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Sweazea KL. Revisiting glucose regulation in birds - A negative model of diabetes complications. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110778. [PMID: 35817273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Birds naturally have blood glucose concentrations that are nearly double levels measured for mammals of similar body size and studies have shown that birds are resistant to insulin-mediated glucose uptake into tissues. While a combination of high blood glucose and insulin resistance is associated with diabetes-related pathologies in mammals, birds do not develop such complications. Moreover, studies have shown that birds are resistant to oxidative stress and protein glycation and in fact, live longer than similar-sized mammals. This review seeks to explore how birds regulate blood glucose as well as various theories that might explain their apparent resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake and adaptations that enable them to thrive in a state of relative hyperglycemia.
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Viana EDF, Carvalho Mello HHD, Carvalho FB, Café MB, Leandro NSM, Arnhold E, Stringhini JH. Blood biochemical parameters and organs development of brown layers fed reduced dietary protein levels in two rearing systems. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:444-452. [PMID: 34293840 PMCID: PMC8902232 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and two rearing systems (cage and floor), on blood parameters and digestive and reproductive organ development of brown laying hens. Methods A total of 400 Hisex Brown laying hens between 30 and 45 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design and a 2×4 factorial arrangement, with main effects including two rearing systems (cage and floor) and levels of CP (140, 150, 160, and 180 g/kg), in a total of eight treatments and five replicates of 10 birds each with initial body weight of 1,877 g (laying hen in cage) and 1,866 g (laying hens in floor). The parameters evaluated were plasma total protein, albumin, uric acid, total cholesterol, relative weights of oviduct, abdominal fat, liver, gizzard, crest and dewlap, length of small intestine and oviduct. Results The blood parameters were similar in birds reared in cage and floor systems. The birds reared on the floor showed greater small intestine and oviduct weight (%) and lower liver and pancreas weight (%). A significant interaction was observed between factors for the relative gizzard, crest and dewlap weight, serum protein, uric acid, and total cholesterol (P<0.05). The diets with 140 g/kg CP resulted in lower serum protein and lower cholesterol in birds reared in floor system, while birds reared in cage system showed no effect of CP on both parameters. Birds reared in cage and fed with 140 and 150 g/kg CP presented lower uric acid. The group of birds reared in floor system fed 180 g/kg had greater uric acid. Conclusion The dietary protein level can be reduced up to 140 g/kg for Hisex Brown hens (30 to 45 weeks of age) without an important effect on metabolic profile and organ development in both rearing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Arnhold
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
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Zanu HK, Kheravii SK, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Dietary calcium and meat and bone meal as potential precursors for the onset of necrotic enteritis. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1831419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - S. K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | | | - R. A. Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Zapletal D, Macháček M, Suchý P, Straková E, Vitula F. Male-to-female aggression in cage-housed common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) during the breeding season was not related to male plasma testosterone level. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:256-263. [PMID: 29393676 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1436159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to investigate if male-to-female aggression of common pheasants in the course of the breeding season was related to the concentration of plasma testosterone and/or other biochemical plasma indicators in male pheasants housed in breeding cages. The influence of season on the concentration of testosterone and biochemical indicators was also investigated. 2. Males were divided into non-aggressive and aggressive groups during the breeding season based on ethological evaluation. At the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the breeding season, a blood sample was taken from all males on the same day and the concentration of selected biochemical indicators and the total circulating testosterone in the plasma were determined. 3. Male-to-female aggression during the breeding season of pheasants was not influenced by the total plasma testosterone of males. 4. The concentration of total plasma testosterone in males decreased gradually during the breeding season. 5. Male-to-female aggression of pheasants did not have a significant effect on any of the assessed biochemical indicators. 6. The influence of the breeding season affected the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase as well as the concentrations of glucose, magnesium, potassium and chloride in the blood plasma of cage-housed male pheasants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zapletal
- a Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - M Macháček
- a Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - P Suchý
- a Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - E Straková
- b Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - F Vitula
- c Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
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Igwe AO, Ihedioha JI, Okoye J. Changes in serum calcium and phosphorus levels and their relationship to egg production in laying hens infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1352506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. O. Igwe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - J. I. Ihedioha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - J. O. A. Okoye
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Dzikamunhenga RS, Griffith RW, Hostetter S, Fisher P, Larson W. Hematology and Serum Biochemistry Reference Intervals for Six-Week-Old, Farm-Reared Chinese Ring-Necked Pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus ) from Minnesota. Avian Dis 2017; 61:211-213. [PMID: 28665717 DOI: 10.1637/11588-011017-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chinese ring-necked pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus ) are commonly farmed in intensive operations for purposes such as meat production, hunting preserves, or research. Under these conditions, pheasants frequently suffer medical ailments such as bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections or nutritional or metabolic disorders. Relatively little scientific information exists regarding clinical pathology reference intervals (RIs) for farm-reared pheasants. The objective of this study was to determine RIs for hematologic and serum biochemical variables for Chinese ring-necked pheasants from Minnesota at 6 wk of age. Blood samples from 119 clinically healthy Chinese ring-necked pheasants were analyzed using standard techniques. Reference intervals were generated in Microsoft® Excel® 2013 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) using Reference Value Advisor freeware version 2.1 (Microsoft). Ninety-five percent RIs were determined using nonparametric methods that followed Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. These RIs will be useful for the monitoring of health and diagnosis of disease in confined Chinese ring-necked pheasant populations that are approximately 6 wk old.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Dzikamunhenga
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - R W Griffith
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - S Hostetter
- B Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - P Fisher
- B Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - W Larson
- C Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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Bourque L, Laniesse D, Beaufrère H, Pastor A, Ojkic D, Smith DA. Identification of avian bornavirus in a Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) with neurological disease. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:323-7. [PMID: 25980634 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1050956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A one-year-old male Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) was presented for veterinary attention with a history of chronic wasting, weakness and ataxia. The bird died, and post-mortem findings included mild non-suppurative encephalitis and degenerative encephalopathy, lymphoplasmacytic myenteric ganglioneuritis (particularly of the proventriculus), and Wallerian degeneration of the sciatic nerves. Avian bornavirus (ABV) was identified in the brain by immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing of the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction product indicated the presence of ABV genotype 4, which is generally associated with disease in psittacine birds. Subsequent to the death of the pheasant, ABV genotype 4 was identified at autopsy from a juvenile white-bellied caique (Pionites leucogaster) in the same collection. We hypothesize that the pheasant became infected through contact with psittacine birds with which it shared an aviary. We believe this to be the first reported case of natural ABV infection in a bird in the Order Galliformes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bourque
- a Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
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Umar S, Aqil K, Qayyum R, Younus M, Qamar-un-Nisa, Ali S, Shah MA, Irfan M, Usman M, Ali A, Ali A, Ayan A, Yaqoob M. Haematology and blood chemistry references values for clinically healthy red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-016-1052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bajpai SK, Das A, Saini M, Kullu SS, Sharma AK. Influence of dietary protein on serum metabolites and antioxidant status: A study in Chrysolophus amherstiae. Zoo Biol 2016; 35:346-54. [PMID: 27186655 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding graded levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on serum biochemical profile of Lady Amherst's pheasants (LAP). Eighteen male LAP were randomly distributed into three groups of six each in an experiment based on completely randomized design. The CP content of the diets was 13.4%, 16.5%, and 19.1%, in groups I, II, and III, respectively. Serum concentrations of uric acid was lowest (P < 0.05) in group I. Relationship between serum concentration of uric acid and nitrogen intake was linear (R(2) = 0.39, P < 0.01). Concentrations of other serum metabolites and enzymes were similar among the groups. Serum concentration of triiodothyronine (T3 ) was highest (P < 0.05) in group I, followed by groups II and III. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of serum was lower (P < 0.007), whereas serum concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was higher (P < 0.001) in group I as compared to groups II and III. Regression of serum concentration of TAC (R(2) = 0.74, P < 0.01) and MDA (R(2) = 0.39, P < 0.05) was polynomial. Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was higher (P < 0.007) in group I as compared to groups II and III. Relationship between H/L ratio and nitrogen intake was polynomial (R(2) = 0.69, P < 0.05). Cell mediated immune response measured as foot web index was similar among the groups. Based upon the results, it was concluded that a diet containing 16.5% crude protein would be optimum for improving antioxidant defense and the ability of Lady Amherst's pheasant to combat stress. Zoo Biol. 35:346-354, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bajpai
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Das
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Saini
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S S Kullu
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Sharma
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Haematological and biochemical parameters during the laying period in common pheasant hens housed in enhanced cages. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:364602. [PMID: 25121117 PMCID: PMC4121017 DOI: 10.1155/2014/364602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of selected haematological and biochemical parameters during the laying period was monitored in common pheasant hens housed in an enhanced cage system. The cages were enhanced by the addition of two perches and a shelter formed by strips of cloth hanging in the corner of the cage. The results showed significant changes in the haematological and biochemical parameters monitored during egg laying. At the time when laying capacity approached a maximum, a decrease was observed (P < 0.05) in haematocrit, erythrocytes, and haemoglobin values, whereas monocytes, eosinophils, the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, phosphorus, and calcium exhibited an increase (P < 0.05). At the end of the laying period, an increase (P < 0.05) was recorded in the count of leukocytes, heterophils, lymphocytes and basophils, the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and the concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, phosphorus, and calcium, whereas lower values (P < 0.05) were recorded for haematocrit and plasma total protein in comparison with the values of the indicators at the beginning of the laying period. The results provide new information about dynamic changes in selected haematological and biochemical parameters in clinically healthy common pheasant hens during the laying period.
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Ekunseitan DA, Balogun OO, Sogunle OM, Yusuf AO, Ayoola AA, Egbeyale LT, Adeyemi OA, Allison IB, Iyanda AI. Health status of birds fed diets containing three differently processed discarded vegetable-bovine blood-rumen content mixtures. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16:325-31. [PMID: 24498799 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.325.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding three differently processed mixtures on health status of broilers. A total of 1080 day-old Marshal broilers were fed; discarded vegetable-fresh bovine blood-fresh rumen digesta (P1), discarded vegetable-ensiled bovine blood-fresh rumen digesta (P2) and discarded vegetable-fresh bovine blood-ensiled rumen digesta (P3) at three levels of inclusion (0, 3 and 6%). Data on blood parameters was taken and were subjected to 3 x 3 factorial arrangements in a completely randomized design. Birds fed P1 had least values (p < 0.05) of serum glucose, total protein, globulin, uric acid and creatinine at starter phase. Birds fed diets containing 3 and 6% level of inclusion recorded the highest (p < 0.05) Packed cell volume, Haemoglobin, White blood cell and Red blood cell values. However, those fed at 0% level of inclusion recorded the highest albumin value. At finisher phase, birds fed P2 and P3 had the highest glucose, uric acid and creatinine values. 6% level of inclusion significantly (p < 0.05) increased the total protein and albumin values. Therefore, for enhanced performance and without comprising the health condition of birds; broiler chickens could be fed diets containing discarded vegetable-fresh bovine blood-ensiled rumen digesta (P3) up to 6% level of inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Ekunseitan
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O O Balogun
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O M Sogunle
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A O Yusuf
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A A Ayoola
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - L T Egbeyale
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O A Adeyemi
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - I B Allison
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A I Iyanda
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Albokhadai I. Hematological and Some Biochemical Values of Indigenous Chickens in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia During Summer Season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ajpsaj.2012.138.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gladbach A, Gladbach DJ, Quillfeldt P. Variations in leucocyte profiles and plasma biochemistry are related to different aspects of parental investment in male and female Upland geese Chloephaga picta leucoptera. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:269-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moreno B, Chacón G, Villa A, Fernández A, Vela AI, Fernández-Garayzábal JF, Ferré S, Gracia E. Nervous signs associated with otitis and cranial osteomyelitis and withOrnithobacterium rhinotrachealeinfection in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). Avian Pathol 2009; 38:341-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903183686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Silva PRL, Freitas Neto OC, Laurentiz AC, Junqueira OM, Fagliari JJ. Blood serum components and serum protein test of Hybro-PG broilers of different ages. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2007000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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