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Kim YJ, Burlaka V, Yoon S. Sex Differences in Suicidal Ideation: Mediating Effects of Alcohol Abuse/Dependence on Suicidal Ideation through Psychological Distress and Hopelessness. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2023; 48:179-187. [PMID: 37279367 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to investigate the impact of psychological distress and hopelessness as mediators in the relationship between alcohol use disorder (AUD) and suicidal ideation among young adults. The study employed data from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, focusing on participants aged 18 to 25. The PROCESS macro was used to conduct a moderated mediation analysis. The findings revealed that AUD, psychological distress, and hopelessness were all significant risk factors for suicidal ideation among young adults. Furthermore, psychological distress and hopelessness served as significant mediators in the relationship between AUD and suicidal ideation. The study highlights the need for interventions and treatments that address co-occurring alcohol use and psychological distress/hopelessness in both sexes, for young adults at risk of suicide. In summary, the study underscores the importance of recognizing the underlying factors that contribute to suicidal ideation among young adults, especially those with AUD, psychological distress, and hopelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin Kim
- Department of Social Work, University of Mississippi, Garland Hall 205, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Viktor Burlaka
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, College of Social Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Perfectionism, Negative Life Events, and Cognitive Appraisal: A Contextual Model of Perfectionism’s Maladaptive Nature. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-021-00437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Madsen J, Harris KM. Negative self-appraisal: Personal reasons for dying as indicators of suicidality. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246341. [PMID: 33529221 PMCID: PMC7853472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reasons for dying (RFD) are one of the most authentic factors illustrating the lived experience of suicidal individuals. However, the field has been criticized for inadequate evaluation of risk factors and suicidal symptoms, such as RFD, to develop more robust theoretical models and risk assessments. In this study, we aimed to critically examine RFD themes as predictors of suicidal symptoms to improve our understanding of the suicidal mind, test suicide theory validity and improve risk assessment. This cross-sectional mixed-method study included anonymous survey data (N = 713) with a subsample (n = 474; 77% female; age M = 31.48, SD = 13.53) who provided RFD. Participants were asked to write down five RFD (ranked 1st to 5th most important) and completed the Suicidal Affect-Behavior-Cognition Scale (SABCS). Thematic analysis revealed eight valid RFD themes-Negative Self-appraisal, Hopelessness, Desire to Escape, Escape Pain, Relationships, Loneliness, Financial Hardship, and Physical Health. Themes were quantified by rank and total endorsements of the theme. Hierarchical regression modelling, statistically controlling for demographics, showed all RFD themes, except Physical Health, were positive predictors of suicidality, accounting for 26% of variance in suicidal symptoms. Negative Self-appraisal was the strongest predictor. RFD differences were also found by gender, age and education. From these findings, we determined current suicide theories do not fully account for suicidal persons' RFD. There is a pressing need for more critical review of current theories, as current theories only partially represent this key attribute of the suicidal mind, and none of the reviewed theories accurately reflected suicidal participants' RFD. Clinical implications include integrating financial therapies into suicide prevention treatments and incorporating RFD into assessments and treatments. To aid research and risk assessment efforts, we propose a new RFD Index, with eight five-point response items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Madsen
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Keith M Harris
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Smith MM, Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, Flett GL, Hall PA, Lee-Baggley DL. The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Testing a moderated mediation model in community adults using a one-month two-wave longitudinal design. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Din NC, Ibrahim N, Amit N, Kadir NBA, Halim MRTA. Reasons for Living and Coping with Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents in Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci 2019; 25:140-150. [PMID: 30914870 PMCID: PMC6419889 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rate of suicide ideation everywhere continues to increase, and adolescents are therefore at risk of displaying suicidal behaviour. This study examined the protective role of the reasons for living and coping strategies in reducing suicidal ideation among young adolescents in Malaysia. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 176 adolescents aged between 13 and 19 years of age with the majority being Malay and Muslim. The Brief Reasons for Living for Adolescents (BRFL-A), Jalowiec Coping Scale and Suicide Ideation Scale were employed. Results The results showed that the reasons for living and palliative coping strategy correlated negatively with suicide ideation; although, further analysis using multiple regression revealed that family alliance and optimistic and palliative coping strategies were found to be significant reasons for living that protect adolescents from suicidal thoughts. Also, those adolescents who used emotive and evasive coping strategies had higher suicidal ideation. Conclusion Cultural and social values continue to play an important role in protecting adolescents in Malaysia from suicidal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Normah Che Din
- Health Psychology Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda A Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Ibrahim
- Health Psychology Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda A Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noh Amit
- Health Psychology Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda A Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Ba'yah Abdul Kadir
- Centre of Human and Societal Well-being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Radzi Tarmizi A Halim
- Centre of Human and Societal Well-being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Li W, Dorstyn DS, Jarmon E. Identifying suicide risk among college students: A systematic review. DEATH STUDIES 2019; 44:450-458. [PMID: 30836043 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1578305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mental health research highlights the need to focus on suicide risk in college students. However, evidence for associated risk and protective factors in this cohort is mixed. This review synthesizes data from 29 independent studies (N = 11,557 participants). Self-reported depression, cumulative stressful life events, sleep difficulties, a disconnection from others, and a sense of hopelessness demonstrated significant associations with heightened suicide risk. Reasons to live and hope provided significant protective effects. The findings highlight key intervention targets, pointing to the importance of cognitive-behavioral interventions to ameliorate suicidal thoughts but also build dispositional hope and goal-directed thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Diana S Dorstyn
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Jarmon
- Psychiatry Residency Program, Orange Regional Medical Center, Middletown, New York, USA
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Senra C, Merino H, Ferreiro F. Exploring the link between perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Contribution of rumination and defense styles. J Clin Psychol 2017; 74:1053-1066. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith MM, Sherry SB, Chen S, Saklofske DH, Mushquash C, Flett GL, Hewitt PL. The perniciousness of perfectionism: A meta-analytic review of the perfectionism-suicide relationship. J Pers 2017; 86:522-542. [PMID: 28734118 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over 50 years of research implicates perfectionism in suicide. Yet the role of perfectionism in suicide needs clarification due to notable between-study inconsistencies in findings, underpowered studies, and uncertainty about whether perfectionism confers risk for suicide. We addressed this by meta-analyzing perfectionism's relationship with suicide ideation and attempts. We also tested whether self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism predicted increased suicide ideation, beyond baseline ideation. METHOD Our literature search yielded 45 studies (N = 11,747) composed of undergraduates, medical students, community adults, and psychiatric patients. RESULTS Meta-analysis using random effects models revealed perfectionistic concerns (socially prescribed perfectionism, concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, discrepancy, perfectionistic attitudes), perfectionistic strivings (self-oriented perfectionism, personal standards), parental criticism, and parental expectations displayed small-to-moderate positive associations with suicide ideation. Socially prescribed perfectionism also predicted longitudinal increases in suicide ideation. Additionally, perfectionistic concerns, parental criticism, and parental expectations displayed small, positive associations with suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS Results lend credence to theoretical accounts suggesting self-generated and socially based pressures to be perfect are part of the premorbid personality of people prone to suicide ideation and attempts. Perfectionistic strivings' association with suicide ideation also draws into question the notion that such strivings are healthy, adaptive, or advisable.
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Flett GL, Hewitt PL, Heisel MJ. The Destructiveness of Perfectionism Revisited: Implications for the Assessment of Suicide Risk and the Prevention of Suicide. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although perfectionism is recognized as a factor that is linked with suicide, we maintain that the role of perfectionism as an amplifier of the risk of suicide has been underestimated due to several factors. In the current article, contemporary research on the role of perfectionism in suicide is reviewed and summarized. Several themes are addressed, including: (a) consistent evidence linking suicide ideation with chronic exposure to external pressures to be perfect (i.e., socially prescribed perfectionism); (b) the roles of perfectionistic self-presentation and self-concealment in suicides that occur without warning; and (c) how perfectionism contributes to lethal suicide behaviors. We also summarize data showing consistent links between perfectionism and hopelessness and discuss the need for a person-centered approach that recognizes the heightened risk for perfectionists who also tend to experience hopelessness, psychache, life stress, overgeneralization, and a form of emotional perfectionism that restricts the willingness to disclose suicidal urges and intentions. It is concluded that when formulating clinical guidelines for suicide risk assessment and intervention and public health approaches to suicide prevention, there is an urgent need for an expanded conceptualization of perfectionism as an individual and societal risk factor. We also discuss why it is essential to design preventive programs tailored to key personality features with specific components that should enhance resilience and reduce levels of risk among perfectionists who hide behind a mask of apparent invulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L. Flett
- Department of Psychology, LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research, York University
| | - Paul L. Hewitt
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | - Marnin J. Heisel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University
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Perfectionism, Stress, Daily Hassles, Hopelessness, and Suicide Potential in Depressed Psychiatric Adolescents. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-014-9427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tang J, Wu S, Miao D. Experimental test of escape theory: accessibility to implicit suicidal mind. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2013; 43:347-55. [PMID: 23448596 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the Escape Theory prediction that individuals blaming themselves for failure experience increased accessibility to implicit suicidal mind. One hundred and thirty-eight undergraduate medical students were randomly assigned to three groups: failure-related priming, success-related priming, and control. Following experimental conditions, participants completed a death/suicide Implicit Association Test. Results revealed significant differences between groups in accessibility to implicit suicidal mind. Furthermore, priming manipulation interacted with individual differences in locus of control (LOC). Significant differences in accessibility to implicit suicidal mind were observed in individuals with internal LOC, while effects of priming manipulation were eliminated in individuals with external LOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Tang
- Department of Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Lamis DA, Jahn DR. Parent-child conflict and suicide rumination in college students: the mediating roles of depressive symptoms and anxiety sensitivity. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2013; 61:106-113. [PMID: 23409860 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2012.754758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parent-child conflict, depressive symptoms, and anxiety sensitivity have each been identified as risk factors for suicide ideation in college students. This study examined the relations among these risk factors and suicide rumination utilizing transition theory to guide the hypothesized relations. PARTICIPANTS Undergraduate college students participated in this study in the spring of 2012 (January to May). METHODS Participants completed self-report measures of parent-child conflict, depressive symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and suicide rumination, among other measures. Hypothesized pathways and mediation were tested using path analysis. RESULTS Suicide rumination was positively and uniquely predicted by depressive symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and parent-child conflict. The relation between parent-child conflict and suicide rumination was, in part, accounted for by depressive symptoms and anxiety sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that it would be advisable for clinicians to assess for students' conflicts with their parents in conjunction with their levels of depression and anxiety when assessing for suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian A Lamis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
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Roxborough HM, Hewitt PL, Kaldas J, Flett GL, Caelian CM, Sherry S, Sherry DL. Perfectionistic self-presentation, socially prescribed perfectionism, and suicide in youth: a test of the perfectionism social disconnection model. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2012; 42:217-33. [PMID: 22380005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1943-278x.2012.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The role of interpersonal components of perfectionism in suicide outcomes among youth was assessed and the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model (PSDM) was tested by determining whether the links between socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) and perfectionistic self-presentation (PSP) and suicide outcomes are mediated by experiences of social disconnection, as indicated by social hopelessness and being bullied. PSP, trait perfectionism, suicide outcomes, and experiences of being bullied and social hopelessness were measured in 152 psychiatric outpatient children and adolescents. Correlational tests confirmed that PSP and SPP were associated with suicide outcomes and these interpersonal perfectionism components were associated significantly with bullying and social hopelessness. Support was also obtained for the PSDM. The relationship between the PSP facets, particularly nondisplay of imperfections, and suicide outcomes were mediated by being bullied. Additionally, the relationship between all interpersonal components of perfectionism and suicide risk was mediated by social hopelessness. Theoretical and clinical implications of interpersonal components of perfectionism and social disconnection in suicide outcomes for youth are discussed.
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Besser A, Flett GL, Hewitt PL. Perfectionistic Self-Presentation and Trait Perfectionism in Social Problem-Solving Ability and Depressive Symptoms. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yoon HK, Kim YK. TPH2 -703G/T SNP may have important effect on susceptibility to suicidal behavior in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:403-9. [PMID: 19162119 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonergic system-related genes can be good candidate genes for both major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidal behavior. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of serotonin 2A receptor gene -1438A/G SNP (HTR2A -1438A/G), tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene -703G/T SNP (TPH2 -703G/T) and serotonin 1A receptor C-1019G (HTR1A C-1019G) with suicidal behavior. METHODS One hundred and eighty one suicidal depressed patients and 143 non-suicidal depressed patients who met DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder were recruited from patients who were admitted to Korea University Ansan Hospital. One hundred seventy six normal controls were healthy volunteers who were recruited by local advertisement. Patients and normal controls were genotyped for HTR2A -1438A/G, TPH2 -703G/T and 5-HT1A C-1019G. The suicidal depressed patients were evaluated by the lethality of individual suicide attempts using Weisman and Worden's risk-rescue rating (RRR) and the Lethality Suicide Attempt Rating Scale-updated (LSARS-II). In order to assess the severity of depressive symptoms of patients, Hamilton's Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) was administered. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between groups by chi(2) statistics. Association of genotype of the candidate genes with the lethality of suicidal behavior was examined with ANOVA by comparing the mean scores of LSARS and RRR according to the genotype. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences in the genotype distributions and allele frequencies of TPH2 -703G/T between the suicidal depressive group and the normal control group. The homozygous allele G (G/G genotype) frequency was significantly higher in suicidal depressed patients than in controls. However, no differences in either genotype distribution or in allele frequencies of HTR2A -1438A/G and HTR1A C-1019G were observed between the suicidal depressed patients, the non-suicidal depressed patients, and the normal controls. There were no differences in the lethality of suicidal behavior in suicidal depressed patients according to the genotypes of three polymorphisms. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TPH2 -703G/T SNP may have an important effect on susceptibility to suicidal behavior. Furthermore, an increased frequency of G allele of TPH2 SNP may be associated with elevated suicidal behavior itself rather than with the diagnosis of major depression and may increase risk of suicidality, independent of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Kyoung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Republic of Korea
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Britton PC, Duberstein PR, Conner KR, Heisel MJ, Hirsch JK, Conwell Y. Reasons for living, hopelessness, and suicide ideation among depressed adults 50 years or older. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16:736-41. [PMID: 18757767 PMCID: PMC2763305 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e31817b609a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adults with mood disorders are at elevated risk for suicide. Psychological features such as hopelessness increase their risk for suicide ideation. Few studies have examined psychological constructs posited to lower risk for suicide ideation. The authors tested the hypothesis that reasons for living (RFL) are inversely related to suicide ideation. DESIGN This report is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data. SETTING Participants were recruited from the clinical services of three teaching hospitals in Rochester, NY. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of 125 adults 50 years or older receiving treatment for a mood disorder. MEASUREMENTS A diagnostic interview and measures of suicide ideation, depression, hopelessness, and RFL were included in the assessment battery. Dependent variables were presence and severity of suicide ideation. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic and linear regressions. RESULTS Patients who reported higher levels of fear of suicide were less likely to report suicide ideation. The relationships between hopelessness and both the presence and severity of suicide ideation were stronger among those who reported greater levels of responsibility to family. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians working with at-risk older adults are encouraged to explore their patients' RFL. These cross-sectional findings point to the need for prospective research examining the associations among different RFL, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in depressed older adults.
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Abstract
Since the 1980s, there has been a 300 percent increase in the number of published papers on perfectionism. Given the inconsistent findings in the literature, this systematic review examines, for the first time, the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and suicidality. To this end, the three main psychological and medical databases (PsychInfo 1887-May 2006, Medline 1966-May 2006 and Web of Knowledge 1981-May 2006) were searched. Twenty nine papers of perfectionism and suicidality were found. There is considerable evidence that selfcritical evaluative concerns perfectionism (i.e., socially prescribed perfectionism, self-criticism, concern about mistakes, and doubts about action) is correlated with suicidality. The methodological implications for future research are examined. In addition, the clinical implications for treatment and how these findings relate to the current conceptual debate on the nature of perfectionism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory C O'Connor
- Suicidal Behavior Research Group, University of Stirling, Scotland.
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Brezo J, Paris J, Barker ED, Tremblay R, Vitaro F, Zoccolillo M, Hébert M, Turecki G. Natural history of suicidal behaviors in a population-based sample of young adults. Psychol Med 2007; 37:1563-1574. [PMID: 17927844 DOI: 10.1017/s003329170700058x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal behaviors in young individuals represent an important public health problem. Understanding their natural history and relationships would therefore be of clinical and research value. In this study, we examined the natural histories of several suicidal behaviors and investigated two conceptual models of suicidality (dimensional and categorical) in the context of adolescent and adult-onset suicide attempts. METHOD Participants were members of a prospectively studied, representative, population-based school cohort followed since age 6 (n = 3017) through mid-adolescence (n = 1715) to their early twenties (n = 1684). Outcome measures included suicidal ideation, attempts and completions. RESULTS Approximately one in 500 individuals died by suicide. About 33% had suicidal ideas and 9.3% made at least one suicide attempt. Over half (4.9%) of the self-reported attempters made their first attempt before age 18. With the exception of current suicidal ideas, non-fatal suicidal behaviors were more prevalent in females. In general, parental and cross-sectional self-reports underestimated suicidality rates. Aikaike (AIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria suggested the ordinal model, and dimensional conceptualization of suicide attempts of different onset age, to be more optimal than its multinomial/categorical counterpart (ordinal: AIC 567.55, BIC 635.67; multinomial: AIC 616.59, BIC 723.83). Both models, nevertheless, identified five common factors of relevance to suicidal diathesis: gender, disruptive disorders, childhood anxiousness and abuse, and suicidal thoughts. CONCLUSIONS Non-fatal suicidal behaviors in adolescents and young adults are more common than suggested by cross-sectional studies and parental reports. The dimensional model may be more useful in explaining the relationship of suicide attempts of different age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Brezo
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
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Brezo J, Paris J, Tremblay R, Vitaro F, Hébert M, Turecki G. Identifying correlates of suicide attempts in suicidal ideators: a population-based study. Psychol Med 2007; 37:1551-1562. [PMID: 17537281 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291707000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of factors that distinguish between ideators who act on their suicidal thoughts from those who do not is an important clinical and research objective. METHOD We examined correlates of suicide attempts in suicidal ideators, members of a French-Canadian, school-based cohort. Suicidal thoughts were evaluated in adolescence and early adulthood in the total sample of suicidal ideators, who were then stratified into subgroups consisting of persistent ideators, male ideators and female ideators. RESULTS In addition to persistent suicidal ideas [odds ratios (ORs) 2.1-2.8], Axis I psychopathology, female gender and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were the most consistent correlates of suicide attempts. Externalizing disorders were significant contributors in persistent ideators [drug misuse: OR 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-6.9] and in male ideators in particular (disruptive disorders: OR 5.9, 95% CI 2.2-16.0). In women, psychiatric co-morbidity also had a significant effect (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.1). CSA was of relevance in both women (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.4) and persistent ideators (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5). Personality traits showed gender-specific contribution with affective instability (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.01-1.1) and anxiousness (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.7) contributing in men and disruptive aggression (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.03-1.3) in women. CONCLUSIONS Correlates of suicide attempts in suicidal ideators vary as a function of the persistence of suicidal ideas and gender. This heterogeneity across subgroups of suicidal ideators may be attributed, at least in part, to differences between the sexes, early environmental adversity, maladaptive personality, and psychiatric symptoms. Further exploration and continued prospective follow-up is necessary to examine these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Brezo
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
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Blankstein KR, Lumley CH, Crawford A. Perfectionism, Hopelessness, And Suicide Ideation: Revisions to Diathesis-Stress and Specific Vulnerability Models. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-007-0053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Enns MW, Cox BJ, Clara IP. Perfectionism and Neuroticism: A Longitudinal Study of Specific Vulnerability and Diathesis-Stress Models. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-005-2843-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Arata C, Bowers D, O'Brien N, Morgan A. Suicidal behavior, negative affect, gender, and self-reported delinquency in college students. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2005; 34:255-66. [PMID: 15385180 DOI: 10.1521/suli.34.3.255.42773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The associations among suicidal behavior, negative affect, and delinquency were assessed via an anonymous self-report survey administered to male and female college students ( N = 383). Contrary to our hypothesized results, there were no gender differences in rates of suicidal ideation and attempts. Confirming our hypotheses about gender differences, college men did report significantly more delinquent behavior than college women. College men also scored higher on the suicide-proneness scale, which contained a mixture of death-related, risk-related, and negative self- and health-related items. Furthermore, as predicted, college students with a history of depression, suicide ideation, and/or suicide attempts all reported significantly more delinquent behavior. Self-reported delinquency and current levels of depressive symptomology emerged as significant predictors of suicide-prone behavior for both college men and women, explaining 34% of the variance for women and 17% for men. Levels of engagement in suicide-prone behavior and feelings of depression were elevated in college students with any type of juvenile arrest history. Students with an arrest history were also more likely to have had a diagnosis of depression and to have engaged in suicide ideation in their past. These findings suggest there are complex links between depression, delinquency, and suicidal behavior in college men and women.
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Wei M, Mallinckrodt B, Russell DW, Abraham WT. Maladaptive Perfectionism as a Mediator and Moderator Between Adult Attachment and Depressive Mood. J Couns Psychol 2004. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tassava SH, Ruderman AJ. Application of Escape Theory to Binge Eating and Suicidality in College Women. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.1999.18.4.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Using the conceptual framework of a developmental pathway, this study links together events in the life of Sylvia Plath, beginning with her father's death when she was 8 years old and ending with her suicide at age 30. Unresolved grief for her father led to a symbiotic attachment to her mother characterized by a compulsive drive for achievement and praise. After a near-fatal suicide attempt at age 20 following failure to meet perfectionistic ideals, she recompensated, transferring her dependency needs into a symbiotic marriage to an English poet she narcissistically idealized. Her suicide followed soon after the collapse of the marriage. Emphasis is placed throughout on her unwillingness to accept personal imperfections, as well as on the search for a father substitute.
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