risk. However, the uncertainty of estimated effects at extreme values of acute and chronic HSR loads prevented any conclusive findings. Therefore, the efficacy of using customised speed thresholds in quantifying load for injury risk mitigation purposes remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Massard
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Australia
| | - David L Carey
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matt Whalan
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - John A Sampson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Billy T Hulin
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,St. George Illawarra Dragons Rugby League Football Club, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ric Lovell
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Australia
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11
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Pind R, Hofmann P, Mäestu E, Vahtra E, Purge P, Mäestu J. Increases in RPE Rating Predict Fatigue Accumulation Without Changes in Heart Rate Zone Distribution After 4-Week Low-Intensity High-Volume Training Period in High-Level Rowers. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735565. [PMID: 34603086 PMCID: PMC8481779 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of training load quantification using heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE)-based methodology, and the relationship between internal training load parameters and subjective training status (Fatigue) in high-level rowers during volume increased low-intensity training period. Methods: Training data from 19 high-level rowers (age 23.5 ± 5.9 years; maximal oxygen uptake 58.9 ± 5.8 ml·min−1·kg−1) were collected during a 4-week volume increased training period. All individual training sessions were analyzed to quantify training intensity distribution based on the HR time-in-zone method (i.e., HR Z1, HR Z2, and HR Z3) determined by the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1/VT2). Internal training load was calculated using session RPE (sRPE) to categorize training load by effort (i.e., sRPE1, sRPE2, and sRPE3). The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) questionnaire was implemented after every week of the study period. Results: No differences were found between the respective HR and effort-based zone distributions during the baseline week (p > 0.05). Compared to HR Z1, sRPE1 was significantly lower in weeks 2–4 (p < 0.05), while sRPE2 was higher in weeks 2–3 compared to HR Z2 (p < 0.05) and, in week 4, the tendency (p = 0.06) of the higher amount of sRPE3 compared to HR Z3 was found. There were significant increases in RESTQ-Sport stress scales and decreases in recovery scales mostly during weeks 3 and 4. Increases in the Fatigue scale were associated with the amounts of sRPE2 and sRPE3 (p = 0.011 and p = 0.008, respectively), while no associations with Fatigue were found for HR-based session quantification with internal or external training load variables. Conclusion: During a low-intensity 4-week training period with increasing volume, RPE-based training quantification indicated a shift toward the harder rating of sessions with unchanged HR zone distributions. Moderate and Hard rated sessions were related to increases in Fatigue. Session rating of perceived exertion and effort-based training load could be practical measures in combination with HR to monitor adaptation during increased volume, low-intensity training period in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Pind
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eno Vahtra
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jarek Mäestu
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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12
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Randell RK, Clifford T, Drust B, Moss SL, Unnithan VB, De Ste Croix MBA, Datson N, Martin D, Mayho H, Carter JM, Rollo I. Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1377-1399. [PMID: 33844195 PMCID: PMC8222040 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Female soccer has seen a substantial rise in participation, as well as increased financial support from governing bodies over the last decade. Thus, there is an onus on researchers and medical departments to develop a better understanding of the physical characteristics and demands, and the health and performance needs of female soccer players. In this review, we discuss the current research, as well as the knowledge gaps, of six major topics: physical demands, talent identification, body composition, injury risk and prevention, health and nutrition. Data on female talent identification are scarce, and future studies need to elucidate the influence of relative age and maturation selection across age groups. Regarding the physical demands, more research is needed on the pattern of high-intensity sprinting during matches and the contribution of soccer-specific movements. Injuries are not uncommon in female soccer players, but targeting intrinsically modifiable factors with injury prevention programmes can reduce injury rates. The anthropometric and physical characteristics of female players are heterogeneous and setting specific targets should be discouraged in youth and sub-elite players. Menstrual cycle phase may influence performance and injury risk; however, there are few studies in soccer players. Nutrition plays a critical role in health and performance and ensuring adequate energy intake remains a priority. Despite recent progress, there is considerably less research in female than male soccer players. Many gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and manage the health and performance of female soccer players remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK.
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Thomas Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha L Moss
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Daniel Martin
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Hannah Mayho
- Sports Science Department, Manchester City Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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13
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Datson N, Lolli L, Drust B, Atkinson G, Weston M, Gregson W. Inter-methodological quantification of the target change for performance test outcomes relevant to elite female soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:248-261. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1942538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Duggan JD, Moody JA, Byrne PJ, Cooper SM, Ryan L. Training Load Monitoring Considerations for Female Gaelic Team Sports: From Theory to Practice. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:84. [PMID: 34198880 PMCID: PMC8229966 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Athlete monitoring enables sports science practitioners to collect information to determine how athletes respond to training loads (TL) and the demands of competition. To date, recommendations for females are often adapted from their male counterparts. There is currently limited information available on TL monitoring in female Gaelic team sports in Ireland. The collection and analysis of female athlete monitoring data can provide valuable information to support the development of female team sports. Athletic monitoring can also support practitioners to help minimize risk of excessive TL and optimize potential athletic performance. The aims of this narrative review are to provide: (i) an overview of TL athlete monitoring in female team sports, (ii) a discussion of the potential metrics and tools used to monitor external TL and internal TL, (iii) the advantages and disadvantages of TL modalities for use in Gaelic team sports, and (iv) practical considerations on how to monitor TL to aid in the determination of meaningful change with female Gaelic team sports athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Duggan
- Department of Sports, Exercise & Nutrition, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway Campus, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland;
- School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.A.M.); (P.J.B.); (S.-M.C.)
| | - Jeremy A. Moody
- School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.A.M.); (P.J.B.); (S.-M.C.)
| | - Paul J. Byrne
- School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.A.M.); (P.J.B.); (S.-M.C.)
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland
| | - Stephen-Mark Cooper
- School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.A.M.); (P.J.B.); (S.-M.C.)
| | - Lisa Ryan
- Department of Sports, Exercise & Nutrition, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway Campus, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland;
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15
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Physical Demands and Internal Response in Football Sessions According to Tactical Periodization. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:858-864. [PMID: 33626511 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of the present study were (1) to analyze the internal and external load profile of training and competition carried out by semiprofessional football players during a 27-week period and (2) to examine the possible link between this type of periodization and players' fitness status and their readiness to compete. METHODS Training and match data were obtained from 26 semiprofessional football players belonging to the reserve squad of a Spanish La Liga club during the 2018/19 season. For the purpose of this study, the distribution of external and internal load during a typical training microcycle, with 6 or 7 days between matches, was analyzed. Five types of sessions were considered: strength, duration, velocity, preofficial match, and official match. RESULTS The results showed a different internal and external load profile for each type of session, with the load being consistently higher during matches when compared with training sessions (28.9%-94% higher), showing significant differences in all the variables. There was a clear tapering strategy in the last days of the week to arrive with enough freshness to compete, shown by the decrease of the values in the 2 days before the match (15%-83% reduction, depending on the variable). Furthermore, the horizontal alternation of the load allowed the players to maintain their fitness level during the 27-week period. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that this weekly periodization approach could help achieve a double conditional target, allowing a short tapering strategy to face the match with enough freshness and serving as a strategy for maintaining or optimizing players' physical performance during the season.
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16
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de Jong LMS, Gastin PB, Angelova M, Bruce L, Dwyer DB. Technical determinants of success in professional women's soccer: A wider range of variables reveals new insights. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240992. [PMID: 33091064 PMCID: PMC7580913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of optimal technical performance is used to determine match strategy and the design of training programs. Previous studies in men’s soccer have identified certain technical characteristics that are related to success. These studies however, have relative limited sample sizes or limited ranges of performance indicators, which may have limited the analytical approaches that were used. Research in women’s soccer and our understanding of optimal technical performance, is even more limited (n = 3). Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify technical determinants of match outcome in the women’s game and to compare analytical approaches using a large sample size (n = 1390 team performances) and range of variables (n = 450). Three different analytical approaches (i.e. combinations of technical performance variables) were used, a data-driven approach, a rational approach and an approach based on the literature in men’s soccer. Match outcome was modelled using variables from each analytical approach, using generalised linear modelling and decision trees. It was found that the rational and data-driven approaches outperformed the literature-driven approach in predicting match outcome. The strongest determinants of match outcome were; scoring first, intentional assists relative to the opponent, the percentage of shots on goal saved by the goalkeeper relative to the opponent, shots on goal relative to the opponent and the percentage of duels that are successful. Moreover the rational and data-driven approach achieved higher prediction accuracies than comparable studies about men’s soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul B. Gastin
- Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maia Angelova
- Data to Intelligence Research Centre, School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lyndell Bruce
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Dan B. Dwyer
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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17
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McFadden BA, Walker AJ, Bozzini BN, Sanders DJ, Arent SM. Comparison of Internal and External Training Loads in Male and Female Collegiate Soccer Players During Practices vs. Games. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:969-974. [PMID: 31972824 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
McFadden, BA, Walker, AJ, Bozzini, BN, Sanders, DJ, and Arent, SM. Comparison of internal and external training loads in male and female collegiate soccer players during practices vs. games. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 969-974, 2020-The purpose of this study was to compare the internal and external training loads (TLs) in men and women throughout a Division I soccer season during practices versus games. Players were evaluated during all practices and regulation game play using the Polar TeamPro system, utilizing Global Positioning Satellite technology and heart rate (HR) monitoring to determine TL, time spent in HR zones expressed as a percent of HRmax (HRZ1-Z5), calories expended per kilogram body mass (Kcal·kg), distance covered (DIS), sprints, average speed (SPDAVG), and distance covered in speed zones (DISZ1-Z5). During games, no significant differences were seen between men and women for TL, Kcal·kg, HRZ1-Z5, SPDAVG, DIS, DISZ1, DISZ3, and DISZ4. However, men accumulated a significantly greater number of sprints and DISZ5 (p < 0.05) during games, whereas women accumulated a greater DISZ2 (p < 0.05). During practice, no differences were observed for TL, DIS, sprints, Kcal·kg, DISZ2, DISZ3, HRZ1-Z5, but men exhibited higher SPDAVG, (p < 0.05), DISZ1 (p < 0.05), DISZ4 (p < 0.05), and DISZ5 (p < 0.05). The parallels in Kcal·kg, total DIS, HR, and TL indicate a similar relative workload between men and women. However, distance covered in higher speed zones was found to be greater in men than women across practice and games likely reflecting inherent sex differences in the ability to achieve those speeds. Monitoring techniques that track relative player workloads throughout practices and games may enhance player health and performance during the season. An individualized approach to tracking high-intensity running may improve workload prescriptions on a per player basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Alan J Walker
- Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Brittany N Bozzini
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - David J Sanders
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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18
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Tomazoli G, Marques JB, Farooq A, Silva JR. Estimating Postmatch Fatigue in Soccer: The Effect of Individualization of Speed Thresholds on Perceived Recovery. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1216-1222. [PMID: 32422598 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effectiveness of different individualization methods of speed zones during match play to estimate postmatch perceptual recovery in soccer. METHODS Twelve players under the age of 19 y undertook field-based assessments to determine their maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and maximal sprint speed (MSS). External load (extracted from 10-Hz GPS over 10 official matches) was measured and classified into 4 categories as follows: low-speed running, moderate-speed running, high-speed running, and sprinting. Match running distribution into different speed zones was categorized using either MAS, MSS, MAS and MSS as measures of locomotor capacities, and absolute values. Players perceived recovery status was recorded immediately postmatch (Post) and 24 (G+24H) and 48 hours (G+48H) after each game. RESULTS Different individualization methods resulted in distinct match outputs in each locomotor category. Perceived recovery status was lower (P < .001) at Post (3.8 [1.32], 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6 to 4.2), G+24H (5.2 [1.48], 95% CI, 4.9 to 5.6), and G+48H (6.0 [1.22], 95% CI, 5.7 to 6.3) compared with prematch values (7.1 [1.05], 95% CI, 6.8 to 7.3). The absolute perceived recovery-status score was better associated with high-speed running using the locomotor-capacities method at Post (β = -1.7, 95% CI, -3.2 to -0.22, P = .027), G+24H (β = -2.08, 95% CI, -3.22 to -0.95, P = .001), and G+48H (β = -1.32, 95% CI, -2.2 to -0.4, P = .004) compared with other individualization methods. CONCLUSION The authors' results suggest that locomotor capacities may better characterize the match intensity distribution (particularly for the high-speed running and sprinting categories) and should be preferred over MAS and MSS to estimate perceived recovery.
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19
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Scott D, Norris D, Lovell R. Dose-Response Relationship Between External Load and Wellness in Elite Women's Soccer Matches: Do Customized Velocity Thresholds Add Value? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1245-1251. [PMID: 32887847 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the dose-response relationship between match-play high-speed running (HSR), very high-speed running (VHSR), and sprint (SPR) distances versus subsequent ratings of fatigue and soreness. METHODS Thirty-six outfield players competing in the professional National Women's Soccer League (NWSL, United States) with a minimum of five 90-minute match observations were monitored during the 2016 and 2017 seasons (408 match observations, 11 [6]/player). HSR (≥3.47 m·s-1), VHSR (≥5.28 m·s-1), and SPR (≥6.25 m·s-1) were determined generically (GEN) in players using a 10-Hz global positioning system. HSR, VHSR, and SPR speed thresholds were also reconfigured according to player peak speed per se and in combination with the final velocity achieved in the 30:15 Intermittent Fitness Test (locomotor approach to establishing individual speed zones). On the morning following matches (match day [MD + 1]), players recorded subjective wellness ratings of fatigue and soreness using 7-point Likert scales. RESULTS Fatigue (-2.32; 95% CI, -2.60 to -2.03 au; P < .0001) and soreness (-2.05; 95% CI, -2.29 to -1.81; P < .0001) ratings worsened on MD + 1. Standardized unit changes in HSRGEN (fatigue: -0.05; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.02 and soreness: -0.02, 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.04) and VHSRGEN (fatigue: -0.06; 95% CI, -0.12 to 0.00 and soreness: -0.04; 95% CI, -0.10 to 0.02) had no influence on wellness ratings at MD + 1. Individualized speed thresholds did not improve the model fit. CONCLUSIONS Subjective ratings of fatigue and wellness are not sensitive to substantial within-player changes in match physical performance. HSR, VHSR, and SPR thresholds customized for individual players' athletic qualities did not improve the dose-response relationship between external load and wellness ratings.
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20
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Use of Numerically Blinded Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Soccer: Assessing Concurrent and Construct Validity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1430-1436. [PMID: 32987365 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the concurrent and construct validity of numerically blinded ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs). METHODS A total of 30 elite male youth soccer players (age 16.7 [0.5] y) were monitored during training and matches over a 17-wk in-season period. The players' external loads were determined via raw 10-Hz global positioning system. Heart rate (HR) was collected continuously and expressed as Bannister and Edwards training impulses, and minutes >80% of the players predetermined the maximum HR by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1. RPE was collected confidentially 10 to 15 min after training/matches using 2 methods: (1) a traditional verbal response to the 0 to 100 category-ratio "centiMax" scale (RPE) and (2) numerically blinded RPE centiMax scale (RPEblind) with the response selected manually via a 5 × 7-in tablet "slider." The RPE and RPEblind were divided by 10 and multiplied by the duration to derive the sessional RPE. Linear mixed models compared ratings, and within-subject repeated-measures correlations assessed the sessional RPE versus HR and external load associations. RESULTS There were no differences between the RPE and RPEblind (0.19; 95% confidence intervals, -0.59 to 0.20 au, P = .326) or their session values (13.5; 95% confidence intervals, -17.0 to 44.0 au, P = .386), and the ratings were nearly perfectly correlated (r = .96). The associations between the sessional RPE versus HR and external load metrics were large to very large (r = .65-.81), with no differences between the RPE methods (P ≥ .50). The RPEblind also reduced verbal anchor clustering and integer bias by 11% and 50%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS RPEblind demonstrated concurrent and construct validity versus the traditional method, and may be used in situations where practitioners have concerns regarding the authenticity of athlete ratings.
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21
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Boullosa D, Casado A, Claudino JG, Jiménez-Reyes P, Ravé G, Castaño-Zambudio A, Lima-Alves A, de Oliveira SA, Dupont G, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Do you Play or Do you Train? Insights From Individual Sports for Training Load and Injury Risk Management in Team Sports Based on Individualization. Front Physiol 2020; 11:995. [PMID: 32973548 PMCID: PMC7472986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boullosa
- Graduate Program of Movement Sciences, INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I University, Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriano Lima-Alves
- Department of Sport Sciences, University Federal of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvio Assis de Oliveira
- Graduate Program of Movement Sciences, INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Postdam, Germany
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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22
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Abstract
This study aimed to examine the interchangeability of two external training load (ETL) monitoring methods: arbitrary vs. individualized speed zones. Thirteen male outfield players from a professional soccer team were monitored during training sessions using 10-Hz GPS units over an 8-week competitive period (n = 302 observations). Low-speed activities (LSA), moderate-speed running (MSR), high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting were defined using arbitrary speed zones as <14.4, 14.4–19.8, 19.8–25.1 and ≥25.2 km·h-1, and using individualized speed zones based on a combination of maximal aerobic speed (MAS, derived from the Yo-yo Intermittent recovery test level 1), maximal sprinting speed (MSS, derived from the maximal speed reached during training) and anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) as <80% MAS, 80–100% MAS, 100% MAS or 29% ASR and ≥30% ASR. Distance covered in both arbitrary and individualized methods was almost certainly correlated in all speed zones (p < 0.01; r = 0.67-0.78). However, significant differences between methods were observed in all speed zones (p < 0.01). LSA was almost certainly higher when using the arbitrary method than when using the individualized method (p < 0.01; ES = 5.47 [5.18; 5.76], respectively). Conversely, MSR, HSR and sprinting speed were higher in the individualized method than in the arbitrary method (p < 0.01; ES = 5.10 [4.82; 5.37], 0.86 [0.72; 1.00] and 1.22 [1.08; 1.37], respectively). Arbitrary and individualized methods for ETL quantification based on speed zones showed similar sensitivity in depicting player locomotor demands. However, since these methods significantly differ at absolute level (based on measurement bias), arbitrary and individualized speed zones should not be used interchangeably.
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23
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Palucci Vieira LH, Carling C, Barbieri FA, Aquino R, Santiago PRP. Match Running Performance in Young Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:289-318. [PMID: 30671900 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-01048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, athletic performance has been extensively assessed in youth soccer players through laboratory and field testing. Only recently has running performance via time-motion analysis been assessed during match play. Match running data are often useful in a practical context to aid game understanding and decision making regarding training content and prescriptions. A plethora of previous reviews have collated and appraised the literature on time-motion analysis in professional senior players, but none have solely examined youth players. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present systematic review was to provide a critical appraisal and summary of the original research articles that have evaluated match running performance in young male soccer players. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, literature searches were performed in four databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and SciELO. We used the following descriptors: soccer, football, young, youth, junior, physical performance, running performance, match running performance, movement patterns, time-motion analysis, distances covered, activity profile, work rate, match analysis, and match performance. Articles were included only if they were original articles written in the English language, studied populations of male children and/or adolescents (aged ≤ 20 years), were published/ahead of print on or before 31 December 2017 and showed at least one outcome measure regarding match running performance, such as total distance covered, peak game speed or indicators of activities performed at established speed thresholds. RESULTS A total of 5801 records were found. After duplicates were removed and exclusion and inclusion criteria applied, 50 articles were included (n = 2615 participants). Their outcome measures were extracted and findings were synthesized. The majority of the reviewed papers covered the European continent (62%) and used global positioning systems (GPS) (64%). Measurement error of the tools used to obtain position data and running metrics was systematically overlooked among the studies. The main aims of studies were to examine differences across playing positions (20%), age groups (26%) and match halves (36%). Consistent findings pointed to the existence of positional role and age effects on match running output (using fixed running speed thresholds), but there was no clear consensus about reductions in activity over the course of match play. Congested schedules negatively affected players' running performance. While over 32% of all studies assessed the relationships between match running performance and physical capacity, biochemical markers and body composition, ~ 70% of these did not account for playing position. CONCLUSIONS This review collated scientific evidence that can aid soccer conditioning professionals in understanding external match loads across youth categories. Coaches working with youth development programs should consider that data derived from a given population may not be relevant for other populations, since game rules, match format and configuration are essentially unstandardized among studies for age-matched players. Despite limited evidence, periodization training emphasizing technical-tactical content can improve match running performance. Occurrence of acute and residual impairments in the running performance of young soccer players is common. Prescription of postmatch recovery strategies, such as cold water immersion and spa treatment, can potentially help reduce these declines, although additional research is warranted. This review also highlighted areas requiring further investigation, such as the possible influence of environmental and contextual constraints and a more integrative approach combining tactical and technical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Palucci Vieira
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenue Bandeirantes 3900-Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.,LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, Physical Education Department, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University UNESP, Campus Bauru, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Christopher Carling
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Fabio Augusto Barbieri
- MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, Physical Education Department, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University UNESP, Campus Bauru, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenue Bandeirantes 3900-Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.,CIFI2D, FADEUP Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenue Bandeirantes 3900-Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil. .,LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Principe VA, Vale RGDS, Nunes RDAM. A systematic review of load control in football using a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742020000400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Ayres Principe
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade Estácio de Sá, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gomes de Souza Vale
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade Estácio de Sá, Brazil
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25
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Hader K, Rumpf MC, Hertzog M, Kilduff LP, Girard O, Silva JR. Monitoring the Athlete Match Response: Can External Load Variables Predict Post-match Acute and Residual Fatigue in Soccer? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:48. [PMID: 31820260 PMCID: PMC6901634 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring athletes' external load during a soccer match may be useful to predict post-match acute and residual fatigue. This estimation would allow individual adjustments to training programs to minimize injury risk, improve well-being, and restore players' physical performance and inform the recovery process. METHODS Using a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, the aim is to determine which monitoring variables would be the strongest predictors of acute (immediately) and residual (up to 72 h) fatigue states in soccer. PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases were searched (until September 2018). Studies concurrently examining soccer match-related external load metrics and subjective and/or objective measures were selected to determine pooled correlations ([Formula: see text]) with confidence intervals (CI). The quality and strength of the findings of each study were evaluated to identify overall levels of evidence. RESULTS Eleven studies were included (n = 165 athletes). Acute ([Formula: see text] = 0.67; 95% CI = [0.40, 0.94]) and residual (24 h post-match, [Formula: see text] = 0.54; 95% CI = [0.35, 0.65]) changes in muscle damage markers and countermovement jump peak power output (CMJPPO) were, with moderate to strong evidence, largely correlated with running distance above 5.5 m s-1. No other external load metric was largely correlated with both biochemical and neuromuscular markers. For every 100-m run above 5.5 m·s-1, CK activity measured 24 h post-match increased by 30% and CMJPPO decreased by 0.5%. Conversely, the total distance covered did not present any evidence of a clear relationship with any fatigue-related marker at any time-point. CONCLUSIONS Running distance above 5.5 m·s-1 represents the most sensitive monitoring variable characterizing biochemical and neuromuscular responses, at least when assessed during the initial 24 h (not at 48 h/72 h) post-match recovery period. In addition, total distance covered is not sensitive enough to inform decision-making during the fatigue monitoring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Hader
- National Sports Medicine Programme, Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O BOX 29222, Doha, Qatar.,Performance Department, Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Saint Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - Michael C Rumpf
- Auckland University of Technology, Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.,Footballscience.net, Roedermark, Germany
| | - Maxime Hertzog
- National Sports Medicine Programme, Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O BOX 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Olivier Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Joao R Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme, Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O BOX 29222, Doha, Qatar. .,Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Porto, Portugal.
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26
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Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Costa J, Barreira D, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Methods to collect and interpret external training load using microtechnology incorporating GPS in professional football: a systematic review. Res Sports Med 2019; 28:437-458. [PMID: 31755307 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1686703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article was to systematically review the methods adopted to collect and interpret external training load (ETL) using microtechnology incorporating global positioning system (GPS). The main deficiencies identified concerned the non-collection of match ETL, and the non-consideration of potential confounders (e.g. playing position, fitness level, starting status or session content). Also, complementary training (individual/reconditioning) and pre-match warm-up were rarely quantified. To provide a full picture of the training demands, ETL was commonly complemented by internal training load monitoring with the rating of perceived exertion predominantly adopted instead of heart rate recordings. Continuous data collection and interpretation of ETL data in professional football vary widely between observational studies, possibly reflecting the actual procedures adopted in practical settings. Evidence about continuous ETL monitoring in female players, and female as well as male goalkeepers is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia , Maia, Portugal
| | - Júlio Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark , Odense, Denmark.,Shangai University of Sport , Shangai, China
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
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27
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Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Costa J, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Internal training load monitoring in professional football: a systematic review of methods using rating of perceived exertion. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:160-171. [PMID: 31663318 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) is widely adopted to quantify internal training load (ITL) in professional football. The aim of this study was to systematically review the use RPE-based methods in professional football. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Observational studies conducted during training routines of professional football players over a minimum of one-week were selected based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Thirty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria (average qualitative score was 6.3 out of 10 [3 to 9]). The main deficiencies identified concerned the poor description of study design (~52% of the studies), and the non-quantification of match load (~44%). Ten studies complemented RPE-based ITL information with time-motion analysis (~26%) and seven studies added HR recordings (~18%). Nine studies collected RPE data after complementary training, separately to field sessions (~3%). Operational questions (e.g. How was your workout? ~71%) were preferred to instructions (e.g. Please rate the intensity of today's session; ~8%). Session-RPE (s-RPE; RPE multiplied by training duration) was more commonly adopted as measure of exercise intensity than isolated RPE (~76 vs. ~8%). RPE-derived variables calculated on weekly values included absolute week-to-week change, acute: chronic workload ratio, monotony and strain and were not frequently used (7 to 15%). Four studies (~11%) divided RPE in two components: respiratory and muscular. CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of consensus for the use of RPE in professional football and "good practices" are warranted. This review might help practitioners regarding procedures to adopt in RPE data collection and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal - .,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Júlio Costa
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Shangai University of Sport (SUS), Shangai, China
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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28
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Costa JA, Brito J, Nakamura FY, Figueiredo P, Rebelo A. Using the Rating of Perceived Exertion and Heart Rate to Quantify Training Intensity in Female Soccer Players: Validity and Utility. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 36:201-206. [PMID: 31593033 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Costa, JA, Brito, J, Nakamura, FY, Figueiredo, P, and Rebelo, A. Using the rating of perceived exertion and heart rate to quantify training intensity in female soccer players: validity and utility. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The aims of this study were as follows: (a) to analyze associations between session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and training impulse (TRIMP); (b) to verify whether significantly different ranges of percentage of heart rate peak (%HRpeak) would be reached in each discrete RPE category; and (c) to investigate the amount of time spent >90% of HRpeak and associated intraplayer and interplayer variability during soccer technical training sessions with similar contents and duration. This was a single-group observational study that measured the internal training load during 6 weeks of the competitive period in 17 high-level female soccer players. All training sessions started around 9 PM. and lasted on average 94 ± 5 minutes. During each training session, RPE, sRPE, TRIMP, HRex (%HRpeak), and time spent at >90% of HRpeak were assessed. A very large correlation was found between sRPE and TRIMP (r = 0.78; 95% confidence interval: [0.74-0.82]). Significant differences were observed between %HRpeak associated with each RPE value (i.e., RPE = 2 arbitrary unit [68%; 65-69% of %HRpeak]; RPE 3 [72%; 69-75%]; RPE 4 [79%; 76-82%]; RPE 5 [84; 81-87%]; χ = 73.34; df = 3; P < 0.001). Intraplayer and interplayer coefficients of variation for the time spent >90% of HRpeak (∼8% of training time, ∼7 minutes per session) during training sessions were 73 and 92%, respectively. In conclusion, it was confirmed that sRPE and TRIMP displayed good convergent validity, and different %HRpeak were observed for each discrete RPE. However, because of the high variability in the time >90% of HRpeak, careful monitoring of individual exercises should be performed to ensure the desired training stimulus for each player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio A Costa
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Health and Performance Unit, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Health and Performance Unit, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fábio Y Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Health and Performance Unit, Oeiras, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Intra-individual variability of sleep and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity in elite female soccer players during an international tournament. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218635. [PMID: 31527865 PMCID: PMC6748428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe individual sleeping patterns and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity of National team female soccer players during an international tournament. Materials and methods Twenty elite female soccer players (aged 25.2±3.1 years) wore wrist actigraph units and heart rate (HR) monitors during night-sleep throughout 9 consecutive days (6 day-time training sessions [DT], 2 day-time matches [DM], and 1 evening-time match [EM]) of an international tournament. Training and match loads were monitored using the session-rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and wearable 18-Hz GPS (total distance covered [TD], training and match exposure time, and high-speed running [HSR]) to characterize training and match loads. Results Individually, s-RPE, TD, exposure time, and HSR during training sessions ranged from 20 to 680 arbitrary units (AU), 892 to 5176 m, 20 to 76 min, and 80 to 1140 m, respectively. During matches, s-RPE, TD, exposure time, and HSR ranged from 149 to 876 AU, 2236 to 11210 m, 20 to 98 min, and 629 to 3213 m, respectively. Individually, players slept less than recommended (<7 hours) on several days of the tournament, especially after EM (n = 8; TST ranging between 6:00–6:54 h). Total sleep time coefficient of variation (CV) ranged between 3.1 and 18.7%. However, all players presented good sleep quality (i.e., sleep efficiency ≥75%; individual range between: 75–98%) on each day of the tournament. Most of the players presented small fluctuations in nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity (individual nocturnal heart rate variability [HRV] ranged from 3.91–5.37 ms and HRV CV ranged from 2.8–9.0%), while two players presented higher HRV CV (11.5 and 11.7%; respectively). Conclusion Overall, this study highlights the substantial individual variability in sleep and HRV measures, suggesting the adoption of an individual approach to monitor sleep, training and match loads and recovery, to better understand how players cope with highly demanding competitions.
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30
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Tee JC, Coopoo Y, Lambert M. Pacing characteristics of whole and part-game players in professional rugby union. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:722-733. [PMID: 31446859 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1660410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary theories on players' intensity distribution in team sports suggest that they regulate their outputs using pacing strategies. There is currently limited information on how movement patterns and pacing strategies of rugby union players in different position groups (forwards and backs) vary when exposed to different bout types (whole game, starter or finisher). Global positioning system (GPS) and accelerometer data were collected from 100 professional match participations to determine temporal effects on movement patterns. For forwards, finishers (players who entered the game as substitutes) demonstrated significantly greater high-speed running distance (% difference, ± 90%CI; magnitude-based inference and effect size) (↑ 55, ±17%; very likely large) and acceleration frequency (↑ 78, ±59%; very likely large) than whole game players. For backs, starters (players who started the game and were later substituted) displayed greater high-speed running distance than whole game players (↑ 27, ±21%; ES = likely medium) but this difference did not achieve statistical significance (p = .07). Forwards displayed "slow-positive" pacing strategies regardless of bout type, while backs displayed "flat" pacing strategies. Forwards and backs adopt different pacing strategies regardless of bout type, with forwards demonstrating progressively greater performance decrements over the course of the match. These findings reflect differing physical demands, notably contact and running loads, of players in different positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Tee
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Yoga Coopoo
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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31
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González-Víllora S, Sierra-Díaz MJ, Pastor-Vicedo JC, Contreras-Jordán OR. The Way to Increase the Motor and Sport Competence Among Children: The Contextualized Sport Alphabetization Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:569. [PMID: 31156456 PMCID: PMC6532438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a concern to implement games that will be able to increase the students' motor and sport competence during the sport contents in Physical Education. Some games encompassed in Models-Based Practice (MsBP) are more beneficial for physical and physiological development than others. The main purpose of this study is to compare the degree of physical and physiological performance in several futsal games that have been implemented through two MsBP: the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) and the Contextualized Sport Alphabetization Model (CSAM). The second objective is to analyze the relationship between physical and physiological variables. A quasi-experimental and cross-sectional study with pre- and post-test evaluations had been carried out. The sample was composed of 112 Primary Education students from First to Sixth grade (9.35 ± 1.76 years). Polar Team Pro® technology was implemented to compare and analyze the physical and physiological variables. Data was analyze comparing both models with a two-step cluster model. Afterward, Student's t-test was executed to compare the progression of both models. Besides, two-level multilevel model (MANOVA-ANOVA, followed by MANCOVA- ANCOVA) were also executed by means of applying a 4 versus 4 Small-Sided and Conditioned Game (SSCG). Finally, Pearson correlation between physical and physiological variables was calculated. Results showed that physical and physiological performance was higher in CSAM groups. In this regard, throughout the intervention of both models, results showed significant differences in physical and physiological variables at SSCGs implemented in the CSAM over the games implemented during the TGfU. Additionally, multilevel and MANCOVA post-test analyses shows significant differences in the physical and physiological performance during the post-test 4 vs. 4 SSCG at the CSAM students, in contrast to the TGfU students (p < 0.001). These results demonstrate that both physical (e.g., distance covered) and physiological performance (e.g., Edwards' TRIMP) are significantly higher during CSAM in contrast to TGfU. Moreover, relationship between physical and physiological variables help teachers to adapt sessions to the features of the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixto González-Víllora
- EDAF Group, Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Physical Education Department, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
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32
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Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Relationship between External Load and Perceptual Responses to Training in Professional Football: Effects of Quantification Method. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7030068. [PMID: 30884900 PMCID: PMC6473819 DOI: 10.3390/sports7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the within-player correlation between external training load (ETL) and perceptual responses to training in a professional male football team (n = 13 outfield players) over an eight-week competitive period. ETL was collected using 10-Hz GPS, whereas perceptual responses were accessed through rating of perceived exertion (RPE) questionnaires. Moderate-speed running (MSR), high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting were defined using arbitrary (fixed) and individualised speed zones (based on maximal aerobic speed and maximal sprinting speed). When ETL was expressed as actual distance covered within the training session, perceptual responses were moderately correlated to MSR and HSR quantified using the arbitrary method (p < 0.05; r = 0.53 to 0.59). However, the magnitude of correlations tended to increase when the individualised method was used (p < 0.05; r = 0.58 to 0.67). Distance covered by sprinting was moderately correlated to perceptual responses only when the individualised method was used (p < 0.05; 0.55 [0.05; 0.83] and 0.53 [0.02; 0.82]). Perceptual responses were largely correlated to the sum of distance covered within all three speed running zones, irrespective of the quantification method (p < 0.05; r = 0.58 to 0.68). When ETL was expressed as percentage of total distance covered within the training session, no significant correlations were observed (p > 0.05). Perceptual responses to training load seem to be better associated with ETL, when the latter is adjusted to individual fitness capacities. Moreover, reporting ETL as actual values of distance covered within the training session instead of percentual values inform better about players’ perceptual responses to training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, R. Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Avenida das Seleções, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal.
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Avenida Carlos de Oliveira Campos, Castêlo da Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal.
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, R. Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Ric Lovell
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | | | - Laurence Park
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University
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34
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Kavanagh R, Carling C. Analysis of external workload in soccer training and competition: generic versus individually determined speed thresholds. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1562279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Kavanagh
- Department of Sports Science, Burnley Football Club, Burnley, UK
| | - Christopher Carling
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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35
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Fitzpatrick JF, Hicks KM, Hayes PR. Dose-Response Relationship Between Training Load and Changes in Aerobic Fitness in Professional Youth Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1365-1370. [PMID: 29745785 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the dose-response relationship between traditional arbitrary speed thresholds versus an individualized approach, with changes in aerobic fitness in professional youth soccer players. METHODS A total of 14 youth soccer players completed a 1500-m time trial to estimate maximal aerobic speed (MAS, km·h-1) at the start and at the end of a 6-week period. Training load was monitored on a daily basis during this study. External load measures were total distance covered and total acceleration and deceleration distance >2 m·s-2. Arbitrary high-speed running measures were meters covered and time spent at >17 km·h-1 (m > high-speed distance, t > high-speed distance) and 21 km·h-1 (m > very-high-speed distance, t > very-high-speed distance). Individualized high-speed running measures were meters covered and time spent at >MAS km·h-1 (m > MAS, t > MAS) and 30% anaerobic speed reserve (m > 30ASR, t > 30ASR). In addition, internal load measures were also collected: heart rate exertion and rating of perceived exertion. Linear regression analysis was used to establish the dose-response relationship between mean weekly training load and changes in aerobic fitness. RESULTS Very large associations were found between t > MAS and changes in aerobic fitness (R2 = .59). Large associations were found for t > 30ASR (R2 = .38) and m > MAS (R2 = .25). Unclear associations were found for all other variables. CONCLUSION An individualized approach to monitoring training load, in particular t > MAS, may be a more appropriate method than using traditional arbitrary speed thresholds when monitoring the dose-response relationship between training load and changes in aerobic fitness.
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36
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Park LAF, Scott D, Lovell R. Velocity zone classification in elite women’s football: where do we draw the lines? SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1517947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A. F. Park
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dawn Scott
- High Performance Department, US Soccer Federation, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ric Lovell
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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37
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Datson N, Drust B, Weston M, Gregson W. Repeated high-speed running in elite female soccer players during international competition. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1508880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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