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Long J, Peng L, Li Q, Niu L, Dai H, Zhang J, Chen K, Lee TMC, Huang M, Zhang R. Acute stress impairs intentional memory suppression through aberrant prefrontal cortex activation in high trait ruminators. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100463. [PMID: 38699400 PMCID: PMC11063604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Research shows that the effect of acute stress on intentional memory suppression could be modulated by individual differences in psychological traits. However, whether acute stress distinctly affects intentional memory suppression in high trait ruminators, a high at-risk group of stress-related disorders, and the neural correlations, remains unclear. Method 55 healthy college students were divided into high and low trait ruminators (HTR and LTR), Following stress manipulation, a Think/No Think task assessed the memory suppression performance. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was applied to explore the neural correlates. Psychophysiological interaction analyses were used to assess how the functional connectivity between a seed region and another brain region was modulated by tasks during memory suppression, further mediating memory suppression performance and state rumination. Results The HTR exhibited poorer memory suppression performance than the LTR under the stress condition. Aberrant activation patterns and task-modulated functional connectivity in the dorsal prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) were observed only in the HTR during memory suppression under the stress condition. The effect of memory suppression performance on the state rumination of individuals was significantly mediated by the task-modulated functional connectivity between the DLPFC and STG. Conclusions The findings could provide insights for prevention or early intervention in the development of stress-related disorders in HTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Long
- Laboratory of Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, PR China
- Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Lanxin Peng
- Laboratory of Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Laboratory of Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, PR China
| | - Lijing Niu
- Laboratory of Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, PR China
| | - Haowei Dai
- Laboratory of Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, PR China
| | - Jiayuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, PR China
| | - Keyin Chen
- Laboratory of Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, PR China
| | - Tatia MC Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Meiyan Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- Laboratory of Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Ranfaing S, De Zorzi L, Ruyffelaere R, Honoré J, Critchley H, Sequeira H. The impact of attention bias modification training on behavioral and physiological responses. Biol Psychol 2024; 186:108753. [PMID: 38244853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Attention bias modification training aims to alter attentional deployment to symptom-relevant emotionally salient stimuli. Such training has therapeutic applications in the management of disorders including anxiety, depression, addiction and chronic pain. In emotional reactions, attentional biases interact with autonomically-mediated changes in bodily arousal putatively underpinning affective feeling states. Here we examined the impact of attention bias modification training on behavioral and autonomic reactivity. Fifty-eight participants were divided into two groups. A training group (TR) received attention bias modification training to enhance attention to pleasant visual information, while a control group (CT) performed a procedure that did not modify attentional bias. After training, participants performed an evaluation task in which pairs of emotional and neutral images (unpleasant-neutral, pleasant-neutral, neutral-neutral) were presented, while behavioral (eye movements) and autonomic (skin conductance; heart rate) responses were recorded. At the behavioral level, trained participants were faster to orientate attention to pleasant images, and slower to orientate to unpleasant images. At the autonomic level, trained participants showed attenuated skin conductance responses to unpleasant images, while stronger skin conductance responses were generally associated with higher anxiety. These data argue for the use of attentional training to address both the attentional and the physiological sides of emotional responses, appropriate for anxious and depressive symptomatology, characterized by atypical attentional deployment and autonomic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Ranfaing
- PSyCOS - ETHICS EA 7446, Université Catholique de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Lucas De Zorzi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rémi Ruyffelaere
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jacques Honoré
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hugo Critchley
- Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Henrique Sequeira
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
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Xu Y, Zheng P, Feng W, Chen L, Sun S, Liu J, Tang W, Bao C, Xu L, Xu D, Zhao K. Patterns of attentional bias in antenatal depression: an eye-tracking study. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1288616. [PMID: 38192488 PMCID: PMC10773570 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1288616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the most common mental disorders in the perinatal period is depression, which is associated with impaired emotional functioning due to alterations in different cognitive aspects including thought and facial emotion recognition. These functional impairment may affect emerging maternal sensitivity and have lasting consequences for the dyadic relationship. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of depressive symptoms on the attention bias of infant stimuli during pregnancy. Methods Eighty-six pregnant women completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and an eye-tracking task comprising infant-related emotion images. All participants showed biased attention to infant-related images. Results First, compared to healthy pregnant women, pregnant women with depression symptoms initially directed their attention to infant-related stimuli more quickly (F (1, 84) = 6.175, p = 0.015, η2 = 0.068). Second, the two groups of pregnant women paid attention to the positive infant stimuli faster than the neutral infant stimuli, and the first fixation latency bias score was significantly smaller than that of the infant-related negative stimulus (p = 0.007). Third, compared with the neutral stimulus, the non-depression group showed a longer first gaze duration to the negative stimulus of infants (p = 0.019), while the depressive symptoms group did not show this difference. Conclusion We speculate that structural and functional changes in affective motivation and cognitive-attention brain areas may induce these attentional bias patterns. These results provide suggestions for the implementation of clinical intervention programs to correct the attention bias of antenatal depressed women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Zheng
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Feng
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Sun
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weina Tang
- Shaoxing 7th People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ciqing Bao
- Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongwu Xu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Lishui Second People’s Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, Wenzhou, China
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Gibb BE, Owens M, Brick LAD. Attentional biases for sad faces in offspring of mothers with a history of major depression: trajectories of change from childhood to adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:859-867. [PMID: 36549842 PMCID: PMC10182244 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theorists have proposed that the way children process social-emotional information may serve as a mechanism of risk for the intergenerational transmission of depression. There is growing evidence that infants and children of mothers with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) during the child's life exhibit attentional avoidance of sad faces, which has been proposed as an early emerging emotion regulation strategy. In contrast, there is clear evidence that at-risk and depressed adolescents and adults exhibit difficulty disengaging attention from sad faces. METHODS Seeking to link these two literatures, the current U.S.-based study used eye tracking within the context of an accelerated longitudinal design to assess attentional biases in 8-14-year-old offspring of mothers with a history MDD during the child's life (n = 123) or no history of MDD (n = 119) every six months for two years, allowing us to map trajectories of attention from age 8 to 16. RESULTS Mother MDD history moderated age-based changes in children's gaze duration to sad (t[240] = 2.44, p = .02), but not happy (t[240] = 0.11, p = .91) or angry (t[240] = 0.67, p = .50), faces. Consistent our hypotheses, offspring of mothers with MDD exhibited significantly less attention to sad faces than offspring of never depressed mothers before age 8.5 but significantly more attention to sad faces after age 14.5, which was due to an increase in gaze duration to sad faces from childhood to adolescence among offspring of mothers with MDD (t[122] = 5.44, p < .001) but not among offspring of never depressed mothers (t[118] = 1.49, p = .14). CONCLUSIONS It appears that the form, and perhaps function, of attentional bias may shift across development in at-risk youth. To the extent that this is true, it has significant implications not only for theories of the intergenerational transmission of depression risk but also for prevention and early intervention efforts designed to reduce this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E. Gibb
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York
| | - Max Owens
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida St. Petersburg campus
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Yang X, Fridman AJ, Unsworth N, Casement MD. Pupillary motility responses to affectively salient stimuli in individuals with depression or elevated risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105125. [PMID: 36924842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Elaborative affective processing is observed in depression, and pupillary reactivity, a continuous, sensitive, and reliable indicator of physiological arousal and neurocognitive processing, is increasingly utilized in studies of depression-related characteristics. As a first attempt to quantitively summarize existing evidence on depression-related pupillary reactivity alterations, this review and meta-analysis evaluated the direction, magnitude, and specificity of pupillary indices of affective processing towards positively, negatively, and neutrally-valenced stimuli among individuals diagnosed with depression or with elevated risk of depression. Studies on pupillary responses to affective stimuli in the target groups were identified in PsycINFO and PubMed databases. Twenty-two articles met inclusion criteria for the qualitative review and 16 for the quantitative review. Three-level frequentist and Bayesian models were applied to summarize pooled effects from baseline-controlled stimuli-induced average changes in pupillary responses. In general, compared to non-depressed individuals, individuals with depression or elevated risk of depression exhibited higher pupillary reactivity (d =0.15) towards negatively-valenced stimuli during affective processing. Pupillary motility towards negatively-valenced stimuli may be a promising trait-like marker for depression vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx St, Eugene, OR US 97403, USA.
| | - Andrew J Fridman
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx St, Eugene, OR US 97403, USA.
| | - Nash Unsworth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx St, Eugene, OR US 97403, USA.
| | - Melynda D Casement
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx St, Eugene, OR US 97403, USA.
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The Mediating Role of Rumination in the Relation between Basic Psychological Need Frustration and Depressive Symptoms. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020395. [PMID: 36675329 PMCID: PMC9867231 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research within the framework of Basic Psychological Need Theory (BPNT) finds strong associations between basic need frustration and depressive symptoms. This study examined the role of rumination as an underlying mechanism in the association between basic psychological need frustration and depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional sample of N = 221 adults (55.2% female, mean age = 27.95, range = 18-62, SD = 10.51) completed measures assessing their level of basic psychological need frustration, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Correlational analyses and multiple mediation models were conducted. Brooding partially mediated the relation between need frustration and depressive symptoms. BPNT and Response Styles Theory are compatible and can further advance knowledge about depression vulnerabilities.
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Fawcett C, Nordenswan E, Yrttiaho S, Häikiö T, Korja R, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Kataja EL. Individual differences in pupil dilation to others' emotional and neutral eyes with varying pupil sizes. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:928-942. [PMID: 35536560 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2073973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity to others' emotional signals is an important factor for social interaction. While many studies of emotional reactivity focus on facial emotional expressions, signals such as pupil dilation which can indicate arousal, may also affect observers. For example, observers' pupils dilate when viewing someone with dilated pupils, so-called pupillary contagion. Yet it is unclear how pupil size and emotional expression interact as signals. Further, examining individual differences in emotional reactivity to others can shed light on its mechanisms and potential outcomes. In the current study, adults' (N = 453) pupil size was assessed while they viewed images of the eye region of individuals varying in emotional expression (neutral, happy, sad, fearful, angry) and pupil size (large, medium, small). Participants showed pupillary contagion regardless of the emotional expression. Individual differences in demographics (gender, age, socioeconomic status) and psychosocial factors (anxiety, depression, sleep problems) were also examined, yet the only factor related to pupillary contagion was socioeconomic status, with higher socioeconomic status predicting less pupillary contagion for emotionally-neutral stimuli. The results suggest that while pupillary contagion is a robust phenomenon, it can vary meaningfully across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fawcett
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Nordenswan
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Santeri Yrttiaho
- Human Information Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuomo Häikiö
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Korja
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva-Leena Kataja
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Kirk MA, Taha B, Dang K, McCague H, Hatzinakos D, Katz J, Ritvo P. A Web-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness Meditation, and Yoga Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Single-Arm Experimental Clinical Trial. JMIR Ment Health 2022; 9:e26479. [PMID: 34499613 PMCID: PMC8922150 DOI: 10.2196/26479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating, undertreated condition. The web-based delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy supplemented with mindfulness meditation and yoga is a viable treatment that emphasizes self-directed daily practice. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the effectiveness of a web-based cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and yoga (CBT-MY) program designed for daily use. METHODS We conducted an 8-week, single-arm, experimental, registered clinical trial on adults reporting PTSD symptoms (n=22; aged 18-35 years). Each participant received web-based CBT-MY content and an hour of web-based counseling each week. Pre-post outcomes included self-reported PTSD symptom severity, depression, anxiety, chronic pain, and mindfulness. Pre-post psychophysiological outcomes included peak pupil dilation (PPD) and heart rate variability (HRV). HRV and PPD were also compared with cross-sectional data from a non-PTSD comparison group without a history of clinical mental health diagnoses and CBT-MY exposure (n=46). RESULTS Pre-post intention-to-treat analyses revealed substantial improvements in PTSD severity (d=1.60), depression (d=0.83), anxiety (d=0.99), and mindfulness (d=0.88). Linear multilevel mixed models demonstrated a significant pre-post reduction in PPD (B=-0.06; SE=0.01; P<.001; d=0.90) but no significant pre-post change in HRV (P=.87). Overall, participants spent an average of 11.53 (SD 22.76) min/day on self-directed mindfulness practice. CONCLUSIONS Web-based CBT-MY was associated with clinically significant symptom reductions and significant PPD changes, suggesting healthier autonomic functioning. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to further examine the gains apparent in this single-arm study. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03684473; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03684473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Kirk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Bilal Taha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Dang
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hugh McCague
- Institute for Social Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dimitrios Hatzinakos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel Katz
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Ritvo
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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The Effect of Positive Rumination Training on Mental Health and Attentional Bias. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-09959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Kanovský M, Halamová J, Strnádelová B, Moro R, Bielikova M. Pupil size variation in primary facial expressions–testing potential biomarker of self-criticism. Artif Intell Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10462-021-10057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Thoma D. Emotion regulation by attentional deployment moderates bilinguals' language-dependent emotion differences. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:1121-1135. [PMID: 34041997 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1929853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Unbalanced bilinguals react differently to emotional stimuli in their first (L1) and second (L2) language. However, the size and direction of the emotion difference varies across emotions and tasks, so that its causes are controversial. Therefore, we investigated if the attentional resources bilinguals allocate to emotion processing moderate their language-dependent emotions. In two experiments, we crossed language and emotion regulation. Study 1 compared effects of distraction and concentration on bilingual emotion-word valence ratings. Study 2 induced positive emotion-focused rumination (or not) prior to a simulated, video-based online-dating activity. It measured emotional attraction to dating candidates speaking the participant's L1 or L2 in pupillary, eye-fixation and self-report responses. The studies found reduced L2 emotions when emotion processing was distracted or when its level was low to start with. Yet, if bilinguals concentrated or had ruminated on their emotions, their self-reported and physiological emotionality was comparable or even stronger in L2, relative to L1. The findings suggest that bilinguals' language-dependent emotions vary with differential language-processing automaticity. We propose that the observed emotion-regulation moderation generates further testable predictions about where and when language choice is relevant for bilinguals' emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Thoma
- Department of English Linguistics, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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12
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Sfärlea A, Takano K, Buhl C, Loechner J, Greimel E, Salemink E, Schulte-Körne G, Platt B. Emotion Regulation as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Cognitive Biases and Depressive Symptoms in Depressed, At-risk and Healthy Children and Adolescents. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1345-1358. [PMID: 33864181 PMCID: PMC8380236 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary cognitive models of depression propose that cognitive biases for negative information at the level of attention (attention biases; AB) and interpretation (interpretation biases; IB) increase depression risk by promoting maladaptive emotion regulation (ER). So far, empirical support testing interactions between these variables is restricted to non-clinical and clinical adult samples. The aim of the current study was to extend these findings to a sample of children and adolescents. This cross-sectional study included 109 children aged 9–14 years who completed behavioural measures of AB (passive-viewing task) and IB (scrambled sentences task) as well as self-report measures of ER and depressive symptoms. In order to maximize the variance in these outcomes we included participants with a clinical diagnosis of depression as well as non-depressed youth with an elevated familial risk of depression and non-depressed youth with a low familial risk of depression. Path model analysis indicated that all variables (AB, IB, adaptive and maladaptive ER) had a direct effect on depressive symptoms. IB and AB also had significant indirect effects on depressive symptoms via maladaptive and adaptive ER. These findings provide initial support for the role of ER as a mediator between cognitive biases and depressive symptoms and provide the foundations for future experimental and longitudinal studies. In contrast to studies in adult samples, both adaptive as well as maladaptive ER mediated the effect of cognitive biases on depressive symptoms. This suggests potentially developmental differences in the role of ER across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sfärlea
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Takano
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Buhl
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Loechner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Jugendinstitut (DJI), Munich, Germany
| | - E Greimel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - E Salemink
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B Platt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Manipulating avoidance motivation to modulate attention bias for negative information in dysphoria: An eye-tracking study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2021; 70:101613. [PMID: 32927366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Instrumentality plays a key role in guiding attention, such that stimuli associated with achieving current goals of an individual prioritize attention. However, in depression, attention is prioritized to negative stimuli even when they are not relevant to current goals. In the current study, we tested whether attention is prioritized to stimuli that are associated with avoidance of imminent negative consequences over negative affective stimuli. METHODS Using an eye-tracking based attention engagement-disengagement task, we presented pairs of negative faces, and neutral faces associated with avoidance of punishment (white noise and lost money) to a group of dysphoric and non-dysphoric individuals. RESULTS First, we replicated previous evidence on difficulties to disengage attention from negative stimuli, when prompted to direct eye-gaze towards simple neutral stimuli, in dysphoric compared to non-dysphoric individuals. Further, we found that both dysphoric and non-dysphoric individuals were faster to disengage their attention from negative pictures when prompted to direct eye-gaze towards punishment avoidance-related neutral stimuli, versus towards simple neutral stimuli. LIMITATIONS Although we seek to clarify the attention processes underlying depression, the current study employed a sub-clinical sample in order to serve as proof-of-concept study. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that stimuli instrumental to the goal of avoiding negative consequences receive preference in the attention system over simple negative affective stimuli. Our findings suggest that manipulating the instrumentality of avoidance motivation can effectively modulate the attention bias for negative information in dysphoria, and also possibly in depression, akin to the modulation patterns in non-dysphoric individuals.
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Huijser S, Verkaik M, van Vugt MK, Taatgen NA. Captivated by thought: "Sticky" thinking leaves traces of perceptual decoupling in task-evoked pupil size. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243532. [PMID: 33296415 PMCID: PMC7725397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the day, we may sometimes catch ourselves in patterns of thought that we experience as rigid and difficult to disengage from. Such "sticky" thinking can be highly disruptive to ongoing tasks, and when it turns into rumination constitutes a vulnerability for mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. The main goal of the present study was to explore the stickiness dimension of thought, by investigating how stickiness is reflected in task performance and pupil size. To measure spontaneous thought processes, we asked participants to perform a sustained attention to response task (SART), in which we embedded the participant's concerns to potentially increase the probability of observing sticky thinking. The results indicated that sticky thinking was most frequently experienced when participants were disengaged from the task. Such episodes of sticky thought could be discriminated from neutral and non-sticky thought by an increase in errors on infrequent no-go trials. Furthermore, we found that sticky thought was associated with smaller pupil responses during correct responding. These results demonstrate that participants can report on the stickiness of their thought, and that stickiness can be investigated using pupillometry. In addition, the results suggest that sticky thought may limit attention and exertion of cognitive control to the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Huijser
- Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science, and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mathanja Verkaik
- Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science, and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marieke K van Vugt
- Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science, and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Niels A Taatgen
- Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science, and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Bardeen JR, Daniel TA, Gordon RD, Hinnant JB, Weathers FW. Individual differences in attentional control explain the differential expression of threat-related attentional bias among those with posttraumatic stress symptomatology and predict symptom maintenance up to one year later. Behav Res Ther 2020; 133:103709. [PMID: 32805616 PMCID: PMC7873153 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in attentional control may explain null findings and inconsistent patterns of threat-related attentional bias (ABT) that are common in the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) literature. At Time 1 (T1), trauma-exposed community participants (N = 89) completed a clinical interview, self-report measures, and an eye-tracking task developed to assess ABT. Participants completed follow-up assessments online 6 (T2) and 12 (T3) months later. Those with higher PTSD symptoms and deficits in attentional control exhibited a pattern of undercontrol, characterized by attention maintenance on threat and increased arousal. In contrast, those with higher PTSD symptoms and relatively better attentional control exhibited a pattern of overcontrol, characterized by threat avoidance and reduced arousal. These effects were specific to threat stimuli. Among PTSD symptom clusters, symptoms of hyperarousal were of central importance to the observed effects. Results from the longitudinal analysis indicate that both of these patterns of ABT are maladaptive, resulting in symptom maintenance at T2 and T3. These results have implications for (a) reconciling tensions between disparate models of ABT (i.e., vigilance-avoidance vs. attention maintenance), (b) precision medicine based approaches to targeting PTSD-related ABT, and (c) understanding the transdiagnostic role that attentional control may play in influencing ABT expression.
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16
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Whiteman RC, Mangels JA. State and Trait Rumination Effects on Overt Attention to Reminders of Errors in a Challenging General Knowledge Retrieval Task. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2094. [PMID: 32982858 PMCID: PMC7492652 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumination is a recurrent and repetitive manner of thinking that can be triggered by blockage of personally relevant goals, creating a temporary state of abstract and evaluative self-focus. Particularly when focused on passive “brooding” over one’s problems and feelings, however, rumination can increase negative affect, interfere with problem-solving, and, through a negative feedback cycle, become a chronic trait-like style of responding to personal challenges, particularly in women. Given the pervasiveness of rumination and its potential impact on cognitive processes and emotional states, the present study asks how it impacts attention to feedback that either reminds individuals of goal-state discrepancies (reminders of errors) or could help to remediate them (corrective information). Using eye-tracking, we examined both state and trait rumination effects on overt measures of attention [first fixation duration (FFD) and total fixation duration (TFD)] during simultaneous presentation of these two types of feedback following failed attempts to answer challenging verbal general knowledge questions (average accuracy ∼30%). After a pre-induction baseline, we induced either a state of rumination using a series of writing exercises centered on the description of an unresolved academic concern or a state of distraction by centering writing on the description of a neutral school day. Within our women-only sample, the Rumination condition, which writing analysis showed was dominated by moody brooding, resulted in some evidence for increased initial dwell time (FFD) on reminders of incorrect answers, while the Distraction condition, which did not elicit any rumination during writing, resulted in increased FFD on the correct answer. Trait brooding augmented the expression of the more negative, moody brooding content in the writing samples of both Induction conditions, but only influenced TFD measures of gaze duration and only during the pre-induction baseline, suggesting that once the inductions activated rumination or distraction states, these suppressed the trait effects in this sample. These results provide some support for attentional-bias models of rumination (attentional scope model, impaired disengagement hypothesis) and have implications for how even temporary states of rumination or distraction might impact processing of academic feedback under conditions of challenge and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C. Whiteman
- Department of Psychology, Baruch College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Ronald C. Whiteman, ;
| | - Jennifer A. Mangels
- Department of Psychology, Baruch College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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17
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Ashaie SA, Cherney LR. Eye Tracking as a Tool to Identify Mood in Aphasia: A Feasibility Study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:463-471. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968320916160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. Persons with aphasia often present with low mood/depression, which can negatively affect their quality of life. The validity and reliability of existing depression measures for aphasia have been called into question. Eye tracking in nonstroke populations is reliable in identifying low mood/depression. Depressed persons are biased to negative emotions compared with nondepressed persons and have an absence of bias to positive emotions. However, nondepressed persons may be biased to positive emotions. Objective. To examine the feasibility of using eye tracking to measure mood in persons with aphasia. Methods. We recruited 22 persons with chronic aphasia and 12 healthy controls. Participants completed 2 self-report measures of mood. They also viewed faces that showed happy, sad, and neutral facial expressions during eye tracking. We analyzed 2 eye tracking indices: initial gaze orientation and gaze maintenance to happy, sad, and neutral faces. Results. For initial gaze orientation, participants with aphasia fixated faster on emotional faces compared with healthy controls but directed their gaze less often to happy faces compared with healthy controls. For gaze maintenance components, the duration of first fixation and total fixation duration were shorter on sad faces for participants with aphasia compared with healthy controls. Conclusion. Use of eye tracking with faces representing different mood states is feasible in persons with aphasia. Although there were some similarities, participants with aphasia had different gaze patterns to emotional faces compared with healthy controls. Further research is needed to establish whether this is a valid and reliable method of mood assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer A. Ashaie
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leora R. Cherney
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Anticipation and violated expectation of pain are influenced by trait rumination: An fMRI study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:56-72. [PMID: 30251186 PMCID: PMC6344394 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rumination – as a stable tendency to focus repetitively on feelings related to distress – represents a transdiagnostic risk factor. Theories suggest altered emotional information processing as the key mechanism of rumination. However, studies on the anticipation processes in relation to rumination are scarce, even though expectation in this process is demonstrated to influence the processing of emotional stimuli. In addition, no published study has investigated violated expectation in relation to rumination yet. In the present study we examined the neural correlates of pain anticipation and perception using a fear conditioning paradigm with pain as the unconditioned stimulus in healthy subjects (N = 30). Rumination was assessed with the 10-item Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). Widespread brain activation – extending to temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes along with activation in the cingulate cortex, insula, and putamen – showed a positive correlation with rumination, supporting our hypothesis that trait rumination influences anticipatory processes. Interestingly, with violated expectation (when an unexpected, non-painful stimulus follows a pain cue compared to when an expected, painful stimulus follows the same pain cue) a negative association between rumination and activation was found in the posterior cingulate cortex, which is responsible for change detection in the environment and subsequent behavioral modification. Our results suggest that rumination is associated with increased neural response to pain perception and pain anticipation, and may deteriorate the identification of an unexpected omission of aversive stimuli. Therefore, targeting rumination in cognitive behavioral therapy of chronic pain could have a beneficial effect.
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Reflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination. Behav Res Ther 2020; 127:103573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Maza A, Moliner B, Ferri J, Llorens R. Visual Behavior, Pupil Dilation, and Ability to Identify Emotions From Facial Expressions After Stroke. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1415. [PMID: 32116988 PMCID: PMC7016192 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cognition is the innate human ability to interpret the emotional state of others from contextual verbal and non-verbal information, and to self-regulate accordingly. Facial expressions are one of the most relevant sources of non-verbal communication, and their interpretation has been extensively investigated in the literature, using both behavioral and physiological measures, such as those derived from visual activity and visual responses. The decoding of facial expressions of emotion is performed by conscious and unconscious cognitive processes that involve a complex brain network that can be damaged after cerebrovascular accidents. A diminished ability to identify facial expressions of emotion has been reported after stroke, which has traditionally been attributed to impaired emotional processing. While this can be true, an alteration in visual behavior after brain injury could also negatively contribute to this ability. This study investigated the accuracy, distribution of responses, visual behavior, and pupil dilation of individuals with stroke while identifying emotional facial expressions. Our results corroborated impaired performance after stroke and exhibited decreased attention to the eyes, evidenced by a diminished time and number of fixations made in this area in comparison to healthy subjects and comparable pupil dilation. The differences in visual behavior reached statistical significance in some emotions when comparing individuals with stroke with impaired performance with healthy subjects, but not when individuals post-stroke with comparable performance were considered. The performance dependence of visual behavior, although not determinant, might indicate that altered visual behavior could be a negatively contributing factor for emotion recognition from facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Maza
- Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Moliner
- NEURORHB, Servicio de Neurorrehabilitación de Hospitales Vithas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Ferri
- NEURORHB, Servicio de Neurorrehabilitación de Hospitales Vithas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Llorens
- Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.,NEURORHB, Servicio de Neurorrehabilitación de Hospitales Vithas, Valencia, Spain
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21
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Wu X, Li Y. An Experimental Analysis Method of Visual Performance on the Error Factors of Digital Information Interface. INT J PATTERN RECOGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218001420550198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As per global accident statistics, human error accounts for over 85% of accidents. Therefore, human error analysis of cognitive behavior of operators can be the key to solving information interface design problems of digital smart task monitoring interfaces. This paper proposes an analytical method based on psychological experiments introduced into task monitoring interfaces to study reactions to error factors. It uses psychological techniques to conduct experiments which evoke physiological reactions to various error factors under different sub-interfaces of the monitoring system and sub-task environments. The behavioral and eye tracking data demonstrate the association between the error factors and the information interface. Error factors arising in visual search are directly related to the layout of the task-interface, the information proximity–position, and the information features-volume. Our method opens up new approaches for design optimizations of visual information interfaces and introduces novel concepts for the introduction of interface design via error factor analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wu
- School of Design Art & Medial, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 210094 Nanjing, P. R. China
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, 213022 Changzhou, P. R. China
- Lab of Human Factors and Information, System Interaction and Design, Hohai University, 213022 Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Li
- School of Design Art & Medial, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 210094 Nanjing, P. R. China
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22
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When choosing means losing: Regret enhances repetitive negative thinking in high brooders. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Godara M, Sanchez-Lopez A, De Raedt R. Music to my ears, goal for my eyes? Music reward modulates gaze disengagement from negative stimuli in dysphoria. Behav Res Ther 2019; 120:103434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Functional connectivity of reflective and brooding rumination in depressed and healthy women. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:884-901. [PMID: 29949111 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ruminative thinking is related to an increased risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and perpetuates negative mood states. Rumination, uncontrollable negative thoughts about the self, may comprise both reflective and brooding components. However, only brooding rumination is consistently associated with increased negativity bias and negative coping styles, while reflective rumination has a less clear relationship with negative outcomes in healthy and depressed participants. The current study examined seed-to-voxel (S2.V) resting-state functional connectivity (FC) in a sample of healthy (HC) and depressed (MDD) adult women (HC: n=50, MDD: n=33). The S2V FC of six key brain regions, including the left and right amygdala, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex (ACC, PCC), and medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (mPFC, dlPFC), was correlated with self-reported reflective and brooding rumination. Results indicate that HC and MDD participants had increased brooding rumination associated with decreased FC between the left amygdala and the right temporal pole. Moreover, reflective rumination was associated with distinct FC of the mPFC, PCC, and ACC with parietal, occipital, and cingulate regions. Depressed participants, compared with HC, exhibited decreased FC between the PCC and a region in the right middle frontal gyrus. The results of the current study add to the understanding of the neural underpinnings of different forms of self-related cognition-brooding and reflective rumination-in healthy and depressed women.
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25
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Garcia SE, Francis SMS, Tone EB, Tully EC. Understanding associations between negatively biased attention and depression and social anxiety: positively biased attention is key. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2019; 32:611-625. [PMID: 31272214 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1638732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Although research supports the premise that depressed and socially anxious individuals direct attention preferentially toward negative emotional cues, little is known about how attention to positive emotional cues might modulate this negative attention bias risk process. The purpose of this study was to determine if associations between attention biases to sad and angry faces and depression and social anxiety symptoms, respectively, would be strongest in individuals who also show biased attention away from happy faces. Methods: Young adults (N = 151; 79% female; M = 19.63 years) completed self-report measures of depression and social anxiety symptoms and a dot probe task to assess attention biases to happy, sad, and angry facial expressions. Results: Attention bias to happy faces moderated associations between attention to negatively valenced faces and psychopathology symptoms. However, attention bias toward sad faces was positively and significantly related to depression symptoms only for individuals who also selectively attended toward happy faces. Similarly, attention bias toward angry faces was positively and significantly associated with social anxiety symptoms only for individuals who also selectively attended toward happy faces. Conclusions: These findings suggest that individuals with high levels of depression or social anxiety symptoms attend preferentially to emotional stimuli across valences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Garcia
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Sara M S Francis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Erin B Tone
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Erin C Tully
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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26
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Sanchez-Lopez A, Koster EH, Van Put J, De Raedt R. Attentional disengagement from emotional information predicts future depression via changes in ruminative brooding: A five-month longitudinal eye-tracking study. Behav Res Ther 2019; 118:30-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Makovac E, Fagioli S, Watson DR, Meeten F, Smallwood J, Critchley HD, Ottaviani C. Response time as a proxy of ongoing mental state: A combined fMRI and pupillometry study in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Neuroimage 2019; 191:380-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Yaroslavsky I, Allard ES, Sanchez-Lopez A. Can't look Away: Attention control deficits predict Rumination, depression symptoms and depressive affect in daily Life. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:1061-1069. [PMID: 30699848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumination and a reduced capacity to disengage attention as appropriate to context (attention control deficits) have each been implicated in the etiology and maintenance of depressive disorders. However, it remains unclear whether rumination is a mechanism by which attention control deficits predict depression, and whether these relations are observed outside of laboratory settings. We tested whether rumination mediates the effects of attention control deficits marked by slow disengagement from negative-valenced stimuli (sad faces) and fast disengagement from positive-valenced stimuli (happy faces) on depression symptoms and depressive affects in the daily lives of adults with various depression histories. METHOD Forty-six participants (n = 23 with histories of Major Depressive Disorder) completed a clinical evaluation, an eye-tracking task that indexed attention control, and a 7-day Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) follow-up during which Negative (NA) and Positive Affect (PA) were measured at times of peak distress that occurred in the hour preceding each EMA prompt. RESULTS Delayed disengagement from sad faces predicted elevated depression and NA levels, and low PA levels, independent of depression histories. Rumination mediated the effects of delayed disengagement from sad, and rapid disengagement from happy, faces on depression and NA levels. Effects of disengagement on rumination were maintained independent of depression levels. LIMITATIONS Our sample size limited the detection of small statistical effects, and we could not clarify temporal relationships between attention control deficits and rumination. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that attention inflexibility and rumination persist independent of depressive states and should be targets of clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Yaroslavsky
- Department of Psychology, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115.
| | - Eric S Allard
- Department of Psychology, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115.
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, 28223, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Tang W, Bao C, Xu L, Zhu J, Feng W, Zhang W, Lin C, Chen L, Cheng Q, Ding P, Zhou M, Bao Y, Yu X, Zhao K, He J. Depressive Symptoms in Late Pregnancy Disrupt Attentional Processing of Negative-Positive Emotion: An Eye-Movement Study. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:780. [PMID: 31736800 PMCID: PMC6834685 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated biases for negative-positive information in component processes of visual attention (initial shift vs. maintenance of gaze) among women in late pregnancy with or without depressive symptoms. Eye movements were recorded while participants viewed a series of picture pairs depicting negative, positive, and neutral scenes. Initial orienting (latency and percentage of first fixation) and gaze duration were computed. Compared with neutral pictures, the group with major depressive symptoms (MDS) were less able to sense the positive emotion-related pictures and were over-responsive to negative emotion-related pictures. The group with suspicious depressive symptoms (SDS) had an attention bias toward both positive and negative emotion-related pictures. The group with no depressive symptoms (NDS) had an attention bias toward positive emotion-related pictures and had an initial attention avoidance tendency for negative emotion-related pictures. The initial gaze direction bias score for negative emotion-related pictures was positively correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms. Therefore, women with a risk of perinatal depression have a significant bias toward negative stimuli. Hypervigilant emotion processing during pregnancy may increase a woman's susceptibility to depression during late pregnancy. Attention away from negative information or attention toward positive information may provide a way of buffering emotional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Tang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ciqing Bao
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Feng
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenmiao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lan Chen
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Cheng
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Penghao Ding
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meixi Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ying Bao
- Department of Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jincai He
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Franklin ZC, Holmes PS, Fowler NE. Eye Gaze Markers Indicate Visual Attention to Threatening Images in Individuals with Chronic Back Pain. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010031. [PMID: 30602663 PMCID: PMC6352204 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into attentional biases and threatening, pain-related information has primarily been investigated using reaction time as the dependent variable. This study aimed to extend previous research to provide a more in depth investigation of chronic back pain and individuals’ attention to emotional stimuli by recording eye movement behavior. Individuals with chronic back pain (n = 18) were recruited from a back rehabilitation program and age and sex matched against 17 non-symptomatic controls. Participants’ eye movements were recorded whilst they completed a dot probe task, which included back pain specific threatening images and neutral images. There were no significant differences between chronic pain and control participants in attentional biases recorded using reaction time from the dot probe task. Chronic pain participants, however, demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of fixations, larger pupil diameter, a longer average fixation duration and faster first fixation to threatening compared to neutral images. They also had a significantly longer average fixation duration and larger pupil diameter to threatening images compared to control participants. The findings of this study suggest eye gaze metrics may provide a more sensitive measure of attentional biases in chronic pain populations. These findings may have important therapeutic implications for the patient and therapist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë C Franklin
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK.
| | - Paul S Holmes
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK.
| | - Neil E Fowler
- Vice Chancellor's Office, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK.
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Ruminative minds, wandering minds: Effects of rumination and mind wandering on lexical associations, pitch imitation and eye behaviour. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207578. [PMID: 30452479 PMCID: PMC6242373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that rumination is reflected in two behavioural signals that both play an important role in face-to-face interactions and provides evidence for the negative impact of rumination on social cognition. Sixty-one students were randomly assigned either to a condition in which rumination was induced or to a control condition. Their task was to play a speech-based word association game with an Embodied Conversational Agent during which their word associations, pitch imitation and eye movements were measured. Two questionnaires assessed their ruminative tendencies and mind wandering thoughts, respectively. Rumination predicted differences in task-related mind wandering, polarity of lexical associations, pitch imitation, and blinks while mind wandering predicted differences in saccades. This outcome may show that rumination has a negative impact on certain aspects of social interactions.
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Holas P, Krejtz I, Rusanowska M, Rohnka N, Nezlek JB. Attention to negative words predicts daily rumination among people with clinical depression: evidence from an eye tracking and daily diary study. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:1277-1283. [PMID: 30376754 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1541168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined relationships between attention to negative words and daily rumination and daily adjustment in a sample of clinically depressed individuals. We recorded eye movements of 43 individuals diagnosed with major depression while they were freely viewing dysphoric, threat-related, neutral, and positive words. Then, each day for one week, participants provided measures of their daily rumination and psychological adjustment. Multilevel analyses found that attention to dysphoric and threat-related words was positively related to daily rumination and attention to threat-related words was negatively related to daily adjustment. These findings suggest that the impaired ability to disengage from negative words is positively related to rumination in daily life and is negatively related to well-being, as defined in terms of Beck's Triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Holas
- a Faculty of Psychology , University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Izabela Krejtz
- b Psychology Department , SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Warsaw , Poland
| | | | - Natalia Rohnka
- b Psychology Department , SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Warsaw , Poland
| | - John B Nezlek
- d Department of Psychology , SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Poznań , Poland.,e Department of Psychology , College of William & Mary , Williamsburg , VA , USA
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Gotham KO, Siegle GJ, Han GT, Tomarken AJ, Crist RN, Simon DM, Bodfish JW. Pupil response to social-emotional material is associated with rumination and depressive symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200340. [PMID: 30086132 PMCID: PMC6080759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is marked by repetitive thinking and high rates of depression. Understanding the extent to which repetitive negative thinking in ASD reflects autistic stereotypy versus general depressive thinking patterns (e.g., rumination) could help guide treatment research to improve emotional health in ASD. We compared associations between rumination, depressive symptoms, and pupil response to social-emotional material in adults with ASD and typically developing (TD) adults with and without depression. Methods N = 53 verbally fluent young adults were recruited to three cohorts: ASD, n = 21; TD-depressed, n = 13; never-depressed TD-controls, n = 19. Participants completed Ruminative Response Scale and Beck Depression Inventory self-reports and a passive-viewing task employing emotionally-expressive faces, during which pupillary motility was assessed to quantify cognitive-affective load. Main and interactive effects of cohort, emotion condition, and time on pupil amplitude were tested via a linear mixed effects analysis of variance using restricted maximum likelihood estimation. Similar procedures were used to test for effects of rumination and depressive symptoms on pupil amplitude over time within ASD. Results Responsive pupil dilation in the ASD cohort tended to be significantly lower than TD-depressed initially but increased to comparable levels by trial end. When viewing sad faces, individuals with ASD who had higher depression scores resembled TD-depressed participants’ faster, larger, and sustained pupil response. Within ASD, depressive symptoms uniquely predicted early pupil response to sad faces, while rumination and depression scores each independently predicted sustained pupil response. Conclusions People with elevated depressive symptoms appear to have faster and greater increases in pupil-indexed neural activation following sad stimuli, regardless of ASD status, suggesting the utility of conceptualizing rumination as depression-like in treatment. Ruminative processes may increase more slowly in ASD, suggesting the potential utility of interventions that decrease reactions before they are uncontrollable. Findings also reinforce the importance of testing for effects of internalizing variables in broader ASD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine O. Gotham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Greg J. Siegle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gloria T. Han
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Tomarken
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel N. Crist
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David M. Simon
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James W. Bodfish
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Xu J, Min J, Hu J. Real-time eye tracking for the assessment of driver fatigue. Healthc Technol Lett 2018; 5:54-58. [PMID: 29750113 PMCID: PMC5933402 DOI: 10.1049/htl.2017.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye-tracking is an important approach to collect evidence regarding some participants' driving fatigue. In this contribution, the authors present a non-intrusive system for evaluating driver fatigue by tracking eye movement behaviours. A real-time eye-tracker was used to monitor participants' eye state for collecting eye-movement data. These data are useful to get insights into assessing participants' fatigue state during monotonous driving. Ten healthy subjects performed continuous simulated driving for 1-2 h with eye state monitoring on a driving simulator in this study, and these measured features of the fixation time and the pupil area were recorded via using eye movement tracking device. For achieving a good cost-performance ratio and fast computation time, the fuzzy K-nearest neighbour was employed to evaluate and analyse the influence of different participants on the variations in the fixation duration and pupil area of drivers. The findings of this study indicated that there are significant differences in domain value distribution of the pupil area under the condition with normal and fatigue driving state. Result also suggests that the recognition accuracy by jackknife validation reaches to about 89% in average, implying that show a significant potential of real-time applicability of the proposed approach and is capable of detecting driver fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Xu
- The Center of Collaboration and Innovation, Jiangxi University of Technology, Yao Lake University Park, Nanchang 330098, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianliang Min
- The Center of Collaboration and Innovation, Jiangxi University of Technology, Yao Lake University Park, Nanchang 330098, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Hu
- The Center of Collaboration and Innovation, Jiangxi University of Technology, Yao Lake University Park, Nanchang 330098, People's Republic of China
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Bardeen JR, Daniel TA. A longitudinal examination of the role of attentional control in the relationship between posttraumatic stress and threat-related attentional bias: An eye-tracking study. Behav Res Ther 2017; 99:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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An Eye-Tracking Examination of Emotion Regulation, Attentional Bias, and Pupillary Response to Threat Stimuli. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-017-9860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Anodal tDCS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates cognitive processing of emotional information as a function of trait rumination in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychol 2017; 123:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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38
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Macatee RJ, Albanese BJ, Schmidt NB, Cougle JR. The moderating influence of heart rate variability on stressor-elicited change in pupillary and attentional indices of emotional processing: An eye-Tracking study. Biol Psychol 2017; 123:83-93. [PMID: 27916689 PMCID: PMC5347391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Low resting heart rate variability (HRV) is associated with a broad array of negative psychosocial outcomes. Recent theoretical explications of HRV suggest it is an autonomic marker of emotion regulation capacity, but limited research has examined its relationship with emotional information processing indices. The present study utilized eye-tracking methodology to test HRV's theorized role as a marker of emotion regulation capacity in a non-clinical sample. Attentional biases towards threatening, dysphoric, and positive emotional information as well as affective modulation of pupil size were assessed before and after a stress induction. Low resting HRV marginally predicted larger increases in attentional bias towards positive emotional stimuli from pre to post-stress induction and significantly predicted decreased pupil dilation to positive stimuli after the stress induction only; exploratory analyses suggested that this pattern might reflect an unsuccessful attempt at anxious mood repair. HRV was unrelated to negative emotional information processing. Findings are consistent with existing theories of HRV's psychological significance and suggest a specific association with altered positive emotional processing under acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Macatee
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, P.O. Box 3064301, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Brian J Albanese
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, P.O. Box 3064301, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Norman B Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, P.O. Box 3064301, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jesse R Cougle
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, P.O. Box 3064301, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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As Far as the Eye Can See: Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Pupil Response to Affective Stimuli. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167436. [PMID: 28118366 PMCID: PMC5261620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychopathic individuals show a range of affective processing deficits, typically associated with the interpersonal/affective component of psychopathy. However, previous research has been inconsistent as to whether psychopathy, within both offender and community populations, is associated with deficient autonomic responses to the simple presentation of affective stimuli. Changes in pupil diameter occur in response to emotionally arousing stimuli and can be used as an objective indicator of physiological reactivity to emotion. This study used pupillometry to explore whether psychopathic traits within a community sample were associated with hypo-responsivity to the affective content of stimuli. Pupil activity was recorded for 102 adult (52 female) community participants in response to affective (both negative and positive affect) and affectively neutral stimuli, that included images of scenes, static facial expressions, dynamic facial expressions and sound-clips. Psychopathic traits were measured using the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Pupil diameter was larger in response to negative stimuli, but comparable pupil size was demonstrated across pleasant and neutral stimuli. A linear relationship between subjective arousal and pupil diameter was found in response to sound-clips, but was not evident in response to scenes. Contrary to predictions, psychopathy was unrelated to emotional modulation of pupil diameter across all stimuli. The findings were the same when participant gender was considered. This suggests that psychopathy within a community sample is not associated with autonomic hypo-responsivity to affective stimuli, and this effect is discussed in relation to later defensive/appetitive mobilisation deficits.
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Macatee RJ, Albanese BJ, Schmidt NB, Cougle JR. Attention bias towards negative emotional information and its relationship with daily worry in the context of acute stress: An eye-tracking study. Behav Res Ther 2016; 90:96-110. [PMID: 28013055 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive theories of anxiety psychopathology cite biased attention towards threat as a central vulnerability and maintaining factor. However, many studies have found threat bias indices to have poor reliability and have failed to observe the theorized relationship between threat bias and anxiety symptoms; this may be due to the non-unitary nature of threat bias and the influence of state-level variables on its expression. Accumulating data suggests that state anxious mood is important for the robust expression of threat bias and for relations to emerge between threat bias and symptoms, though this possibility has not been experimentally tested. Eye-tracking was used to assess multiple forms of threat bias (i.e., early vigilance, sustained attention, facilitated engagement, delayed disengagement) thought to be related to anxiety. A non-clinical sample (N = 165) was recruited to test the hypothesis that biased attention towards threat, but not dysphoric or positive emotional stimuli, during an anxious mood induction, but not at a pre-stress baseline, would prospectively predict greater worry symptoms on days in which more naturalistic stressors occurred. Results revealed the hypothesized moderation effect for sustained attention towards threat after the mood induction but not at baseline, though sustained attention towards dysphoric stimuli also moderated the effect of stressors on worry. Worry-relevant sustained attention towards negative emotional stimuli may be a partially mood-context dependent phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Macatee
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, P.O. Box 3064301, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Brian J Albanese
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, P.O. Box 3064301, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Norman B Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, P.O. Box 3064301, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jesse R Cougle
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, P.O. Box 3064301, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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Vazquez C, Blanco I, Sanchez A, McNally RJ. Attentional bias modification in depression through gaze contingencies and regulatory control using a new eye-tracking intervention paradigm: study protocol for a placebo-controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:439. [PMID: 27931196 PMCID: PMC5146883 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional biases, namely difficulties both to disengage attention from negative information and to maintain it on positive information, play an important role in the onset and maintenance of the disorder. Recently, researchers have developed specific attentional bias modification (ABM) techniques aimed to modify these maladaptive attentional patterns. However, the application of current ABM procedures has yielded, so far, scarce results in depression due, in part, to some methodological shortcomings. The aim of our protocol is the application of a new ABM technique, based on eye-tracker technology, designed to objectively train the specific attentional components involved in depression and, eventually, to reduce depressive symptoms. METHODS Based on sample size calculations, 32 dysphoric (BDI ≥13) participants will be allocated to either an active attentional bias training group or a yoked-control group. Attentional training will be individually administered on two sessions in two consecutive days at the lab. In the training task series of pairs of faces (i.e. neutral vs. sad; neutral vs. happy; happy vs. sad) will be displayed. Participants in the training group will be asked to localize as quickly as possible the most positive face of the pair (e.g., the neutral face in neutral vs. sad trials) and maintain their gaze on it for 750 ms or 1500 ms, in two different blocks, to advance to the next trial. Participants' maintenance of gaze will be measured by an eye-tracking apparatus. Participants in the yoked-control group will be exposed to the same stimuli and the same average amount of time than the experimental participants but without any instruction to maintain their gaze or any feedback on their performance. Pre and post training measures will be obtained to assess cognitive and emotional changes after the training. DISCUSSION The findings from this research will provide a proof-of-principle of the efficacy of eye-tracking paradigms to modify attentional biases and, consequently, to improve depressed mood. If the findings are positive, this new training approach may result in the improvement of cognitive bias modification procedures in depression. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was retrospectively registered on July 28, 2016 with the ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02847793 registration number and the title 'Attentional Bias Modification Through Eye-tracker Methodology (ABMET)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Vazquez
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University at Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Blanco
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University at Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Sanchez
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard J. McNally
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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Gomez-Baya D, Mendoza R, Paino S, Sanchez A, Romero N. Latent Growth Curve Analysis of Gender Differences in Response Styles and Depressive Symptoms during Mid-Adolescence. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Depressed Adolescents' Pupillary Response to Peer Acceptance and Rejection: The Role of Rumination. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:397-406. [PMID: 26271345 PMCID: PMC4753146 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heightened emotional reactivity to peer feedback is predictive of adolescents' depression risk. Examining variation in emotional reactivity within currently depressed adolescents may identify subgroups that struggle the most with these daily interactions. We tested whether trait rumination, which amplifies emotional reactions, explained variance in depressed adolescents' physiological reactivity to peer feedback, hypothesizing that rumination would be associated with greater pupillary response to peer rejection and diminished response to peer acceptance. Twenty currently depressed adolescents (12-17) completed a virtual peer interaction paradigm where they received fictitious rejection and acceptance feedback. Pupillary response provided a time-sensitive index of physiological arousal. Rumination was associated with greater initial pupil dilation to both peer rejection and acceptance, and diminished late pupillary response to peer acceptance trials only. Results indicate that depressed adolescents high on trait rumination are more reactive to social feedback regardless of valence, but fail to sustain cognitive-affective load on positive feedback.
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Owens M, Gibb BE. Brooding rumination and attentional biases in currently non-depressed individuals: an eye-tracking study. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:1062-1069. [PMID: 27224305 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1187116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Both rumination and attentional biases have been proposed as key components of the RDoC Negative Valence Systems construct of Loss. Although theorists have proposed that rumination, particularly brooding rumination, should be associated with increased sustained attention to depression-relevant information, it is not clear whether this link would be observed in a non-depressed sample or whether it is specific to brooding versus reflective rumination. To address these questions, the current study examined the link between brooding rumination and attentional biases in a sample of non-depressed individuals (n = 105). Attentional biases were assessed using eye tracking during a passive viewing task in which participants were presented with 2 × 2 arrays of angry, happy, sad, and neutral faces. In line with predictions, higher levels of brooding rumination were associated with greater sustained attention to sad faces and less sustained attention to happy faces. These results remained significant after controlling for participants' prior history of major depression and current nonclinical level of depressive symptoms, suggesting that the link between brooding rumination and attentional biases is at least partially independent of current or past depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Owens
- a Department of Psychology , Center for Affective Science, Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - Brandon E Gibb
- a Department of Psychology , Center for Affective Science, Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton , NY , USA
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Çek D, Sánchez A, Timpano KR. Social Anxiety-Linked Attention Bias to Threat Is Indirectly Related to Post-Event Processing Via Subjective Emotional Reactivity to Social Stress. Behav Ther 2016; 47:377-87. [PMID: 27157031 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention bias to threat (e.g., disgust faces) is a cognitive vulnerability factor for social anxiety occurring in early stages of information processing. Few studies have investigated the relationship between social anxiety and attention biases, in conjunction with emotional and cognitive responses to a social stressor. Elucidating these links would shed light on maintenance factors of social anxiety and could help identify malleable treatment targets. This study examined the associations between social anxiety level, attention bias to disgust (AB-disgust), subjective emotional and physiological reactivity to a social stressor, and subsequent post-event processing (PEP). We tested a mediational model where social anxiety level indirectly predicted subsequent PEP via its association with AB-disgust and immediate subjective emotional reactivity to social stress. Fifty-five undergraduates (45% female) completed a passive viewing task. Eye movements were tracked during the presentation of social stimuli (e.g., disgust faces) and used to calculate AB-disgust. Next, participants gave an impromptu speech in front of a video camera and watched a neutral video, followed by the completion of a PEP measure. Although there was no association between AB-disgust and physiological reactivity to the stressor, AB-disgust was significantly associated with greater subjective emotional reactivity from baseline to the speech. Analyses supported a partial mediation model where AB-disgust and subjective emotional reactivity to a social stressor partially accounted for the link between social anxiety levels and PEP.
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Everaert J, Grahek I, Duyck W, Buelens J, Van den Bergh N, Koster EHW. Mapping the interplay among cognitive biases, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:726-735. [PMID: 26878897 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1144561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive biases and emotion regulation (ER) difficulties have been instrumental in understanding hallmark features of depression. However, little is known about the interplay among these important risk factors to depression. This cross-sectional study investigated how multiple cognitive biases modulate the habitual use of ER processes and how ER habits subsequently regulate depressive symptoms. All participants first executed a computerised version of the scrambled sentences test (interpretation bias measure) while their eye movements were registered (attention bias measure) and then completed questionnaires assessing positive reappraisal, brooding, and depressive symptoms. Path and bootstrapping analyses supported both direct effects of cognitive biases on depressive symptoms and indirect effects via the use of brooding and via the use of reappraisal that was in turn related to the use of brooding. These findings help to formulate a better understanding of how cognitive biases and ER habits interact to maintain depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Everaert
- a Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Ivan Grahek
- a Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Wouter Duyck
- b Department of Experimental Psychology , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Jana Buelens
- a Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Nathan Van den Bergh
- a Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Ernst H W Koster
- a Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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Gibb BE, McGeary JE, Beevers CG. Attentional biases to emotional stimuli: Key components of the RDoC constructs of sustained threat and loss. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:65-80. [PMID: 26369836 PMCID: PMC5664953 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biased attention to emotional stimuli plays a key role in the RDoC constructs of Sustained Threat and Loss. In this article, we review approaches to assessing these biases, their links with psychopathology, and the underlying neural influences. We then review evidence from twin and candidate gene studies regarding genetic influences on attentional biases. We also discuss the impact of developmental and environmental influences and end with a number of suggestions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E. McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
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Jin AB, Steding LH, Webb AK. Reduced emotional and cardiovascular reactivity to emotionally evocative stimuli in major depressive disorder. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 97:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Greenberg JL, Reuman L, Hartmann AS, Kasarskis I, Wilhelm S. Visual hot spots: an eye tracking study of attention bias in body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 57:125-32. [PMID: 25005739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Attentional biases have been implicated in the development and maintenance of BDD. In particular, a visual attention bias toward one's unattractive features and others' attractive features (negative bias), might underlie BDD symptoms. Healthy individuals typically pay more attention to others' unattractive and their own attractive features (positive bias). This study used eye tracking to examine visual attention in individuals with BDD relative to healthy controls (HC). We also explored the role of avoidance in attention bias. Participants with BDD and primary face/head concerns (n = 19) and HC (n = 20) completed computerized tasks and questionnaires. Eye movement data (i.e., fixations, dwell time) were recorded while participants viewed images of their own and a control face (selected for average attractiveness and neutral expression). Participants rated distress and perceived most and least attractive features of their own and another face. BDD participants demonstrated a negative mean total bias score compared to HC (fixation: p = 0.24; dwell: p = 0.08). Age (fixation: p = 0.006; dwell: p = 0.03) and gender (fixation: p = 0.03; dwell: p = 0.03) moderated the relationship. Avoidance was associated with a positive bias in BDD. Results suggest individuals with BDD overfocus on negative attributes, a potential factor in the disorder's etiology and maintenance. Conversely, HC had a more balanced focus on their traits. Elucidating the role of attention bias could help to identify risk and maintenance factors in BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States.
| | - Lillian Reuman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Andrea S Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Irina Kasarskis
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
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Sirois S, Brisson J. Pupillometry. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2014; 5:679-692. [PMID: 26308873 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pupillometry is the study of changes in the diameter of the pupil as a function of cognitive processing. This review paper provides a brief historical overview of the study of pupillometry in cognitive science. The physiology of pupillary responses is introduced, leading to an outline of early pupillometry work, which began with the seminal work of Hess and Polt in the 1960s. The paper then presents a broad review of contemporary research in cognitive sciences that relies on pupillometry. This review is organized around five general domains, namely perception, language processing, memory and decision making, emotion and cognition, and cognitive development. In order to illustrate the nature of the method, and the challenges of analysis, the next section of the review details the process of compiling, processing, and analyzing data from a simple, typical pupillometry study. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:679-692. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1323 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Sirois
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Brisson
- Laboratoire Psy-NCA (EA 4700), Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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