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Singh M, Singh U, Mathur N, Shukla Y. Expression of P-glycoprotein is Positively Correlated with p53 in Human Papilloma Virus Induced Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of Uterine Cervix: Poor Prognosis Association. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:6039-45. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.12.6039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Genomic amplification of the human telomerase RNA gene for differential diagnosis of cervical disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 191:10-6. [PMID: 19389503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate genomic amplification of the human telomerase RNA gene (TERC) as a supportive approach to cytopathology or histopathology in diagnosis of low-grade and high-grade uterine cervical lesions, 1,033 Chinese women at three medical centers had liquid-based thin-layer cytopathologic examination and TERC detection by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Human papillomavirus DNA testing, colposcopy with or without biopsy, and histopathologic examination were conducted as needed. In cytopathologic examination, genomic amplification of TERC was found in 30 of 659 (4.6%) normal or benign cellular changes; in 23 of 170 (13.5%) atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS); in 8 of 28 (28.6%) atypical squamous cells with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion possible (ASC-H); and in 26 of 103 (25.2%) low-grade (LSIL) and 64 of 73 (87.7%) high-grade (HSIL) squamous intraepithelial lesions; with pairwise significant difference (P< 0.05) in each, except ASC-H and LSIL (chi(2) = 0.127, P = 0.72). In histopathologic examination, TERC was amplified in 28 of 671 (4.2%) normal, inflammatory, or wart cases; in 17 of 233 (7.3%) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 cases (CIN 1); in 27 of 39 (69.2%) CIN 2 cases; in 57 of 67 (85.1%) CIN 3 cases; and in 22 of 23 (95.7%) cervical cancer cases; with pairwise significant difference in each (P < 0.05). The number of cells with abnormal signals increased and the abnormal signal patterns were diversified with increasing severity of cervical dysplasia. FISH detection of TERC amplification may provide an effective, noninvasive approach in conjunction with cytopathologic or histopathologic evaluation for differential diagnosis of low- and high-grade cervical disorders.
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Bhatla N, Lal N, Bao YP, Ng T, Qiao YL. A meta-analysis of human papillomavirus type-distribution in women from South Asia: Implications for vaccination. Vaccine 2008; 26:2811-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sima N, Cai L, Zhu Y, Wang W, Wang S, Ma D. Relationship between the expression of telomerase and human papillomavirus infection in invasive uterine cervical carcinoma. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2007; 27:451-3. [PMID: 17828509 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase activity was examined in invasive cervical carcinoma to assess whether it is activated during cervical malignant transformation and to look for its possible association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Histologically confirmed invasive cervical carcinomas and benign cervices were assayed for telomerase activity by using a modified telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). The same cases were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of HPV by using consensus primers and type-specific (HPV types 16 and 18) primers. Telomerase activity was detected in 40 of 45 (88.9%) invasive cervical carcinomas and 2 (all chronic cervicitis) of 50 (4%) benign cervical lesions. HPV was detected in 36 (24 HPV-16 and 4 HPV-18 cases) of 45 (80%) invasive cervical carcinomas and 20 (11 HPV-16 and 1 HPV-18 cases) of 50 (40%) benign cervical changes. There was a significant correlation between the expression of telomerase with histological grade (omega=0.44, P<0.005), but no correlation was found between telomerase expression and HPV-18 (P>0.05). Although larger sample studies are needed, there seems to be a clear association between telomerase upregulation and HPV status, mainly HPV-16 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Sima
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Rosa MI, Medeiros LR, Bozzetti MC, Fachel J, Wendland E, Zanini RR, Moraes AB, Rosa DD. Accuracy of telomerase in cervical lesions: a systematic review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17:1205-14. [PMID: 17506842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of telomerase activity in cervix may provide information on cervical carcinogenesis and may be a marker to monitor cervical intraepithelial neoplasia transition. A quantitative systematic review was performed to estimate the accuracy of telomerase assay in cervical lesions. Studies that evaluated the telomerase test (telomerase repeated amplification protocol) for the diagnosis of cervix lesions and compared it to paraffin-embedded sections as the diagnostic standard were included. Ten studies were analyzed, which included 1069 women. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for a positive telomerase test for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (Lo-SIL) vs normal or benign lesions was 3.2 (95% CI, 1.9-5.6). The DOR for a positive telomerase test for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (Hi-SIL) vs Lo-SIL, normal or benign lesions was 5.8 (95% CI, 3.1-10). For cervix cancer vs Hi-SIL, the DOR for a positive telomerase test was 8.1 (95% CI, 3.2-20.3) and for cervix cancer vs Lo-SIL, normal or benign lesions, it was 40.9 (95% CI, 18.2-91). Our data support the current hypothesis that telomerase may activate an early event in cervical carcinogenesis that could be associated with the initiation and progression of cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Shin JS, Hong A, Solomon MJ, Lee CS. The role of telomeres and telomerase in the pathology of human cancer and aging. Pathology 2006; 38:103-13. [PMID: 16581649 DOI: 10.1080/00313020600580468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, the state of permanent growth arrest, is the inevitable fate of replicating normal somatic cells. Postulated to underlie this finite replicative span is the physiology of telomeres, which constitute the ends of chromosomes. The repetitive sequences of these DNA-protein complexes progressively shorten with each mitosis. When the critical length is bridged, telomeres trigger DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms that result in chromosomal fusions, cell cycle arrest, senescence and/or apoptosis. Should senescence be bypassed at such time, continued cell divisions in the face of dysfunctional telomeres and activated DNA repair machinery can result in the genomic instability favourable for oncogenesis. The longevity and malignant progression of the thus transformed cell requires coincident telomerase expression or other means to negate the constitutional telomeric loss. Practically then, telomeres and telomerase may represent plausible prognostic and screening cancer markers. Furthermore, if the argument is extended, with assumptions that telomeric attrition is indeed the basis of cellular senescence and that accumulation of the latter equates to aging at the organismal level, then telomeres may well explain the increased incidence of cancer with human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Shik Shin
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia.
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy and is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is the most common female malignancy in the world. While cervical cancer is a worldwide disease, oral cancer has the highest incidence in developing countries, especially among tobacco and alcohol users and betel quid chewers. A strong association of cervical and oral cancer with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 infections underlines the importance of the virus in the pathogenesis of these squamous cell carcinomas. Functionally high-risk HPV infection contributes to carcinogenesis and tumor progression predominantly through the actions of two viral oncogenes, E6 and E7. The E6 and E7 genes have been studied in different patient populations and a number of variants have been described. More than 40 variants have been classified and may be related to differences in progression of squamous intraepithelial lesions. The transcription factor, NFkappaB and its activation pathways are frequently targeted by viruses and aberrant constitutive activation of NFkappaB is frequently found in human tumors of diverse tissue origin. Diet-gene interactions are also likely to contribute considerably to the observed inter-individual variations in HPV associated cancer risk, in response to exposures to the nutritional factors that have the potential to promote or protect against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nair
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Drug Development and Chemoinformatics, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Singh A, Sharma H, Salhan S, Gupta SD, Bhatla N, Jain SK, Singh N. Evaluation of expression of apoptosis-related proteins and their correlation with HPV, telomerase activity, and apoptotic index in cervical cancer. Pathobiology 2005; 71:314-22. [PMID: 15627842 DOI: 10.1159/000081727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in cervical cancer, and investigate their correlation with the apoptotic index (AI), telomerase activity, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and clinicopathological characteristics. METHODS Fifty cervical cancer samples and 20 normal cervical tissues were assessed for the protein expression of survivin, Bcl-2, Cox-2, p53 and p73 by immunohistochemistry. HPV DNA was detected by PCR, telomerase activity by PCR-ELISA, and AI by TUNEL assay. RESULTS 46/50 cervical tumors (92%) showed an increased telomerase activity as compared to 3/20 (15%) controls. 45/50 (90%) cervical tumors were positive for HPV, of which 30 were HPV-16 positive and 5 were HPV-18 positive. 24/50 (48%) tumors were positive for survivin, 14 (28%) for Bcl-2, 13 (26%) for Cox-2, 19/45 (42%) for p73, 10/45 (24%) for p53. Telomerase activity was highest in tumors with the poorest grade. A positive correlation was seen between survivin and Bcl-2, survivin and tumor stage, Bcl-2 and Cox-2, p73 and p53 and p73 and the AI. Despite the overexpression of various antiapoptotic proteins, no significant difference was observed in the AI between tumors and controls. CONCLUSIONS Since deregulation of the apoptotic pathway appears to occur in cervical cancer, some apoptosis-related proteins could be assessed as potential markers for progression/prognosis in cervical cancer. Additionally, newer proteins such as p73 may play a compensatory role for the nonfunctional proteins such as p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
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Ault KA, Allen HK, Phillips SL, Bridget Zimmerman M, Klingelhutz AJ. Telomerase Activity as a Potential Diagnostic Marker for Triage of Abnormal Pap Smears. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2005; 9:93-9. [PMID: 15870530 PMCID: PMC2223068 DOI: 10.1097/00128360-200504000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether there is an association between high levels of telomerase and premalignant cervical disease and to provide a preliminary analysis of telomerase activity as a potential triage strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Premenopausal women were invited to participate in the study during routine gynecologic visits as well as visits where colposcopy was performed. Samples were taken from the cervix using a broom device and placed in cold phosphate-buffered saline. A total of 92 samples were evaluated. Cells were counted and lysed, and a semiquantitative measure of telomerase activity was determined using a commercially available telomerase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 was assessed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. One-way analysis of variance was used to test for the association of telomerase activity with cytology, HPV type 16 or 18 status, and colposcopy and/or biopsy findings. RESULTS When telomerase levels were analyzed according to Pap smear results, there were no differences among four groups of cytology findings (normal, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion). When colposcopy and/or biopsy results were considered, significantly higher levels of telomerase were detected in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2,3 samples than in normal Pap smear samples and CIN 1 samples (p = .035). There was no significant difference in telomerase levels between samples that tested positive for HPV type 16 or 18 and those that did not (p = .111). CONCLUSIONS Telomerase levels were significantly higher in cytologic samples from women with biopsy-proven CIN 2,3 than in samples from women with normal cytology results or CIN 1. These results warrant larger studies to determine whether telomerase activity may be a useful triage tool for abnormal cytologic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Ault
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Heather K. Allen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Stacia L. Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Aloysius J. Klingelhutz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Shats I, Milyavsky M, Tang X, Stambolsky P, Erez N, Brosh R, Kogan I, Braunstein I, Tzukerman M, Ginsberg D, Rotter V. p53-dependent down-regulation of telomerase is mediated by p21waf1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:50976-85. [PMID: 15371422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402502200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of p53 and activation of telomerase occur in the majority of human cancers, raising the possibility of a link between these two pathways. Overexpression of wild-type p53 down-regulates the enzymatic activity of telomerase in various cancer cell lines through transcriptional repression of its catalytic subunit, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). In this study, we re-evaluated the role of p53 in telomerase regulation using isogenic cell lines expressing physiological levels of p53. We demonstrate that endogenous wild-type p53 was able to down-regulate telomerase activity, hTERT mRNA levels, and promoter activity; however, the ability to repress hTERT expression was found to be cell type-specific. The integrity of the DNA-binding core domain, the N-terminal transactivation domain, and the C-terminal oligomerization domains of p53 was essential for hTERT promoter repression, whereas the proline-rich domain and the extreme C terminus were not required. Southwestern and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated lack of p53 binding to the hTERT promoter, raising the possibility of an indirect repressive mechanism. The down-regulation of hTERT promoter activity was abolished by a dominant-negative E2F1 mutant. Mutational analysis identified a specific E2F site responsible for p53-mediated repression. Knockdown of the key p53 transcriptional target, p21, was sufficient to eliminate the p53-dependent repression of hTERT. Inactivation of the Rb family using either viral oncoproteins or RNA interference attenuated the repression. Inhibition of histone deacetylases also interfered with the repression of hTERT by p53. Therefore, our results suggest that repression of hTERT by endogenous p53 is mediated by p21 and E2F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shats
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Pillai MR, Chacko P, Kesari LA, Jayaprakash PG, Jayaram HN, Antony AC. Expression of folate receptors and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 in women with human papillomavirus mediated transformation of cervical tissue to cancer. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:569-74. [PMID: 12890803 PMCID: PMC1770025 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.8.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Folate receptors (FRs) mediate cellular uptake of folates in many cancer cells and in folate deficiency heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNP-E1) mediates translational upregulation of FR in cultured cervical cancer cells. hnRNP-E1 can also interfere with human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) viral capsid protein synthesis (and thereby HPV proliferation) in vitro. This study aimed to evaluate prospectively the relevance of FR and hnRNP-E1 expression in the normal cervix, cervical dysplasia, and cancer. METHODS Cervical tissues from 12 women with normal histology and 69 consecutive women with varying grades of cervical dysplasia and cancer were prospectively evaluated for immunohistochemical expression of FR, hnRNP-E1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and HPV. There were 22 women with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL), 22 with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL), and 25 with invasive cervical carcinoma. RESULTS Among normal subjects, 100% and 92% expressed hnRNP-E1 and FR, respectively. FR expression decreased from 91% in LGSIL to 68% and 64% in women with HGSIL and cancer, respectively. Similarly, hnRNP-E1 expression decreased from 86% in LGSIL to 68% and 40% in HGSIL and cancer, respectively. There was a highly significant positive correlation between the extent of FR and hnRNP-E1 expression, and an inverse correlation between HPV infection and hnRNP-E1 expression during progression of cervical dysplasia to cancer. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with a hypothesis that reduced hnRNP-E1 expression may be permissive for HPV proliferation and progression to cervical cancer, and support the need for prospective longitudinal studies of hnRNP-E1 expression in HPV-16 infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pillai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, India.
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Shats I, Milyavsky M, Erez N, Rotter V. The murine telomerase catalytic subunit shares the PAb-240 mutant specific epitope of the p53 protein. FEBS Lett 2003; 546:321-4. [PMID: 12832061 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many tumorigenic p53 mutants gain a common antigenic epitope that is recognized by the PAb-240 antibody. Database search identified the presence of this epitope in several other proteins, including several antibodies and the catalytic subunit of mouse telomerase, mTERT. These antibodies may represent a part of the previously demonstrated anti-idiotypic network built around p53. In the present study we demonstrate that the PAb-240 antibody was able to inhibit telomerase activity in extracts from both mouse and human tumor cells. The recognition of mTERT by PAb-240 is demonstrated by Western blotting and by using blocking peptides derived from mTERT. The existence of a shared epitope between mutant p53 and telomerase may suggest that the two proteins contribute to malignant transformation through a common pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shats
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Radhakrishna Pillai M, Sreevidya S, Pollock BH, Jayaprakash PG, Herman B. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 gene variations in Indian cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2002; 87:268-73. [PMID: 12468324 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2002.6835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human papillomavirus type 16 is a causative factor for development of cervical cancer. The E6 and E7 genes of HPV 16 are critical to the process of immortalization and transformation of host cells. Recent reports suggest that variants of these two genes may contribute to the risk of malignant progression of cancer in the uterine cervix. However, no data exist on sequence variations of HPV 16 E6 and E7 genes that may exist in India. Therefore, we examined intratype variations in the E6 and E7 viral genes in DNA isolated from HPV 16-positive cervical scrapes and biopsies. METHODS The open reading frames of the E6 and E7 genes were amplified by PCR and then directly sequenced by the fluorescent dye dideoxy termination method.Results. In addition to the prototype E6 gene sequence, five sets of mutations of the E6 gene were identified. The European prototype (350T) was detected in 9.1% of the study group while the European variant (350G) was seen in 28% of patients. The remaining variants (a combination of the 350G mutation with 335T, 145T, or 419G) were significantly associated with cases compared to controls. The 350G + 145T variant was found at much higher incidence in cases in younger women, suggesting that this variant may be associated with aggressive tumor behavior. Interestingly the 350G + 419G combination was found only in controls. There was no significant association between the four genotypes of E7 and any stage of tumor progression or age. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that specific mutations in the E6 gene are found in young Indian women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cancer, suggesting that these mutations represent more oncogenically active HPV 16. Whether this increased oncogenecity is due to differences in p53 inactivation, ineffective keratinocyte differentiation, and/or altered response to the immune system by these oncogenic E6 mutants remains to be clarified.
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Shen ZY, Xu LY, Li EM, Cai WJ, Chen MH, Shen J, Zeng Y. Telomere and telomerase in the initial stage of immortalization of esophageal epithelial cell. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:357-62. [PMID: 11925625 PMCID: PMC4658384 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i2.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To search for the biomarker of cellular immortalization, the telomere length, telomerase activity and its subunits in cultured epithelial cells of human fetal esophagus in the process of immortalization.
METHODS: The transgenic cell line of human fetal esophageal epithelium (SHEE) was established with E6E7 genes of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 18 in our laboratory. Morphological phenotype of cultured SHEE cells from the 6th to 30th passages, was examined by phase contrast microscopy, the telomere length was assayed by Southern blot method, and the activity of telomerase was analyzed by telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). Expressions of subunits of telomerase, hTR and hTERT, were assessed by RT-PCR. DNA content in cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. The cell apoptosis was examined by electron microscopy (EM) and TUNEL label.
RESULTS: SHEE cells from the 6th to 10th passages showed cellular proliferation with a good differentiation. From the 12th to the 16th passages, many senescent and apoptotic cells appeared, and the telomere length sharply shortened from 23 kb to 17 kb without expression of hTERT and telomerase activity. At the 20th passage, SHEE cells overcame the senescence and apoptosis and restored their proliferative activity with expression of telomerase and hTERT at low levels, but the telomere length shortened continuously to the lowest of 3 kb. After the 30th passage cells proliferation was restored by increment of cells at S and G2M phase in the cell cycle and telomerase activity expressed at high levels and with maintenance of telomere length.
CONCLUSION: At the early stage of SHEE cells, telomeres are shortened without expression of telomerase and hTERT causing cellular senescence and cell death. From the 20th to the 30th passages, the activation of telomerase and maintenance of telomere length show a progressive process for immortalization of esophageal epithelial cells. The expression of telomerase may constitute a biomarker for detection of immortalization of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ying Shen
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Medical College of Shantou University, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515031, Guandong Province, China.
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Jacob SE, Sreevidya S, Chacko E, Pillai MR. Cellular manifestations of human papillomavirus infection in laryngeal tissues. J Surg Oncol 2002; 79:142-50. [PMID: 11870663 DOI: 10.1002/jso.10075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although epidemiologic studies have suggested human papillomavirus (HPV) to be an etiological agent in laryngeal carcinogenesis, little is known on the cellular manifestations of HPV infection in these tumors. In this study, we investigated the frequency of HPV infection in various neoplastic and non-neoplastic laryngeal tissue and its association with expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the tumor suppressor protein p53. METHODS Tissues were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of HPV and by immunocytochemistry for the expression of p53 and PCNA. RESULTS None of the six normal laryngeal tissues showed the presence of HPV. Thirteen out of the 16 papillomas were positive for HPV, while 15 out of the 44 invasive cancers were HPV positive. PCNA expression increased as the lesion progressed through increasing histological abnormality (r = 0.64400, P = 0.00000). The correlation between the type of laryngeal neoplasm and p53 accumulation was significant (r = 0.54839, P = 0.00000). Significant correlation was also evident between presence of HPV and p53 accumulation (r = 0.34259, P = 0.00424) and PCNA expression (r = 0.036024, P = 0.00266) indicating that HPV positive tumors showed significant p53 accumulation and increased proliferation. There was also correlation between p53 and PCNA expression (r = 0.67475, P = 0.00000) indicating that in all tumors with p53 accumulation, there was a corresponding increase in PCNA expression. CONCLUSIONS The results suggests that changes in p53 and PCNA expression may be associated with HPV infection, and could play a role in laryngeal carcinogenesis.
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Cheah PL, Looi LM, Ng MH, Sivanesaratnam V. Telomerase activation and human papillomavirus infection in invasive uterine cervical carcinoma in a set of Malaysian patients. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:22-6. [PMID: 11825919 PMCID: PMC1769559 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.55.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM Telomerase activity was studied in invasive uterine cervical carcinoma to assess whether it was activated during cervical malignant transformation and to look for a possible association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in a set of Malaysian patients. METHODS Histologically confirmed invasive cervical carcinoma and benign cervices were assayed for telomerase activity using a commercial telomerase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit. The same cases were subjected to PCR detection of HPV using type specific (HPV types 6b, 11, 16, and 18) followed by L1 open reading frame (ORF) consensus primers. RESULTS HPV was detected in 18 (13 HPV-16, one HPV-6b, four only L1 ORF) of 20 invasive cervical carcinoma and one (only L1 ORF) of 19 benign cervices. Raised telomerase activity (A(450 nm) > 0.215) was detected in 11 cervical carcinomas, with A(450 nm) ranging between 0.238 and 21.790 (mean, 3.952) in positive squamous carcinomas, whereas A(450 nm) was only 0.222 in the one positive adenosquamous carcinoma. Five of 11 cervical carcinomas in stage I, three of six in stage II, both in stage III, and the only case in stage IV showed telomerase activation. Increased telomerase activity was noted in five of the 12 lymph node negative, five of the seven lymph node status unknown cases, and the one case with presumed lymph node metastasis. Ten of 18 HPV positive and one of two HPV negative cervical carcinomas showed telomerase upregulation. CONCLUSIONS Telomerase is activated in invasive cervical carcinoma. Although larger studies are needed, there seems to be no clear association between telomerase upregulation and HPV status, although there is a suggestion of increased telomerase activity in squamous carcinomas and late stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Cheah
- Department of Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Skelton HG, Flax S, Chang L, Smith KJ. Squamous cell carcinomas arising from adnexal ductal cysts. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126:76-8. [PMID: 11800652 DOI: 10.5858/2002-126-0076-sccafa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumors arising from adnexal cysts are rare. We report 2 cases of squamous cell carcinomas that developed within cystic structures arising from adnexal ducts. An in situ hybridization technique for human papillomaviruses (HPV)-6/11, -16, -18, and -31, and immunohistochemical staining for p53 were performed. Both tumors showed focal expression of HPV-16 within areas showing squamoid changes and diffuse expression of p53 within the areas of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Although nuclear staining for HPV has been identified in tumors of adnexal origin, to our knowledge these are the first cases in which a highly oncogenic HPV subtype, HPV-16, has been identified within squamous cell carcinomas arising from adnexal ductal structures. These cases may help explain primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas with no epidermal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry G Skelton
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294-0009, USA.
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Pillai MR, Nair MK. Development of a condemned mucosa syndrome and pathogenesis of human papillomavirus-associated upper aerodigestive tract and uterine cervical tumors. Exp Mol Pathol 2000; 69:233-41. [PMID: 11115364 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2000.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of many squamous carcinomas, particularly those of the uterine cervix. A number of random studies have also reported association of high-risk HPV subtypes with cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, hypopharynx, and esophagus. The roles of other molecular factors involved during HPV infection in these tumors still remain unclear. Recent findings from our laboratories have suggested possible mechanisms associated with HPV-mediated carcinogenesis. Both p53 mutation-dependent and mutation-independent pathways may be associated with HPV-mediated carcinogenesis, the former mainly in upper aerodigestive tract tumors (UADT) and the latter in cervical tumors. In cervical tumors, inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor protein by the E6 gene product of high-risk HPVs and mutation of the p53 gene in UADT is associated with alterations in the apoptotic regulatory bcl-2 and bax genes, leading to downregulation of programmed cell death (PCD) and increased cell proliferation. HPV infection is also associated with increased tissue angiogenesis and activation of telomerase. Altered kinetics of telomere fragments is evident in HPV-infected tissue. We therefore believe that the combined manifestations of all these factors may contribute to development of a "condemned mucosa syndrome" facilitating development UADT and cervical cancers. A distinct step in the pathogenesis of both types of tumors may only be in the mode of p53 inactivation, whereas all other events appear to be strongly correlated to the presence of HPV. The development and validation of such a molecular model has significant clinical priority. It can be used to identify target populations or individuals for intervention, to monitor effects of intervention, and to determine which individuals or groups are at increased risk of developing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pillai
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram. India
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