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Anwar M, Rimsha G, Majeed MI, Alwadie N, Nawaz H, Majeed MZ, Rashid N, Zafar F, Kamran A, Wasim M, Mehmood N, Shabbir I, Imran M. Rapid Identification and Quantification of Adulteration in Methyl Eugenol using Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Multivariate Data Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7545-7553. [PMID: 38405541 PMCID: PMC10882614 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Identification of adulterants in commercial samples of methyl eugenol is necessary because it is a botanical insecticide, a tephritid male attractant lure that is used to attract and kill invasive pests such as oriental fruit flies and melon flies on crops. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess commercial methyl eugenol along with adulterants. For this purpose, commercial methyl eugenol was adulterated with different concentrations of xylene. The Raman spectral features of methyl eugenol and xylene in liquid formulations were examined, and Raman peaks were identified as associated with the methyl eugenol and adulterant. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression analysis (PLSR) have been used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the Raman spectral features. PCA was applied to differentiate Raman spectral data for various concentrations of methyl eugenol and xylene. Additionally, PLSR has been used to develop a predictive model to observe a quantitative relationship between various concentrations of adulterated methyl eugenol and their Raman spectral data sets. The root-mean-square errors of calibration and prediction were calculated using this model, and the results were found to be 1.90 and 3.86, respectively. The goodness of fit of the PLSR model is found to be 0.99. The proposed approach showed excellent potential for the rapid, quantitative detection of adulterants in methyl eugenol, and it may be applied to the analysis of a range of pesticide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntaha Anwar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Gull Rimsha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Najah Alwadie
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed
- Department
of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University
of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad
Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Zafar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Kamran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mehmood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ifra Shabbir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box
9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Wang X, An K, Guo Y, Li Q, Liu T, Liu Y, Feng X. Uptake, Translocation, and Subcellular Distribution of Strobilurin Fungicides in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativa L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19324-19332. [PMID: 38019973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The absorption, transport, and subcellular distribution of strobilurin fungicides (azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin) have been studied in cucumbers. Under hydroponic laboratory conditions, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin mainly accumulated in cucumber roots whereas azoxystrobin accumulated in cucumber leaves. In the subcellular distribution experiment, azoxystrobin mainly accumulated as a soluble component. Pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin accumulated more in the organelles and cell walls. Azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin enter the root primarily through the apoplast pathway, whereas trifloxystrobin enters the root through the symplastic pathway. Azoxystrobin can be transported in cucumber through anion and cation channels, whereas pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin can be transported only through anion channels. This study has great significance in evaluating environmental risks and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation in North China, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Kai An
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Yajing Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation in North China, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
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3
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Kannoujia J, Nagineni D, Rodda R, Chilukuri R, Babu Nanubolu J, Akshinthala P, Yarasi S, Kantevari S, Sripadi P. Identification and Characterization of the Isomeric Impurity of the Fungicide "Cyazofamid". Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201276. [PMID: 36745042 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of biproducts/ impurities present in agrochemicals are critical in view of their efficacy and safety towards public health. We herein present our study on identification and characterization of an impurity, 5-chloro-2-cyano-N,N-dimethyl-4-p-tolylimidazole-1-sulfonamide (2) present in the fungicide, "cyazofamid". Intermittent HPLC analysis of the reaction of substituted imidazole (1) with N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl chloride suggested that 2 is formed during the reaction. Isolation by preparative HPLC and characterization by NMR, LC/HRMS, MS/MS and single crystal XRD analysis confirmed 2 as an isomer of cyazofamid, wherein the N,N-dimethyl sulfonamide group was positioned on the other nitrogen of imidazole in close proximity to chloride group. Computational studies further supported the formation of 2 and ruled out the other possible isomeric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kannoujia
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Nagineni
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Fluoro & Agrochemical Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Ramesh Rodda
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Chilukuri
- Fluoro & Agrochemical Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Centre for X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Parameswari Akshinthala
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Polymers & Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Soujanya Yarasi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Polymers & Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Srinivas Kantevari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Fluoro & Agrochemical Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Prabhakar Sripadi
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Cestonaro LV, Macedo SMD, Piton YV, Garcia SC, Arbo MD. Toxic effects of pesticides on cellular and humoral immunity: an overview. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:816-831. [PMID: 35770924 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2096466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to pesticides through food, drinking water, and the environment. These compounds are associated with several disorders, such as inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and a condition related to metabolic syndrome. The immunotoxicants or immunotoxic compounds can cause a wide variety of effects on immune function, altering humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, resulting in adverse effects to the body. Here, immune system disorders are highlighted because they are closely linked to multiple organs, including the nervous, endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, leading to transient or permanent changes. Therefore, this study reviewed the mechanisms involved in the immunotoxicity of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides in cells, animals, and humans in the past 11 years. According to the studies analyzed, the pesticides interfere with innate and adaptive immune functions, but the effects observed mainly on cellular and humoral immunity were highlighted. These compounds affected specific immune cells, causing apoptosis, changes in factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) expression, pro-inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), chemokines (CXCL-c1c), and anti-inflammatory factor, such as interleukin 10 (IL-10). To verify the threats of these compounds, new evaluations with immunotoxicological biomarkers are necessary. HighlightsPesticides interfere with the innate and adaptive immune response.Cells, animals and human studies demonstrate the immunotoxicity of pesticides in the cellular and humoral immune response.Fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides alter the immune system by various mechanisms, such as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Vivan Cestonaro
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra Manoela Dias Macedo
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Vendrusculo Piton
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Patil VK, Wagh UB, Phalak RP, Bhirud JD, Narkhede HP. A novel validated simple derivatization liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection for the simultaneous determination of mancozeb, azoxystrobin and difenoconazole in pesticide dosage form. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:907-920. [PMID: 35166733 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01926k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel, rapid and simple reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of three pesticides - mancozeb, azoxystrobin and difenoconazole by derivatization with ethyl iodide is presented. Analysis was performed on a C18 column (Agilent Eclipse plus, 150 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 μ) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile + methanol (90 + 10 v/v) - water (0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid) (60 : 40, v/v) pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 and detection wavelength of 205 nm and 272 nm. The factors affecting the derivatization reaction and separation conditions were carefully evaluated and optimized. The method was linear over the concentration range of 3.50 mg L-1 to 31.48 mg L-1 for mancozeb, 0.32 mg L-1 to 2.85 mg L-1 for azoxystrobin and 0.32 mg L-1 to 2.89 mg L-1 for difenoconazole. The new method was successfully applied for the analysis of mancozeb, azoxystrobin and difenoconazole in the pesticide formulation with range recoveries of 99.46% to 100.76%, 99.07% to 101.09% and 98.59% to 101.59%, respectively. The present method is suitable and favorable for the simultaneous separation and analysis of tertiary mixture analytes on account of its sensitivity, rapidity and cost-effectiveness. In addition, it could have excellent application prospects for the simultaneous determination of all three pesticides in other formulated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilas K Patil
- D. D. N. Bhole College, Bhusawal, Dist.-Jalgaon, Maharashtra-425201, India.
| | - Ujwala B Wagh
- Jain Irrigation Systems Limited, Jalgaon, Maharashtra-425001, India
| | - Raju P Phalak
- D. D. N. Bhole College, Bhusawal, Dist.-Jalgaon, Maharashtra-425201, India
| | | | - Hemant P Narkhede
- Smt. P. K. Kotecha Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Bhusawal, Dist.-Jalgaon, Maharashtra-425201, India.
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6
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Wang Y, Yang X, Xu M, Geissen V. Effects of chloropicrin fumigation and azoxystrobin application on ginger growth and phosphorus uptake. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113246. [PMID: 35091296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil chloropicrin (CP) fumigation helps to increase crop yields by eliminating soil-borne diseases which inhibit plant growth. However, little is known about the effect of the CP fumigation combined with fungicide application on plant growth and nutrient uptake. In this study, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with six treatments: CK (untreated soil), AZO1 (a single application of azoxystrobin (AZO)), AZO2 (double applications of AZO), CP (CP fumigation with no AZO), CP+AZO1 (CP combined with AZO1) and CP+AZO2 (CP combined with AZO2) to investigate the effects of CP fumigation and AZO application on ginger growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. Results showed that a single application of AZO had no significant effect on ginger height, biomass and P uptake whether treated with or without CP fumigation, whereas double applications of AZO combined with CP fumigation significantly improved ginger height and the total amount of P in root (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, AZO residues were similar in all treatments with the same number of applications, with less than 50% remaining in the soil after 7 days applied, indicating that CP fumigation treatment did not influence AZO degradation in ginger cultivation. In addition, although the differences in P use efficiency observed across the different treatments were not significant, they nevertheless suggest that the P budget and soil microbial activity may contribute to those differences. Therefore, further studies should be done to link P cycling with microbial communities, and how these related to fumigation and fungicide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Minggang Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Balayiannis GP, Karasali H. Determination of azoxystrobin, topramezone, acetamiprid, fluometuron and folpet in their commercially available pesticide formulations by liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:503-511. [PMID: 33970794 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1903285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple, precise and accurate high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of the active substances (a.s.) azoxystrobin, topramezone, acetamiprid, fluometuron and folpet in their respective commercially available formulations. The method was used for the analysis of samples under the frame of the national quality control program of plant protection products in the Greek market. Chromatographic separation of the active substances from additives and co-formulants is achieved using isocratic elution with acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution (60:40 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min-1 on a C18 monolithic column (Chromolith Performance-RP18e 100 × 4.6 mm) and UV detection at 230 nm. Validation parameters of the method fulfilled acceptability criteria. Recovery of all individual compounds was in the range 97.8-100.9%. Precision expressed as relative standard deviation was lower than the theoretical values of the modified Horwitz equation. Correlation coefficients of linearity of response were better than 0.999. The benefits of the proposed method are significant reduction in analysis time and total cost since all analytes were determined with the same extraction procedures and chromatographic system. Analysis of real samples for all active ingredients confirmed fitness for purpose of the suggested method.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Balayiannis
- Laboratory of Chemical Assessment of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Assessment and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Karasali
- Laboratory of Chemical Assessment of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Assessment and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
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