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Adedeji AA, Priyesh PV, Odugbemi AA. The Magnitude and Impact of Food Allergens and the Potential of AI-Based Non-Destructive Testing Methods in Their Detection and Quantification. Foods 2024; 13:994. [PMID: 38611300 PMCID: PMC11011628 DOI: 10.3390/foods13070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Reaction to food allergens is on the increase and so is the attending cost on consumers, the food industry, and society at large. According to FDA, the "big-eight" allergens found in foods include wheat (gluten), peanuts, egg, shellfish, milk, tree nuts, fish, and soybeans. Sesame was added to the list in 2023, making the target allergen list nine instead of eight. These allergenic foods are major ingredients in many food products that can cause severe reactions in those allergic to them if found at a dose that can elicit a reaction. Defining the level of contamination that can elicit sensitivity is a work in progress. The first step in preventing an allergic reaction is reliable detection, then an effective quantification method. These are critical steps in keeping contaminated foods out of the supply chain of foods with allergen-free labels. The conventional methods of chemical assay, DNA-PCR, and enzyme protocols like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are effective in allergen detection but slow in providing a response. Most of these methods are incapable of quantifying the level of allergen contamination. There are emerging non-destructive methods that combine the power of sensors and machine learning to provide reliable detection and quantification. This review paper highlights some of the critical information on the types of prevalent food allergens, the mechanism of an allergic reaction in humans, the measure of allergenic sensitivity and eliciting doses, and the conventional and emerging AI-based methods of detection and quantification-the merits and downsides of each type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinbode A. Adedeji
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Paul V. Priyesh
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
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2
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Schaible A, Kabourek J, Elverson W, Venter C, Cox A, Groetch M. Precautionary Allergen Labeling: Avoidance for All? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2024; 24:81-94. [PMID: 38270804 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-024-01129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Precautionary allergen labeling (PAL) suggests the risk of unintended allergen presence (UAP) in food but is unregulated in most countries and inconsistently applied by food manufacturers. This review evaluates the current use of PAL, its relevance to allergic consumers, and weighs possible advantages and disadvantages of avoiding products with PAL. RECENT FINDINGS In most countries, manufacturers are free to decide whether, when, and how to apply PAL resulting in inconsistencies and consumer confusion. Patients with food allergy often interpret PAL incorrectly and without guidance from their health care providers. Health care providers are also prone to misinterpreting PAL, indicating a need for better education. Consumers desire guidance on whether to avoid products with PAL or not. Until further regulatory guidance is available, shared decision-making between patient and provider is required to offer individualized, rather than one-size-fits-all, approaches to PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Schaible
- Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jamie Kabourek
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Wendy Elverson
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carina Venter
- Section of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Denver, Co, USA
| | - Amanda Cox
- Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Marion Groetch
- Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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3
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Versluis A, Le TM, Houben GF, Knulst AC, Van Os-Medendorp H. Accidental allergic reactions to food in adolescents and adults: An overview of the factors involved and implications for prevention. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1062049. [PMID: 36970066 PMCID: PMC10036762 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1062049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accidental allergic reactions to food are one of the major problems in adult patients diagnosed with food allergy. Such reactions occur frequently, are often severe and are associated with higher medical and non-medical costs. The aim of this Perspective is to provide insight into the different factors involved in the occurrence of accidental allergic reactions and to present an overview of practical implications for effective preventive measures. Several factors affect the occurrence of accidental reactions. These factors are related to the patient, health care, or food. The most important patient-related factors are age, social barriers to disclosing their allergy and non-adherence to the elimination diet. With regards to healthcare, the degree to which clinical practice is tailored to the individual patient is an important factor. The major food-related factor is the absence of adequate precautionary allergen labeling (PAL) guidelines. Since many factors are involved in accidental allergic reactions, different preventive strategies are needed. It is highly recommended that health care be tailored to the individual patient, with regard to education about the elimination diet, support on behavioral and psychosocial aspects, usage of shared decision-making and taking into account health literacy. In addition, it is crucial that steps are taken to improve policies and guidelines for PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Versluis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Correspondence: Astrid Versluis Harmieke Van Os-Medendorp
| | - Thuy-My Le
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geert F. Houben
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - André C. Knulst
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harmieke Van Os-Medendorp
- School of Health, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, Netherlands
- Correspondence: Astrid Versluis Harmieke Van Os-Medendorp
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4
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La Vieille S, Hourihane JO, Baumert JL. Precautionary Allergen Labeling: What Advice Is Available for Health Care Professionals, Allergists, and Allergic Consumers? THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:977-985. [PMID: 36682535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In most countries, the use of precautionary allergen labeling (PAL) is not governed by regulation. PAL was initially identified as a judicious risk management measure to address instances of "unavoidable" cross-contact with priority food allergens during food processing. However, PAL has gradually been devalued in part due to overuse and inconsistent application by the food industry. Currently, most food products do not contain detectable allergen residue or contain only low concentrations of residue of the allergens declared using PAL; however, occasionally, high concentrations of allergen residue are reported, rendering it an ineffective risk communication tool for allergic consumers. In this context, several reasons exist that make the consumption of products bearing a PAL statement not advisable for people with food allergies. The main reason is that the risk is generally not correlated with the statement used by manufacturers. Because of the increased use of PAL on prepackaged food products, and to maximize food choices for allergic individuals, health care professionals increasingly advise some patients considered to be "not highly allergic" to consume products bearing a PAL statement. This article explains why the consumption of products with PAL is not advisable without having a full clinical evaluation and knowledge that an allergen risk assessment has been conducted. It also discusses the perspectives for a better use of PAL on the basis of the recent Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization recommendations on food allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien La Vieille
- Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Food Science Department, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Joseph L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
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Manny E, Dominguez SA, Barrère V, Théolier J, Godefroy SB. Allergen action levels for food industries as risk management tools for a better use of precautionary Allergen labelling. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Tree Nuts and Peanuts as a Source of Beneficial Compounds and a Threat for Allergic Consumers: Overview on Methods for Their Detection in Complex Food Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050728. [PMID: 35267361 PMCID: PMC8909911 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of tree nuts and peanuts has considerably increased over the last decades due to their nutritional composition and the content of beneficial compounds. On the other hand, such widespread consumption worldwide has also generated a growing incidence of allergy in the sensitive population. Allergy to nuts and peanuts represents a global relevant problem, especially due to the risk of the ingestion of hidden allergens as a result of cross-contamination between production lines at industrial level occurring during food manufacturing. The present review provides insights on peanuts, almonds, and four nut allergens—namely hazelnuts, walnuts, cashew, and pistachios—that are likely to cross-contaminate different food commodities. The paper aims at covering both the biochemical aspect linked to the identified allergenic proteins for each allergen category and the different methodological approaches developed for allergens detection and identification. Attention has been also paid to mass spectrometry methods and to current efforts of the scientific community to identify a harmonized approach for allergens quantification through the detection of allergen markers.
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Kawasue S, Sakaguchi Y, Koga R, Hayama T, Yoshida H, Nohta H. Quantification of Casein in Baked Food Products by Selective Analysis of Phosphorylated Peptides Using Fluorous Derivatization with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:19-24. [PMID: 34980728 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Casein is one of the allergen proteins present in milk. Therefore, a quantification method for the selective analysis of casein using fluorous derivatization with LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. After two allergen proteins (αS1-casein and β-casein) extracted from baked sugar cookies were tryptic digested, the obtained phosphorylated peptides were selectively derivatized by β-elimination with Ba(NO3)2 under basic condition and Michael addition with perfluoroalkylthiol (1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctanethiol, PFOT). In this study, YKVPQLEIVPN(pSer)AQQR (104-119 fragment from αS1-casein) and FQ(pSer)EEQQQTEDELQDK (33-48 fragment from β-casein) obtained by tryptic digestion were selected as target peptides. The phosphorylated serine residue in each peptide was converted to a perfluoroalkyl group by derivatization. The obtained fluorous-derivatized peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS, to which a fluorous LC column was connected. Therefore, it was possible to analyze casein without being affected by the matrix components in the baked food sample. When the present method was applied to cookies with arbitrary amounts of αS1-casein and β-casein, the obtained quantification values were in good agreement with the arbitrary amounts spiked. The quantification limits of αS1- and β-casein in cookie analysis were 246 and 152 ng/g, respectively. Hence, this method can be used to analyze trace amounts of allergen proteins present in the baked food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reiko Koga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Nohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
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Bianco M, Calvano CD, Ventura G, Losito I, Cataldi TR. Determination of hidden milk allergens in meat-based foodstuffs by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Ji Y, Lin H, Zhao J, Zhang J, Liu H, Li Z. Development of a sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test kit for reliable detection of peanut residues in processed food. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Presence of soy in cereals and cereal products: validation of an ELISA technique and monitoring of products from the Italian market. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-021-01333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Manny E, La Vieille S, Barrere V, Théolier J, Godefroy SB. Peanut and hazelnut occurrence as allergens in foodstuffs with precautionary allergen labeling in Canada. NPJ Sci Food 2021; 5:11. [PMID: 33976231 PMCID: PMC8113233 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-021-00093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Precautionary allergen labeling (PAL) is widely used by food industries. Occurrence studies revealed that few analyzed products contained the allergen(s) present in the statement, but little is known in Canada. To improve manufacturing practices and better manage allergen cross-contamination, occurrence data is needed to determine the exposure of allergic individuals eating those products. Samples were analyzed for peanuts (n = 871) and hazelnuts (n = 863) using ELISA methods. Within samples analyzed for peanuts, 72% had a PAL (n = 628), 1% had peanuts as a minor ingredient (n = 9) and 27% were claimed “peanut-free” (n = 234). Most hazelnut samples had a PAL for tree nuts/hazelnuts (94%; n = 807) with 6% claimed “nut-free” (n = 56). Peanuts and hazelnuts were found in 4% (0.6–28.1 ppm) and 9% (0.4–2167 ppm) of all samples, respectively. Chocolates were mostly impacted; they should be treated apart from other foods and used in risk assessments scenarios to improve manufacturing practices, reducing unnecessary PAL use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Manny
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sébastien La Vieille
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Virginie Barrere
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Théolier
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Samuel Benrejeb Godefroy
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Manny E, La Vieille S, Dominguez SA, Kos G, Barrère V, Théolier J, Touma J, Godefroy SB. Probabilistic risk assessment for milk in dark chocolate, cookies and other baked goods with PAL sold in Canada. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112196. [PMID: 33862120 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The risk of having an allergic reaction in milk-allergic individuals consuming products with precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) for milk has been rarely studied in products such as dark chocolate, cookies, and other baked goods. A probabilistic risk assessment model was developed to estimate potential risks. Milk occurrence and contamination levels were reported in a previous article from our group. Dose-response curves for milk were constructed using values (n = 1078) from published double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges. Canadian consumption data was extracted from a national survey, and a homemade survey involving food-allergic Canadians. Milk eliciting doses (ED) were 0.23 (ED01), 1.34 (ED05), 3.42 (ED10), and 16.3 (ED25) mg of milk protein (Log-Normal distribution). Average exposures, per eating occasion, were 24 mg (dark chocolate), 3.9 mg (baked goods), and 0.20 mg (cookies) of milk proteins. The estimated risk of having a milk-induced allergic reaction by consuming foods with PAL for milk was higher for dark chocolate (16%; 15,881/100,000) than baked goods (3.8%; 3802/100,000) or cookies (0.6%; 646/100,000) in milk-allergic Canadians. Dark chocolate, cookies, and baked goods with PAL for milk, should be avoided by milk-allergic Canadians (consuming or not products with PAL) to prevent allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Manny
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Sébastien La Vieille
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Health Canada, 251 Sir F. Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, H1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Silvia A Dominguez
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gregor Kos
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Virginie Barrère
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jérémie Théolier
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Joseph Touma
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Samuel Benrejeb Godefroy
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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13
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Manny E, La Vieille S, Barrere V, Theolier J, Godefroy SB. Occurrence of milk and egg allergens in foodstuffs in Canada. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:15-32. [PMID: 33201786 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1834153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies are life-threatening conditions that allergic individuals can avoid by consulting the food labels before consuming. Precautionary allergen labelling (or PAL), to warn against possible allergen cross-contamination, is widely used by food industries, reducing the food choices for allergic individuals. In Canada, there is limited information on the actual occurrence of allergens in products with a PAL related to the given allergen. This study attempted to fill the data gap by evaluating the occurrence of milk and egg allergens in Canadian products with PAL. A total of 1125 samples were analysed for milk and 840 for eggs, with 23% and 7% of these samples showing positive detection of ≥2.5 mg kg-1 for milk and ≥0.245 mg kg-1 for eggs. Chocolate products gave the largest number of positive results. Although the proportion of positive results was low, the levels detected reached 6471 mg kg-1 in a chocolate sample and were indicative of possible health consequences, if PAL was ignored by allergic consumers. The occurrence data generated is destinated to be used in exposure and risk assessments, to support allergen management linked to cross-contamination, with the possible development of allergen action levels that would be used by food industries, thus improving a risk-based approach for the application of PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Manny
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, and Food Science Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Université Laval , Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien La Vieille
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, and Food Science Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Université Laval , Quebec, Quebec, Canada.,Food Directorate, Health Canada , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virginie Barrere
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, and Food Science Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Université Laval , Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Theolier
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, and Food Science Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Université Laval , Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samuel Benrejeb Godefroy
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, and Food Science Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Université Laval , Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Can we define a level of protection for allergic consumers that everyone can accept? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104751. [PMID: 32763252 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in characterising the risk associated with exposure to allergens in food. However, absence of agreement on what risk is tolerable has made it difficult to set quantitative limits to manage that risk and protect allergic consumers effectively. This paper reviews scientific progress in the area and the diverse status of allergen management approaches and lack of common standards across different jurisdictions, including within the EU. This lack of regulation largely explains why allergic consumers find Precautionary Allergen Labelling confusing and cannot rely on it. We reviewed approaches to setting quantitative limits for a broad range of food safety hazards to identify the reasoning leading to their adoption. This revealed a diversity of approaches from pragmatic to risk-based, but we could not find clear evidence of the process leading to the decision on risk acceptability. We propose a framework built around the criteria suggested by Murphy and Gardoni (2008) for approaches to defining tolerable risks. Applying these criteria to food allergy, we concluded that sufficient knowledge exists to implement the framework, including sufficient expertise across the whole range of stakeholders to allow opinions to be heard and respected, and a consensus to be achieved.
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Kalčáková L, Tremlová B, Pospiech M, Hostovský M, Dordević D, Javůrková Z, Běhalová H, Bartlová M. Use of IHF-QD Microscopic Analysis for the Detection of Food Allergenic Components: Peanuts and Wheat Protein. Foods 2020; 9:foods9020239. [PMID: 32102221 PMCID: PMC7074483 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analytically evaluate quantum dots in immunohistofluorescence (IHF-QD) microscopic imaging as detectors of food allergens—peanut and wheat. The experiment was designed as two in silico experiments or simulations: (a) models of pastry samples were prepared with the addition of allergenic components (peanut and wheat protein components) and without the addition of allergenic components, and (b) positive and negative commercial samples underwent food allergen detection. The samples from both simulations were tested by the ELISA and IHF-QD microscopic methods. The primary antibodies (secondary antibodies to a rabbit Fc fragment with labeled CdSe/ZnS QD) were labelled at 525, 585, and 655 nm emissions. The use of quantum dots (QDs) has expanded to many science areas and they are also finding use in food allergen detection, as shown in the study. The study indicated that differences between the ELISA and IHF-QD microscopic methods were not observable among experimentally produced pastry samples with and without allergenic components, although differences were observed among commercial samples. The important value of the study is certainly the differences found in the application of different QD conjugates (525, 585, and 655). The highest contrast was found in the application of 585 QD conjugates that can serve for the possible quantification of present food allergens—peanuts and wheat. The study clearly emphasized that QD can be used for the qualitative detection of food allergens and can represent a reliable analytical method for food allergen detection in different food matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Kalčáková
- Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (M.P.); (D.D.); (Z.J.); (H.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Bohuslava Tremlová
- Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (M.P.); (D.D.); (Z.J.); (H.B.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Matej Pospiech
- Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (M.P.); (D.D.); (Z.J.); (H.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Hostovský
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Dani Dordević
- Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (M.P.); (D.D.); (Z.J.); (H.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Technology and Organization of Public Catering, South Ural State University, Lenin Prospect 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Zdeňka Javůrková
- Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (M.P.); (D.D.); (Z.J.); (H.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Hana Běhalová
- Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (M.P.); (D.D.); (Z.J.); (H.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Marie Bartlová
- Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (M.P.); (D.D.); (Z.J.); (H.B.); (M.B.)
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16
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17
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Sheridan MJ, Koeberl M, Hedges CE, Biros E, Ruethers T, Clarke D, Buddhadasa S, Kamath S, Lopata AL. Undeclared allergens in imported packaged food for retail in Australia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:183-192. [PMID: 31750787 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1679890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (the Code) requires a declaration of the presence of 11 different allergens made through the label on a food product. Most food recalls in Australia are now due to undeclared allergens . This survey determined the extent of undeclared allergens in imported food products on the Asian retail market in Australia. A total of 50 imported packaged foods were selectively purchased from local Asian grocery retail stores in Melbourne and the presence of undeclared gluten, milk, peanut and egg determined. Analysis was performed using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (R-Biopharm). Thirty-seven undeclared allergens (gluten n = 12, milk n = 12, peanut n = 6, and egg n = 7) were detected in 23 of the 50 products analysed (46%), with 18% containing multiple undeclared allergens. The high number of undeclared allergens is alarming and in line with the increasing number of food recalls and anaphylaxis recorded in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael John Sheridan
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Martina Koeberl
- Food Allergen Laboratory, Analytical Services Branch, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, National Measurement Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Elizabeth Hedges
- Food Allergen Laboratory, Analytical Services Branch, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, National Measurement Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik Biros
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Thimo Ruethers
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Dean Clarke
- Food Allergen Laboratory, Analytical Services Branch, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, National Measurement Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Saman Buddhadasa
- Food Allergen Laboratory, Analytical Services Branch, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, National Measurement Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandip Kamath
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Andreas Ludwig Lopata
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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18
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Giammarioli S, Pastorelli A, Boniglia C, Stacchini P, Silano M. Unintended allergens in prepacked foods with and without precautionary allergen labelling: preliminary data relative to some recalled food types. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2018.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Giammarioli
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - A. Pastorelli
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C. Boniglia
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - P. Stacchini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Silano
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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19
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Development of ELISA Method for Detecting Crustacean Major Allergen Tropomyosin in Processed Food Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Remington BC, Krone T, Kim EH, Bird JA, Green TD, Lack G, Fleischer DM, Koppelman SJ. Estimated risk reduction to packaged food reactions by epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) for peanut allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 123:488-493.e2. [PMID: 31442495 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy is a generally persistent, sometimes life-threatening food allergy. With no treatments demonstrating the ability to cure a food allergy, the focus of drugs in development has been on providing a level of protection against accidental exposure reactions. However, no study has estimated the relative risk reduction of a food-allergic population receiving a specific immunotherapeutic treatment for their allergies. OBJECTIVE To estimate the relative risk reduction when consuming peanut-contaminated packaged food products in a double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 study population of children treated with epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) for 12 months with either a patch containing 250 μg peanut protein (250-μg patch) or a placebo patch. METHODS The probability of an allergic reaction due to the unintended presence of peanut protein in packaged food products was modeled per study group and food category combination using Monte Carlo simulations. Risks per eating occasion of a contaminated packaged food product and the number of individuals per study population predicted to react on a yearly basis were investigated. RESULTS The population treated with the 250-μg patch demonstrated a significantly increased dose-response distribution after 12 months of treatment, which resulted in a relative risk reduction of 73.2% to 78.4% when consuming peanut-contaminated packaged food products. In contrast, no statistically significant change was observed for the placebo group at the 12-month point. CONCLUSION Our study estimates a substantial relative risk reduction for allergic reactions among peanut-allergic children after 12 months of EPIT with the 250-μg patch, supporting the potential real-world clinical relevance of this investigational immunotherapy and its possible role as a future therapy for peanut-allergic children. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02636699.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Remington
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Tanja Krone
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin H Kim
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J Andrew Bird
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas
| | - Todd D Green
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gideon Lack
- Paediatric Allergy Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Fleischer
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stef J Koppelman
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France; Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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21
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Croote D, Braslavsky I, Quake SR. Addressing Complex Matrix Interference Improves Multiplex Food Allergen Detection by Targeted LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9760-9769. [PMID: 31339301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The frequent use of precautionary food allergen labeling (PAL) such as "may contain" frustrates allergic individuals who rely on such labeling to determine whether a food is safe to consume. One technique to study whether foods contain allergens is targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) employing scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). However, the applicability of a single MRM method to many commercial foods is unknown as complex and heterogeneous interferences derived from the unique composition of each food matrix can hinder quantification of trace amounts of allergen contamination. We developed a freely available, open source software package MAtrix-Dependent Interference Correction (MADIC) to identify interference and applied it with a method targeting 14 allergens. Among 84 unique food products, we found patterns of allergen contamination such as wheat in grains, milk in chocolate-containing products, and soy in breads and corn flours. We also found additional instances of contamination in products with and without PAL as well as highly variable soy content in foods containing only soybean oil and/or soy lecithin. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying LC-MS/MS to a variety of food products with sensitive detection of multiple allergens in spite of variable matrix interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Croote
- Department of Bioengineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Ido Braslavsky
- Department of Bioengineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,Department of Applied Physics , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
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22
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Remington BC, Krone T, Koppelman SJ. Quantitative risk reduction through peanut immunotherapy: Safety benefits of an increased threshold in Europe. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:762-772. [PMID: 30054934 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical relevance of increasing an allergic individual's peanut sensitivity threshold by immunotherapy, that is, eliciting dose (ED) to 300 or 1000 mg peanut protein, has not been previously characterized in a European population. In this study, we quantify the clinical benefits of an increased threshold of reaction following immunotherapy for the peanut-allergic individual. METHODS Quantitative risk assessments incorporated numerous inputs to predict the risk of an allergic reaction after exposure to residual peanut protein in packaged foods. The three primary inputs for the risk assessment were the peanut-allergic individual's clinical threshold value, the amount of food consumed per eating occasion of selected packaged foods, and the concentration of peanut protein in the consumed product. Individual risk reductions were calculated for both children and adolescents-adults. RESULTS Using available consumption and packaged food contamination data, children reaching an ED of 300 mg (if initial ED ≤ 100 mg) or 1000 mg (if initial ED 300 mg) achieved >99.99% risk reduction. Adolescents-adults also achieved >99.99% risk reduction in all cases but one. Adolescents-adults who reached an ED of 300 mg (if initial ED ≤ 100 mg) achieved 99.3%-99.9% risk reduction when consuming ice cream. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that an increase in threshold following immunotherapy which achieves an eliciting dose of 300 or 1000 mg peanut protein is clinically relevant for the European peanut-allergic population. Benefits of an increased threshold include a significant reduction in risk due to traces of peanut protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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23
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Blom WM, Michelsen-Huisman AD, van Os-Medendorp H, van Duijn G, de Zeeuw-Brouwer ML, Versluis A, Castenmiller JJ, Noteborn HP, Kruizinga AG, Knulst AC, Houben GF. Accidental food allergy reactions: Products and undeclared ingredients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:865-875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Planque M, Arnould T, Delahaut P, Renard P, Dieu M, Gillard N. Development of a strategy for the quantification of food allergens in several food products by mass spectrometry in a routine laboratory. Food Chem 2018; 274:35-45. [PMID: 30372950 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, mass spectrometry is widely used to detect and quantify food allergens, especially in complex and processed food products. Yet, the absence of a regulatory framework for the developed methods has led to a lack of harmonization between laboratories. In this study, ten allergens were analyzed in eight food products by UHPLC-MS/MS, in order to establish criteria for the retention time, variation tolerance, the ion ratio deviation, and the signal-to-noise ratio for allergen detection. The set of criteria should help laboratories to compare results and avoid false positives and negatives. Furthermore, a strategy combining standard addition and labeled peptide correction was used to quantify milk, soy, peanut, and egg allergens in eight food products. This strategy is particularly interesting for routine laboratories, which receive hundreds of samples and cannot use an external calibration curve for each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Planque
- CER Groupe, Health Department, rue du Point du Jour, 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC)-Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61, rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - T Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC)-Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61, rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - P Delahaut
- CER Groupe, Health Department, rue du Point du Jour, 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - P Renard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC)-Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61, rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - M Dieu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC)-Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61, rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - N Gillard
- CER Groupe, Health Department, rue du Point du Jour, 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium.
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25
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Graham F, Eigenmann PA. Clinical implications of food allergen thresholds. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:632-640. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Graham
- Pediatric Allergy Unit; University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - P. A. Eigenmann
- Pediatric Allergy Unit; University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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26
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Zurzolo GA, Allen KJ, Peters RL, Tang ML, Dharmage S, de Courten M, Mathai ML, Campbell DE. Anaphylaxis to packaged foods in Australasia. J Paediatr Child Health 2018; 54:551-555. [PMID: 29363215 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine reports of anaphylaxis in Australasia from consumption of packaged food products with or without precautionary allergen labelling (PAL), where the known allergen triggers were not a listed ingredient. METHODS A questionnaire was sent to all members of the Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (n = 548). Participants were asked to complete a survey reporting whether they have had seen any patients over the last 3 months reporting anaphylaxis following ingestion of a packaged food where the suspected food allergen was not a listed ingredient. RESULTS Of the n = 548 members approached, n = 198 responded (response rate 36.1%).There were 14 reports of anaphylaxis to packaged foods (where the suspected allergen was not a listed ingredient), which met the case definition from a total of 198 respondents over the 9-month period. Of those reactions, 50.0% (confidence interval 95% 21-78) were reported from foods that did not have a PAL statement, and 50.0% (confidence interval 95% 21-78) were due to peanuts. CONCLUSION Anaphylaxis to undeclared allergens was not rare and did not appear to depend on whether the product was labelled with precautionary advice. There is currently no reliable labelling system that can inform food-allergic consumers of safer food choices. Improvements in the regulation of food labelling with PAL are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Zurzolo
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina J Allen
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L Peters
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mimi Lk Tang
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shyamali Dharmage
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maximilian de Courten
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dianne E Campbell
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Gómez-Arribas LN, Benito-Peña E, Hurtado-Sánchez MDC, Moreno-Bondi MC. Biosensing Based on Nanoparticles for Food Allergens Detection. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041087. [PMID: 29617319 PMCID: PMC5948517 DOI: 10.3390/s18041087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is one of the major health threats for sensitized individuals all over the world and, over the years, the food industry has made significant efforts and investments to offer safe foods for allergic consumers. The analysis of the concentration of food allergen residues in processing equipment, in raw materials or in the final product, provides analytical information that can be used for risk assessment as well as to ensure that food-allergic consumers get accurate and useful information to make their food choices and purchasing decisions. The development of biosensors based on nanomaterials for applications in food analysis is a challenging area of growing interest in the last years. Research in this field requires the combined efforts of experts in very different areas including food chemistry, biotechnology or materials science. However, the outcome of such collaboration can be of significant impact on the food industry as well as for consumer’s safety. These nanobiosensing devices allow the rapid, selective, sensitive, cost-effective and, in some cases, in-field, online and real-time detection of a wide range of compounds, even in complex matrices. Moreover, they can also enable the design of novel allergen detection strategies. Herein we review the main advances in the use of nanoparticles for the development of biosensors and bioassays for allergen detection, in food samples, over the past few years. Research in this area is still in its infancy in comparison, for instance, to the application of nanobiosensors for clinical analysis. However, it will be of interest for the development of new technologies that reduce the gap between laboratory research and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Nazaret Gómez-Arribas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - María Cruz Moreno-Bondi
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Soon JM. Food allergen labelling: "May contain" evidence from Malaysia. Food Res Int 2018; 108:455-464. [PMID: 29735079 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Food allergen labelling is mandatory and regulated whilst precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) remains voluntary in most countries. It is the aim of this study to identify the food allergens declared in food products sold in a developing country and to what extent food allergens and PAL are emphasised in the products. A total of 505 food and beverages (snacks, baked goods, confectionary, baby food, condiments & jams, beverages, powder & paste, instant food, chilled & frozen food and canned food) were evaluated in Malaysia. Soybean represents the largest group of food allergen declared in labels, followed by wheat and milk products. Thirteen variations of contains statement were found with "Contains [allergen(s)]" being the most common (55.02%). There were 22 different types of "may contain" statements with 'May contain traces of [allergen(s)]' being the most common advice labelling used (55.41%). Different font type or emphasis such as brackets (51.57%) and bold font (33.86%) were used to inform consumers about presence of allergens. The national regulations on food allergen labelling are then critically contrasted with other Asian countries and the EU Regulation No. 1169/2011, which represents one of the most stringent food regulations in the world. Improving current allergen labelling limitations and practices would be of great benefit to consumers to prevent risk of food hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mei Soon
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
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29
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Allen KJ, Taylor SL. The Consequences of Precautionary Allergen Labeling: Safe Haven or Unjustifiable Burden? THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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30
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Shreffler WG, Baumert JL, Remington BC, Koppelman SJ, Dinakar C, Fleischer DM, Kim E, Tilles SA, Spergel JM. The importance of reducing risk in peanut allergy: Current and future therapies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120:124-127. [PMID: 29289463 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | - Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | | | - Edwin Kim
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen A Tilles
- ASTHMA, Inc. Clinical Research Center; Northwest Asthma and Allergy Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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31
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Baumert JL, Taylor SL, Koppelman SJ. Quantitative Assessment of the Safety Benefits Associated with Increasing Clinical Peanut Thresholds Through Immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2017; 6:457-465.e4. [PMID: 28669889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut immunotherapy studies are conducted with the aim to decrease the sensitivity of patients to peanut exposure with the outcome evaluated by testing the threshold for allergic response in a double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge. The clinical relevance of increasing this threshold is not well characterized. OBJECTIVE We aimed to quantify the clinical benefit of an increased threshold for peanut-allergic patients. METHODS Quantitative risk assessment was performed by matching modeled exposure to peanut protein with individual threshold levels. Exposure was modeled by pairing US consumption data for various food product categories with potential contamination levels of peanut that have been demonstrated to be present on occasion in such food products. Cookies, ice cream, doughnuts/snack cakes, and snack chip mixes were considered in the risk assessment. RESULTS Increasing the baseline threshold before immunotherapy from 100 mg or less peanut protein to 300 mg peanut protein postimmunotherapy reduces the risk of experiencing an allergic reaction by more than 95% for all 4 food product categories that may contain trace levels of peanut residue. Further increase in the threshold to 1000 mg of peanut protein had an additional quantitative benefit in risk reduction for all patients reacting to 300 mg or less at baseline. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that achieving thresholds of 300 mg and 1000 mg of peanut protein by peanut immunotherapy is clinically relevant, and that the risk for peanut-allergic patients who have achieved this increased threshold to experience an allergic reaction is reduced in a clinically meaningful way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.
| | - Steve L Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
| | - Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
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32
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Petrášová M, Pospiech M, Tremlová B, Tauferová A, Marcinčák S. Comparison of immunofluorescence method with histochemical and ELISA methods focusing on wheat protein detection in meat products. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1328661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Petrášová
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Pospiech
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslava Tremlová
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Tauferová
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Slavomír Marcinčák
- Department of Hygiene and Food Industry Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Kosice-Sever, Slovakia
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33
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Blankestijn MA, Remington BC, Houben GF, Baumert JL, Knulst AC, Blom WM, Klemans RJB, Taylor SL. Threshold Dose Distribution in Walnut Allergy. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2017; 5:376-380. [PMID: 28110058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In food allergy, eliciting doses (EDs) of foods on a population level can improve risk management and labeling strategies for the food industry and regulatory authorities. Previously, data available for walnut were unsuitable to determine EDs. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine EDs for walnut allergic adults and to compare with previously established threshold data for peanut and tree nuts. METHODS Prospectively, adult subjects with a suspected walnut allergy underwent a low-dose double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. Individual no observed and lowest observed adverse effect levels were determined and log-normal, log-logistic, and Weibull models were fit to the data. Estimated ED values were calculated for the ED5, ED10, and ED50, the dose respectively predicted to provoke an allergic reaction in 5%, 10%, and 50% of the walnut allergic population. RESULTS Fifty-seven subjects were challenged and 33 subjects were confirmed to be walnut allergic. Objective symptoms occurred in 20 of the positive challenges (61%). The cumulative EDs in the distribution models ranged from 3.1 to 4.1 mg for the ED05, from 10.6 to 14.6 mg walnut protein for the ED10, and from 590 to 625 mg of walnut protein for the ED50. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that population EDs for walnut are slightly higher compared with those for peanut and hazelnut allergy. Currently available data indicate that the ED values for hazelnut could be used as a conservative temporary placeholder when implementing risk management strategies for other tree nuts where little or no food challenge data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Blankestijn
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben C Remington
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Houben
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Joe L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research & Resource Program (FARRP), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
| | - André C Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Marty Blom
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J B Klemans
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steve L Taylor
- Food Allergy Research & Resource Program (FARRP), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
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34
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Pilolli R, De Angelis E, Monaci L. Streamlining the analytical workflow for multiplex MS/MS allergen detection in processed foods. Food Chem 2016; 221:1747-1753. [PMID: 27979156 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Allergenic ingredients in pre-packaged foods are regulated by EU legislation mandating their inclusion on labels. In order to protect allergic consumers, sensitive analytical methods are required for detect allergen traces in different food products. As a follow-up to our previous investigations, an optimized, sensitive, label-free LC-MS/MS method for multiplex detection of five allergenic ingredients in a processed food matrix is proposed. A cookie base was chosen as a complex food matrix and home-made cookies incurred with whole egg, skimmed milk, soy flour, ground hazelnut and ground peanut were prepared at laboratory scale. In order to improve the analytical workflow both protein extraction and purification protocols were optimized and finally a sensitive streamlined SRM based analytical method for allergens detection in incurred cookies was devised. The effect of baking on the detection of selected markers was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Pilolli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Angelis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Linda Monaci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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35
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Courtney RC, Taylor SL, Baumert JL. Evaluation of Commercial Milk-Specific Lateral Flow Devices. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1767-1774. [PMID: 28221844 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for validation of allergen cleaning processes is increasing. The use of lateral flow devices (LFDs) to identify allergens has rapidly expanded, but the best practices for use of these devices are still developing. The goal of this study was to compare commercially available milk-specific LFDs and a general protein identification method. Five milk proteins and seven milk-derived ingredients were tested at several concentrations with eight milk-specific LFDs and a general protein identification kit. Nonfat dry milk (NFDM) was prepared at 100 to 10,000 ppm of milk protein and analyzed by the LFDs to determine the concentration at which a false-negative result (overload concentration or hook effect) was obtained. NFDM was also prepared in 0.025 M phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4, 0.85% NaCl) and applied to stainless steel panels (100, 30, 10, or 3 μg of NFDM protein) with various drying methods and sampled with various swab methods to determine the level of detectability. Several total milk LFD kits did not detect whey proteins or whey-derived ingredients. The overload concentration of the various kits ranged from 100 to 10,000 ppm of milk protein. The small dynamic range observed for some kits would necessitate multiple dilutions of a sample to ensure that the result would fall within the range of detection. For swab sampling of stainless steel for LFD analysis, milk protein residues from surfaces onto which the residues were dried with high heat were more difficult to detect than were residues dried with low heat. No differences in sensitivity were observed as a result of moistening the residue or the swab before sampling. These results highlight the importance of understanding the detection capabilities of LFDs as indicated by the variability in the performance of the milk-specific LFDs tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Courtney
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Room 279, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, P.O. Box 886207, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6207, USA
| | | | - Joe L Baumert
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Room 279, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, P.O. Box 886207, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6207, USA
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36
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Croote D, Quake SR. Food allergen detection by mass spectrometry: the role of systems biology. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2016; 2:16022. [PMID: 28725476 PMCID: PMC5516885 DOI: 10.1038/npjsba.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy prevalence is rising worldwide, motivating the development of assays that can sensitively and reliably detect trace amounts of allergens in manufactured food. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a promising alternative to commonly employed antibody-based assays owing to its ability to quantify multiple proteins in complex matrices with high sensitivity. In this review, we discuss a targeted MS workflow for the quantitation of allergenic protein in food products that employs selected reaction monitoring (SRM). We highlight the aspects of SRM method development unique to allergen quantitation and identify opportunities for simplifying the process. One promising avenue identified through a comprehensive survey of published MS literature is the use of proteotypic peptides, which are peptides whose presence appears robust to variations in food matrix, sample preparation protocol, and MS instrumentation. We conclude that proteotypic peptides exist for a subset of allergenic milk, egg, and peanut proteins. For less studied allergens such as soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts, we offer guidance and tools for peptide selection and specificity verification as part of an interactive web database, the Allergen Peptide Browser (http://www.AllergenPeptideBrowser.org). With ongoing improvements in MS instrumentation, analysis software, and strategies for targeted quantitation, we expect an increasing role of MS as an analytical tool for ensuring regulatory compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Croote
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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37
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Planque M, Arnould T, Dieu M, Delahaut P, Renard P, Gillard N. Advances in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for sensitive detection of several food allergens in complex and processed foodstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1464:115-23. [PMID: 27554027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of food allergens is affected by food processing and foodstuff complexity. It is therefore a challenge to detect cross-contamination in food production that could endanger an allergic customer's life. Here we used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous detection of traces of milk (casein, whey protein), egg (yolk, white), soybean, and peanut allergens in different complex and/or heat-processed foodstuffs. The method is based on a single protocol (extraction, trypsin digestion, and purification) applicable to the different tested foodstuffs: chocolate, ice cream, tomato sauce, and processed cookies. The determined limits of quantitation, expressed in total milk, egg, peanut, or soy proteins (and not soluble proteins) per kilogram of food, are: 0.5mg/kg for milk (detection of caseins), 5mg/kg for milk (detection of whey), 2.5mg/kg for peanut, 5mg/kg for soy, 3.4mg/kg for egg (detection of egg white), and 30.8mg/kg for egg (detection of egg yolk). The main advantage is the ability of the method to detect four major food allergens simultaneously in processed and complex matrices with very high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Planque
- CER Groupe, Health department, rue du Point du Jour, 8 6900 Marloie Belgium; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC)-Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61, rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - T Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC)-Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61, rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - M Dieu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC)-Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61, rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - P Delahaut
- CER Groupe, Health department, rue du Point du Jour, 8 6900 Marloie Belgium
| | - P Renard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC)-Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61, rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - N Gillard
- CER Groupe, Health department, rue du Point du Jour, 8 6900 Marloie Belgium.
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38
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Khuda SE, Sharma GM, Gaines D, Do AB, Pereira M, Chang M, Ferguson M, Williams KM. Survey of undeclared soy allergen levels in the most frequently recalled food categories with or without precautionary labelling. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1274-82. [PMID: 27470934 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1207809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive study was designed to determine the frequency and levels of soy allergen in packaged bakery and snack food products. A representative sample of products with no soy allergen disclosed on the label was analysed using two widely used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Samples were chosen that either had no soy identified on the product label or which had a soy precautionary statement. Among 558 bakery and snack products, soy protein was detected in 17% of the products using the Neogen (NE) kit and 11% of the products using the Elisa Systems (ES) kit. The disagreement rates between kits were 8.8% for bakery products and 3.3% for snack products. Overall soy protein was detected at higher frequency in bakery products than in snack foods. Among 284 bakery samples, soy protein was detected in 25% of the samples with no precautionary statement and 19% of the samples which had a precautionary statement. Among 274 snack samples, soy protein was detected in 11% of the samples with no precautionary statement and 9% of the samples which had a precautionary statement. The sample repeatability was at an acceptable level (< 9%) for each method and food commodity. The reproducibility between kits was 23% for bakery foods and 36% for snack foods. None of the bakery (21) and snack (6) products without precautionary labelling (measured level > 5 ppm) had a higher level of soy protein per serving compared with the eliciting dose10 (ED10) of 10.6 mg for soy allergic patients. But the level of soy protein per serving may be clinically relevant to a subpopulation of soy allergic patients if a more stringent eliciting dose is applied. These findings emphasise that suitable detection methodologies and references doses are crucial for labelling accuracy and the safety of soy allergic consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefat E Khuda
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , Laurel , MD , USA
| | - Girdhari M Sharma
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , Laurel , MD , USA
| | - Dennis Gaines
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , Laurel , MD , USA
| | - Andrew B Do
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , Laurel , MD , USA
| | - Marion Pereira
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , Laurel , MD , USA
| | - Michael Chang
- c Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Martine Ferguson
- b Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Kristina M Williams
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , Laurel , MD , USA
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39
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Marchisotto MJ, Harada L, Blumenstock JA, Bilaver LA, Waserman S, Sicherer S, Boloh Y, Regent L, Said M, Schnadt S, Allen KJ, Muraro A, Taylor SL, Gupta RS. Global perceptions of food allergy thresholds in 16 countries. Allergy 2016; 71:1081-5. [PMID: 27176492 DOI: 10.1111/all.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Harada
- Food Allergy Canada (formerly Anaphylaxis Canada); Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - L. A. Bilaver
- Department of Public Health; Northern Illinois University; DeKalb IL USA
- Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - S. Waserman
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - S. Sicherer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - Y. Boloh
- Philéas Info; St Mars d'Outillé France
| | - L. Regent
- Anaphylaxis Campaign; Farnborough UK
| | - M. Said
- Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia; Castle Hill NSW Australia
| | - S. Schnadt
- Deutscher Allergie- und Asthmabund e.V. (DAAB); Mönchengladbach Germany
| | - K. J. Allen
- Centre of Food and Allergy Research; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; The Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Australia
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; The Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition; The Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; The Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Australia
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - A. Muraro
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - S. L. Taylor
- Food Allergy Research & Resource Program (FARRP); University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE USA
| | - R. S. Gupta
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
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40
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Khuda SE, Sharma GM, Gaines D, Do AB, Pereira M, Chang M, Ferguson M, Williams KM. Survey of undeclared egg allergen levels in the most frequently recalled food types (including products bearing precautionary labelling). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1265-73. [PMID: 27269052 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1198051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the number of recalls involving undeclared allergens is commonly associated with bakery and snack foods, we aimed to determine the frequency of egg allergens in a large number of these products using two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Samples were chosen that either had no egg identified on the product label or which had an egg precautionary statement. Among all samples, egg protein was detected in 5% of products using a Morinaga (MO) kit and 1% of products using a R-Biopharm (RB) kit. For bakery samples, egg protein was detected in 6% of 363 samples with no precautionary labelling (6% by MO and 1% by RB kit) and 12% of 80 samples which had precautionary labelling. For snack samples, egg protein was detected in 2% of 371 samples with no precautionary labelling (2% by MO and < 1% by RB kit) and 5% of 21 samples which had precautionary labelling. The disagreement rates between two methods were 5.2% for bakery products and 2.6% for snack products. The sample repeatability was at an acceptable level for bakery (< 12.5%) and snack foods (< 7.5%) for each method. The relative standard deviation between test kits was high (103.1%) for bakery foods. Four bakery products without precautionary labelling had a higher level of egg protein per serving compared with the eliciting dose (ED10 of 3.7 mg protein) for egg allergic patients. These results highlight the fact that detection methodology plays a vital role for accurate labelling control and mitigation of risk for egg allergic consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefat E Khuda
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , MD 20708 , USA
| | - Girdhari M Sharma
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , MD 20708 , USA
| | - Dennis Gaines
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , MD 20708 , USA
| | - Andrew B Do
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , MD 20708 , USA
| | - Marion Pereira
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , MD 20708 , USA
| | - Michael Chang
- c Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA
| | - Martine Ferguson
- b Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD 20740 , USA
| | - Kristina M Williams
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel , MD 20708 , USA
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41
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Simultaneous Determination of the Main Peanut Allergens in Foods Using Disposable Amperometric Magnetic Beads-Based Immunosensing Platforms. CHEMOSENSORS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors4030011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Is advising food allergic patients to avoid food with precautionary allergen labelling out of date? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:272-7. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Bucchini L, Guzzon A, Poms R, Senyuva H. Analysis and critical comparison of food allergen recalls from the European Union, USA, Canada, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:760-71. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1169444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hamide Senyuva
- FoodLife International Ltd, ODTU Teknokent, Ankara, Turkey
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44
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Brough HA, Turner PJ, Wright T, Fox AT, Taylor SL, Warner JO, Lack G. Dietary management of peanut and tree nut allergy: what exactly should patients avoid? Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:859-871. [PMID: 25443673 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peanut and tree nut allergies are the commonest cause of life-threatening food-allergic reactions and significantly affect quality of life in children and their families. Dietary nut avoidance and provision of emergency medication is currently the mainstay of treatment. Nut avoidance has consequences on both quality of life and nutrition. We review the terminology that may cause confusion and lead to unnecessary dietary restrictions. In peanut or tree nut-allergic children, introduction of specific nuts to which the child is not allergic may improve quality of life and should be considered in patients with multiple foods allergies, vegan or ethnic-specific diets, in whom nuts are an important source of protein. Nut-allergic consumers do not just need to avoid foods containing nuts as an ingredient, but also contend with pre-packed foods which frequently have precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) referring to possible nut contamination. Although the published rate of peanut contamination in 'snack' foods with PAL (see Box ) ranges from 0.9-32.4%, peanut contamination in non-snack items with PAL is far less common. We propose that in some peanut-allergic patients (depending on history of reactivity to trace levels of peanut, reaction severity, other medical conditions, willingness to always carry adrenaline, etc.), consideration may be given to allow the consumption of non-snack foods containing PAL following discussion with the patient's (and their family's) specialist. More work is needed to provide consumers with clearer information on the risk of potential nut contamination in pre-packed food. We also draw attention to the change in legislation in December 2014 that require mandatory disclosure of allergens in non-pre-packed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Brough
- Children's Allergy Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology & MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P J Turner
- Section of Paediatrics (Allergy & Immunology) & MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust / NIHR Biomedical Research Unit.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T Wright
- Children's Allergy Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A T Fox
- Children's Allergy Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology & MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S L Taylor
- Food Allergy Research & Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - J O Warner
- Section of Paediatrics (Allergy & Immunology) & MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust / NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - G Lack
- Children's Allergy Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology & MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
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45
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Anagnostou K, Swan K, Fox AT. Recent Advances in Management of Pediatric Food Allergy. CHILDREN 2015; 2:439-52. [PMID: 27417375 PMCID: PMC4928773 DOI: 10.3390/children2040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many children now suffer with a food allergy, immunoglobulin E (IgE) and/or non-IgE mediated. Food allergies have a significant impact on the child’s quality of life, as well as that of their family, due to the resultant dietary restrictions and the constant threat of a potentially life-threatening reaction. At present, there is no cure for food allergies, but there are exciting advances occurring in the management of IgE mediated allergies, including a more active approach to management with anticipatory screening testing, early introduction of common food allergens, active tolerance induction, use of biologics and active risk management. These areas will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Anagnostou
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Kate Swan
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Adam T Fox
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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46
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Versluis A, Knulst AC, Kruizinga AG, Michelsen A, Houben GF, Baumert JL, van Os-Medendorp H. Frequency, severity and causes of unexpected allergic reactions to food: a systematic literature review. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:347-67. [PMID: 24766413 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Food allergic patients have to deal with an avoidance diet. Confusing labelling terms or precautionary labels can result in misinterpretation and risk-taking behaviour. Even those patients that strictly adhere to their diet experience (sometimes severe) unexpected allergic reactions to food. The frequency, severity and causes of such reactions are unknown. The objective of this review was to describe the frequency, severity and causes of unexpected allergic reactions to food in food allergic patients aged > 12 years, in order to develop improved strategies to deal with their allergy. A systematic review was carried out by two researchers, in six electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, Medline, Psychinfo and Scopus). The search was performed with keywords relating to the frequency, severity and causes of unexpected allergic reactions to food. This resulted in 24 studies which met the inclusion criteria; 18 observational and six qualitative studies. This review shows that knowledge about the frequency of unexpected reactions is limited. Peanut, nuts, egg, fruit/vegetables and milk are the main causal foods. Severe reactions and even fatalities occur. Most reactions take place at home, but a significant number also take place when eating at friends' houses or in restaurants. Labelling issues, but also attitude and risky behaviour of patients can attribute to unexpected reactions. We conclude that prospective studies are needed to get more insight in the frequency, severity, quantity of unintended allergen ingested and causes of unexpected allergic reactions to food, to be able to optimize strategies to support patients in dealing with their food allergy. Although the exact frequency is not known, unexpected reactions to food occur in a significant number of patients and can be severe. For clinical practice, this means that patient education and dietary instructions are necessary.
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DunnGalvin A, Chan CH, Crevel R, Grimshaw K, Poms R, Schnadt S, Taylor SL, Turner P, Allen KJ, Austin M, Baka A, Baumert JL, Baumgartner S, Beyer K, Bucchini L, Fernández-Rivas M, Grinter K, Houben GF, Hourihane J, Kenna F, Kruizinga AG, Lack G, Madsen CB, Clare Mills EN, Papadopoulos NG, Alldrick A, Regent L, Sherlock R, Wal JM, Roberts G. Precautionary allergen labelling: perspectives from key stakeholder groups. Allergy 2015; 70:1039-51. [PMID: 25808296 DOI: 10.1111/all.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) was introduced by the food industry to help manage and communicate the possibility of reaction from the unintended presence of allergens in foods. However, in its current form, PAL is counterproductive for consumers with food allergies. This review aims to summarize the perspectives of all the key stakeholders (including clinicians, patients, food industry and regulators), with the aim of defining common health protection and risk minimization goals. The lack of agreed reference doses has resulted in inconsistent application of PAL by the food industry and in levels of contamination that prompt withdrawal action by enforcement officers. So there is a poor relationship between the presence or absence of PAL and actual reaction risk. This has led to a loss of trust in PAL, reducing the ability of consumers with food allergies to make informed choices. The result has been reduced avoidance, reduced quality of life and increased risk-taking by consumers who often ignore PAL. All contributing stakeholders agree that PAL must reflect actual risk. PAL should be transparent and consistent with rules underpinning decision-making process being communicated clearly to all stakeholders. The use of PAL should indicate the possible, unintended presence of an allergen in a consumed portion of a food product at or above any proposed action level. This will require combined work by all stakeholders to ensure everyone understands the approach and its limitations. Consumers with food allergy then need to be educated to undertake individualized risk assessments in relation to any PAL present.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. DunnGalvin
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; School of Applied Psychology; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - C.-H. Chan
- Food Allergy Branch; Food Standards Agency; Bedford UK
| | - R. Crevel
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre; Unilever; Colworth Science Park Sharnbrook Bedford UK
| | - K. Grimshaw
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit; University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine; Southampton UK
| | | | - S. Schnadt
- German Allergy and Asthma Association (Deutscher Allergie- und Asthmabund (DAAB)); Mönchengladbach Germany
| | - S. L. Taylor
- Food Allergy Research & Resource Program; University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE USA
| | - P. Turner
- Section of Paediatrics (Allergy and Infectious Diseases); MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - K. J. Allen
- Centre of Food and Allergy Research; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - M. Austin
- Anaphylaxis Campaign; Farnborough UK
| | - A. Baka
- ILSI Europe; Brussels Belgium
| | - J. L. Baumert
- Food Allergy Research & Resource Program; University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE USA
| | - S. Baumgartner
- Center for Analytical Chemistry; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - K. Beyer
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology & Immunology; Charité University Medical Centre; Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - K. Grinter
- Allergen Bureau & Nestle; Rhodes New South Wales Australia
| | | | - J. Hourihane
- Paediatrics and Child Health; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - F. Kenna
- Anaphylaxis Ireland; Cork Ireland
| | | | - G. Lack
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology; King's College London; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - C. B. Madsen
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - E. N. Clare Mills
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - N. G. Papadopoulos
- Centre for Pediatrics and Child Health; Institute of Human Development; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Allergy Department; 2nd Pediatric Clinic; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | | | - L. Regent
- Anaphylaxis Campaign; Farnborough UK
| | - R. Sherlock
- Allergen Bureau & DTS Facta; Hobart Australia
| | | | - G. Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit; University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine; Southampton UK
- David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre; St Mary's Hospital; Isle of Wight
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
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48
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Alves RC, Pimentel FB, Nouws HPA, Correr W, González-García MB, Oliveira MBPP, Delerue-Matos C. Detection of the peanut allergen Ara h 6 in foodstuffs using a voltammetric biosensing approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7157-63. [PMID: 26164307 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A voltammetric biosensor for Ara h 6 (a peanut allergen) detection in food samples was developed. Gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes were used to develop a sandwich-type immunoassay using two-monoclonal antibodies. The antibody-antigen interaction was detected through the electrochemical detection of enzymatically deposited silver. The immunosensor presented a linear range between 1 and 100 ng/ml, as well as high precision (inter-day RSD ≤9.8%) and accuracy (recoveries ≥96.7%). The detection and quantification limits were 0.27 and 0.88 ng/ml, respectively. It was possible to detect small levels of Ara h 6 in complex food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Alves
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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49
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Remington BC, Baumert JL, Blom WM, Houben GF, Taylor SL, Kruizinga AG. Unintended allergens in precautionary labelled and unlabelled products pose significant risks to UK allergic consumers. Allergy 2015; 70:813-9. [PMID: 25846479 DOI: 10.1111/all.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergens in food may pose a risk to allergic consumers. While there is EU regulation for allergens present as an ingredient, this is not the case for unintended allergen presence (UAP). Food companies use precautionary allergen labels to inform allergic individuals of a potential risk from UAPs. This study investigates the risk of an allergic reaction within the milk-, wheat-, hazelnut- and peanut-allergic populations when ingesting UK foods across multiple product categories with and without precautionary allergen labelling. METHODS Allergen risk assessment using probabilistic techniques enables the estimation of the residual risk after the consumption of a product that unintentionally contains an allergen. RESULTS Within this selection of UK products, the majority that tested positive for an allergen contained a concentration of allergen predicted to cause a reaction in >1% of the allergic population. The concentrations of allergens measured were greater than the VITAL(®) 2.0 action levels and would trigger precautionary allergen labelling. This was found for products both with and without precautionary allergen labelling. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the need for the food industry and regulators to adopt a transparent, risk-based approach for the communication of the risk associated with potential cross-contact that could occur in the processing facility or production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. L. Baumert
- Food Allergy Research & Resource Program (FARRP); University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE USA
| | | | | | - S. L. Taylor
- Food Allergy Research & Resource Program (FARRP); University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE USA
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50
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Klemans RJB, Blom WM, van Erp FC, Masthoff LJN, Rubingh CM, van der Ent CK, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Houben GF, Pasmans SGMA, Meijer Y, Knulst AC. Objective eliciting doses of peanut-allergic adults and children can be combined for risk assessment purposes. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:1237-44. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. B. Klemans
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - W. M. Blom
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); Zeist The Netherlands
| | - F. C. van Erp
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology; Wilhelmina Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - L. J. N. Masthoff
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - C. M. Rubingh
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); Zeist The Netherlands
| | - C. K. van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology; Wilhelmina Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - G. F. Houben
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); Zeist The Netherlands
| | - S. G. M. A. Pasmans
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology; Wilhelmina Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Y. Meijer
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology; Wilhelmina Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - A. C. Knulst
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
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