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Xu X, Fan Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Hou X, Fan Y, Zhang M. Anji white tea relaxes precontracted arteries, represses voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels and voltage-gated K + channels in the arterial smooth muscle cells: Comparison with green tea main component (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:117855. [PMID: 38346524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a favorite drink worldwide. Tea extracts and green tea main component (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are recommended for various vascular diseases. Anji white tea is a very popular green tea. Its vascular effect profile, the mechanisms, and the contribution of EGCG to its integrated effect need elucidation. AIM To characterize the vasomotion effects of Anji white tea and EGCG, and to explore possible involvement of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) and voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels in their vasomotion effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anji white tea water soaking solution (AJWT) was prepared as daily tea-making process and concentrated to a concentration amounting to 200 mg/ml of dry tea leaves. The tension of rat arteries including aorta, coronary artery (RCA), cerebral basilar artery (CBA), intrarenal artery (IRA), intrapulmonary artery (IPA) and mesenteric artery (MA) was recorded with myographs. In arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) freshly isolated from RCA, the levels of intracellular Ca2+ were measured with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent probe fluo 4-AM, and Kv currents were recorded with patch clamp. The expressions of VGCCs and Kv channels were assayed with RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS At 0.4-12.8 mg/ml of dry tea leaves, AJWT profoundly relaxed all tested arteries precontracted with various vasoconstrictors about half with a small transient potentiation on the precontractions before the relaxation. KCl-induced precontraction was less sensitive than precontractions induced by phenylephrine (PE), U46619 and serotonin (5-HT). IPA was less sensitive to the relaxation compared with other arteries. AJWT pretreatment for 1 h, 24 h and 72 h time-dependently inhibited the contractile responses of RCAs. In sharp contrast, at equivalent concentrations according to its content in AJWT, EGCG intensified the precontractions in most small arteries, except that it induced relaxation in PE-precontracted aorta and MA, U46619-precontracted aorta and CBA. EGCG pretreatment for 1 h and 24 h did not significantly affect RCA contractile responses. In RCA ASMCs, AJWT reduced, while EGCG enhanced, intracellular Ca2+ elevation induced by depolarization which activates VGCCs. Patch clamp study showed that both AJWT and EGCG reduced Kv currents. RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that both AJWT and EGCG reduced the expressions of VGCCs and Kv channels. CONCLUSION AJWT, but not EGCG, consistently induces vasorelaxation. The vasomotion effects of either AJWT or EGCG vary with arterial beds and vasoconstrictors. Modulation of VGCCs, but not Kv channels, contributes to AJWT-induced vasorelaxation. It is suggested that Anji white tea water extract instead of EGCG may be a promising food supplement for vasospastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yanying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Mingsheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
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El-Elimat T, Qasem WM, Al-Sawalha NA, AbuAlSamen MM, Munaiem RT, Al-Qiam R, Al Sharie AH. A Prospective Non-Randomized Open-Label Comparative Study of The Effects of Matcha Tea on Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Pilot Observational Study. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 77:447-454. [PMID: 35921023 PMCID: PMC9362463 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-00998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Matcha tea has been used as an adjunct in weight loss programs. The weight loss effects of matcha tea were evaluated in a prospective non-randomized open-label comparative study of overweight and obese individuals who followed a specified low-calorie diet (LCD) plan. A total of 40 participants were enrolled and assigned to either matcha tea or control groups. The matcha tea group followed a LCD plan and received matcha tea once daily, whereas the control group followed only the LCD diet plan. The study lasted 12 weeks. The main outcome measures included anthropometric measurements, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profile, obesity-related hormone peptides, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Thirty-four participants had completed the study. The matcha tea and control groups showed significant reductions in body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, water content, minerals, and fat mass at week 12. The post-treatment body composition and anthropometric measurements were not significantly different between the two groups. The matcha tea group showed a potential increase in HDL-C, a potential decrease in blood glucose, and a potential increase in HbA1c. Furthermore, the study indicated a potential decrease in insulin and leptin levels, a potential increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase, and a potential decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase. IL-10 was increased by matcha tea consumption. The data suggest that matcha tea may have some potential effect on weight loss, along with anti-inflammatory properties. The findings of this study will be used to design a multicenter randomized clinical trial to examine the potential weight loss benefits of matcha tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamam El-Elimat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Wala'a M Qasem
- Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Nour A Al-Sawalha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud M AbuAlSamen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ramzi T Munaiem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Reema Al-Qiam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed H Al Sharie
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Ahmadi A, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Polyphenols and atherosclerosis: A critical review of clinical effects on LDL oxidation. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106414. [PMID: 36028188 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major etiology of cardiovascular disease that causes considerable mortality. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a fundamental attributor to atherosclerosis. Therefore, there seems to be an essential place for antioxidant therapy besides the current treatment protocols for coronary heart disease. Polyphenols are a class of compounds with substantial antioxidant properties that have shown the ability to reduce LDL oxidation in preclinical studies. However, clinical evidence has not been as conclusive although offering many promising signs. This review aims to examine the trials that have evaluated how dietary intake of polyphenols in different forms might influence the oxidation of LDL. Lowering the circulating cholesterol, incorporation into LDL particles, and enhancing systemic antioxidant activity are among the main mechanisms of action for polyphenols for lowering oxLDL. On the other hand, the population under study significantly affects the impact on oxLDL, as the type of the supplement and phenolic content. To conclude, although the polyphenols might decrease inflammation and enhance endothelial function via lowering oxLDL, there are still many gaps in our knowledge that need to be filled with further high-quality studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmadi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Asutralia, Perth, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948567, Iran.
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Green tea polyphenols in cardiometabolic health: A critical appraisal on phytogenomics towards personalized green tea. PHARMANUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2022.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Pillai SC, Borah A, Jacob EM, Kumar DS. Nanotechnological approach to delivering nutraceuticals as promising drug candidates for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:550-568. [PMID: 33703990 PMCID: PMC7954496 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1892241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is Caesar’s sword, which poses a huge risk to the present generation. Understanding the atherosclerotic disease cycle would allow ensuring improved diagnosis, better care, and treatment. Unfortunately, a highly effective and safe way of treating atherosclerosis in the medical community remains a continuous challenge. Conventional treatments have shown considerable success, but have some adverse effects on the human body. Natural derived medications or nutraceuticals have gained immense popularity in the treatment of atherosclerosis due to their decreased side effects and toxicity-related issues. In hindsight, the contribution of nutraceuticals in imparting enhanced clinical efficacy against atherosclerosis warrants more experimental evidence. On the other hand, nanotechnology and drug delivery systems (DDS) have revolutionized the way therapeutics are performed and researchers have been constantly exploring the positive effects that DDS brings to the field of therapeutic techniques. It could be as exciting as ever to apply nano-mediated delivery of nutraceuticals as an additional strategy to target the atherosclerotic sites boasting high therapeutic efficiency of the nutraceuticals and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu C Pillai
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ankita Borah
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eden Mariam Jacob
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - D Sakthi Kumar
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
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Roberts KA, Draijer R, Hopkins ND, de Graaf Y, Holder SM, Carter SE, Thijssen DHJ, Low DA. Impact of green tea on the deleterious cardiometabolic effects of 7-days unhealthy lifestyle in young healthy males. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14720. [PMID: 33682367 PMCID: PMC7937942 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine if catechin-rich green tea abrogates the negative effects of 7-days of physical inactivity and excessive calorie-intake on insulin homeostasis and peripheral vascular function. METHODS Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, twelve healthy men (29 ± 6 yrs) underwent 7-days unhealthy lifestyle (UL), including physical inactivity (-50% steps/day) and overfeeding (+50% kcal/day). This was combined with green tea consumption (UL-tea; 3 doses/day) or placebo (UL-placebo). Before and after each intervention, we examined postprandial blood glucose and insulin (3-h after a 1,202 kcal meal) and upper and lower limb vascular function (flow-mediated dilation (FMD%)) and carotid artery reactivity (CAR%). RESULTS UL-placebo increased postprandial glucose and insulin, while UL-tea decreased postprandial glucose and insulin (Time*Intervention interaction effects: both p < 0.05). UL-placebo decreased CAR% and femoral FMD%, while UL-tea prevented these effects (Time*Intervention interaction effects of p < 0.04 and p < 0.001, respectively). There was no main effect of Time or Time*Intervention interaction (both p > 0.05) for brachial FMD%. CONCLUSION Seven days of physical inactivity and overfeeding impair insulin homeostasis and vascular function. These effects were mitigated by a daily intake of catechin-rich green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty A Roberts
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard Draijer
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola D Hopkins
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Young de Graaf
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie M Holder
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sophie E Carter
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Health Science, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David A Low
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Houston M. Dyslipidemia. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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González-Sarrías A, Combet E, Pinto P, Mena P, Dall’Asta M, Garcia-Aloy M, Rodríguez-Mateos A, Gibney ER, Dumont J, Massaro M, Sánchez-Meca J, Morand C, García-Conesa MT. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Flavanol-Containing Tea, Cocoa and Apple Products on Body Composition and Blood Lipids: Exploring the Factors Responsible for Variability in Their Efficacy. Nutrients 2017. [PMCID: PMC5537860 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses support the benefits of flavanols on cardiometabolic health, but the factors affecting variability in the responses to these compounds have not been properly assessed. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to systematically collect the RCTs-based-evidence of the effects of flavanol-containing tea, cocoa and apple products on selected biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk and to explore the influence of various factors on the variability in the responses to the consumption of these products. A total of 120 RCTs were selected. Despite a high heterogeneity, the intake of the flavanol-containing products was associated using a random model with changes (reported as standardized difference in means (SDM)) in body mass index (−0.15, p < 0.001), waist circumference (−0.29, p < 0.001), total-cholesterol (−0.21, p < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (−0.23, p < 0.001), and triacylglycerides (−0.11, p = 0.027), and with an increase of HDL-cholesterol (0.15, p = 0.005). Through subgroup analyses, we showed the influence of baseline-BMI, sex, source/form of administration, medication and country of investigation on some of the outcome measures and suggest that flavanols may be more effective in specific subgroups such as those with a BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, non-medicated individuals or by specifically using tea products. This meta-analysis provides the first robust evidence of the effects induced by the consumption of flavanol-containing tea, cocoa and apple products on weight and lipid biomarkers and shows the influence of various factors that can affect their bioefficacy in humans. Of note, some of these effects are quantitatively comparable to those produced by drugs, life-style changes or other natural products. Further, RCTs in well-characterized populations are required to fully comprehend the factors affecting inter-individual responses to flavanol and thereby improve flavanols efficacy in the prevention of cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González-Sarrías
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Campus de Espinardo, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-S.); (M.-T.G.-C.); Tel.: +34-968-396276 (A.G.-S. & M.-T.G.-C.); Fax: +34-968-396213(A.G.-S. & M.-T.G.-C.)
| | - Emilie Combet
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK;
| | - Paula Pinto
- Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, Escola Superior Agrária (ESA), Department of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Nutrition, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (P.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Margherita Dall’Asta
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (P.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Mateos
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK;
| | - Eileen R. Gibney
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Julie Dumont
- U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, University Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Julio Sánchez-Meca
- Department of Basic Psychology & Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Christine Morand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Human Nutrition Unit, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Centre de Recherches en Nutrition Humaine (CRNH) Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - María-Teresa García-Conesa
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Campus de Espinardo, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-S.); (M.-T.G.-C.); Tel.: +34-968-396276 (A.G.-S. & M.-T.G.-C.); Fax: +34-968-396213(A.G.-S. & M.-T.G.-C.)
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Tea-induced improvement of endothelial function in humans: No role for epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Sci Rep 2017; 7:2279. [PMID: 28536463 PMCID: PMC5442103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of tea is inversely associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, the active compound(s) responsible for the protective effects of tea are unknown. Although many favorable cardiovascular effects in vitro are mediated by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), its contribution to the beneficial effects of tea in vivo remains unresolved. In a randomised crossover study, a single dose of 200 mg EGCG was applied in three different formulas (as green tea beverage, green tea extract (GTE), and isolated EGCG) to 50 healthy men. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and endothelial-independent nitro-mediated dilation (NMD) was measured before and two hours after ingestion. Plasma levels of tea compounds were determined after each intervention and correlated with FMD. FMD significantly improved after consumption of green tea containing 200 mg EGCG (p < 0.01). However, GTE and EGCG had no significant effect on FMD. NMD did not significantly differ between interventions. EGCG plasma levels were highest after administration of EGCG and lowest after consumption of green tea. Plasma levels of caffeine increased after green tea consumption. The results show that EGCG is most likely not involved in improvement of flow-mediated dilation by green tea. Instead, other tea compounds, metabolites or combinations thereof may play a role.
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Montlahuc C, Julia C, Touvier M, Fezeu L, Hercberg S, Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Chevret S. Association between dietary polyphenols intake and an oxidative stress biomarker: interest of multiple imputation for handling missing covariates and outcomes. BMC Nutr 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40795-016-0114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Tomé-Carneiro J, Visioli F. Polyphenol-based nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: Review of human evidence. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1145-1174. [PMID: 26776959 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to prescription drugs, nutraceuticals/functional foods/medical foods are being increasingly added as adjunct treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), even though most of them have been exclusively studied in vitro. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We review the available evidence (focusing on when the amount of polyphenols' intake was measured) coming from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of (poly)phenol-based supplements. CONCLUSION We conclude that (poly)phenol-based nutraceuticals and functional foods might be indeed used as adjunct therapy of CVD, but additional long-term RCTs with adequate numerosity and with clinically relevant end points are needed to provide unequivocal evidence of their clinical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Tomé-Carneiro
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) - Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) - Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy .
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting large and medium arteries and is considered to be a major underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the development of pharmacotherapies to treat CVD has contributed to a decline in cardiac mortality in the past few decades, CVD is estimated to be the cause of one-third of deaths globally. Nutraceuticals are natural nutritional compounds that are beneficial for the prevention or treatment of disease and, therefore, are a possible therapeutic avenue for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this Review is to highlight potential nutraceuticals for use as antiatherogenic therapies with evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the current evidence from observational and randomized clinical studies into the role of nutraceuticals in preventing atherosclerosis in humans will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe W E Moss
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Dipak P Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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13
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Kokkou E, Siasos G, Georgiopoulos G, Oikonomou E, Verveniotis A, Vavuranakis M, Zisimos K, Plastiras A, Kollia ME, Stefanadis C, Papavassiliou AG, Tousoulis D. The impact of dietary flavonoid supplementation on smoking-induced inflammatory process and fibrinolytic impairment. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:266-272. [PMID: 27428294 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Smoking is associated with increased inflammatory process and impairment of fibrinolytic status. Concord grape juice (CGJ), a rich source of flavonoids, can modify cardiovascular risk factors. We aimed to evaluate the impact of CGJ on smoking-induced impairment of inflammatory and fibrinolytic status in healthy smokers. METHODS We studied the effect of a 2-week oral treatment with CGJ in 26 healthy smokers on three occasions (day 0: baseline, day 7 and day 14) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Measurements were carried out before (pSm) and 20 min after (Sm20) cigarette smoking. Serum levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) were measured as markers of inflammatory and fibrinolytic status, respectively. RESULTS Treatment with CGJ reduced pSm sICAM-1 levels (p < 0.001), while placebo had no impact on ICAM-1 levels (p = 0.31). Moreover, treatment with CGJ decreased pSm values of PAI-1 (p < 0.001) while placebo had no impact on PAI-1 levels (p = 0.89). Smoking induced an elevation in PAI-1 levels after smoking compared to pro-smoking levels in all study days and in both arms (CGJ and placebo) of the study (p < 0.001 for all). Interestingly, CGJ compared to placebo, attenuated the acute smoking increase in sICAM-1 and PAI-1 levels (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005 respectively). CONCLUSIONS CGJ consumption improved inflammatory and fibrinolytic status in healthy smokers and attenuated acute smoking induced increase in ICAM-1 and PAI-1 levels. These findings shed further light on the favorable effects of flavonoids in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kokkou
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Georgios Georgiopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Aleksis Verveniotis
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Vavuranakis
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Zisimos
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris Plastiras
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Kollia
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Christodoulos Stefanadis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Lee E, Lee BJ, Ha J, Shin HJ, Chung JO. Efficacy of fermented green tea on peripheral skin temperature: a randomized and placebo-controlled clinical study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 15:226-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Lee
- Skin Research Institute; IEC Korea; Suwon-si Korea
| | - Bum-jin Lee
- Food Research Institute; Amorepacific R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
| | - Jaehyoun Ha
- Skin Research Institute; IEC Korea; Suwon-si Korea
| | - Hyun-jung Shin
- Food Research Institute; Amorepacific R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
| | - Jin-oh Chung
- Food Research Institute; Amorepacific R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
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Sanchez-Bridge B, Lévèques A, Li H, Bertschy E, Patin A, Actis-Goretta L. Modulation of (–)-Epicatechin Metabolism by Coadministration with Other Polyphenols in Caco-2 Cell Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:9-16. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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16
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Ghanbari B, Khaleghparast S, Ghadrdoost B, Bakhshandeh H. Nutritional status and coronary artery disease: a cross sectional study. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e13841. [PMID: 24829768 PMCID: PMC4005430 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition is among the most important factors influencing coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVES Here we aimed to study the nutritional status of patients with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study on 600 patients referred to a cardiology clinic with the signs of ACS. The patients were then classified in to two groups (CAD group and the normal group) based on angiographic findings. The amount of nutritional profile was questioned from all participants. RESULTS Men were more often diagnosed with CAD compared to women (198/362 vs. 102/238; P < 0.01). Patients with coronary artery disease were mostly older, smoker, coffee and black tea drinker had a higher BMI and more frequently diagnosed with hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. On the other hand, green tea consumption was seen more in women (92/238 vs. 115/362; P < 0.05) and those with regular physical activity (119/299 vs. 88/301; P < 0.01). Backward regression modeling was employed to study the predictors of CAD. Type of tea and meat remained as one the most important nutritional factors predicting CAD. CONCLUSIONS White mean and type of tea were the most important predictors of CAD. Dietary prevention strategies from childhood could prevent early CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Ghanbari
- Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Shiva Khaleghparast
- Center for Nursing Care Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Shiva Khaleghparast, Center for Nursing Care Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rashid Yasemi st., Vali-Asr Ave., Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2123922860; +98-9123859335, Fax: +98-2122663335, E-mail:
| | - Behshid Ghadrdoost
- Shahid Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hooman Bakhshandeh
- Shahid Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Abstract
The endothelium, a highly active structure, regulates vascular homeostasis through the release of numerous vasoactive factors that control vascular tone and vascular smooth cell proliferation. A larger number of medicinal plants and their isolated chemical constituents have been shown to beneficially affect the endothelium. For example, flavonoids in black tea, green tea, and concord grape cause a vasodilation possibly through their antioxidant properties. Allicin, a by-product of the enzyme alliinase, has been proposed to be the main active metabolite and responsible for most of the biological activities of garlic, including a dose-dependent dilation on the isolated coronaries. Thymoquinone, the principal phytochemical compound found in the volatile oil of the black seed, and the hawthorn extract have also been shown to improve aging-related impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations in animal models. In this review, the effect of some of the natural products, including Camellia sinensis (black tea and green tea), Vitis labrusca (concord grape), Allium sativum (garlic), and Nigella sativa (black seed) and Crataegus ssp (hawthorn extract), is explored. The molecular mechanisms behind these potential therapeutic effects are also discussed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The present analysis was conducted in response to inconsistent epidemiologic studies on the relation between consumption of tea and cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE We undertook a literature review of the consistency and strength of the associations between tea and cardiovascular diseases on the basis of published observational studies and meta-analyses addressing tea or tea flavonoids and cardiovascular disease risk. DESIGN We performed a search in 3 databases for meta-analyses and compared them with studies they subsumed. We performed an additional search for subsequent studies to determine whether the conclusions were consistent. RESULTS Many epidemiologic studies have been conducted and summarized in 5 meta-analyses on either tea consumption or flavonoid consumption and cardiovascular disease or the subset of stroke. Heterogeneity of effect was seen when the outcome included all cardiovascular diseases. In the case of stroke, a consistent, dose-response association with tea consumption on both incidence and mortality was noted with RRs of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.98) for flavonoids and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.85) for tea when high and low intakes were compared or the addition of 3 cups/d was estimated. CONCLUSION Thus, the strength of this evidence supports the hypothesis that tea consumption might lower the risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore Arab
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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Actis-Goretta L, Lévèques A, Rein M, Teml A, Schäfer C, Hofmann U, Li H, Schwab M, Eichelbaum M, Williamson G. Intestinal absorption, metabolism, and excretion of (-)-epicatechin in healthy humans assessed by using an intestinal perfusion technique. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:924-33. [PMID: 23864538 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.065789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND (-)-Epicatechin is a dietary flavonoid present in many foods that affects vascular function, but its action is limited by incomplete absorption, conjugation, and metabolism. Factors that influence this activity may be attributed to instability in the gastrointestinal lumen, low permeability across the intestinal wall, or active efflux from enterocytes and extensive conjugation. OBJECTIVE With the use of a multilumen perfusion catheter, we investigated the jejunal absorption, systemic availability, metabolism, and intestinal, biliary, and urinary excretion of (-)-epicatechin in humans. DESIGN In a single-center, randomized, open, controlled study in 8 healthy volunteers, 50 mg purified (-)-epicatechin was perfused into an isolated jejunal segment together with antipyrine as a marker for absorption. (-)-Epicatechin and conjugates were measured in intestinal perfusates, bile, plasma, and urine. RESULTS Forty-six percent of the dose was recovered in the perfusate either as unchanged (-)-epicatechin (22 mg) or conjugates (0.8 mg); with stability taken into account, this result indicates that ∼46% of the dose had apparently been absorbed. The conjugates were predominantly sulfates, which indicated conjugation by sulfotransferases followed by efflux from the enterocytes. In contrast, epicatechin glucuronides were dominant in plasma, bile, and urine. CONCLUSIONS Almost one-half of the (-)-epicatechin is apparently absorbed in the jejunum but with substantial interindividual differences in the extent of absorption. The data suggest that the nature and substitution position of (-)-epicatechin conjugation are major determinants of the metabolic fate in the body, influencing whether the compound is effluxed into the lumen or absorbed into the blood and subsequently excreted.
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Yiannakopoulou EC. Targeting oxidative stress response by green tea polyphenols: clinical implications. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:667-71. [PMID: 23805775 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.819975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Green tea polyphenols, the most interesting constituent of green tea leaves, have been shown to have both pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties. Both pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties are expected to contribute to modulation of oxidative stress response under ideal optimal dosage regimens. Exposure to a low concentration of a pro-oxidant prior to exposure to oxidative stress induces the expression of genes that code for proteins that induce adaptation in a subsequent oxidative stress. On the other hand, exposure to an antioxidant concurrently with exposure to the oxidative stress affords protection through free radical scavenging or through other indirect antioxidant mechanisms. In any case, the optimal conditions that afford protection from oxidative stress should be defined for any substance with redox properties. Green tea polyphenols, being naturally occurring substances, seem to be an ideal option for the modulation of oxidative stress response. This paper reviews available data on the pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties of green tea polyphenols focusing on their potential on the modulation of oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Ch Yiannakopoulou
- Department of Basic Medical Lessons, Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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21
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Meoni P, Restani P, Mancama DT. Review of existing experimental approaches for the clinical evaluation of the benefits of plant food supplements on cardiovascular function. Food Funct 2013; 4:856-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Gillespie S, Gavins FNE. Phytochemicals: countering risk factors and pathological responses associated with ischaemia reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 138:38-45. [PMID: 23269179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant derived non-nutritive molecules, known as phytochemicals, have been investigated for their ability to provide protection against inflammation. Emerging studies of several vasculopathies (e.g. atherosclerosis, hypertension) provide novel data to support these anti-inflammatory effects and offer evidence for involvement of host pathways. Fundamental mechanisms of action are common amongst these compounds, and furthermore, the administration of these phytochemicals activates host defence pathways innately present to protect cells from oxidative stress. This review will elucidate the real benefit of therapeutic intervention with these phytochemicals for vasculopathies, and associated ischaemia reperfusion injury in both the heart and brain.
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Minatti J, Wazlawik E, Hort MA, Zaleski FL, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM, Maraschin M, da Silva EL. Green tea extract reverses endothelial dysfunction and reduces atherosclerosis progression in homozygous knockout low-density lipoprotein receptor mice. Nutr Res 2012; 32:684-93. [PMID: 23084641 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of green tea extract (GTE) administration on vascular reactivity and atherosclerosis progression in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. We hypothesized that GTE intake may ameliorate atherosclerosis by improving endothelial dysfunction. Animals (n = 12 per group) were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and received either water or GTE at a dose of 50, 100, or 300 mg/kg once a day by gavage (100 μL/10 g weight). After 4 weeks, atherosclerosis extension and vascular reactivity were evaluated in the aorta, and the levels of lipids, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor α were measured in the plasma. Administration of GTE at a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly decreased the area of atherosclerotic lesions by 35%, improved the vascular reactivity in the isolated thoracic aorta, and lowered the plasma levels of both MCP-1 and triglycerides. Delivery of 100 mg/kg of GTE only promoted vasocontraction and vasorelaxation (P < .05), whereas a dose of 300 mg/kg was ineffective. Maximum contraction and relaxation negatively correlated with the lesion area (r = -0.755 and -0.767, respectively), whereas the plasma levels of MCP-1 and triglycerides positively correlated with plaque size (r = 0.549 and 0.421, respectively). In summary, our results supported the hypothesis that administration of GTE at low doses may contribute to a decrease in atherosclerosis progression by reversing endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Minatti
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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24
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Maeda-Yamamoto M, Saito T, Nesumi A, Tokuda Y, Ema K, Honma D, Ogino A, Monobe M, Murakami A, Murakami A, Tachibana H. Chemical analysis and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect of anthocyanin-rich red leaf tea (cv. Sunrouge). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2379-86. [PMID: 22419270 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of leaf order or crop season on anthocyanins and other chemicals in the anthocyanin-rich tea cultivar 'Sunrouge' (Camellia sinensis x C. taliensis) by using high-performance liquid chromatography, and to study the effect of 'Sunrouge' extract on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. RESULTS The total anthocyanin content was higher in the third (3.09 mg g⁻¹) than in the second (2.24 mg g⁻¹) or first crop season (1.79 mg g⁻¹). The amount of anthocyanins contained in the stem was high (1.61 mg g⁻¹). In the third crop season, the concentrations of delphinidin-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl)galactopyranoside (DCGa), cyanidin-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl)galactopyranoside, delphinidin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, delphinidin-3-O-β-D-(6-O-(Z)-p-coumaroyl)galactopyranoside, cyanidin-3-O-β-D-galactoside, and delphinidin-3-O-β-D-glucoside were 1.57 mg g⁻¹, 0.52 mg g⁻¹, 0.40 mg g⁻¹, 0.22 mg g⁻¹, 0.14 mg g⁻¹, and 0.11 mg g⁻¹, respectively. DCGa accounted for about 50% of the anthocyanins present. The suppressive effect of 'Sunrouge' water extract on AChE activity in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells was the strongest among the three tea cultivars ('Sunrouge', 'Yabukita' and 'Benifuuki'). CONCLUSION These results suggested that 'Sunrouge' might protect humans from humans from AChE-related diseases by suppressing AChE activity. To obtain sufficient amounts of anthocyanins, catechins and/or caffeine for a functional food material, 'Sunrouge' from the third crop season should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Maeda-Yamamoto
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, Shizuoka, Makurazaki, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Slevin M, Ahmed N, Wang Q, McDowell G, Badimon L. Unique vascular protective properties of natural products: supplements or future main-line drugs with significant anti-atherosclerotic potential? Vasc Cell 2012; 4:9. [PMID: 22546170 PMCID: PMC3508621 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural health products (NHP) which include minerals, vitamins and herbal remedies are not generally considered by medical practitioners as conventional medicines and as such are not frequently prescribed by health centre's as either main-line or supplemental treatments. In the field of cardiovascular medicine, studies have shown that typically, less than half of patients suffering from coronary syndromes chose to take any form of NHP supplement and these products are rarely recommended by their medical practitioner. Vascular/endothelial cell damage is a key instigator of coronary arterial plaque development which often culminates in thrombosis and myocardial infarction (MI). Current treatment for patients known to be at risk of primary or secondary (MI) includes lipid lowering statins, anti-clotting agents (e.g. tissue plasminogen activator; tPA) and drugs for stabilization of blood pressure such as beta-blockers. However, evidence has been building which suggests that components of at least several NHP (e.g. aged garlic extract (AGExt), resveratrol and green tea extracts (GTE)) may have significant vascular protective effects through reduction of oxidative stress, lowering of blood pressure, reduction in platelet aggregation, vasodilation and inhibition of abnormal angiogenesis. Therefore, in this review we will discuss in detail the potential of these substances (chosen on the basis of their potency and complimentarity) as anti-atherosclerotic agents and the justification for their consideration as main-line additional supplements or prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Slevin
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular CSIC-ICCC Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Pavelló del Convent Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nessar Ahmed
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Garry McDowell
- Faculty of Health, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Lina Badimon
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular CSIC-ICCC Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Pavelló del Convent Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 08025, Barcelona, Spain
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Yang YJ, Kim YJ, Yang YK, Kim JY, Kwon O. Dietary flavan-3-ols intake and metabolic syndrome risk in Korean adults. Nutr Res Pract 2012; 6:68-77. [PMID: 22413043 PMCID: PMC3296925 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols are a subclass of flavonoids found in a variety of foods including teas. The effects of flavan-3-ols on the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been investigated, generally focusing on tea catechins or individual flavan-3-ol rich foods, but there is little information on dietary flavan-3-ols intake and risk of MetS in population-based studies. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the association between dietary flavan-3-ols intake and the risk of MetS in Korean adults. Subjects comprised 1,827 men and 2,918 women aged 20-69 years whose data was included in the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This survey was conducted between January 2008 and December 2008. Total flavan-3-ols intakes were calculated from 24-hour dietary recalls using a flavonoids database. Thirty percent of the male subjects and 24% of the female subjects were reported as having MetS. In the female subjects, flavan3-ols intake was inversely associated with the risk of MetS after adjusting for potential confounders (5th vs. 1st quintile, OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.45-0.91, P for trend = 0.384). The main food source of flavan-3-ols was green tea followed by apples and grapes. Among MetS components, flavan3-ols intake was inversely associated with the risk of high blood pressure after adjusting for potential confounders (5th vs. 1st quintile, OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.45-0.90, P for trend = 0.005). No significant association between flavan-3-ols intake and risk of MetS was found in the male subjects. After stratified analysis by obesity (BMI ≥ 25 or BMI < 25), however, flavan3-ols intake was inversely related to the risk of hypertension in non-obese men. These results suggest that dietary flavan-3-ols intake may have beneficial effects on MetS risk by reducing the risk of hypertension. The effects of flavan-3-ols intake dependent on obesity need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jung Yang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyeon-dong, Seodeamun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Houston M. The Role of Nutraceutical Supplements in the Treatment of Dyslipidemia. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012; 14:121-132. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Black tea reduces uric acid and C-reactive protein levels in humans susceptible to cardiovascular diseases. Toxicology 2010; 278:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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de Pascual-Teresa S, Moreno DA, García-Viguera C. Flavanols and anthocyanins in cardiovascular health: a review of current evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1679-703. [PMID: 20480037 PMCID: PMC2871133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is accepted that natural flavonoids present in fruits and plant-derived-foods are relevant, not only for technological reasons and organoleptic properties, but also because of their potential health-promoting effects, as suggested by the available experimental and epidemiological evidence. The beneficial biological effects of these food bioactives may be driven by two of their characteristic properties: their affinity for proteins and their antioxidant activity. Over the last 15 years, numerous publications have demonstrated that besides their in vitro antioxidant capacity, certain phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, catechins, proanthocyanidins, and other non coloured flavonoids, may regulate different signaling pathways involved in cell survival, growth and differentiation. In this review we will update the knowledge on the cardiovascular effects of anthocyanins, catechins and proanthocyanidins, as implied by the in vitro and clinical studies on these compounds. We also review the available information on the structure, distribution and bioavailability of flavanols (monomeric catechins and proanthocyanidins) and anthocyanins, data necessary in order to understand their role in reducing risk factors and preventing cardiovascular health problems through different aspects of their bioefficacy on vascular parameters (platelet agregation, atherosclerosis, blood pressure, antioxidant status, inflammation-related markers, etc.), myocardial conditions, and whole-body metabolism (serum biochemistry, lipid profile), highlighting the need for better-designed clinical studies to improve the current knowledge on the potential health benefits of these flavonoids to cardiovascular and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism & Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, CSIC, Madrid E-28040, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Diego A. Moreno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, Murcia E-30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Cristina García-Viguera
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, Murcia E-30100, Spain; E-Mail:
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Basu A, Sanchez K, Leyva MJ, Wu M, Betts NM, Aston CE, Lyons TJ. Green Tea Supplementation Affects Body Weight, Lipids, and Lipid Peroxidation in Obese Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr 2010; 29:31-40. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Experimental models of stroke provide consistent evidence of smaller stroke volumes in animals ingesting tea components or tea extracts. To assess whether a similar association of black or green tea consumption with reduced risk is evident in human populations, we sought to identify and summarize all human clinical and observational data on tea and stroke. METHODS We searched PubMed and Web of Science for all studies on stroke and tea consumption in humans with original data, including estimation or measurement of tea consumption and outcomes of fatal or nonfatal stroke. Data from 9 studies involving 4378 strokes among 194 965 individuals were pooled. The main outcome was the occurrence of fatal or nonfatal stroke. We tested for heterogeneity and calculated the summary effect estimate associated with consumption of >or=3 cups of tea (green or black) per day using random-effects and fixed-effects models for the homogeneous studies. Publication bias was also evaluated. RESULTS Regardless of their country of origin, individuals consuming >or=3 cups of tea per day had a 21% lower risk of stroke than those consuming <1 cup per day (absolute risk reduction, 0.79; CI, 0.73 to 0.85). The proportion of heterogeneity not explained by chance alone was 23.8%. CONCLUSIONS Although a randomized clinical trial would be necessary to confirm the effect, this meta-analysis suggests that daily consumption of either green or black tea equaling 3 cups per day could prevent the onset of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore Arab
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736, USA.
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Frank J, George TW, Lodge JK, Rodriguez-Mateos AM, Spencer JPE, Minihane AM, Rimbach G. Daily consumption of an aqueous green tea extract supplement does not impair liver function or alter cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers in healthy men. J Nutr 2009; 139:58-62. [PMID: 19056646 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.096412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular consumption of green tea polyphenols (GTP) is thought to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but has also been associated with liver toxicity. The present trial aimed to assess the safety and potential CVD health beneficial effects of daily GTP consumption. We conducted a placebo-controlled parallel study to evaluate the chronic effects of GTP on liver function and CVD risk biomarkers in healthy men. Volunteers (treatment: n = 17, BMI 26.7 +/- 3.3 kg/m(2), age 41 +/- 9 y; placebo, n = 16, BMI 25.4 +/- 3.3 kg/m(2), age 40 +/- 10 y) consumed for 3 wk 6 capsules per day (2 before each principal meal) containing green tea extracts (equivalent to 714 mg/d GTP) or placebo. At the beginning and end of the intervention period, we collected blood samples from fasting subjects and measured vascular tone using Laser Doppler Iontophoresis. Biomarkers of liver function and CVD risk (including blood pressure, plasma lipids, and asymmetric dimethylarginine) were unaffected by GTP consumption. After treatment, the ratio of total:HDL cholesterol was significantly reduced in participants taking GTP capsules compared with baseline. Endothelial-dependent and -independent vascular reactivity did not significantly differ between treatments. In conclusion, the present data suggests that the daily consumption of high doses of GTP by healthy men for 3 wk is safe but without effects on CVD risk biomarkers other than the total:HDL cholesterol ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frank
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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