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Wik EH, Chamari K, Tabben M, Di Salvo V, Gregson W, Bahr R. Exploring Growth, Maturity, and Age as Injury Risk Factors in High-Level Youth Football. Sports Med Int Open 2024; 8:a21804594. [PMID: 38312925 PMCID: PMC10832576 DOI: 10.1055/a-2180-4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid somatic growth and biological maturity status may affect injury patterns in youth football, yet firm conclusions cannot be drawn from the existing research. We aimed to explore growth velocity, maturity, and age as injury risk factors in 95 academy players (11.9-15.0 years), using anthropometric (height and body mass), maturity (skeletal age), injury, and football exposure data collected prospectively over three seasons (2016/17-2018/19). We compared the relative quality of mixed-effects logistic regression models with growth velocity for 223 growth intervals (average 113 days) included as fixed effects and adjusted for age (chronological or skeletal) plus load (hours/week). Associations were considered practically relevant based on the confidence interval for odds ratios, using thresholds of 0.90 and 1.11 to define small beneficial and harmful effects, respectively. We observed harmful effects of older age on overall (OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.15-5.91) and sudden onset (1.98, 1.17-3.37) injury risk. Significant associations (p<0.05) were observed for higher body mass change and greater maturity on sudden onset injuries, and for higher hours/week on gradual onset, bone tissue, and physis injuries. Future studies should include larger samples, monitoring athletes from pre-adolescence through maturation, to enable within-subject analyses and better understand the relationship between growth, maturation, and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Halvorsen Wik
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine,
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport
and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch
University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University,
Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Karim Chamari
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Montassar Tabben
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,
Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome
'Foro Italico', Roma, Italy
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,
Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport,
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland
| | - Roald Bahr
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine,
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Kyprianou E, Lolli L, Weston M, Gregson W. Inconsistent Effect of Psychometric-Scale Familiarization on the Relationship Between Ratings of Perceived Exertion and External Load Measures in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1254-1262. [PMID: 37648250 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the moderating effect of familiarization on the relationship between external load and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) in elite youth soccer players. METHODS Thirty-five elite male youth soccer players were monitored over a 31-week period. Players had no previous experience using the centiMax scale (arbitrary units [AU]). The final sample included familiarized (blackness test; n = 20) and nonfamiliarized players (n = 15) with the Borg centiMax scale. Players recorded a global RPE and differential RPEs (dRPE) for breathlessness (RPE-B) and leg-muscle exertion (RPE-L) 15 to 30 minutes following training sessions and competitive matches. Separate multivariable-adjusted random-effects generalized additive models with restricted maximum likelihood quantified familiarization versus no-familiarization differences in actual perceived exertion score (in AU) by number of accelerations, decelerations, and high-speed running distance (in meters) as predictor variables, respectively. RESULTS Players improved their blackness test score from 39% to 78%. For explorations by number of accelerations, familiarization effects were not practically relevant for the RPE and RPE-B variables. The width and sign of the effects for the RPE-L variable at 30 efforts of 10 AU (95% CI, 4-16 AU) suggested that scores were lower for players who underwent familiarization versus players who did not. Familiarization effects were not practically relevant for any RPE variable irrespective of the number of deceleration efforts and high-speed running distance covered. CONCLUSION Improved performance on the blackness test did not have a moderating effect on the relationship between proxy measures of external load and RPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Kyprianou
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Performance & Science, Houston Dynamo Football Club, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Science, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Gregson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Lolli L, Gregson W, Bonanno D, Kuitunen S, Di Salvo V. Age-Related Reference Intervals for Physical Performance Test Outcomes Relevant to Male Youth Middle Eastern Football Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1283-1295. [PMID: 37604482 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop age-specific reference intervals for physical performance test outcomes relevant to male youth Middle Eastern football players. METHODS We analyzed mixed-longitudinal data (observations range: 1751-1943 assessments) from a sample of 441 male youth outfield football players (chronological age range: 11.7-18.4 y) as part of the Qatar Football Association and Aspire Academy development program over 14 competitive seasons. Semiparametric generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape estimated age-specific reference centiles for 10-m sprinting, 40-m sprinting, countermovement jump height, and maximal aerobic speed variables. RESULTS The estimated reference intervals indicated that the distribution of the physical performance test scores increased monotonically and nonlinearly with advancing chronological age for sprinting and countermovement jump outcome measures, reaching a plateau after 16 years common to each of these performance variables. The maximal aerobic speed median score increased substantially until ∼14.5 years, with the nonlinear trend flattening off toward relatively older chronological ages. CONCLUSIONS We developed age-related reference intervals for physical performance test outcomes relevant to youth Qatari football players. Country-wide age-specific reference intervals can assist in the longitudinal tracking of the individual players' progress over time against benchmark values derived from the reference population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester,UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester,UK
| | - Daniele Bonanno
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,Qatar
| | - Sami Kuitunen
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico,"Rome,Italy
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Lolli L, Di Salvo V, Monaco M, Johnson A, Gregson W. A comparison of FELS and Tanner-Whitehouse II skeletal ages in male youth soccer players from the Middle East. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23941. [PMID: 37354010 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess measurement agreement between FELS and Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) II skeletal ages in male youth soccer players from the Middle East. METHODS We examined agreement between FELS and TW-II skeletal ages using data collected between- and within-subjects (n = 1057 observations) for 409 male, full-time, academy student-athletes recruited as part of the Qatar Football Association national soccer development programme (chronological age range, 9.8 to 18 years; annual screening range, one to seven visits). The Bland-Altman method for repeated measurements estimated the limits of agreement describing the expected range of differences for 95% of pairs of future FELS and TW-II skeletal ages determined on similar individuals from the reference population. RESULTS The mean difference for TW-II versus FELS protocols was 0.02 years (95% confidence interval, -0.04 to 0.08 years) with lower and upper limits of agreement ranging from -1.39 years (95% confidence interval, -1.48 to -1.30 years) to 1.43 years (95% confidence interval, 1.34 to 1.52 years). CONCLUSION Differences for 95% of pairs of future skeletal ages determined with FELS and TW-II methods in this population could be as high as ~3 years for some people that suggested protocols may not be interchangeable in youth Middle Eastern athletes. Justification of skeletal age protocol selection rests on knowledge of measurement bias and variability of expected growth estimations for rationalized application to a population of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Mauricio Monaco
- National Sports Medicine Program, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Lolli L, Johnson A, Monaco M, Di Salvo V, Gregson W. Skeletal maturation in male elite youth athletes from the Middle East. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23906. [PMID: 37114584 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the timing and intensity of skeletal maturation of the radius-ulna-short (RUS) bones in elite youth Arab athletes. METHODS We compared SuperImposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) models with different spline degrees of freedom and transformation expressions to summarize 492 longitudinal measurements for individual RUS bones scores assessed from 99 male academy student-athletes (chronological age range, 11.4 to 18 years; annual screening range, four to seven visits). RESULTS The SITAR model with 5 degrees of freedom and untransformed chronological age was superior to the other models. The mean growth curve increased with age and showed a mid-pubertal double-kink at a RUS score of ~600 bone score units (au). The SITAR model revealed a first peak in the skeletal maturation velocity curve of ~206 au·year-1 occurred at ~13.5 years. The mean age at the second and largest peak occurred at 15.1 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.9 to 15.3 years), with the respective estimated peak skeletal ossification rate of 334 au·year-1 (95% CI, 290 to 377 au·year-1 ). The mean age at peak height velocity was 13.5 years (95% CI, 13.3 to 13.7 years), with peak height velocity of 10 cm·year-1 (95% CI, 9.6 to 10.4 cm·year-1 ). CONCLUSION Application of the SITAR method confirmed two peaks in the skeletal maturation velocity curve, with the second and largest rate of ossification occurring at a relatively later timing of ~1.5 years than the height growth spurt. Knowledge of the RUS bones timing and intensity can be important to advance strategies for athlete performance development purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mauricio Monaco
- National Sports Medicine Program, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Warren Gregson
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Gregson W, Dupont G, Abaidia AE, Thorpe R. Recovery strategies. Science and Soccer 2023:90-108. [DOI: 10.4324/9781003148418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to present reference standards for physical performance test outcomes relevant to elite female soccer players. We analysed mixed-longitudinal data (n = 1715 observations) from a sample of 479 elite youth and senior players as part of the English Football Association's national development programme (age range: 12.7 to 36.0 years). Semi-parametric generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) estimated age-related reference centiles for 5-m sprinting, 30-m sprinting, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) performance. The estimated reference centiles indicated that the median of the distribution of physical performance test scores varied non-linearly with advancing chronological age, improving until around 25 years for each performance variable. These are the first reference ranges for performance test outcomes in elite English female soccer players. These data can assist practitioners when interpreting physical test performance outcomes to track an individual's progress over time and support decision-making regarding player recruitment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK.,Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Gregson W, Carling C, Gualtieri A, O'Brien J, Reilly P, Tavares F, Bonanno D, Lopez E, Marques J, Lolli L, Salvo VD. A survey of organizational structure and operational practices of elite youth football academies and national federations from around the world: A performance and medical perspective. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:1031721. [PMID: 36506723 PMCID: PMC9727309 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1031721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Medical and performance units are integral components of player development programmes in elite football academies. Nevertheless, the nature of the operational processes implemented by practitioners within clubs and national federations remains unexplored. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to survey elite youth professional football academies from around the world regarding the operational processes adopted by their medical and performance units. Methods Of the 50 organizations invited, 10 national federations and 25 clubs took part in the survey resulting in a response rate of 70% (95% confidence interval, 56%-81%). The respondents represented three groups: senior club and academy management, performance, and medical staff. Results The majority (60%-90%) of clubs and national federations reported strategic alignment between senior and academy medical and performance units as well as between academy medical and performance units. Survey responses indicated substantial heterogeneity in the composition and number of medical and performance professionals employed in academies. The majority of respondents agreed their medical and performance departments were effective in utilizing staff knowledge and external sources of knowledge to inform their practice (56%-80%). Performance staff (40%-50%) and physiotherapists (30%-32%) were deemed most influential in injury prevention programmes. During the return-to-play process, the influence of specific practitioners in the medical and performance units was dependent upon the phase of return-to-play. Shared decision-making was common practice amongst performance and medical staff in injury prevention and return-to-play processes. Medical and performance data were generally centralized across the first team and academy in majority (50%-72%) of clubs and national federations. Data were integrated within the same data management system to a higher degree in clubs (68%) vs. national federations (40%). Research and development activity were reported for most academies (50%-72%), and generally led by the head of performance (37%) or team doctor (21%). Research activities were largely undertaken via internal staff (~100%), academic collaborations (50%-88%) and/or external consultants and industry partnerships (77%-83%) in the national federation and clubs. Conclusion Collectively, these findings provide a detailed overview regarding key operational processes delivered by medical and performance practitioners working in elite football academies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Gregson
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Carling
- French Football Federation Research Centre, French Football Federation, Clairefontaine National Football Centre, Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines, France
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Antonio Gualtieri
- Sport Science and R&D Department, Juventus FC, Turin, Italy
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - James O'Brien
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Francisco Tavares
- Medical and Performance Department, Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniele Bonanno
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emmanuel Lopez
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joao Marques
- Faculty of Medicine, Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Aspetar, Rehabilitation Department, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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Lolli L, Johnson A, Monaco M, DI Salvo V, Gregson W. Relative Skeletal Maturity and Performance Test Outcomes in Elite Youth Middle Eastern Soccer Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1326-1334. [PMID: 35389938 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the influence of differences in relative skeletal maturity on performance test outcomes in elite youth soccer players from the Middle East. METHODS We integrated skeletal age and performance assessments using mixed-longitudinal data available for 199 outfield players (chronological age range, 11.7 to 17.8 yr) enrolled as academy student-athletes (annual screening range, 1 to 5 visits). Skeletal age was determined as per the Tanner-Whitehouse II protocol. Relative maturity was calculated as the difference (∆) between Tanner-Whitehouse II skeletal age minus chronological age. Performance test outcomes of interest were 10-m sprinting, 40-m sprinting, countermovement jump height, and maximal aerobic speed. Separate random-effects generalized additive models quantified differences in performance test outcomes by relative skeletal maturity. Estimated differences were deemed practically relevant based on the location of the confidence interval (95% CI) against minimal detectable change values for each performance test outcome. RESULTS For 40-m sprinting, differences of +0.51 s (95% CI, +0.35 to +0.67 s) and +0.62 s (95% CI, +0.45 to +0.78 s) were practically relevant for relative maturity status of ∆ = -1.5 yr versus ∆ = +0.5 and ∆ = +1 yr, respectively. For countermovement jump height, a difference of -8 cm (95% CI, -10 to -5 cm) was practically relevant for ∆ = -1.5 yr versus ∆ = +1 yr relative maturity status comparison. Effects for 10-m sprinting and maximal aerobic speed were unclear. CONCLUSIONS Integration of skeletal age and performance assessments indicated that conventional maturity status classification criteria were inconsistent to inform player development processes in our sample. Between-player differences in test performance may depend on a substantial delay in skeletal maturation (∆ ≤ -1.5 yr) and the performance outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Faculty of Health, Psychology & Social Care, Health Sciences Department, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Mauricio Monaco
- National Sports Medicine Program, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR
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Whiteley R, Gregson W, Roald B, Tabben M, Chamari K, Lolli L, Di Salvo V. High‐speed running during match play before and after return from hamstring injury in professional footballers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1502-1509. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Whiteley
- Aspetar, Sport Medicine Department, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha Qatar
| | - Warren Gregson
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department Doha Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Bahr Roald
- Aspetar, Sport Medicine Department, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha Qatar
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha Qatar
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department Doha Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department Doha Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Italy
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11
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Mawhinney C, Heinonen I, Low DA, Han C, Jones H, Kalliokoski KK, Kirjavainen A, Kemppainen J, DI Salvo V, Lolli L, Cable NT, Gregson W. Cool-Water Immersion Reduces Postexercise Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Perfusion More Than Cold-Water Immersion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1085-1094. [PMID: 35220370 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The muscle perfusion response to postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI) is not well understood. We examined the effects of graded postexercise CWI upon global and regional quadriceps femoris muscle perfusion using positron emission tomography and [15O]H2O. METHODS Using a matched-group design, 30 healthy men performed cycle ergometer exercise at 70% V̇O2peak to a core body temperature of 38°C, followed by either 10 min of CWI at 8°C, 22°C, or seated rest (control). Quadriceps muscle perfusion; thigh and calf cutaneous vascular conductance; intestinal, muscle, and local skin temperatures; thermal comfort; mean arterial pressure; and heart rate were assessed at preexercise, postexercise, and after CWI. RESULTS Global quadriceps perfusion was reduced beyond the predefined minimal clinically relevant threshold (0.75 mL per 100 g·min-1) in 22°C water versus control (difference (95% confidence interval (CI)), -2.5 (-3.9 to -1.1) mL per 100 g·min-1). Clinically relevant decreases in muscle perfusion were observed in the rectus femoris (-2.0 (-3.0 to -1.0) mL per 100 g·min-1) and vastus lateralis (-3.5 (-4.9 to -2.0) mL per 100 g·min-1) in 8°C water, and in the vastus lateralis (-3.3 (-4.8 to -1.9) mL per 100 g·min-1) in 22°C water versus control. The mean effects for vastus intermedius and vastus medialis perfusion were not clinically relevant. Clinically relevant decreases in thigh and calf cutaneous vascular conductance were observed in both cooling conditions. CONCLUSIONS The present findings revealed that less noxious CWI (22°C) promoted clinically relevant postexercise decreases in global quadriceps muscle perfusion, whereas noxious cooling (8°C) elicited no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A Low
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Chunlei Han
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Anna Kirjavainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | | | | | - N Tim Cable
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Kyprianou, E, Di Salvo, V, Lolli, L, Al Haddad, H, Villanueva, AM, Gregson, W, and Weston, M. To measure peak velocity in soccer, let the players sprint. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 273-276, 2022-Expressing externals loads relative to a player's individual capacities has potential to enhance understanding of dose-response. Peak velocity is an important metric for the individualization process and is usually measured during a sprint test. Recently, however, peak velocity was reported to be faster during soccer matches when compared with a 40-m sprint test. With the aim of developing the practice of individualized training prescription and match evaluation, we examined whether the aforementioned finding replicates in a group of elite youth soccer players across a broader range of soccer activities. To do this, we compared the peak velocities of 12 full-time male youth soccer players (age 16.3 ± 0.8 years) recorded during a 40-m sprint test with peak velocity recorded during their routine activities (matches, sprints, and skill-based conditioning drills: small-sided games [SSG], medium-sided games [MSG], large-sided games [LSG]). All activities were monitored with 10-Hz global positioning systems (Catapult Optimeye S5, version 7.32) with the highest speed attained during each activity retained as the instantaneous peak velocity. Interpretation of clear between-activity differences in peak velocity was based on nonoverlap of the 95% confidence intervals for the mean difference between activities with sprint testing. Peak velocity was clearly faster for the sprint test (8.76 ± 0.39 m·s-1) when compared with matches (7.94 ± 0.49 m·s-1), LSG (6.94 ± 0.65 m·s-1), MSG (6.40 ± 0.75 m·s-1), and SSG (5.25 ± 0.92 m·s-1), but not sprints (8.50 ± 0.36 m·s-1). Our data show the necessity for 40-m sprint testing to determine peak velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Kyprianou
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy ; and
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Hani Al Haddad
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Weston
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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13
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Lolli L, Johnson A, Monaco M, Cardinale M, DI Salvo V, Gregson W. Tanner-Whitehouse and Modified Bayley-Pinneau Adult Height Predictions in Elite Youth Soccer Players from the Middle East. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2683-2690. [PMID: 34649263 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide the first scrutiny of adult height prediction protocols based on automated Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) skeletal ages applied to elite youth soccer players from the Middle East. METHODS We examined the application of modified Bayley-Pinneau (BoneXpert®), TW-II, and TW-III protocols using mixed-longitudinal data available for 103 subjects (chronological age range, 19.4 to 27.9 yr) previously enrolled as academy student-athletes (annual screening range, one to six visits). Random-effects generalized additive models quantified the presence of systematic mean differences between actual versus predicted adult height. Effects were deemed practically equivalent based on the location of the confidence interval (95% CI) against a realistic difference value of Δ = ± 1 cm. Each model pooled residual standard deviation described the actual precision of height predictions and was used to calculate a 95% prediction interval. RESULTS The BoneXpert® method overpredicted adult height systematically at chronological ages in the range of approximately 13.5 to 14.5 yr (95% CI range, -1.9 to -1 cm) and Greulich-Pyle skeletal ages between 13.5 and 15 yr (95% CI range, -3.1 to -1 cm). Effects based on TW-II were practically equivalent across the chronological and skeletal age measurement ranges, with this protocol yielding adult height predictions with a precision (standard deviation) of approximately ±2.6 cm. The mean TW-III effects indicated systematic adult height overpredictions until the attainment of 14.5 and 15 yr of chronological age (95% CI range, -3.8 to -1.1 cm) and TW-III skeletal age (95% CI range: -5.2 to -2.3 cm), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Tanner-Whitehouse-II adult height prediction method provided more consistent estimates and can be considered the method of choice for talent development purposes in youth soccer players from the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Johnson
- National Sports Medicine Program, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR
| | - Mauricio Monaco
- National Sports Medicine Program, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR
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14
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Allan R, Akin B, Sinclair J, Hurst H, Alexander J, Malone JJ, Naylor A, Mawhinney C, Gregson W, Ihsan M. Athlete, coach and practitioner knowledge and perceptions of post-exercise cold-water immersion for recovery: a qualitative and quantitative exploration. Sport Sci Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis survey sought to establish current use, knowledge and perceptions of cold-water immersion (CWI) when used for recovery. 111 athletes, coaches and support practitioners completed the anonymous online survey, answering questions about their current CWI protocols, perceptions of benefits associated with CWI and knowledge of controlling mechanisms. Respondents were largely involved in elite sport at international, national and club level, with many having used CWI previously (86%) and finding its use beneficial for recovery (78%). Protocols differed, with the duration of immersion one aspect that failed to align with recommendations in the scientific literature. Whilst many respondents were aware of benefits associated with CWI, there remains some confusion. There also seems to be a gap in mechanistic knowledge, where respondents are aware of benefits associated with CWI, but failed to identify the underlying mechanisms. This identifies the need for an improved method of knowledge transfer between scientific and applied practice communities. Moreover, data herein emphasises the important role of the ‘support practitioner’ as respondents in this role tended to favour CWI protocols more aligned to recommendations within the literature. With a significant number of respondents claiming they were made aware of CWI for recovery through a colleague (43%), the importance of knowledge transfer and context being appropriately applied to data is as important as ever. With the firm belief that CWI is useful for recovery in sport, the focus should now be on investigating the psychophysiological interaction and correct use of this methodology.
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15
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Wik EH, Lolli L, Chamari K, Materne O, Di Salvo V, Gregson W, Bahr R. Injury patterns differ with age in male youth football: a four-season prospective study of 1111 time-loss injuries in an elite national academy. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:794-800. [PMID: 33361134 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe age group patterns for injury incidence, severity and burden in elite male youth football. METHODS Prospective cohort study capturing data on individual exposure and time-loss injuries from training and matches over four seasons (2016/2017 through 2019/2020) at a national football academy (U13-U18; age range: 11-18 years). Injury incidence was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 hours, injury severity as the median number of days lost and injury burden as the number of days lost per 1000 hours. RESULTS We included 301 players (591 player-seasons) and recorded 1111 time-loss injuries. Overall incidence was 12.0 per 1000 hours (95% CI 11.3 to 12.7) and burden was 255 days lost per 1000 hours (252 to 259). The mean incidence for overall injuries was higher in the older age groups (7.8 to 18.6 injuries per 1000 hours), while the greatest burden was observed in the U16 age group (425 days; 415 to 435). In older age groups, incidence and burden were higher for muscle injuries and lower for physis injuries. Incidence of joint sprains and bone stress injuries was greatest for players in the U16, U17 and U18 age groups, with the largest burden observed for U16 players. No clear age group trend was observed for fractures. CONCLUSION Injury patterns differed with age; tailoring prevention programmes may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Halvorsen Wik
- Aspetar Sports Injury and Illness Prevention Programme (ASPREV), Department of Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC), Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar Sports Injury and Illness Prevention Programme (ASPREV), Department of Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olivier Materne
- Aspetar Sports Injury and Illness Prevention Programme (ASPREV), Department of Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Roald Bahr
- Aspetar Sports Injury and Illness Prevention Programme (ASPREV), Department of Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC), Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Datson N, Lolli L, Drust B, Atkinson G, Weston M, Gregson W. Inter-methodological quantification of the target change for performance test outcomes relevant to elite female soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:248-261. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1942538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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17
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MacMillan GCS, Batterham AM, Chesterton P, Gregson W, Lolli L, Weston M, Atkinson G. Variability in the Study Quality Appraisals Reported in Systematic Reviews on the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio and Injury Risk. Sports Med 2021; 50:2065-2067. [PMID: 32852751 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan M Batterham
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Paul Chesterton
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
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18
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Lolli L, Cardinale M, Lopez E, Maasar MF, Marthinussen J, Bonanno D, Gregson W, Di Salvo V. An objective description of routine sleep habits in elite youth football players from the Middle-East. Sleep Med 2021; 80:96-99. [PMID: 33588263 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY OBJECTIVES Adequate sleep is essential to support preparation and recovery processes for training and competition in athletes. A limited number of studies have examined whether adolescents from the Middle-East meet the minimum age-specific recommendations ranging from 8 to 9 h of night sleep based on objective measurements. This study aimed to provide an objective description of routine sleep habits in elite youth football players from the Middle-East. METHODS Using wrist-worn actigraphy, we examined objective measures of sleep over a 14-day surveillance period from fifty-nine, male, Middle-Eastern elite youth football players (age range: 12.1 to 16 years). RESULTS The observed median sleep duration was approximately 5.5 to 6 h during weekdays and 6.5 to 7.5 h over weekend days. Sleep intermissions resulting in two or more periods of sleep accounted for 8% and 17% of the data during weekdays and weekends, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we reported an objective quantification of sleep measures indicating that elite youth athletes from the Middle-East do not meet the age-specific sleep recommendations. Integration of sleep tracking into the routine training monitoring process can be valuable to inform decisions relevant to the adoption of potential multidisciplinary interventions to address sleep insufficiency and disorders in youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar; Department of Computer Science and Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, UK
| | - Emmanuel Lopez
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar
| | | | | | - Daniele Bonanno
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar
| | - Warren Gregson
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy
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19
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Ford PR, Bordonau JLD, Bonanno D, Tavares J, Groenendijk C, Fink C, Gualtieri D, Gregson W, Varley MC, Weston M, Lolli L, Platt D, Di Salvo V. A survey of talent identification and development processes in the youth academies of professional soccer clubs from around the world. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1269-1278. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1752440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Ford
- School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Daniele Bonanno
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - José Tavares
- FC Porto Youth Academy, FC Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Cristina Fink
- Union Technical Department, Philadelphia Union, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew C. Varley
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Weston
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Platt
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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20
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Mawhinney C, Heinonen I, Low DA, Han C, Jones H, Kalliokoski KK, Kirjavainen A, Kemppainen J, Di Salvo V, Weston M, Cable T, Gregson W. Changes in quadriceps femoris muscle perfusion following different degrees of cold-water immersion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1392-1401. [PMID: 32352343 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00833.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the influence of graded cold-water immersion (CWI) on global and regional quadriceps muscle perfusion with positron emission tomography (PET) and [15O]H2O. In 30 healthy men [33 ± 8 yr; 81 ± 10 kg; 184 ± 5 cm; percentage body fat: 13 ± 5%; peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak): 47 ± 8 mL·kg-1·min-1] quadriceps perfusion, thigh and calf cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), intestinal, muscle, and local skin temperatures, thermal comfort, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were assessed before and after 10 min of CWI at 8°C, 15°C, or 22°C. Global quadriceps perfusion did not change beyond a clinically relevant threshold (0.75 mL·100 g·min-1) in any condition and was similar between conditions {range of differences [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.1 mL·100 g·min-1 (-0.9 to 1.2 mL·100 g·min-1) to 0.9 mL·100 g·min-1 (-0.2 to 1.9 mL·100 g·min-1)}. Muscle perfusion was greater in vastus intermedius (VI) compared with vastus lateralis (VL) (2.2 mL·100 g·min-1; 95% CI 1.5 to 3.0 mL·100 g·min-1) and rectus femoris (RF) (2.2 mL·100 g·min-1; 1.4 to 2.9 mL·100 g·min-1). A clinically relevant increase in VI muscle perfusion after immersion at 8°C and a decrease in RF muscle perfusion at 15°C were observed. A clinically relevant increase in perfusion was observed in VI in 8°C compared with 22°C water (2.3 mL·100 g·min-1; 1.1 to 3.5 mL·100 g·min-1). There were no clinically relevant between-condition differences in thigh CVC. Our findings suggest that CWI (8-22°C) does not reduce global quadriceps muscle perfusion to a clinically relevant extent; however, colder water increases (8°C) deep muscle perfusion and reduces (15°C) superficial muscle (RF) perfusion in the quadriceps muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using positron emission tomography, we report for the first time muscle perfusion heterogeneity in the quadriceps femoris in response to different degrees of cold-water immersion (CWI). Noxious CWI temperatures (8°C) increase perfusion in the deep quadriceps muscle, whereas superficial quadriceps muscle perfusion is reduced in cooler (15°C) water. Therefore, these data have important implications for the selection of CWI approaches used in the treatment of soft tissue injury, while also increasing our understanding of the potential mechanisms underpinning CWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mawhinney
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - David A Low
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chunlei Han
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Kirjavainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.,Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tim Cable
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
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21
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Ihsan M, Abbiss CR, Gregson W, Allan R. Warming to the ice bath: Don't go cool on cold water immersion just yet!: Comment on: 1) Arthur J. Cheng. Cooling down the use of cryotherapy for post-exercise skeletal muscle recovery. Temperature. 2018; 5(2): 103-105. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1413284. 2) Cheng et al. Post-exercise recovery of contractile function and endurance in humans and mice is accelerated by heating and slowed by cooling skeletal muscle. Journal of Physiology. 2017; 595(24): 7413-7426. doi: 10.1113/JP274870. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 7:223-225. [PMID: 33134431 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1727085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ihsan
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Allan
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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22
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Lolli L, Bahr R, Weston M, Whiteley R, Tabben M, Bonanno D, Gregson W, Chamari K, Di Salvo V, van Dyk N. No association between perceived exertion and session duration with hamstring injury occurrence in professional football. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:523-530. [PMID: 31663176 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Training and competition loads have emerged as modifiable composite risk factors of non-contact injury. Hamstring strains are the most common injuries in football with substantial burden on the individual player and club. Nevertheless, robust evidence of a consistent load-hamstring injury relationship in professional football is lacking. Using available data from the Qatar Stars League over three competitive seasons, this study investigated the separate and combined effects of perceived exertion and session duration on hamstring injury occurrence in a sample of 30 outfield football players. Load variables were calculated into 7-day, 14-day, 21-day, 28-day periods of data, and week-to-week changes for average ratings of perceived exertion (RPE; au) score and session-RPE (s-RPE; session-duration × score), plus the cumulative training and match minutes and s-RPE, respectively. Conditional logistic regression models estimated load-injury relationships per 2-within-subject standard deviation increments in each candidate variable. Associations were declared practically important based on the location of the confidence interval in relation to thresholds of 0.90 and 1.11 defining small beneficial and harmful effects, respectively. The uncertainty for the corrected odds ratios show that typically high within-subject increments in each candidate variable were not practically important for training- and match-related hamstring injury (95% confidence intervals range: 0.85 to 1.16). We found limited exploratory evidence regarding the value of perceived exertion and session duration as etiological factors of hamstring injury in Middle-East professional football. Monitoring remains valuable to inform player load management strategies, but our exploratory findings suggest its role for type-specific injury risk determination appears empirically unsupported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Roald Bahr
- Sport Medicine Department, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Weston
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Rodney Whiteley
- Sport Medicine Department, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daniele Bonanno
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Nicol van Dyk
- Sport Medicine Department, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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23
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Gregson W, Di Salvo V, Varley MC, Modonutti M, Belli A, Chamari K, Weston M, Lolli L, Eirale C. Harmful association of sprinting with muscle injury occurrence in professional soccer match-play: A two-season, league wide exploratory investigation from the Qatar Stars League. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:134-138. [PMID: 31591064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of physical efforts performed in the period preceding activity as a potential risk factor of muscle injury during match-play within a sample of professional soccer players. DESIGN Observational cohort study. METHODS Match load (running [>14.4-19.8km/h], high-speed running [>19.8-25.2km/h], sprinting [>25.2km/h], leading and explosive sprint type) averaged in 1-min and 5-min periods prior to an event or non event for 29 professional outfield soccer players. Conditional logistic and Poisson regression models estimated the relationship between load and injury for a 2 within-subject standard deviation in match load or 1-action increment in the number of sprinting activities, respectively. Associations were deemed beneficial or harmful based on non-overlap of the 95% confidence intervals against thresholds of 0.90 and 1.11, respectively. RESULTS An increment in sprinting distance [+2-SDs=11m] covered over a 1-min period (odds ratio [OR]: 1.22, 95%CI, 1.12 to 1.33) increased the odds of muscle injury. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel exploratory evidence that the volume of sprinting during competitive soccer match-play has a harmful association with muscle injury occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Gregson
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Sport and Exercise, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Australia; La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melobourne, Australia
| | - Mattia Modonutti
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Performance and Research Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Italy
| | | | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar
| | - Matthew Weston
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Cristiano Eirale
- Sport Medicine Department, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar
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24
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Datson N, Weston M, Drust B, Gregson W, Lolli L. High-intensity endurance capacity assessment as a tool for talent identification in elite youth female soccer. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1313-1319. [PMID: 31451097 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1656323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Talent identification and development programmes have received broad attention in the last decades, yet evidence regarding the predictive utility of physical performance in female soccer players is limited. Using a retrospective design, we appraised the predictive value of performance-related measures in a sample of 228 youth female soccer players previously involved in residential Elite Performance Camps (age range: 12.7-15.3 years). With 10-m sprinting, 30-m sprinting, counter-movement jump height, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (IR1) distance as primary predictor variables, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) assessed the relative quality of four penalised logistic regression models for determining future competitive international squads U17-U20 level selection. The model including Yo-Yo IR1 was the best for predicting career outcome. Predicted probabilities of future selection to the international squad increased with higher Yo-Yo IR1 distances, from 4.5% (95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 8.2%) for a distance lower than 440 m to 64.7% (95% confidence interval, 47.3 to 82.1%) for a score of 2040 m. The present study highlights the predictive utility of high-intensity endurance capacity for informing career progression in elite youth female soccer and provides reference values for staff involved in the talent development of elite youth female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester , Chichester, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University , Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University , Middlesbrough, UK
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Macpherson TW, McLaren SJ, Gregson W, Lolli L, Drust B, Weston M. Using differential ratings of perceived exertion to assess agreement between coach and player perceptions of soccer training intensity: An exploratory investigation. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2783-2788. [PMID: 31423944 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1653423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the coach-player agreement of subjective soccer training loads via differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE). The coach initially underwent quantifiable familiarisation (blackness test) with the Borg CR100 scale. Data were collected from 16 semi-professional soccer players across seven consecutive training sessions. For the measurement of subjective training load, the coach and players provided dRPE (CR100) for legs (RPE-L), breathlessness (RPE-B) and technical exertion (RPE-T). Coach-prescribed dRPE were recorded prior to training, with coach observed and player reported dRPE collected post training. Statistical equivalence bounds for agreement between coach (prescribed and observed) and player reported dRPE scores were 4 arbitrary units on the CR100 and we used a probability outcome of likely (≥75%) to infer realistic equivalence. Following three familiarisation sessions, the coach improved their blackness test score from 39% to 83%. Coach observed and player reported RPE-T scores were likely equivalent, with all other comparisons not realistically equivalent. Since training prescription is coach-led, our data highlight the importance of accurate internal load measurement and feedback in soccer. The improved accuracy and precision of coach intensity estimation after three attempts at the blackness test suggests that this method could be worthwhile to researchers and practitioners employing dRPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom W Macpherson
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Shaun J McLaren
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League , Leeds , UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- The Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Barry Drust
- The Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
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26
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Kelly DM, Strudwick AJ, Atkinson G, Drust B, Gregson W. Quantification of training and match-load distribution across a season in elite English Premier League soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1651934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Kelly
- Department of Football Medicine and Science, Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Manchester, UK
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anthony J. Strudwick
- Department of Football Medicine and Science, Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Manchester, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Verheul J, Warmenhoven J, Lisboa P, Gregson W, Vanrenterghem J, Robinson MA. Identifying generalised segmental acceleration patterns that contribute to ground reaction force features across different running tasks. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1355-1360. [PMID: 31445948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To support future developments of field-based biomechanical load monitoring tools, this study aimed to identify generalised segmental acceleration patterns and their contribution to ground reaction forces (GRFs) across different running tasks. DESIGN Exploratory experimental design. METHODS A multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to a combination of segmental acceleration data from all body segments for 15 team-sport athletes performing accelerated, decelerated and constant low-, moderate- and high-speed running, and 90° cutting trials. Segmental acceleration profiles were then reconstructed from each principal component (PC) and used to calculate their specific GRF contributions. RESULTS The first PC explained 48.57% of the acceleration variability for all body segments and was primarily related to the between-task differences in the overall magnitude of the GRF impulse. Magnitude and timing of high-frequency acceleration and GRF features (i.e. impact related characteristics) were primarily explained by the second PC (12.43%) and also revealed important between-task differences. The most important GRF characteristics were explained by the first five PCs, while PCs beyond that primarily contained small contributions to the overall GRF impulse. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that a multivariate PCA approach can reveal generalised acceleration patterns and specific segmental contributions to GRF features, but their relative importance for different running activities are task dependent. Using segmental acceleration to assess whole-body biomechanical loading generically across various movements may thus require task identification algorithms and/or advanced sensor or data fusion approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Verheul
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - John Warmenhoven
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia; Performance People & Teams, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Paulo Lisboa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark A Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Chalmers S, Siegler J, Lovell R, Lynch G, Gregson W, Marshall P, Jay O. Corrigendum to "Brief in-play cooling breaks reduce thermal strain during football in hot conditions" [J. Sci. Med. Sport 22 (2019) 912-917]. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1073. [PMID: 31296388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chalmers
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Australia; Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason Siegler
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - Ric Lovell
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - Grant Lynch
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Paul Marshall
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - Ollie Jay
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Allan R, Sharples AP, Cocks M, Drust B, Dutton J, Dugdale HF, Mawhinney C, Clucas A, Hawkins W, Morton JP, Gregson W. Low pre-exercise muscle glycogen availability offsets the effect of post-exercise cold water immersion in augmenting PGC-1α gene expression. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14082. [PMID: 31161726 PMCID: PMC6546967 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effects of post-exercise cold-water immersion (CWI) in modulating PGC-1α mRNA expression in response to exercise commenced with low muscle glycogen availability. In a randomized repeated-measures design, nine recreationally active males completed an acute two-legged high-intensity cycling protocol (8 × 5 min at 82.5% peak power output) followed by 10 min of two-legged post-exercise CWI (8°C) or control conditions (CON). During each trial, one limb commenced exercise with low (LOW: <300 mmol·kg-1 dw) or very low (VLOW: <150 mmol·kg-1 dw) pre-exercise glycogen concentration, achieved via completion of a one-legged glycogen depletion protocol undertaken the evening prior. Exercise increased (P < 0.05) PGC-1α mRNA at 3 h post-exercise. Very low muscle glycogen attenuated the increase in PGC-1α mRNA expression compared with the LOW limbs in both the control (CON VLOW ~3.6-fold vs. CON LOW ~5.6-fold: P = 0.023, ES 1.22 Large) and CWI conditions (CWI VLOW ~2.4-fold vs. CWI LOW ~8.0 fold: P = 0.019, ES 1.43 Large). Furthermore, PGC-1α mRNA expression in the CWI-LOW trial was not significantly different to the CON LOW limb (P = 0.281, ES 0.67 Moderate). Data demonstrate that the previously reported effects of post-exercise CWI on PGC-1α mRNA expression (as regulated systemically via β-adrenergic mediated cell signaling) are offset in those conditions in which local stressors (i.e., high-intensity exercise and low muscle glycogen availability) have already sufficiently activated the AMPK-PGC-1α signaling axis. Additionally, data suggest that commencing exercise with very low muscle glycogen availability attenuates PGC-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Allan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Central LancashirePrestonUK
| | - Adam P. Sharples
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Institute for Science & Technology in MedicineSchool of MedicineKeele UniversityStaffordshireUK
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - John Dutton
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Hannah F. Dugdale
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics UnitDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Chris Mawhinney
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- College of Sports Science and TechnologyMahidol UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - Angela Clucas
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Will Hawkins
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
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Kyprianou E, Lolli L, Haddad HA, Di Salvo V, Varley MC, Mendez Villanueva A, Gregson W, Weston M. A novel approach to assessing validity in sports performance research: integrating expert practitioner opinion into the statistical analysis. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1617433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Kyprianou
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Hani Al Haddad
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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31
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Verheul J, Nedergaard NJ, Pogson M, Lisboa P, Gregson W, Vanrenterghem J, Robinson MA. Biomechanical loading during running: can a two mass-spring-damper model be used to evaluate ground reaction forces for high-intensity tasks? Sports Biomech 2019; 20:571-582. [PMID: 31033415 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1584238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Running impact forces expose the body to biomechanical loads leading to beneficial adaptations, but also risk of injury. High-intensity running tasks, especially, are deemed highly demanding for the musculoskeletal system, but loads experienced during these actions are not well understood. To eventually predict GRF and understand the biomechanical loads experienced during such activities in greater detail, this study aimed to (1) examine the feasibility of using a simple two mass-spring-damper model, based on eight model parameters, to reproduce ground reaction forces (GRFs) for high-intensity running tasks and (2) verify whether the required model parameters were physically meaningful. This model was used to reproduce GRFs for rapid accelerations and decelerations, constant speed running and maximal sprints. GRF profiles and impulses could be reproduced with low to very low errors across tasks, but subtler loading characteristics (impact peaks, loading rate) were modelled less accurately. Moreover, required model parameters varied strongly between trials and had minimal physical meaning. These results show that although a two mass-spring-damper model can be used to reproduce overall GRFs for high-intensity running tasks, the application of this simple model for predicting GRFs in the field and/or understanding the biomechanical demands of training in greater detail is likely limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Verheul
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Niels J Nedergaard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Pogson
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Quintessa Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, UK
| | - Paulo Lisboa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark A Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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32
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Verheul J, Gregson W, Lisboa P, Vanrenterghem J, Robinson MA. Whole-body biomechanical load in running-based sports: The validity of estimating ground reaction forces from segmental accelerations. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:716-722. [PMID: 30594457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unlike physiological loads, the biomechanical loads of training in running-based sports are still largely unexplored. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the validity of estimating ground reaction forces (GRF), as a measure of external whole-body biomechanical loading, from segmental accelerations. METHODS Fifteen team-sport athletes performed accelerations, decelerations, 90° cuts and straight running at different speeds including sprinting. Full-body kinematics and GRF were recorded with a three-dimensional motion capture system and a single force platform respectively. GRF profiles were estimated as the sum of the product of all fifteen segmental masses and accelerations, or a reduced number of segments. RESULTS Errors for GRF profiles estimated from fifteen segmental accelerations were low (1-2Nkg-1) for low-speed running, moderate (2-3Nkg-1) for accelerations, 90° cuts and moderate-speed running, but very high (>4Nkg-1) for decelerations and high-speed running. Similarly, impulse (2.3-11.1%), impact peak (9.2-28.5%) and loading rate (20.1-42.8%) errors varied across tasks. Moreover, mean errors increased from 3.26±1.72Nkg-1 to 6.76±3.62Nkg-1 across tasks when the number of segments was reduced. CONCLUSIONS Accuracy of estimated GRF profiles and loading characteristics was dependent on task, and errors substantially increased when the number of segments was reduced. Using a direct mechanical approach to estimate GRF from segmental accelerations is thus unlikely to be a valid method to assess whole-body biomechanical loading across different dynamic and high-intensity activities. Researchers and practitioners should, therefore, be very cautious when interpreting accelerations from one or several segments, as these are unlikely to accurately represent external whole-body biomechanical loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Verheul
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Lisboa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark A Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Whitworth-Turner CM, Di Michele R, Muir I, Gregson W, Drust B. Training load and schedule are important determinants of sleep behaviours in youth-soccer players. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:576-584. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1536171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig M. Whitworth-Turner
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rocco Di Michele
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ian Muir
- Nike Sports Research Laboratory, Nike, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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35
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Lolli L, Batterham AM, Hawkins R, Kelly DM, Strudwick AJ, Thorpe RT, Gregson W, Atkinson G. The acute-to-chronic workload ratio: an inaccurate scaling index for an unnecessary normalisation process? Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:1510-1512. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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36
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Datson N, Drust B, Weston M, Jarman IH, Lisboa PJ, Gregson W. Match Physical Performance of Elite Female Soccer Players During International Competition. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:2379-2387. [PMID: 27467514 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Datson, N, Drust, B, Weston, M, Jarman, IH, Lisboa, P, and Gregson, W. Match physical performance of elite female soccer players during international competition. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2379-2387, 2017-The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed analysis of the physical demands of competitive international female soccer match play. A total of 148 individual match observations were undertaken on 107 outfield players competing in competitive international matches during the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons, using a computerized tracking system (Prozone Sports Ltd., Leeds, England). Total distance and total high-speed running distances were influenced by playing position, with central midfielders completing the highest (10,985 ± 706 m and 2,882 ± 500 m) and central defenders the lowest (9,489 ± 562 m and 1,901 ± 268 m) distances, respectively. Greater total very high-speed running distances were completed when a team was without (399 ± 143 m) compared to with (313 ± 210 m) possession of the ball. Most sprints were over short distances with 76% and 95% being less than 5 and 10 m, respectively. Between half reductions in physical performance were present for all variables, independent of playing position. This study provides novel findings regarding the physical demands of different playing positions in competitive international female match play and provides important insights for physical coaches preparing elite female players for competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- 1Performance Services, The Football Association, Burton Upon Trent, United Kingdom; 2Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 3School of Social Sciences, Business and Law, Teesside University, Teesside, United Kingdom; and 4School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Mawhinney C, Low DA, Jones H, Green DJ, Costello JT, Gregson W. Cold Water Mediates Greater Reductions in Limb Blood Flow than Whole Body Cryotherapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1252-1260. [PMID: 28141620 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cold-water immersion (CWI) and whole body cryotherapy (WBC) are widely used recovery methods in an attempt to limit exercise-induced muscle damage, soreness, and functional deficits after strenuous exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ecologically valid CWI and WBC protocols on postexercise lower limb thermoregulatory, femoral artery, and cutaneous blood flow responses. METHODS Ten males completed a continuous cycle exercise protocol at 70% maximal oxygen uptake until a rectal temperature of 38°C was attained. Participants were then exposed to lower-body CWI (8°C) for 10 min, or WBC (-110°C) for 2 min, in a randomized crossover design. Rectal and thigh skin, deep, and superficial muscle temperatures, thigh, and calf skin blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry), superficial femoral artery blood flow (duplex ultrasound), and arterial blood pressure were measured before, and for 40 min post, cooling interventions. RESULTS Greater reductions in thigh skin (CWI, -5.9°C ± 1.8°C; WBC, 0.2°C ± 0.5°C; P < 0.001) and superficial (CWI, -4.4°C ± 1.3°C; WBC, -1.8°C ± 1.1°C; P < 0.001) and deep (CWI, -2.9°C ± 0.8°C; WBC, -1.3°C ± 0.6°C; P < 0.001) muscle temperatures occurred immediately after CWI. Decreases in femoral artery conductance were greater after CWI (CWI, -84% ± 11%; WBC, -59% ± 21%, P < 0.02) and thigh (CWI, -80% ± 5%; WBC, -59% ± 14%, P < 0.001), and calf (CWI, -73% ± 13%; WBC, -45% ± 17%, P < 0.001) cutaneous vasoconstriction was greater after CWI. Reductions in rectal temperature were similar between conditions after cooling (CWI, -0.6°C ± 0.4°C; WBC, -0.6°C ± 0.3°C; P = 0.98). CONCLUSION Greater reductions in blood flow and tissue temperature were observed after CWI in comparison with WBC. These novel findings have practical and clinical implications for the use of cooling in the recovery from exercise and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mawhinney
- 1Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM; 2School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, AUSTRALIA; and 3Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UNITED KINGDOM
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Lolli L, Batterham AM, Hawkins R, Kelly DM, Strudwick AJ, Thorpe R, Gregson W, Atkinson G. Mathematical coupling causes spurious correlation within the conventional acute-to-chronic workload ratio calculations. Br J Sports Med 2017; 53:921-922. [PMID: 29101104 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Alan M Batterham
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Medicine and Science Department, Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - David M Kelly
- Medicine and Science Department, Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, UK.,Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anthony J Strudwick
- Medicine and Science Department, Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - Robin Thorpe
- Medicine and Science Department, Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, UK.,Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Whitworth-Turner
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rocco Di Michele
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ian Muir
- Nike Explore Team, Nike Sports Research Laboratory, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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40
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Whitworth-Turner C, Di Michele R, Muir I, Gregson W, Drust B. A shower before bedtime may improve the sleep onset latency of youth soccer players. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:1119-1128. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1346147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Whitworth-Turner
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rocco Di Michele
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ian Muir
- Nike Sports Research Laboratory, Nike, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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41
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Allan R, Sharples AP, Close GL, Drust B, Shepherd SO, Dutton J, Morton JP, Gregson W. Postexercise cold water immersion modulates skeletal muscle PGC-1α mRNA expression in immersed and nonimmersed limbs: evidence of systemic regulation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:451-459. [PMID: 28546467 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00096.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms mediating postexercise cold-induced increases in PGC-1α gene expression in human skeletal muscle are yet to be fully elucidated but may involve local cooling effects on AMPK and p38 MAPK-related signaling and/or increased systemic β-adrenergic stimulation. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether postexercise cold water immersion enhancement of PGC-1α mRNA is mediated through local or systemic mechanisms. Ten subjects completed acute cycling (8 × 5 min at ~80% peak power output) followed by seated-rest (CON) or single-leg cold water immersion (CWI; 10 min, 8°C). Muscle biopsies were obtained preexercise, postexercise, and 3 h postexercise from a single limb in the CON condition but from both limbs in CWI [thereby providing tissue from a CWI and nonimmersed limb (NOT)]. Muscle temperature decreased up to 2 h postexercise following CWI (-5°C) in the immersed limb, with lesser changes observed in CON and NOT (-3°C, P < 0.05). No differences between limbs were observed in p38 MAPK phosphorylation at any time point (P < 0.05), whereas a significant interaction effect was present for AMPK phosphorylation (P = 0.031). Exercise (CON) increased gene expression of PGC-1α 3 h postexercise (~5-fold, P < 0.001). CWI augmented PGC-1α expression above CON in both the immersed (CWI; ~9-fold, P = 0.003) and NOT limbs (~12-fold, P = 0.001). Plasma normetanephrine concentration was higher in CWI vs. CON immediately postimmersion (860 vs. 665 pmol/l, P = 0.034). We report for the first time that local cooling of the immersed limb evokes transcriptional control of PGC-1α in the nonimmersed limb, suggesting increased systemic β-adrenergic activation of AMPK may mediate, in part, postexercise cold induction of PGC-1α mRNA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report for the first time that postexercise cold water immersion of one limb also enhances PGC-1α expression in a contralateral, nonimmersed limb. We suggest that increased systemic β-adrenergic stimulation, and not localized cooling per se, exerts regulatory effects on local signaling cascades, thereby modulating PGC-1α expression. Therefore, these data have important implications for research designs that adopt contralateral, nonimmersed limbs as a control condition while also increasing our understanding of the potential mechanisms underpinning cold-mediated PGC-1α responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Allan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; .,Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Dutton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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42
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Varley MC, Di Salvo V, Modonutti M, Gregson W, Mendez-Villanueva A. The influence of successive matches on match-running performance during an under-23 international soccer tournament: The necessity of individual analysis. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:585-591. [PMID: 28498791 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1325511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of successive matches on match-running in elite under-23 soccer players during an international tournament. Match-running data was collected using a semi-automated multi-camera tracking system during an international under-23 tournament from all participating outfield players. Players who played 100% of all group stage matches were included (3 matches separated by 72 h, n = 44). Differences in match-running performance between matches were identified using a generalised linear mixed model. There were no clear effects for total, walking, jogging, running, high-speed running and sprinting distance between matches 1 and 3 (effect size (ES); -0.32 to 0.05). Positional analysis found that sprint distance was largely maintained from matches 1 to 3 across all positions. Attackers had a moderate decrease in total, jogging and running distance between matches 1 and 3 (ES; -0.72 to -0.66). Classifying players as increasers or decreasers in match-running revealed that match-running changes are susceptible to individual differences. Sprint performance appears to be maintained over successive matches regardless of playing position. However, reductions in other match-running categories vary between positions. Changes in match-running over successive matches affect individuals differently; thus, players should be monitored on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Varley
- a Football Performance & Science Department , Aspire Academy , Doha , Qatar.,b Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- a Football Performance & Science Department , Aspire Academy , Doha , Qatar.,c Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Rome , Italy
| | - Mattia Modonutti
- a Football Performance & Science Department , Aspire Academy , Doha , Qatar.,c Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Rome , Italy
| | - Warren Gregson
- a Football Performance & Science Department , Aspire Academy , Doha , Qatar.,d Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
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Abstract
This study determined the influence of cold (8°C) and cool (22°C) water immersion on lower limb and cutaneous blood flow following resistance exercise. Twelve males completed 4 sets of 10-repetition maximum squat exercise and were then immersed, semi-reclined, into 8°C or 22°C water for 10-min, or rested in a seated position (control) in a randomized order on different days. Rectal and thigh skin temperature, muscle temperature, thigh and calf skin blood flow and superficial femoral artery blood flow were measured before and after immersion. Indices of vascular conductance were calculated (flux and blood flow/mean arterial pressure). The colder water reduced thigh skin temperature and deep muscle temperature to the greatest extent (P < .001). Reductions in rectal temperature were similar (0.2-0.4°C) in all three trials (P = .69). Femoral artery conductance was similar after immersion in both cooling conditions, with both conditions significantly lower (55%) than the control post-immersion (P < .01). Similarly, there was greater thigh and calf cutaneous vasoconstriction (40-50%) after immersion in both cooling conditions, relative to the control (P < .01), with no difference between cooling conditions. These findings suggest that cold and cool water similarly reduce femoral artery and cutaneous blood flow responses but not muscle temperature following resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mawhinney
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Helen Jones
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - David A Low
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Daniel J Green
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK.,b School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Glyn Howatson
- c Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation , Northumbria University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK.,d Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences , North West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Warren Gregson
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
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Varley MC, Gregson W, McMillan K, Bonanno D, Stafford K, Modonutti M, Di Salvo V. Physical and technical performance of elite youth soccer players during international tournaments: influence of playing position and team success and opponent quality. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1230676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Varley
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kenneth McMillan
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daniele Bonanno
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mattia Modonutti
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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45
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Kelly DM, Strudwick AJ, Atkinson G, Drust B, Gregson W. The within-participant correlation between perception of effort and heart rate-based estimations of training load in elite soccer players. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1328-32. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1142669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Carling C, Gregson W, McCall A, Moreira A, Wong DP, Bradley PS. Match Running Performance During Fixture Congestion in Elite Soccer: Research Issues and Future Directions. Sports Med 2015; 45:605-13. [PMID: 25694027 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carling
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK,
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47
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Thompson A, Jones H, Marqueze E, Gregson W, Atkinson G. The effects of evening bright light exposure on subsequent morning exercise performance. Int J Sports Med 2014; 36:101-6. [PMID: 25285469 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of evening bright light on the circadian timing of core temperature and morning exercise performance under conditions of high thermal stress. At 20:00 h, 8 males were exposed to a standardised light protocol and thereafter to either polychromatic bright light (2,500 lux at 50 cm, BL) or no light (0 lux, NL) for 30 min. The following morning, intermittent cycling exercise was undertaken followed by a 10 km time-trial in an environmental chamber set to 35°C and 60% relative humidity. Core body temperature was measured throughout. Data were analysed using a within-subjects model and presented as mean±SD. Time of the sleep-trough in core temperature occurred ~1.75 h later following BL (P=0.07). Prior to time-trial, core temperature was 0.27±0.42°C lower in BL (95%CI: -0.02 to 0.57, P=0.07). The time-trial was completed 1.43±0.63 min (0.98-1.87) faster in BL (P=0.001). Post time-trial, intestinal temperature was 38.21±0.56°C (37.84-38.57) in BL compared to 38.64±0.42°C (38.34-38.93) in NL (P=0.10). These data provide the first evidence that a 30-min exposure to bright light prior to sleep can influence exercise performance under hot conditions during the subsequent early morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thompson
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - H Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - E Marqueze
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - G Atkinson
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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48
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Datson N, Hulton A, Andersson H, Lewis T, Weston M, Drust B, Gregson W. Erratum to: Applied Physiology of Female Soccer: An Update. Sports Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Buchheit M, Allen A, Poon TK, Modonutti M, Gregson W, Di Salvo V. Integrating different tracking systems in football: multiple camera semi-automatic system, local position measurement and GPS technologies. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1844-1857. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.942687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Mawhinney C, Jones H, Joo CH, Low DA, Green DJ, Gregson W. Influence of cold-water immersion on limb and cutaneous blood flow after exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:2277-85. [PMID: 24240118 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31829d8e2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the influence of cold (8°C) and cool (22°C) water immersion on femoral artery and cutaneous blood flow after exercise. METHODS Twelve men completed a continuous cycle exercise protocol at 70% peak oxygen uptake until a core temperature of 38°C was attained. Subjects were then immersed semireclined into 8°C or 22°C water to the iliac crest for 10 min or rested. Rectal and thigh skin temperature, deep and superficial muscle temperature, thigh and calf skin blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry), and superficial femoral artery blood flow (duplex ultrasound) were measured before and up to 30 min after immersion. Indices of vascular conductance were calculated (flux and blood flow/mean arterial pressure). RESULTS Reductions in rectal temperature were similar (0.6°C-0.7°C) in all three trials (P = 0.38). The mean ± SD thigh skin temperature during recovery was 25.4°C ± 3.8°C in the 8°C trial, which was lower than the 28.2°C ± 1.4°C and 33.78°C ± 1.0°C in the 22°C and control trials, respectively (P < 0.001). Recovery muscle temperature was also lowest in the 8°C trial (P < 0.01). Femoral artery conductance was similar after immersion in both cooling conditions and was lower (∼55%) compared with the control condition 30 min after immersion (P < 0.01). Similarly, there was greater thigh (P < 0.01) and calf (P < 0.05) cutaneous vasoconstriction during and after immersion in both cooling conditions relative to the control condition. CONCLUSION Colder water temperatures may be more effective in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage and injury rehabilitation by virtue of greater reductions in muscle temperature and not muscle blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mawhinney
- 1Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM; 2School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, AUSTRALIA; and Aspire Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, QATAR
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