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Mooring MS. Programmed Grooming after 30 Years of Study: A Review of Evidence and Future Prospects. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1266. [PMID: 38731268 PMCID: PMC11083713 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In 1992, an evolutionary model for the endogenous regulation of parasite-defense grooming was first proposed for African antelope by Ben and Lynette Hart. Known as the programmed grooming model, it hypothesized that a central control mechanism periodically evokes grooming so as to remove ectoparasites before they blood feed. The programmed grooming model contrasts with a stimulus-driven mechanism, in which grooming is stimulated by direct peripheral irritation from ectoparasite bites. In the 30+ years since the seminal 1992 paper, 26 studies have provided robust support for the programmed grooming model in ungulate hosts and ticks. In addition, multiple studies from unaffiliated investigators have evaluated the predictions of the model in different host systems (including rodents and primates) and in a variety of other ectoparasites (fleas, lice, and keds). I conducted a tricennial review of these studies to assess the current evidence and arrived at the following three conclusions: (1) tests of the programmed grooming predictions should use a similar methodology to the well-established protocol, so that the results are comparable and can be properly assessed; (2) the predictions used to test the model should be tailored to the biology of the host taxa under investigation; and (3) the predictions should likewise be tailored to the biology of the ectoparasites involved, bearing in mind that grooming has varying degrees of effectiveness, depending on the parasite. Further research is warranted to enhance our understanding of the role of grooming in maintaining the health of wild animals in the face of parasite attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Mooring
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA;
- Quetzal Education and Research Center, San Gerardo de Dota 11911, Costa Rica
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2
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Burgener KR, Lichtenberg SS, Lomax A, Storm DJ, Walsh DP, Pedersen JA. Diagnostic testing of chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by RT-QuIC using multiple tissues. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274531. [PMID: 36383520 PMCID: PMC9668146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal prion disease affecting cervids (deer, elk, moose). Current methods to monitor individual disease state include highly invasive antemortem rectal biopsy or postmortem brain biopsy. Efficient, sensitive, and selective antemortem and postmortem testing of populations would increase knowledge of the dynamics of CWD epizootics as well as provide a means to track CWD progression into previously unaffected areas. Here, we analyzed the presence of CWD prions in skin samples from two easily accessed locations (ear and belly) from 30 deceased white-tailed deer (Odocoileus viginianus). The skin samples were enzymatically digested and analyzed by real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). The diagnostic sensitivity of the ear and belly skin samples were both 95%, and the diagnostic specificity of the ear and belly skin were both 100%. Additionally, the location of the skin biopsy on the ear does not affect specificity or sensitivity. These results demonstrate the efficacy of CWD diagnosis with skin biopsies using RT-QuIC. This method could be useful for large scale antemortem population testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate R. Burgener
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United Sates of America
| | - Stuart S. Lichtenberg
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSL); , (JAP)
| | - Aaron Lomax
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Storm
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Walsh
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Pedersen
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United Sates of America
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSL); , (JAP)
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3
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Poh KC, Evans JR, Skvarla MJ, Kent CM, Olafson PU, Hickling GJ, Mullinax JM, Machtinger ET. Patterns of deer ked (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) and tick (Ixodida: Ixodidae) infestation on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the eastern United States. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:31. [PMID: 35057829 PMCID: PMC8772158 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) host numerous ectoparasitic species in the eastern USA, most notably various species of ticks and two species of deer keds. Several pathogens transmitted by ticks to humans and other animal hosts have also been found in deer keds. Little is known about the acquisition and potential for transmission of these pathogens by deer keds; however, tick-deer ked co-feeding transmission is one possible scenario. On-host localization of ticks and deer keds on white-tailed deer was evaluated across several geographical regions of the eastern US to define tick-deer ked spatial relationships on host deer, which may impact the vector-borne disease ecology of these ectoparasites.
Methods
Ticks and deer keds were collected from hunter-harvested white-tailed deer from six states in the eastern US. Each deer was divided into three body sections, and each section was checked for 4 person-minutes. Differences in ectoparasite counts across body sections and/or states were evaluated using a Bayesian generalized mixed model.
Results
A total of 168 white-tailed deer were inspected for ticks and deer keds across the study sites. Ticks (n = 1636) were collected from all surveyed states, with Ixodes scapularis (n = 1427) being the predominant species. Counts of I. scapularis from the head and front sections were greater than from the rear section. Neotropical deer keds (Lipoptena mazamae) from Alabama and Tennessee (n = 247) were more often found on the rear body section. European deer keds from Pennsylvania (all Lipoptena cervi, n = 314) were found on all body sections of deer.
Conclusions
The distributions of ticks and deer keds on white-tailed deer were significantly different from each other, providing the first evidence of possible on-host niche partitioning of ticks and two geographically distinct deer ked species (L. cervi in the northeast and L. mazamae in the southeast). These differences in spatial distributions may have implications for acquisition and/or transmission of vector-borne pathogens and therefore warrant further study over a wider geographic range and longer time frame.
Graphical Abstract
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4
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Blank DA. Grooming behavior in goitered gazelles: the programmed versus stimulus-driven hypothesis. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.2015449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Blank
- Geological Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan, Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Erkindik Ave. 30, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan (E-mail: )
- Biological Faculty, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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5
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Machtinger ET, Springer HR, Brown JE, Olafson PU. Sudden Mortality in Captive White-Tailed Deer With Atypical Infestation of Winter Tick. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1962-1965. [PMID: 33764454 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In October 2020, three captive male white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus [Zimmermann] (artiodactyla: Cervidae), were found dead in central Pennsylvania and a fourth was euthanized due to extreme lethargy. The deer presented with high burdens of Dermacentor albipictus (Packard) (Ixoda: Ixodidae) (winter tick). There were no other clinical symptoms and deer were in otherwise good physical condition with no observed alopecia. Winter tick epizootics have been associated with mortalities of moose, Alces alces [Linnaeus] (artiodactyla: cervidae), and more recently elk, Cervus canadensis [Erxleben] (artiodactyla: cervidae), in Pennsylvania, but have not been reported in white-tailed deer. Mild winters are favorable to winter ticks and deer producers and managers should be aware of possible infestations as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika T Machtinger
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Hayley R Springer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jessica E Brown
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Pia U Olafson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Kerrville, TX
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Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) associated with mammals in Colombia: a historical review, molecular species confirmation, and establishment of new relationships. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:383-394. [PMID: 33447885 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are considered the second most important vectors of pathogens worldwide, after mosquitoes. This study provides a systematic review of vector-host relationships between ticks and mammals (domestic and wild) and consolidates information from studies conducted in Colombia between 1911 and 2020. Using the PRISMA method, 71 scientific articles containing records for 51 tick species (Argasidae and Ixodidae) associated with mammals are reported. The existing information on tick-mammal associations in Colombia is scarce, fragmented, or very old. Moreover, 213 specimens were assessed based on morphological and molecular analyses, which allowed confirming eight tick species associated with mammals: Amblyomma calcaratum, Amblyomma dissimile, Amblyomma mixtum, Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma varium, Ixodes luciae, and Ixodes tropicalis. Several tick species are molecularly confirmed for Colombia and nine new relationships between ticks and mammals are reported. This research compiles and confirms important records of tick-mammal associations in Colombia.
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Retrotransposon-Based Blood Meal Analysis of Nymphal Deer Ticks Demonstrates Spatiotemporal Diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti Reservoirs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02370-20. [PMID: 33158895 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02370-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Deer tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (Lyme disease) and Babesia microti (babesiosis) increasingly burden public health across eastern North America. The white-footed mouse is considered the primary host for subadult deer ticks and the most important reservoir host for these and other disease agents. Local transmission is thought to be modulated by less reservoir-competent hosts, such as deer, diverting ticks from feeding on mice. We measured the proportion of mouse-fed or deer-fed host-seeking nymphs from 4 sites during 2 transmission seasons by blood meal remnant analysis using a new retrotransposon-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. We then determined the host that was associated with the infection status of the tick. During the first year, the proportion of mouse-fed ticks ranged from 17% on mainland sites to 100% on an island, while deer-fed ticks ranged from 4% to 24%. The proportion of ticks feeding on mice and deer was greater from island sites than mainland sites (on average, 92% versus 43%). Mouse-fed ticks decreased significantly during year 2 in 3 of 4 sites (most were <20%), while deer-fed ticks increased for all sites (75% at one site). Overall, ticks were more likely to be infected when they had fed on mice (odds ratio [OR] of 2.4 and 1.6 for Borrelia and Babesia, respectively) and were less likely to be infected if they had fed on deer (OR, 0.8 and 0.4). We conclude that host utilization by deer ticks is characterized by significant spatiotemporal diversity, which may confound efficacy tests of interventions targeting reservoir hosts.IMPORTANCE White-footed mice are thought to be the most important reservoir host for the deer tick-transmitted pathogens that cause Lyme disease and human babesiosis because they are the primary host for immature ticks. Transmission would be reduced, however, if ticks feed on deer, which are not capable of infecting ticks with either pathogen. By directly measuring whether ticks had fed on either mice or deer using a new quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to detect remnants of host DNA leftover from the larval blood meal, we demonstrate that host utilization by ticks varies significantly over time and space and that mice often feed fewer ticks than expected. This finding has implications for our understanding of the ecology of these diseases and for the efficacy of control measures.
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8
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Poh KC, Skvarla M, Evans JR, Machtinger ET. Collecting Deer Keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Lipoptena Nitzsch, 1818 and Neolipoptena Bequaert, 1942) and Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) From Hunter-Harvested Deer and Other Cervids. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5948068. [PMID: 33135746 PMCID: PMC7604836 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Deer keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Lipoptena Nitzsch, 1818 and Neolipoptena Bequaert, 1942) are blood-feeding ectoparasites that primarily attack cervids and occasionally bite humans, while ticks may be found on cervids, but are more generalized in host choice. Recent detection of pathogens such as Anaplasma and Borrelia in deer keds and historical infections of tick-borne diseases provides reason to investigate these ectoparasites as vectors. However, previous methods employed to sample deer keds and ticks vary, making it difficult to standardize and compare ectoparasite burdens on cervids. Therefore, we propose a standardized protocol to collect deer keds and ticks from hunter-harvested deer, which combines previous methods of sampling, including timing of collections, dividing sections of the deer, and materials used in the collection process. We tested a three-section and a five-section sampling scheme in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and found that dividing the deer body into five sections provided more specificity in identifying where deer keds and ticks may be found on deer. Data from 2018 suggested that deer keds and ticks were found on all three sections (head, anterior, posterior), while data from 2019 suggested that more Ixodes scapularis were found on the head and deer keds were found on all body sections (head, dorsal anterior, dorsal posterior, ventral anterior, and ventral posterior). The protocol provides an efficient way to sample deer for deer keds and ticks and allows researchers to compare ectoparasite burdens across geographical regions. Furthermore, this protocol can be used to collect other ectoparasites from deer or other cervids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Poh
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Michael Skvarla
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jesse R Evans
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
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9
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Skvarla MJ, Poh KC, Evans JR, Machtinger E. A Technique for Dissecting the Salivary Glands From the Abdomens of Deer Keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Lipoptena Nitzsch, 1818 and Neolipoptena Bequaert, 1942). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5948079. [PMID: 33135757 PMCID: PMC7604843 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deer keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Lipoptena Nitzsch, 1818 and Neolipoptena Bequaert, 1942) are hematophagous ectoparasites of cervids that occasionally bite other mammals, including humans. In recent years, a number of arthropod-borne pathogens have been sequenced from deer keds. However, it is unclear if the pathogens are just present in host blood in the gut or if the pathogens are present in other organs (e.g., salivary glands) that would suggest that keds are competent vectors. Like other hippoboscoid flies, deer keds have extensive salivary glands that extend through the thorax and into the abdomen, so simply disarticulating and sequencing the thorax and abdomen separately does not circumvent the issues surrounding whole-body sequencing. Herein, we describe a technique for dissecting the terminal portion of the salivary glands from the abdomen in order to screen the thorax and salivary glands separately from the abdomen for arthropod-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Skvarla
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Karen C Poh
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jesse R Evans
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Erika Machtinger
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
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10
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DIVERSE BARTONELLA SPP. DETECTED IN WHITE-TAILED DEER ( ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) AND ASSOCIATED KEDS ( LIPOPTENA MAZAMAE) IN THE SOUTHEASTERN USA. J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:505-511. [PMID: 31917634 DOI: 10.7589/2019-08-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are many known species of Bartonella, Gram-negative bacteria that can cause febrile illness and fatality in humans and animals. These pathogens are often transmitted through hematophagous arthropod vectors such as fleas and lice. Despite increasing awareness about Bartonella spp. and their zoonotic potential, as well as existing literature on Bartonella spp. in cervids, little is known about the diversity of Bartonella spp. in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and their associated keds in the southeastern US. We examined the prevalence and diversity of Bartonella spp. in an enclosed herd of white-tailed deer and their ectoparasites, deer keds (Lipoptena mazamae), in Alabama. The overall prevalence of Bartonella infection in this population of deer was 16% (10/63) and 24% (23/96) in keds associated with deer that we sampled. Three species of Bartonella were identified in both deer and their keds: Bartonella bovis, Bartonella schoenbuchensis, and Bartonella sp. 1. Additionally, Bartonella melophagi was detected in white-tailed deer but not in the sampled keds. The detection of four Bartonella species in one population of white-tailed deer, three of which have known zoonotic potential, highlights the importance of Bartonella diversity within host species.
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11
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Newman BC, Sutton WB, Wang Y, Schweitzer CJ, Moncayo AC, Miller BT. A standardized method for the construction of a tick drag/flag sampling approach and evaluation of sampling efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 79:433-446. [PMID: 31677026 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drag sampling and flagging are two of the most effective and widely applied techniques to monitor tick populations. Despite the importance of this sampling strategy, there is a lack of standardized protocols for the construction of an inexpensive tick drag/flag. To this end, we provide a step-by-step protocol that details the construction of a tick drag/flag. We provide evidence of efficacy by comparing results obtained over 3-months at 108 locations within the William B. Bankhead National Forest, Alabama, USA. Overall, our drag/flag sampling approach yielded 1127 larvae, 460 nymphs, and 53 adults for a total of 1640 ticks representing three species. We detected significant patterns in Amblyomma americanum abundance for nymphs and adults with greater counts in June (β = 0.91 ± 0.36, 95% CI 0.55-1.27; β = 2.44 ± 0.63, 95% CI 1.81-3.07, respectively) and July (β = 0.73 ± 0.36, 95% CI 0.37-1.09; β = 1.65 ± 0.66, 95% CI 0.99-2.31, respectively) as compared to August. We also detected a significant difference in tick captures by tick drag/flag fabric type with greater captures when muslin was used as compared to flannel (β = 1.07 ± 0.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.13). Our goal is to provide instructions to assemble a highly effective tick drag/flag using minimal supplies. Evaluation and improvements of sampling techniques is essential to understand impacts of landscape management and larger stressors, such as climate change on tick populations but also for enhancing detection of invasive non-native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent C Newman
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA.
| | - William B Sutton
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Huntsville, AL, 35762, USA
| | | | - Abelardo C Moncayo
- Vector-Borne Diseases Program, Division of Communicable and Environmental Diseases and Emergency Preparedness, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, 37216, USA
| | - Brian T Miller
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA
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Hanya G, Morishima K, Koide T, Otani Y, Hongo S, Honda T, Okamura H, Higo Y, Hattori M, Kondo Y, Kurihara Y, Jin S, Otake A, Shiroisihi I, Takakuwa T, Yamamoto H, Suzuki H, Kajimura H, Hayakawa T, Suzuki‐Hashido N, Nakano T. Host selection of hematophagous leeches (
Haemadipsa japonica
): Implications for iDNA studies. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
| | - Kaori Morishima
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Utsunomiya Japan
| | | | - Yosuke Otani
- Center for the Study of Co* Design Osaka University Toyonaka Japan
| | - Shun Hongo
- The Center for African Area Studies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Takeaki Honda
- Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
| | - Hiroki Okamura
- Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
| | - Yuma Higo
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Masamichi Hattori
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University Gifu Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Graduate School of Education Gifu University Gifu Japan
- Graduate School of Science Osaka City University Osaka Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurihara
- Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
- Center for Education and Research in Field Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Shizuoka University Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Sakura Jin
- Faculty of Agriculture Iwate University Morioka Japan
| | - Aji Otake
- Faculty of Agriculture Iwate University Morioka Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Takakuwa
- Faculty of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu Japan
| | | | - Hanami Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Hisashi Kajimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre Inuyama Japan
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13
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Skvarla MJ, Machtinger ET. Deer Keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Lipoptena and Neolipoptena) in the United States and Canada: New State and County Records, Pathogen Records, and an Illustrated Key to Species. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:744-760. [PMID: 30668798 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deer keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Lipoptena Nitzsch, 1818 and Neolipoptena Bequaert, 1942) are parasitic flies that primarily attack cervids and occasionally bite humans. Recent reports have documented nearly half a dozen pathogens in deer keds, but it is unknown whether keds are competent vectors. Although geographic ranges of the four North American deer ked species are known generally, precise limits are not well understood. If keds are competent vectors, knowing where they occur will inform the risk of pathogen transmission to people and animals. Herein, we report deer ked occurrence by county in the United States and Canada, including 7 new state and 91 new county/parish/administrative district records. We also include a key to North American deer ked species to facilitate specimen identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Skvarla
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
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14
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Eads DA, Biggins DE, Eads SL. Grooming behaviors of black‐tailed prairie dogs are influenced by flea parasitism, conspecifics, and proximity to refuge. Ethology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Eads
- U. S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Dean E. Biggins
- U. S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Samantha L. Eads
- U. S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center Fort Collins CO USA
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