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Brigante J, Costa JO, Espíndola ELG, Daam MA. Acute toxicity of the insecticide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole (individually and in mixture) to the tropical stingless bee Melipona scutellaris. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1872-1879. [PMID: 34379243 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stingless bees have been recognized as essential plant pollinators and producers of various natural products in neotropical areas. Research into the potential risks of pesticides they may be exposed to in agricultural fields, however, remains meagre. Especially the toxicity of pesticide mixtures likely to occur under real-world conditions and that are likely to exert synergetic effects has been poorly studied. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the single and mixture acute contact and oral toxicity of commercial products containing the insecticide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole in laboratory bioassays with the Brazilian native stingless bee Melipona scutellaris. In addition, a comparison of the insecticide sensitivity of stingless bees relative to the honeybee Apis mellifera was made based on previously published toxicity data. Except for oral exposure to abamectin, M. scutellaris appeared to be more sensitive that A. mellifera in the single compound toxicity tests. A difenoconazole concentration at the NOEC (no observed effect concentration) level indicated a synergetic toxic interaction with abamectin. A sensitivity comparison based on published toxicity data for A. mellifera and stingless bees indicated several insecticidal modes of action having a high relative sensitivity to stingless bees that need especial consideration in future studies. The research findings highlight the need for testing native bee species and environmentally relevant pesticide mixtures in risk assessments to avoid underestimation of potential risks to bee populations and the subsequent loss of pollination ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete Brigante
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Joyce Oliveira Costa
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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Devillers J, Devillers H. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Pyriproxyfen on Apis and Non- Apis Bees. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040104. [PMID: 33212791 PMCID: PMC7712127 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone mimic used extensively worldwide to fight pests in agriculture and horticulture. It also has numerous applications as larvicide in vector control. The molecule disrupts metamorphosis and adult emergence in the target insects. The same types of adverse effects are expected on non-target insects. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the existing information on the toxicity of pyriproxyfen on the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and non-Apis bees (bumble bees, solitary bees, and stingless bees). The goal was also to identify the gaps necessary to fill. Thus, whereas the acute and sublethal toxicity of pyriproxyfen against A. mellifera is well-documented, the information is almost lacking for the non-Apis bees. The direct and indirect routes of exposure of the non-Apis bees to pyriproxyfen also need to be identified and quantified. More generally, the impacts of pyriproxyfen on the reproductive success of the different bee species have to be evaluated as well as the potential adverse effects of its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Devillers
- SPO, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
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Farias ES, Araújo TA, Resende GC, Campos JND, Pimentel MF, Alvarenga ES, Picanço MC. Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Phthalides Analogs to Rhyzopertha dominica. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800557. [PMID: 30600913 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phthalides and their precursors have demonstrated a large variety of biological activities. Eighteen phthalides were synthesized and tested on the stored grain pest Rhyzopertha dominica. In the screening bioassay, compounds rac-(2R,2aS,4R,4aS,6aR,6bS,7R)-7-bromohexahydro-2,4-methano-1,6-dioxacyclopenta[cd]pentalen-5(2H)-one (15) and rac-(3R,3aR,4R,7S,7aS)-3-(propan-2-yloxy)hexahydro-4,7-methano-2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one (17) showed mortality similar to the commercial insecticide, Bifenthrin® (≥90 %). The time (LT50 ) and dose (LD50 ) necessary to kill 50 % of the R. dominica population were determined for the most efficacious phthalides 15 and 17. Compound 15 presented the lowest LD50 (1.97 μg g-1 ), being four times more toxic than Bifenthrin® (LD50 =9.11 μg g-1 ). Both compounds presented an LT50 value equal to 24 h. When applied at a sublethal dose, both phthalides (especially compound 15), reduced the emergence of the first progeny of R. dominica. These findings highlight the potential of phthalides 15 and 17 as precursors for the development of insecticides for R. dominica control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizeu S Farias
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Tamíris A Araújo
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C Resende
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Júlia N D Campos
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Entomology Hall, 103, 1700 E Campus Mall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Mirian F Pimentel
- Department of Plant, Soils, and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois, University Carbondale, 1205 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Elson S Alvarenga
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Picanço
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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