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Lv Y, Luo YY, Ren HW, Li CJ, Xiang ZX, Luan ZL. The role of pregnane X receptor (PXR) in substance metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:959902. [PMID: 36111293 PMCID: PMC9469194 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.959902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily, pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics in mammals. The tissue distribution of PXR is parallel to its function with high expression in the liver and small intestine and moderate expression in the kidney, stomach, skin, and blood-brain barrier, which are organs and tissues in frequent contact with xenobiotics. PXR was first recognized as an exogenous substance receptor regulating metabolizing enzymes and transporters and functioning in detoxification and drug metabolism in the liver. However, further research revealed that PXR acts as an equally important endogenous substance receptor in the metabolism and homeostasis of endogenous substances. In this review, we summarized the functions of PXR in metabolism of different substances such as glucose, lipid, bile acid, vitamin, minerals, and endocrines, and also included insights of the application of PXR ligands (drugs) in specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lv
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Yang Luo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui-Wen Ren
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Xiang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Lin Luan,
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Lambrou GI, Adamaki M, Hatziagapiou K, Vlahopoulos S. Gene Expression and Resistance to Glucocorticoid-Induced Apoptosis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Brief Review and Update. Curr Drug Res Rev 2021; 12:131-149. [PMID: 32077838 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512666200220122650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to glucocorticoid (GC)-induced apoptosis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), is considered one of the major prognostic factors for the disease. Prednisolone is a corticosteroid and one of the most important agents in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The mechanics of GC resistance are largely unknown and intense ongoing research focuses on this topic. AIM The aim of the present study is to review some aspects of GC resistance in ALL, and in particular of Prednisolone, with emphasis on previous and present knowledge on gene expression and signaling pathways playing a role in the phenomenon. METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted by the authors from 1994 to June 2019. Original articles and systematic reviews selected, and the titles and abstracts of papers screened to determine whether they met the eligibility criteria, and full texts of the selected articles were retrieved. RESULTS Identification of gene targets responsible for glucocorticoid resistance may allow discovery of drugs, which in combination with glucocorticoids may increase the effectiveness of anti-leukemia therapies. The inherent plasticity of clinically evolving cancer justifies approaches to characterize and prevent undesirable activation of early oncogenic pathways. CONCLUSION Study of the pattern of intracellular signal pathway activation by anticancer drugs can lead to development of efficient treatment strategies by reducing detrimental secondary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- George I Lambrou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Adamaki
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Hatziagapiou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
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Kiersztan A, Trojan N, Tempes A, Nalepa P, Sitek J, Winiarska K, Usarek M. DHEA supplementation to dexamethasone-treated rabbits alleviates oxidative stress in kidney-cortex and attenuates albuminuria. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:17-26. [PMID: 28782595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Our recent study has shown that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administered to rabbits partially ameliorated several dexamethasone (dexP) effects on hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, insulin resistance and plasma lipid disorders. In the current investigation, we present the data on DHEA protective action against dexP-induced oxidative stress and albuminuria in rabbits. Four groups of adult male rabbits were used in the in vivo experiment: (1) control, (2) dexP-treated, (3) DHEA-treated and (4) both dexP- and DHEA-treated. Administration of dexP resulted in accelerated generation of renal hydroxyl free radicals (HFR) and malondialdehyde (MDA), accompanied by diminished superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities and a dramatic rise in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. Treatment with DHEA markedly reduced dexP-induced oxidative stress in kidney-cortex due to a decline in NADPH oxidase activity and enhancement of catalase activity. Moreover, DHEA effectively attenuated dexP-evoked albuminuria. Surprisingly, dexP-treated rabbits exhibited elevation of GSH/GSSG ratio, accompanied by a decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities as well as an increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity. Treatment with DHEA resulted in a decline in GSH/GSSG ratio and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, accompanied by an elevation of GPx activity. Interestingly, rabbits treated with both dexP and DHEA remained the control values of GSH/GSSG ratio. As the co-administration of DHEA with dexP resulted in (i) reduction of oxidative stress in kidney-cortex, (ii) attenuation of albuminuria and (iii) normalization of glutathione redox state, DHEA might limit several undesirable renal side effects during chronic GC treatment of patients suffering from allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Moreover, its supplementation might be particularly beneficial for the therapy of patients with glucocorticoid-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kiersztan
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Nina Trojan
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Tempes
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Nalepa
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sitek
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Winiarska
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Usarek
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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Dexamethasone induces human glutathione S transferase alpha 1 (hGSTA1) expression through the activation of glucocorticoid receptor (hGR). Toxicology 2017; 385:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Faustino LC, Almeida NAS, Pereira GF, Ramos RG, Soares RM, Morales MM, Pazos-Moura CC, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Thyroid hormone and estradiol have overlapping effects on kidney glutathione S-transferase-α gene expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E787-97. [PMID: 22829580 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00223.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
α-Class GST (Gsta) represents an essential component of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms in both the liver and the kidney. Estrogens and thyroid hormones (TH) play central roles in animal development, physiology, and behavior. Evidence of the overlapping functions of thyroid hormones and estrogens has been shown, although the molecular mechanisms are not always clear. We evaluated an interaction between TH and estradiol in regulating kidney Gsta expression and function. First, we observed that female mice expressed greater amounts of Gsta compared with males and showed an opposite pattern of expression in TRβ knock-in mice. To further investigate these sex differences, hypothyroidism was induced by a 5-propyl-2-thiouracil diet, and hyperthyroidism was induced by daily T₃ injections. Hypothyroidism increased kidney Gsta expression in male mice but not in female mice, indicating that sex hormones could be influencing the regulation of Gsta by thyroid hormones. To analyze this hypothesis, ovariectomized females were subjected to hypo- and hyperthyroidism, which led to a male profile of Gsta expression. When hypo- or hyperthyroid ovariectomized mice were treated with 17β-estradiol benzoate, we were able to confirm that estradiol was interfering with TH modulation; Gsta expression is increased by T₃ when estradiol is present and decreased by T₃ when estradiol is absent. Using proximal tubule cells, we also showed that estradiol and T₃ worked together to modulate Gsta expression in an overlapping fashion. In summary, 1) the sex difference in the basal expression of Gsta impacts the detoxification process, 2) kidney Gsta expression is regulated by TH in males and females but in opposite directions, and 3) T₃ and estradiol interact directly in renal proximal cells to regulate Gsta expression in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C Faustino
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Kratschmar DV, Calabrese D, Walsh J, Lister A, Birk J, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Moulin P, Goldring CE, Odermatt A. Suppression of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response by glucocorticoids and 11β-HSD1-mediated glucocorticoid activation in hepatic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36774. [PMID: 22606287 PMCID: PMC3350474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor regulating a plethora of detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant genes involved in drug metabolism and defence against oxidative stress. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-induced transcription factor involved in the regulation of energy supply for metabolic needs to cope with various stressors. GR activity is controlled by glucocorticoids, which are synthesized in the adrenal glands and regenerated mainly in the liver from inactive cortisone by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1). Methods and Principal Findings Using transfected HEK-293 cells and hepatic H4IIE cells we show that glucocorticoids, activated by 11β-HSD1 and acting through GR, suppress the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response. The expression of the marker genes NQO1, HMOX1 and GST2A was suppressed upon treatment of 11β-HSD1 expressing cells with cortisone, an effect that was reversed by 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that elevated glucocorticoids lowered the ability of cells to detoxify H2O2. Moreover, a comparison of gene expression in male and female rats revealed an opposite sexual dimorphism with an inverse relationship between 11β-HSD1 and Nrf2 target gene expression. Conclusions The results demonstrate a suppression of the cellular antioxidant defence capacity by glucocorticoids and suggest that elevated 11β-HSD1 activity may lead to impaired Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response. The gender-specific differences in hepatic expression levels of 11β-HSD1 and Nrf2 target genes and the impact of pharmacological inhibition of 11β-HSD1 on improving cellular capacity to cope with oxidative stress warrants further studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise V. Kratschmar
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Calabrese
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research – PCS – iTox – Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jo Walsh
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Lister
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Birk
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appenzeller-Herzog
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Moulin
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research – PCS – iTox – Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chris E. Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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