1
|
Paige T, De Silva T, Buddhadasa S, Prasad S, Nugegoda D, Pettigrove V. Background concentrations and spatial distribution of PFAS in surface waters and sediments of the greater Melbourne area, Australia. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140791. [PMID: 38029939 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A survey of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was conducted in Melbourne, Australia to determine background concentrations in residential, industrial, municipal wastewater treatment plants, and rural land uses. Surface water and sediment samples collected from 65 sites with different catchment land uses were analysed for thirty-three PFAS. Twenty-two out of thirty-three targeted PFAS were detected, with at least one PFAS species was detected in 98% water samples and 8% sediment samples. One site was determined to have point-source pollution from an airport (surface water Σ33PFAS = 4261 ng/L) and was excluded from statistical analyses. The median Σ33PFAS concentration in surface water was 63.5 ng/L and the average was 78.6 ng/L (range < DL-526 ng/L). PFAS species with the highest median concentrations were PFBA (11.3 ng/L), PFHxA (9.2 ng/L), PFOA (8.3 ng/L), PFOS (8.0 ng/L), PFPeA (7.5 ng/L), PFHpA (3.2 ng/L), and PFHxS (2.9 ng/L). The average Σ4PFAS in sediments was 0.35 ng/g d.w. (range =
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Paige
- Aquatic Environmental Stress (AQUEST) Research Group, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
| | - Thishakya De Silva
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie St, Port Melbourne, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - Saman Buddhadasa
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie St, Port Melbourne, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - Shiva Prasad
- National Measurement Institute, 105 Delhi Rd, North Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- Aquatic Environmental Stress (AQUEST) Research Group, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Vincent Pettigrove
- Aquatic Environmental Stress (AQUEST) Research Group, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ruethers T, Taki AC, Khangurha J, Roberts J, Buddhadasa S, Clarke D, Hedges CE, Campbell DE, Kamath SD, Lopata AL, Koeberl M. Commercial fish ELISA kits have a limited capacity to detect different fish species and their products. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:4353-4363. [PMID: 32356561 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish is a major food and allergen source, requiring safety declarations on packages. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are often used to ensure that the product meets the required standards with regard to the presence of allergens. Over 1000 different fish species are traded and consumed worldwide, and they are increasingly provided by aquaculture. Up to 3% of the general population is at risk of sometimes fatal allergic reactions to fish, requiring strict avoidance of this commodity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the capacity of three commercially available ELISA tests to detect a wide variety of bony and cartilaginous fish and their products, which is essential to ensure reliable and safe food labeling. RESULTS The detection rates for 57 bony fish ranged from 26% to 61%. Common European and North American species, including carp, cod, and salmon species, demonstrated a higher detection rate than those from the Asia-Pacific region, including pangasius and several mackerel and tuna species. Among the 17 canned bony fish products, only 65% to 86% were detected, with tuna showing the lowest rate. None of the cartilaginous fish (n = 9), other vertebrates (n = 8), or shellfish (n = 5) were detected. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that three commercial fish ELISA kits had a limited capacity to detect fish and their products. The complexity of fish as a protein source that is increasingly utilized means that there is an urgent need for improved detection methods. This is crucial for the food industry to provide safe seafood products and comply with international legislation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Ruethers
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
| | - Aya C Taki
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
| | | | - James Roberts
- National Measurement Institute, Port Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Dean Clarke
- National Measurement Institute, Port Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Dianne E Campbell
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Children's Hospital at Westmead, Allergy and Immunology, Westmead, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sandip D Kamath
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
| | - Andreas L Lopata
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sheridan MJ, Koeberl M, Hedges CE, Biros E, Ruethers T, Clarke D, Buddhadasa S, Kamath S, Lopata AL. Undeclared allergens in imported packaged food for retail in Australia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:183-192. [PMID: 31750787 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1679890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (the Code) requires a declaration of the presence of 11 different allergens made through the label on a food product. Most food recalls in Australia are now due to undeclared allergens . This survey determined the extent of undeclared allergens in imported food products on the Asian retail market in Australia. A total of 50 imported packaged foods were selectively purchased from local Asian grocery retail stores in Melbourne and the presence of undeclared gluten, milk, peanut and egg determined. Analysis was performed using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (R-Biopharm). Thirty-seven undeclared allergens (gluten n = 12, milk n = 12, peanut n = 6, and egg n = 7) were detected in 23 of the 50 products analysed (46%), with 18% containing multiple undeclared allergens. The high number of undeclared allergens is alarming and in line with the increasing number of food recalls and anaphylaxis recorded in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael John Sheridan
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Martina Koeberl
- Food Allergen Laboratory, Analytical Services Branch, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, National Measurement Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Elizabeth Hedges
- Food Allergen Laboratory, Analytical Services Branch, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, National Measurement Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik Biros
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Thimo Ruethers
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Dean Clarke
- Food Allergen Laboratory, Analytical Services Branch, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, National Measurement Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Saman Buddhadasa
- Food Allergen Laboratory, Analytical Services Branch, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, National Measurement Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandip Kamath
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Andreas Ludwig Lopata
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Duong S, Strobel N, Buddhadasa S, Auldist MJ, Wales WJ, Moate PJ, Cox G, Orbell JD, Cran MJ. Modification of the sterol profile in milk through feeding. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5933-5944. [PMID: 31030910 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fortification of milk with phytosterols is an increasingly common practice to enhance the sterol profile and offer consumers potential health benefits. This study investigated whether cattle feed can influence the profile of phytosterols and cholesterol in the milk produced as an alternative to direct fortification of milk. Five experiments were performed using feeds commonly used by Australian dairy farmers and selected formulated rumen-protected feeds. Statistical significances were observed for some individual plant sterols and cholesterol in milk under these differing feeding regimens compared with the respective controls. In the case of the phytosterols, where the daily recommended consumption is typically 2 g per day, the total phytosterols were <0.12 mg/100 mL of milk. An experiment using a rumen-protected feed with high phytosterol levels suggested a decreased transfer of cholesterol to the milk by as much as 20%, although further work is required to confirm these preliminary results. Overall, the study suggests that different feeding practices have minimal effect on the resulting sterol profile of the milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Duong
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8001
| | - N Strobel
- National Measurement Institute, Australian Government, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3207
| | - S Buddhadasa
- National Measurement Institute, Australian Government, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3207
| | - M J Auldist
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, Victoria, Australia, 3821
| | - W J Wales
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, Victoria, Australia, 3821
| | - P J Moate
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, Victoria, Australia, 3821
| | - G Cox
- Naturale Pty. Ltd., 249 East Maurice Road, Ringarooma, Tasmania, Australia, 7263
| | - J D Orbell
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8001
| | - M J Cran
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8001.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duong S, Strobel N, Buddhadasa S, Stockham K, Auldist MJ, Wales WJ, Moate PJ, Orbell JD, Cran MJ. Influence of acid hydrolysis, saponification and sample clean-up on the measurement of phytosterols in dairy cattle feed using GC-MS and GC with flame ionization detection. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3467-3476. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Duong
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities; Victoria University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Norbert Strobel
- Australian Government; National Measurement Institute; Port Melbourne Australia
| | - Saman Buddhadasa
- Australian Government; National Measurement Institute; Port Melbourne Australia
| | - Katherine Stockham
- Australian Government; National Measurement Institute; Port Melbourne Australia
| | - Martin J. Auldist
- Australian Government; Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources; Ellinbank Australia
| | - William J. Wales
- Australian Government; Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources; Ellinbank Australia
| | - Peter J. Moate
- Australian Government; Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources; Ellinbank Australia
| | - John D. Orbell
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities; Victoria University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Marlene J. Cran
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities; Victoria University; Melbourne Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koeberl M, Sharp MF, Tian R, Buddhadasa S, Clarke D, Roberts J. Lupine allergen detecting capability and cross-reactivity of related legumes by ELISA. Food Chem 2018; 256:105-112. [PMID: 29606424 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lupine belongs to the genus Lupinus and includes three species commonly consumed by humans. The Lupinus genus is closely related to other legumes, such as peanuts, soya, chickpeas, peas, lentils and beans. However, the consumption of lupine (and related legumes) can cause severe allergenic reactions. Therefore, reliable analytical detection methods are required for the analysis of food samples. In this study three commercially available ELISA test kits were analyzed for the detection capability of three common lupine species, as well as cross-reactivity to related legumes. All three ELISA test kits could detect the lupine species, though with different sensitivities. Cross-reactivity varied for the ELISA test kits and all showed some cross-reactivity to related legume samples analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Koeberl
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC, 3207 Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Michael F Sharp
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC, 3207 Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rongkai Tian
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC, 3207 Melbourne, Australia; Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Saman Buddhadasa
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC, 3207 Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Dean Clarke
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC, 3207 Melbourne, Australia.
| | - James Roberts
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC, 3207 Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Duong S, Strobel N, Buddhadasa S, Stockham K, Auldist M, Wales B, Orbell J, Cran M. Rapid measurement of phytosterols in fortified food using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Food Chem 2016; 211:570-6. [PMID: 27283669 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the measurement of total phytosterols in fortified food was developed and tested using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Unlike existing methods, this technique is capable of simultaneously extracting sterols during saponification thus significantly reducing extraction time and cost. The rapid method is suitable for sterol determination in a range of complex fortified foods including milk, cheese, fat spreads, oils and meat. The main enhancements of this new method include accuracy and precision, robustness, cost effectiveness and labour/time efficiencies. To achieve these advantages, quantification and the critical aspects of saponification were investigated and optimised. The final method demonstrated spiked recoveries in multiple matrices at 85-110% with a relative standard deviation of 1.9% and measurement uncertainty value of 10%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Duong
- Australian Government, National Measurement Institute (NMI), 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia; Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Norbert Strobel
- Australian Government, National Measurement Institute (NMI), 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Saman Buddhadasa
- Australian Government, National Measurement Institute (NMI), 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Katherine Stockham
- Australian Government, National Measurement Institute (NMI), 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Martin Auldist
- Department of Environment and Primary Industry (DEPI), 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia
| | - Bill Wales
- Department of Environment and Primary Industry (DEPI), 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia
| | - John Orbell
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Marlene Cran
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kuorwel KK, Cran MJ, Orbell JD, Buddhadasa S, Bigger SW. Review of Mechanical Properties, Migration, and Potential Applications in Active Food Packaging Systems Containing Nanoclays and Nanosilver. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuorwel K. Kuorwel
- National Measurement Institute; Dept. of Industry, Australia Government; Port Melbourne Victoria 3207 Australia
| | - Marlene J. Cran
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science; Victoria Univ; PO Box 14428 Melbourne Victoria 8001 Australia
| | - John D. Orbell
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science; Victoria Univ; PO Box 14428 Melbourne Victoria 8001 Australia
| | - Saman Buddhadasa
- National Measurement Institute; Dept. of Industry, Australia Government; Port Melbourne Victoria 3207 Australia
| | - Stephen W. Bigger
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science; Victoria Univ; PO Box 14428 Melbourne Victoria 8001 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stockham K, Sheard A, Paimin R, Buddhadasa S, Duong S, Orbell JD, Murdoch T. Comparative studies on the antioxidant properties and polyphenolic content of wine from different growing regions and vintages, a pilot study to investigate chemical markers for climate change. Food Chem 2013; 140:500-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Strobel N, Buddhadasa S, Adorno P, Stockham K, Greenfield H. Vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D determination in meats by LC-IT-MS. Food Chem 2012; 138:1042-7. [PMID: 23411212 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a method for the rapid, sensitive and simultaneous analysis of vitamin D (Vit D) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OH-Vit D) in meats. Samples were saponified and underwent solid phase extraction with analysis by normal phase liquid chromatography (LC) with ion trap mass spectroscopy (IT-MS), using positive polarity atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI). Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for Vit D and 25OH-Vit D were 0.03 and 0.05 μg/100g respectively. Deuterium labelled Vit D and 25OH-Vit D internal standards were added as surrogates prior to saponification, correcting for extraction inefficiencies and potential MS matrix enhancement or suppression effects. Recoveries using internal/surrogate standard correction ranged from 80% to 100% for all vitamers. Measurement uncertainty ranged from 6% to 15% for all vitamers in this method. This process required only 7.5 g of sample per extraction and a batch of 28 extractions could be completed in six hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Strobel
- National Measurement Institute (NMI), 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stockham K, Paimin R, Orbell JD, Adorno P, Buddhadasa S. Modes of handling Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) data and reporting values in product labelling. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|