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Huang J, Lin F, Liu C, Luo M. Oxidation and cross-link of tyrosine-rich proteins are involved in the periostracum formation of the green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus). J Proteomics 2024; 296:105112. [PMID: 38331166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Ocean acidification causes severe shell dissolution and threats the survival of marine molluscs. The periostracum in molluscs consists of macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides, and protects the inner shell layers from dissolution and microbial erosion. Moreover, it serves as the primary template for shell deposition. However, the chemical composition and formation mechanism of the periostracum is largely unknown. In this study, we applied transcriptomic, proteomics, physical, and chemical analysis to unravel the mysteries of the periostracum formation in the green mussel Perna viridis Linnaeus. FTIR analysis showed that the periostracum layer was an organic membrane mainly composed of polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins, similar to that of the shell matrix. Interestingly, the proteomic study identified components enriched in tyrosine and some enzymes that evolved in tyrosine oxidation, indicating that tyrosine oxidation might play an essential role in the periostracum formation. Moreover, comparative transcriptomics suggested that tyrosine-rich proteins were intensively synthesized in the periostracum groove. After being secreted, the periostracum proteins were gradually tanned by oxidation in the seawater, and the level of crosslink increased significantly as revealed by the ATR-FTIR. Our present study sheds light on the chemical composition and putative tanning mechanism of the periostracum layer in bivalve molluscs. SIGNIFICANCE: The periostracum layer, plays an essential role in the initiation of shell biomineralization, the protection of minerals from dissolution for molluscs and especially ocean acidification conditions in the changing global climate. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the periostracum formation is not fully understood. In this study, we revealed that the oxidation and cross-link of tyrosine-rich proteins by tyrosinase are involved in periostracum formation in the green mussel Perna viridis. This study provides some insights into the first step of mussel shell formation and the robust adaptation of P. viridis to diverse habitats. These findings also help to reveal the potential acclimation of bivalves to the projected acidifying seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feng Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Maoguo Luo
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China.
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2
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Miserez A, Yu J, Mohammadi P. Protein-Based Biological Materials: Molecular Design and Artificial Production. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2049-2111. [PMID: 36692900 PMCID: PMC9999432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials produced from fossil fuels have been intimately linked to the development of industrial activities in the 20th century and, consequently, to the transformation of our way of living. While this has brought many benefits, the fabrication and disposal of these materials is bringing enormous sustainable challenges. Thus, materials that are produced in a more sustainable fashion and whose degradation products are harmless to the environment are urgently needed. Natural biopolymers─which can compete with and sometimes surpass the performance of synthetic polymers─provide a great source of inspiration. They are made of natural chemicals, under benign environmental conditions, and their degradation products are harmless. Before these materials can be synthetically replicated, it is essential to elucidate their chemical design and biofabrication. For protein-based materials, this means obtaining the complete sequences of the proteinaceous building blocks, a task that historically took decades of research. Thus, we start this review with a historical perspective on early efforts to obtain the primary sequences of load-bearing proteins, followed by the latest developments in sequencing and proteomic technologies that have greatly accelerated sequencing of extracellular proteins. Next, four main classes of protein materials are presented, namely fibrous materials, bioelastomers exhibiting high reversible deformability, hard bulk materials, and biological adhesives. In each class, we focus on the design at the primary and secondary structure levels and discuss their interplays with the mechanical response. We finally discuss earlier and the latest research to artificially produce protein-based materials using biotechnology and synthetic biology, including current developments by start-up companies to scale-up the production of proteinaceous materials in an economically viable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Miserez
- Center
for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
(NTU), Singapore637553
- School
of Biological Sciences, NTU, Singapore637551
| | - Jing Yu
- Center
for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
(NTU), Singapore637553
- Institute
for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), NTU, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore637553
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, UusimaaFI-02044, Finland
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3
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Cleverley R, Webb D, Middlemiss S, Duke P, Clare A, Okano K, Harwood C, Aldred N. In Vitro Oxidative Crosslinking of Recombinant Barnacle Cyprid Cement Gland Proteins. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:928-942. [PMID: 34714445 PMCID: PMC8639568 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Barnacle adhesion is a focus for fouling-control technologies as well as the development of bioinspired adhesives, although the mechanisms remain very poorly understood. The barnacle cypris larva is responsible for surface colonisation. Cyprids release cement from paired glands that contain proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, although further compositional details are scant. Several genes coding for cement gland-specific proteins were identified, but only one of these showed database homology. This was a lysyl oxidase-like protein (lcp_LOX). LOX-like enzymes have been previously identified in the proteome of adult barnacle cement secretory tissue. We attempted to produce recombinant LOX in E. coli, in order to identify its role in cyprid cement polymerisation. We also produced two other cement gland proteins (lcp3_36k_3B8 and lcp2_57k_2F5). lcp2_57k_2F5 contained 56 lysine residues and constituted a plausible substrate for LOX. While significant quantities of soluble lcp3_36k_3B8 and lcp2_57k_2F5 were produced in E. coli, production of stably soluble lcp_LOX failed. A commercially sourced human LOX catalysed the crosslinking of lcp2_57k_2F5 into putative dimers and trimers, and this reaction was inhibited by lcp3_36k_3B8. Inhibition of the lcp_LOX:lcp2_57k_2F5 reaction by lcp3_36k_3B8 appeared to be substrate specific, with no inhibitory effect on the oxidation of cadaverine by LOX. The results demonstrate a possible curing mechanism for barnacle cyprid cement and, thus, provide a basis for a more complete understanding of larval adhesion for targeted control of marine biofouling and adhesives for niche applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cleverley
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - David Webb
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Stuart Middlemiss
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Phillip Duke
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Anthony Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Keiju Okano
- Department of Biotechnology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Colin Harwood
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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4
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Narayanan A, Dhinojwala A, Joy A. Design principles for creating synthetic underwater adhesives. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13321-13345. [PMID: 34751690 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00316j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Water and adhesives have a conflicting relationship as demonstrated by the failure of most man-made adhesives in underwater environments. However, living creatures routinely adhere to substrates underwater. For example, sandcastle worms create protective reefs underwater by secreting a cocktail of protein glue that binds mineral particles together, and mussels attach themselves to rocks near tide-swept sea shores using byssal threads formed from their extracellular secretions. Over the past few decades, the physicochemical examination of biological underwater adhesives has begun to decipher the mysteries behind underwater adhesion. These naturally occurring adhesives have inspired the creation of several synthetic materials that can stick underwater - a task that was once thought to be "impossible". This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in the science of underwater adhesion over the past few decades. In this review, we introduce the basic thermodynamics processes and kinetic parameters involved in adhesion. Second, we describe the challenges brought by water when adhering underwater. Third, we explore the adhesive mechanisms showcased by mussels and sandcastle worms to overcome the challenges brought by water. We then present a detailed review of synthetic underwater adhesives that have been reported to date. Finally, we discuss some potential applications of underwater adhesives and the current challenges in the field by using a tandem analysis of the reported chemical structures and their adhesive strength. This review is aimed to inspire and facilitate the design of novel synthetic underwater adhesives, that will, in turn expand our understanding of the physical and chemical parameters that influence underwater adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Narayanan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Abraham Joy
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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5
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Kratz C, Furchner A, Sun G, Rappich J, Hinrichs K. Sensing and structure analysis by in situIR spectroscopy: from mL flow cells to microfluidic applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:393002. [PMID: 32235045 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab8523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In situmid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy in liquids is an emerging field for the analysis of functional surfaces and chemical reactions. Different basic geometries exist forin situMIR spectroscopy in milliliter (mL) and microfluidic flow cells, such as attenuated total reflection (ATR), simple reflection, transmission and fiber waveguides. After a general introduction of linear opticalin situMIR techniques, the methodology of ATR, ellipsometric and microfluidic applications in single-reflection geometries is presented. Selected examples focusing on thin layers relevant to optical, electronical, polymer, biomedical, sensing and silicon technology are discussed. The development of an optofluidic platform translates IR spectroscopy to the world of micro- and nanofluidics. With the implementation of SEIRA (surface enhanced infrared absorption) interfaces, the sensitivity of optofluidic analyses of biomolecules can be improved significantly. A large variety of enhancement surfaces ranging from tailored nanostructures to metal-island film substrates are promising for this purpose. Meanwhile, time-resolved studies, such as sub-monolayer formation of organic molecules in nL volumes, become available in microscopic or laser-based set-ups. With the adaption of modern brilliant IR sources, such as tunable and broadband IR lasers as well as frequency comb sources, possible applications of far-field IR spectroscopy inin situsensing with high lateral (sub-mm) and time (sub-s) resolution are considerably extended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoguang Sun
- ISAS-e.V., Schwarzschildstr. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rappich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Mohanram H, Kumar A, Verma CS, Pervushin K, Miserez A. Three-dimensional structure of Megabalanus rosa Cement Protein 20 revealed by multi-dimensional NMR and molecular dynamics simulations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190198. [PMID: 31495314 PMCID: PMC6745475 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Barnacles employ a protein-based cement to firmly attach to immersed substrates. The cement proteins (CPs) have previously been identified and sequenced. However, the molecular mechanisms of adhesion are not well understood, in particular, because the three-dimensional molecular structure of CPs remained unknown to date. Here, we conducted multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of recombinant Megabalanus rosa Cement Protein 20 (rMrCP20). Our NMR results show that rMrCP20 contains three main folded domain regions intervened by two dynamic loops, resulting in multiple protein conformations that exist in equilibrium. We found that 12 out of 32 Cys in the sequence engage in disulfide bonds that stabilize the β-sheet domains owing to their placement at the extremities of β-strands. Another feature unveiled by NMR is the location of basic residues in turn regions that are exposed to the solvent, playing an important role for intermolecular contact with negatively charged surfaces. MD simulations highlight a highly stable and conserved β-motif (β7-β8), which may function as nuclei for amyloid-like nanofibrils previously observed in the cured adhesive cement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the tertiary structure of an extracellular biological adhesive protein at the molecular level. This article is part of the theme issue 'Transdisciplinary approaches to the study of adhesion and adhesives in biological systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Mohanram
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Akshita Kumar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Chandra S. Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Konstantin Pervushin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Ali Miserez
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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7
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So CR, Yates EA, Estrella LA, Fears KP, Schenck AM, Yip CM, Wahl KJ. Molecular Recognition of Structures Is Key in the Polymerization of Patterned Barnacle Adhesive Sequences. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5172-5183. [PMID: 30986028 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The permanent adhesive produced by adult barnacles is held together by tightly folded proteins that form amyloid-like materials distinct among marine foulants. In this work, we link stretches of alternating charged and noncharged linear sequences from a family of adhesive proteins to their role in forming fibrillar nanomaterials. Using recombinant proteins and short barnacle cement derived peptides (BCPs), we find a central sequence with charged motifs of the pattern [Gly/Ser/Val/Thr/Ala-X], where X are charged amino acids, to exert specific control over timing, structure, and morphology of fibril formation. While most BCPs remain dormant, the core segment demonstrates rapid polymerization as well as an ability to template other peptides with no propensity for self-assembly. Patterned charge domains assemble dormant peptides through a specific antiparallel β-sheet structure as measured by FTIR. While charged domains favor an antiparallel structure, BCPs without charged domains switch fibril assembly to favor simpler parallel β-sheet aggregates. In addition to activation, charged domains direct nanofibers to grow into discrete microns long fibrils similar to the natural adhesive, while segments without such domains only form short branched aggregates. The assembly of adhesive sequences through recognition of structured templates outlines a strategy used by barnacles to control physical mechanisms of underwater adhesive delivery, activation, and curing based on molecular recognition between proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R So
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176 , US Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW , Washington , DC 20375-5342 , United States
| | - Elizabeth A Yates
- US Naval Academy Faculty Sited in Code 6176 , US Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375-5342 , United States
| | - Luis A Estrella
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176 , US Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW , Washington , DC 20375-5342 , United States
| | - Kenan P Fears
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176 , US Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW , Washington , DC 20375-5342 , United States
| | - Ashley M Schenck
- US Naval Academy Midshipmen Sited in Code 6176 , US Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375-5342 , United States
| | - Catherine M Yip
- US Naval Academy Midshipmen Sited in Code 6176 , US Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375-5342 , United States
| | - Kathryn J Wahl
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176 , US Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW , Washington , DC 20375-5342 , United States
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8
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Fears KP, Orihuela B, Rittschof D, Wahl KJ. Acorn Barnacles Secrete Phase-Separating Fluid to Clear Surfaces Ahead of Cement Deposition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700762. [PMID: 29938165 PMCID: PMC6010908 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine macrofoulers (e.g., barnacles, tubeworms, mussels) create underwater adhesives capable of attaching themselves to almost any material. The difficulty in removing these organisms frustrates maritime and oceanographic communities, and fascinates biomedical and industrial communities seeking synthetic adhesives that cure and hold steadfast in aqueous environments. Protein analysis can reveal the chemical composition of natural adhesives; however, developing synthetic analogs that mimic their performance remains a challenge due to an incomplete understanding of adhesion processes. Here, it is shown that acorn barnacles (Amphibalanus (=Balanus) amphitrite) secrete a phase-separating fluid ahead of growth and cement deposition. This mixture consists of a phenolic laden gelatinous phase that presents a phase rich in lipids and reactive oxygen species at the seawater interface. Nearby biofilms rapidly oxidize and lift off the surface as the secretion advances. While phenolic chemistries are ubiquitous to arthropod adhesives and cuticles, the findings demonstrate that A. amphitrite uses these chemistries in a complex surface-cleaning fluid, at a substantially higher relative abundance than in its adhesive. The discovery of this critical step in underwater adhesion represents a missing link between natural and synthetic adhesives, and provides new directions for the development of environmentally friendly biofouling solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan P. Fears
- Chemistry DivisionNaval Research Laboratory4555 Overlook Ave. SWWashingtonDC20375USA
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Duke University Marine Laboratory135 Duke Marine Lab RdBeaufortNC28516USA
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Duke University Marine Laboratory135 Duke Marine Lab RdBeaufortNC28516USA
| | - Kathryn J. Wahl
- Chemistry DivisionNaval Research Laboratory4555 Overlook Ave. SWWashingtonDC20375USA
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9
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So CR, Scancella JM, Fears KP, Essock-Burns T, Haynes SE, Leary DH, Diana Z, Wang C, North S, Oh CS, Wang Z, Orihuela B, Rittschof D, Spillmann CM, Wahl KJ. Oxidase Activity of the Barnacle Adhesive Interface Involves Peroxide-Dependent Catechol Oxidase and Lysyl Oxidase Enzymes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11493-11505. [PMID: 28273414 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidases are found to play a growing role in providing functional chemistry to marine adhesives for the permanent attachment of macrofouling organisms. Here, we demonstrate active peroxidase and lysyl oxidase enzymes in the adhesive layer of adult Amphibalanus amphitrite barnacles through live staining, proteomic analysis, and competitive enzyme assays on isolated cement. A novel full-length peroxinectin (AaPxt-1) secreted by barnacles is largely responsible for oxidizing phenolic chemistries; AaPxt-1 is driven by native hydrogen peroxide in the adhesive and oxidizes phenolic substrates typically preferred by phenoloxidases (POX) such as laccase and tyrosinase. A major cement protein component AaCP43 is found to contain ketone/aldehyde modifications via 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization, also called Brady's reagent, of cement proteins and immunoblotting with an anti-DNPH antibody. Our work outlines the landscape of molt-related oxidative pathways exposed to barnacle cement proteins, where ketone- and aldehyde-forming oxidases use peroxide intermediates to modify major cement components such as AaCP43.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University Marine Laboratory , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
| | - Dan Rittschof
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University Marine Laboratory , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
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10
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Raman S, Malms L, Utzig T, Shrestha BR, Stock P, Krishnan S, Valtiner M. Adhesive barnacle peptides exhibit a steric-driven design rule to enhance adhesion between asymmetric surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 152:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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So CR, Fears KP, Leary DH, Scancella JM, Wang Z, Liu JL, Orihuela B, Rittschof D, Spillmann CM, Wahl KJ. Sequence basis of Barnacle Cement Nanostructure is Defined by Proteins with Silk Homology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36219. [PMID: 27824121 PMCID: PMC5099703 DOI: 10.1038/srep36219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Barnacles adhere by producing a mixture of cement proteins (CPs) that organize into a permanently bonded layer displayed as nanoscale fibers. These cement proteins share no homology with any other marine adhesives, and a common sequence-basis that defines how nanostructures function as adhesives remains undiscovered. Here we demonstrate that a significant unidentified portion of acorn barnacle cement is comprised of low complexity proteins; they are organized into repetitive sequence blocks and found to maintain homology to silk motifs. Proteomic analysis of aggregate bands from PAGE gels reveal an abundance of Gly/Ala/Ser/Thr repeats exemplified by a prominent, previously unidentified, 43 kDa protein in the solubilized adhesive. Low complexity regions found throughout the cement proteome, as well as multiple lysyl oxidases and peroxidases, establish homology with silk-associated materials such as fibroin, silk gum sericin, and pyriform spidroins from spider silk. Distinct primary structures defined by homologous domains shed light on how barnacles use low complexity in nanofibers to enable adhesion, and serves as a starting point for unraveling the molecular architecture of a robust and unique class of adhesive nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R So
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenan P Fears
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dagmar H Leary
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jenifer M Scancella
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jinny L Liu
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Dan Rittschof
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M Spillmann
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathryn J Wahl
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW, Washington, DC, USA
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12
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Dickinson GH, Yang X, Wu F, Orihuela B, Rittschof D, Beniash E. Localization of Phosphoproteins within the Barnacle Adhesive Interface. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2016; 230:233-42. [PMID: 27365418 PMCID: PMC6377941 DOI: 10.1086/bblv230n3p233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Barnacles permanently adhere to nearly any inert substrate using proteinaceous glue. The glue consists of at least ten major proteins, some of which have been isolated and sequenced. Questions still remain about the chemical mechanisms involved in adhesion and the potential of the glue to serve as a platform for mineralization of the calcified base plate. We tested the hypothesis that barnacle glue contains phosphoproteins, which have the potential to play a role in both adhesion and mineralization. Using a combination of phosphoprotein-specific gel staining and Western blotting with anti-phosphoserine antibody, we identified multiple phosphorylated proteins in uncured glue secretions from the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite The protein composition of the glue and the quantity and abundance of phosphoproteins varied distinctly among individual barnacles, possibly due to cyclical changes in the glue secretion over time. We assessed the location of the phosphoproteins within the barnacle glue layer using decalcified barnacle base plates and residual glue deposited by reattached barnacles. Phosphoproteins were found throughout the organic matrix of the base plate and within the residual glue. Staining within the residual glue appeared most intensely in regions where capillary glue ducts, which are involved in cyclical release of glue, had been laid down. Lastly, mineralization studies of glue proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that proteins identified as phosphorylated possibly induce mineralization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). These results contribute to our understanding of the protein composition of barnacle glue, and provide new insights into the potential roles of phosphoproteins in underwater bioadhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Dickinson
- Department of Oral Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 505 SALKP, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, New Jersey 08628; and
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 505 SALKP, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Fanghui Wu
- Department of Oral Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 505 SALKP, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516
| | - Dan Rittschof
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 505 SALKP, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213;
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13
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Golden JP, Burden DK, Fears KP, Barlow DE, So CR, Burns J, Miltenberg B, Orihuela B, Rittshof D, Spillmann CM, Wahl KJ, Tender LM. Imaging Active Surface Processes in Barnacle Adhesive Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:541-550. [PMID: 26681301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) and voltammetry were used simultaneously to monitor Amphibalanus (=Balanus) amphitrite barnacles reattached and grown on gold-coated glass slides in artificial seawater. Upon reattachment, SPRI revealed rapid surface adsorption of material with a higher refractive index than seawater at the barnacle/gold interface. Over longer time periods, SPRI also revealed secretory activity around the perimeter of the barnacle along the seawater/gold interface extending many millimeters beyond the barnacle and varying in shape and region with time. Ex situ experiments using attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy confirmed that reattachment of barnacles was accompanied by adsorption of protein to surfaces on similar time scales as those in the SPRI experiments. Barnacles were grown through multiple molting cycles. While the initial reattachment region remained largely unchanged, SPRI revealed the formation of sets of paired concentric rings having alternately darker/lighter appearance (corresponding to lower and higher refractive indices, respectively) at the barnacle/gold interface beneath the region of new growth. Ex situ experiments coupling the SPRI imaging with optical and FTIR microscopy revealed that the paired rings coincide with molt cycles, with the brighter rings associated with regions enriched in amide moieties. The brighter rings were located just beyond orifices of cement ducts, consistent with delivery of amide-rich chemistry from the ducts. The darker rings were associated with newly expanded cuticle. In situ voltammetry using the SPRI gold substrate as the working electrode revealed presence of redox active compounds (oxidation potential approx 0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl) after barnacles were reattached on surfaces. Redox activity persisted during the reattachment period. The results reveal surface adsorption processes coupled to the complex secretory and chemical activity under barnacles as they construct their adhesive interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Miltenberg
- American Society for Engineering Education, NREIP , Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Duke University Marine Lab , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
| | - Daniel Rittshof
- Duke University Marine Lab , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
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14
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In vivo and in situ synchrotron radiation-based μ-XRF reveals elemental distributions during the early attachment phase of barnacle larvae and juvenile barnacles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1487-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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De Gregorio BT, Stroud RM, Burden DK, Fears KP, Everett RK, Wahl KJ. Shell Structure and Growth in the Base Plate of the Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:1085-1095. [PMID: 33429550 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The base plate of the acorn barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite (equivalent to Balanus amphitrite) is composed of hierarchically scaled, mutually aligned calcite grains, adhered to the substratum via layered cuticular tissue and protein. Acorn barnacles grow by expanding and lengthening their side plates, under which the cuticle is stretched, and adhesive proteins are secreted. In barnacles with mineralized base plates, such as A. amphitrite, a mineralization front follows behind, radially expanding the base plate at the periphery. In this study, we show that the new mineralization develops above the adhesion layers in a unique trilayered structure. Calcite crystallites in each of the layers have distinct sizes, varying from coarse-grained (>1 μm across) in the upper layer, to fine-grained (∼1 μm) in the middle layer, to nanoparticulate (∼40 nm) in the basal layer. The fine-grained crystallites dominate the growth front, comprising the bulk of the shell at the periphery, with later coarse grain development on the top of the base plate (toward the barnacle interior) and nanocrystalline calcite templating underneath in contact with the cuticle/protein layer. While the coarse-grained calcite on the upper surface contains a range of crystal orientations, the underlying fine-grained and nanocrystalline calcite are mutually oriented to within a few degrees of each other. Electron diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirm that all of the crystallites are calcite, and metastable aragonite or amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) phases are not observed. The complex morphology of the leading edge of the base plate suggests that crystallization initiates with the emplacement of mutually aligned fine-grained calcite, followed by the accumulation of coarser grains above and nucleation of highly oriented nanocrystalline grains below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley T De Gregorio
- Nova Research Inc., 1900 Elkin Street, Suite 230, Alexandria, Virginia 22308, United States.,Materials Science and Technology Division, Code 6366, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Rhonda M Stroud
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Code 6366, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Daniel K Burden
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Kenan P Fears
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Richard K Everett
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Code 6366, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 225-D, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Kathryn J Wahl
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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16
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Liang C, Li Y, Liu Z, Wu W, Hu B. Protein Aggregation Formed by Recombinant cp19k Homologue of Balanus albicostatus Combined with an 18 kDa N-Terminus Encoded by pET-32a(+) Plasmid Having Adhesion Strength Comparable to Several Commercial Glues. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136493. [PMID: 26317205 PMCID: PMC4552757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The barnacle is well known for its tenacious and permanent attachment to a wide variety of underwater substrates, which is accomplished by synthesizing, secreting and curing a mixture of adhesive proteins termed “barnacle cement”. In order to evaluate interfacial adhesion abilities of barnacle cement proteins, the cp19k homologous gene in Balanus albicostatus (Balcp19k) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Here, we report an intriguing discovery of a gel-like super adhesive aggregation produced by Trx-Balcp19k, a recombinant Balcp19k fusion protein. The Trx-Balcp19k consists of an 18 kDa fragment at the N-terminus, which is encoded by pET-32a(+) plasmid and mainly comprised of a thioredoxin (Trx) tag, and Balcp19k at the C-terminus. The sticky aggregation was designated as “Trx-Balcp19k gel”, and the bulk adhesion strength, biochemical composition, as well as formation conditions were all carefully investigated. The Trx-Balcp19k gel exhibited strong adhesion strength of 2.10 ± 0.67 MPa, which was approximately fifty folds higher than that of the disaggregated Trx-Balcp19k (40 ± 8 kPa) and rivaled those of commercial polyvinyl acetate (PVA) craft glue (Mont Marte, Australia) and UHU glue (UHU GmbH & Co. KG, Germany). Lipids were absent from the Trx-Balcp19k gel and only a trace amount of carbohydrates was detected. We postulate that the electrostatic interactions play a key role in the formation of Trx-Balcp19k gel, by mediating self-aggregation of Trx-Balcp19k based on its asymmetric distribution pattern of charged amino acids. Taken together, we believe that our discovery not only presents a promising biological adhesive with potential applications in both biomedical and technical fields, but also provides valuable paradigms for molecular design of bio-inspired peptide- or protein-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunqiu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Biru Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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So CR, Liu J, Fears KP, Leary DH, Golden JP, Wahl KJ. Self-Assembly of Protein Nanofibrils Orchestrates Calcite Step Movement through Selective Nonchiral Interactions. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5782-5791. [PMID: 25970003 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of atomically distinct surface features by adsorbed biomolecules is central to the formation of surface-templated peptide or protein nanostructures. On mineral surfaces such as calcite, biomolecular recognition of, and self-assembly on, distinct atomic kinks and steps could additionally orchestrate changes to the overall shape and symmetry of a bulk crystal. In this work, we show through in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments that an acidic 20 kDa cement protein from the barnacle Megabalanus rosa (MRCP20) binds specifically to step edge atoms on {101̅4} calcite surfaces, remains bound and further assembles over time to form one-dimensional nanofibrils. Protein nanofibrils are continuous and organized at the nanoscale, exhibiting striations with a period of ca. 45 nm. These fibrils, templated by surface steps of a preferred geometry, in turn selectively dissolve underlying calcite features displaying the same atomic arrangement. To demonstrate this, we expose the protein solution to bare and fibril-associated rhombohedral etch pits to reveal that nanofibrils accelerate only the movement of fibril-forming steps when compared to undecorated steps exposed to the same solution conditions. Calcite mineralized in the presence of MRCP20 results in asymmetric crystals defined by frustrated faces with shared mirror symmetry, suggesting a similar step-selective behavior by MRCP20 in crystal growth. As shown here, selective surface interactions with step edge atoms lead to a cooperative regime of calcite modification, where templated long-range protein nanostructures shape crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R So
- †Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Jinny Liu
- ‡Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Kenan P Fears
- †Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Dagmar H Leary
- ‡Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Joel P Golden
- ‡Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Kathryn J Wahl
- †Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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18
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Jonker JL, Morrison L, Lynch EP, Grunwald I, von Byern J, Power AM. The chemistry of stalked barnacle adhesive (Lepas anatifera). Interface Focus 2015; 5:20140062. [PMID: 25657841 PMCID: PMC4275876 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of the first chemical analysis of the adhesive of Lepas anatifera, a stalked barnacle, are presented. A variety of elements were identified in scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) of the adhesive, including Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, S, Al, Si, K and Fe; however, protein-metal interactions were not detected in Raman spectra of the adhesive. Elemental signatures from SEM-EDS of L. anatifera adhesive glands were less varied. Phosphorous was mostly absent in adhesive samples; supporting previous studies showing that phosphoserines do not play a significant role in adult barnacle adhesion. Disulfide bridges arising from Cys dimers were also investigated; Raman analysis showed weak evidence for S-S bonds in L. anatifera. In addition, there was no calcium carbonate signal in the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra of L. anatifera adhesive, unlike several previous studies in other barnacle species. Significant differences were observed between the Raman spectra of L. anatifera and Balanus crenatus; these and a range of Raman peaks in the L. anatifera adhesive are discussed. Polysaccharide was detected in L. anatifera adhesive but the significance of this awaits further experiments. The results demonstrate some of the diversity within barnacle species in the chemistry of their adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie-Leigh Jonker
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Liam Morrison
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Edward P. Lynch
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Sweden, 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingo Grunwald
- Department Adhesive Bonding and Surfaces, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Group BioInspired Materials, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Janek von Byern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Marie Power
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
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19
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Zheden V, Klepal W, Gorb SN, Kovalev A. Mechanical properties of the cement of the stalked barnacle Dosima fascicularis (Cirripedia, Crustacea). Interface Focus 2015; 5:20140049. [PMID: 25657833 PMCID: PMC4275868 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stalked barnacle Dosima fascicularis secretes foam-like cement, the amount of which usually exceeds that produced by other barnacles. When Dosima settles on small objects, this adhesive is additionally used as a float which gives buoyancy to the animal. The dual use of the cement by D. fascicularis requires mechanical properties different from those of other barnacle species. In the float, two regions with different morphological structure and mechanical properties can be distinguished. The outer compact zone with small gas-filled bubbles (cells) is harder than the interior one and forms a protective rind presumably against mechanical damage. The inner region with large, gas-filled cells is soft. This study demonstrates that D. fascicularis cement is soft and visco-elastic. We show that the values of the elastic modulus, hardness and tensile stress are considerably lower than in the rigid cement of other barnacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zheden
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Waltraud Klepal
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Zoological Institute: Functional Morphology and Biomechanics , Kiel University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Zoological Institute: Functional Morphology and Biomechanics , Kiel University , Kiel , Germany
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20
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Nakano M, Kamino K. Amyloid-like conformation and interaction for the self-assembly in barnacle underwater cement. Biochemistry 2015; 54:826-35. [PMID: 25537316 DOI: 10.1021/bi500965f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Barnacles are unique marine sessile crustaceans and permanently attach to various foreign surfaces during most of their lifespan. The protein complex secreted from their body and used to attach their calcareous shell to almost all surfaces in water has long fascinated us because we have limited technology with which to attach materials in water. Unraveling the mechanism of underwater attachment by barnacles is thus important for interface science, for the understanding of the biology and physiology of barnacles, and for the development of technology to prevent fouling. Previous studies have indicated that the intermolecular interactions optimized by conformations of the adhesive proteins are crucial in the self-assembly and/or curing of the adhesive. This study aimed to identify the possible structural determinants responsible for the self-assembly. Thioflavin T binding screening of peptides designed on the basis of the primary structure of a bulk 52 kDa cement protein indicated the presence of some amyloidogenic motifs in the protein. The conformation of the peptide was transformed to a β-sheet by an increase in either pH or ionic strength, resulting in its self-assembly. Thioflavin T binding was inhibited by small polyphenolic molecules, suggesting the contribution of aromatic interactions during self-assembly. The occurrence of amyloid-like units in the protein implies that the protein conformation is an important factor contributing to the self-assembly of the cement, the first event of the curing, as the adhesive material is secreted into the seawater out of the animal's body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakano
- Marine Biotechnology Institute , Kamaishi, Iwate 026-0001, Japan
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21
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Functionalized polycaprolactam as an active food package for antibiofilm activity and extended shelf life. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:461-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Jo SH, Sohn JS. Biomimetic adhesive materials containing cyanoacryl group for medical application. Molecules 2014; 19:16779-93. [PMID: 25329871 PMCID: PMC6271658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
For underwater adhesives with biocompatible and more flexible bonds using biomimetic adhesive groups, DOPA-like adhesive molecules were modified with cyanoacrylates to obtain different repeating units and chain length copolymers. The goal of this work is to copy the mechanisms of underwater bonding to create synthetic water-borne underwater medical adhesives through blending of the modified DOPA and a triblock copolymer (PEO-PPO-PEO) for practical application to repair wet living tissues and bones, and in turn, to use the synthetic adhesives to test mechanistic hypotheses about the natural adhesive. The highest values in stress and modulus of the biomimetic adhesives prepared in wet state were 165 kPa and 33 MPa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueng Hwan Jo
- Orthopaedic Department, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea.
| | - Jeong Sun Sohn
- College of General Education, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea.
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23
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Zheden V, Klepal W, von Byern J, Bogner FR, Thiel K, Kowalik T, Grunwald I. Biochemical analyses of the cement float of the goose barnacle Dosima fascicularis--a preliminary study. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:949-963. [PMID: 25237772 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.954557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The goose barnacle Dosima fascicularis produces an excessive amount of adhesive (cement), which has a double function, being used for attachment to various substrata and also as a float (buoy). This paper focuses on the chemical composition of the cement, which has a water content of 92%. Scanning electron microscopy with EDX was used to measure the organic elements C, O and N in the foam-like cement. Vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR, Raman) provided further information about the overall secondary structure, which tended towards a β-sheet. Disulphide bonds could not be detected by Raman spectroscopy. The cystine, methionine, histidine and tryptophan contents were each below 1% in the cement. Analyses of the cement revealed a protein content of 84% and a total carbohydrate content of 1.5% in the dry cement. The amino acid composition, 1D/2D-PAGE and MS/MS sequence analysis revealed a de novo set of peptides/proteins with low homologies with other proteins such as the barnacle cement proteins, largely with an acidic pI between 3.5 and 6.0. The biochemical composition of the cement of D. fascicularis is similar to that of other barnacles, but it shows interesting variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zheden
- a University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research , Vienna , Austria
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24
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Burden DK, Spillmann CM, Everett RK, Barlow DE, Orihuela B, Deschamps JR, Fears KP, Rittschof D, Wahl KJ. Growth and development of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite: time and spatially resolved structure and chemistry of the base plate. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:799-812. [PMID: 25115515 PMCID: PMC4159999 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.930736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The radial growth and advancement of the adhesive interface to the substratum of many species of acorn barnacles occurs underwater and beneath an opaque, calcified shell. Here, the time-dependent growth processes involving various autofluorescent materials within the interface of live barnacles are imaged for the first time using 3D time-lapse confocal microscopy. Key features of the interface development in the striped barnacle, Amphibalanus (= Balanus) amphitrite were resolved in situ and include advancement of the barnacle/substratum interface, epicuticle membrane development, protein secretion, and calcification. Microscopic and spectroscopic techniques provide ex situ material identification of regions imaged by confocal microscopy. In situ and ex situ analysis of the interface support the hypothesis that barnacle interface development is a complex process coupling sequential, timed secretory events and morphological changes. This results in a multi-layered interface that concomitantly fulfills the roles of strongly adhering to a substratum while permitting continuous molting and radial growth at the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Burden
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Richard K. Everett
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel E. Barlow
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenan P. Fears
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Kathryn J. Wahl
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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25
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Petrone L. Molecular surface chemistry in marine bioadhesion. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 195-196:1-18. [PMID: 23623000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the in situ molecular physicochemical characterisation of bioadhesives at solid/liquid interfaces, with the aim of elucidating the adhesion strategies that lie at the root of marine biofouling. It focuses on three major foulers: mussels, algae and barnacles. The dispersal of these organisms, their colonisation of surfaces, and ultimately their survival rely critically on the ability of the organisms' larvae or spores to locate a favourable settlement site and undergo metamorphosis, thus initiating their sessile existence. Differences in the composition of adhesive secretions and the strategies employed for their temporary or permanent implementation exists between the larval and adult life stages. To date, only a few adhesive secretions from marine fouling organisms have been adequately described in terms of their chemical composition, and a survey revealed the presence of certain recurrent functional groups, specifically catechol, carboxylate, monoester-sulphate and -phosphate. This review will describe the binding modes of such functionalities to wet mineral/metal oxides surfaces. Such functionalities will be ranked based on their ability to bind to hydrophilic surfaces replacing surface-bound water (Langmuir adsorption constant) as well as other adsorbates (competitive adsorption). A plausible explanation for the propensity of the reviewed adhesive functionalities to bind to hydrous metal oxide surfaces will be given on the basis of the Hard and Soft Acids and Bases principle, Hofmeister effects and entropic considerations. From the in situ analysis of marine organism bioadhesives and adsorption studies of functionalities relevant to the bioadhesion process, insights can be gleaned for a knowledge-based innovation of antifouling strategies and the synthesis of strong, durable adhesive materials, which are suitable for implementation in wet environments.
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26
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Abstract
Barnacles are intriguing, not only with respect to their importance as fouling organisms, but also in terms of the mechanism of underwater adhesion, which provides a platform for biomimetic and bioinspired research. These aspects have prompted questions regarding how adult barnacles attach to surfaces under water. The multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of the studies makes an overview covering all aspects challenging. This mini-review, therefore, attempts to bring together aspects of the adhesion of adult barnacles by looking at the achievements of research focused on both fouling and adhesion. Biological and biochemical studies, which have been motivated mainly by understanding the nature of the adhesion, indicate that the molecular characteristics of barnacle adhesive are unique. However, it is apparent from recent advances in molecular techniques that much remains undiscovered regarding the complex event of underwater attachment. Barnacles attached to silicone-based elastomeric coatings have been studied widely, particularly with respect to fouling-release technology. The fact that barnacles fail to attach tenaciously to silicone coatings, combined with the fact that the mode of attachment to these substrata is different to that for most other materials, indicates that knowledge about the natural mechanism of barnacle attachment is still incomplete. Further research on barnacles will enable a more comprehensive understanding of both the process of attachment and the adhesives used. Results from such studies will have a strong impact on technology aimed at fouling prevention as well as adhesion science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kamino
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Kisarazu, Japan.
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27
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Burden DK, Barlow DE, Spillmann CM, Orihuela B, Rittschof D, Everett RK, Wahl KJ. Barnacle Balanus amphitrite adheres by a stepwise cementing process. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13364-13372. [PMID: 22721507 DOI: 10.1021/la301695m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Barnacles adhere permanently to surfaces by secreting and curing a thin interfacial adhesive underwater. Here, we show that the acorn barnacle Balanus amphitrite adheres by a two-step fluid secretion process, both contributing to adhesion. We found that, as barnacles grow, the first barnacle cement secretion (BCS1) is released at the periphery of the expanding base plate. Subsequently, a second, autofluorescent fluid (BCS2) is released. We show that secretion of BCS2 into the interface results, on average, in a 2-fold increase in adhesive strength over adhesion by BCS1 alone. The two secretions are distinguishable both spatially and temporally, and differ in morphology, protein conformation, and chemical functionality. The short time window for BCS2 secretion relative to the overall area increase demonstrates that it has a disproportionate, surprisingly powerful, impact on adhesion. The dramatic change in adhesion occurs without measurable changes in interface thickness and total protein content. A fracture mechanics analysis suggests the interfacial material's modulus or work of adhesion, or both, were substantially increased after BCS2 secretion. Addition of BCS2 into the interface generates highly networked amyloid-like fibrils and enhanced phenolic content. Both intertwined fibers and phenolic chemistries may contribute to mechanical stability of the interface through physically or chemically anchoring interface proteins to the substrate and intermolecular interactions. Our experiments point to the need to reexamine the role of phenolic components in barnacle adhesion, long discounted despite their prevalence in structural membranes of arthropods and crustaceans, as they may contribute to chemical processes that strengthen adhesion through intermolecular cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Burden
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
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28
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Abstract
Biofouling, the attachment and growth of organisms on submerged, man-made surfaces, has plagued ship operators for at least 2500 years. Accumulation of biofouling, including barnacles and other sessile marine invertebrates, increases the frictional resistance of ships' hulls, resulting in an increase in power and in fuel consumption required to make speed. Scientists and engineers recognized over 100 years ago that in order to solve the biofouling problem, a deeper understanding of the biology of the organisms involved, particularly with regard to larval settlement and metamorphosis and adhesives and adhesion, would be required. Barnacles have served as an important tool in pursuing this research. Over the past 20 years, the pace of these studies has accelerated, likely driven by the introduction of environmental regulations banning the most effective biofouling control products from the market. Research has largely focused on larval settlement and metamorphosis, the development of new biocides, and materials/surface science. Increased research has so far, however, failed to result in commercial applications. Two recent successes (medetomidine/Selektope(®), surface-bound noradrenaline) build on our improving understanding of the role of the larval nervous system in mediating settlement and metamorphosis. New findings with regard to the curing of barnacle adhesives may pave the way to additional successes. Although the development of most current biofouling control technologies remains largely uninfluenced by basic research on, for example, the ability of settling larvae to perceive surface cues, or the nature of the interaction between organismal adhesives and the substrate, newly-developed materials can serve as useful probes to further our understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Holm
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Code 614, West Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
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Barlow DE, Wahl KJ. Optical spectroscopy of marine bioadhesive interfaces. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2012; 5:229-51. [PMID: 22524229 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms have evolved extraordinarily effective adhesives that cure underwater and resist degradation. These underwater adhesives differ dramatically in structure and function and are composed of multiple proteins assembled into functional composites. The processes by which these bioadhesives cure--conformational changes, dehydration, polymerization, and cross-linking--are challenging to quantify because they occur not only underwater but also in a buried interface between the substrate and the organism. In this review, we highlight interfacial optical spectroscopy approaches that can reveal the biochemical processes and structure of marine bioadhesives, with particular emphasis on macrofoulers such as barnacles and mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Barlow
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
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Kamino K, Nakano M, Kanai S. Significance of the conformation of building blocks in curing of barnacle underwater adhesive. FEBS J 2012; 279:1750-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Construction and nanomechanical properties of the exoskeleton of the barnacle, Amphibalanus reticulatus. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:360-9. [PMID: 21911065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Barnacles are some of the major inhabitants of intertidal zones and have calcite-based exoskeleton to anchor and armor their tissues. Structural characterization studies of the specie Ambhibalanus reticulatus were performed to understand the construction of the exoskeleton which forms a light-weight yet stiff structure. The parietal shell is constructed of six compartments to yield a truncated cone geometry, which is neatly fixed onto the basal shell that attaches the organism to the substrate surface. The connections among the different compartments happen through sutured edges and also have chemical interlocking to make the junctions impermeable. Also, the shell parts are furnished with hollow channels reducing the overall mass of the construction. The structure and functions of different parts of the exoskeleton are identified and outlined. Finally, the mechanical properties such as modulus, hardness and fracture toughness of the exoskeleton obtained by indentation techniques are discussed.
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Raman S, Kumar R. Interfacial morphology and nanomechanics of cement of the barnacle, Amphibalanus reticulatus on metallic and non-metallic substrata. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:569-577. [PMID: 21660775 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.589027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The barnacle exhibits a high degree of control over its attachment onto different types of solid surface. The structure and composition of barnacle cement have been reported previously, but mostly for barnacles growing on low surface energy materials. This article focuses on the strategies used by barnacles when they attach to engineering materials such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), titanium (Ti) and stainless steel 316L (SS316L). Adhesion to these substrata is compared in terms of morphological structure, thickness and functional groups of the primary cement, the molting cycle and the nanomechanical properties of the cement. Structural characterization studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in conjunction with nanomechanical characterization and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to understand the differences in the adhesion of primary barnacle cement to the different substrata. The results provide new insights into understanding the mechanisms at work across the barnacle-substratum interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Raman
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, India
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Kamino K. Absence of cross-linking via trans-glutaminase in barnacle cement and redefinition of the cement. BIOFOULING 2010; 26:755-760. [PMID: 20737326 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.514335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Balanomorphan barnacles attach their calcareous bases to a variety of substrata, including others of the same species, through secretion of an underwater adhesive, commonly referred to as cement. In this multi-functional process of underwater attachment, curing of the adhesive is crucial for the formation of a secure attachment. To date, there has been no direct evidence presented to suggest the involvement of cross-linking or polymerization in the cement curing process, despite the emergence of this hypothesis in the recent literature. A recently proposed mechanism for cement curing involves glutamyl-lysine cross-linking via the action of trans-glutaminase. However, in the opinion of the author, inadequate attention may have been paid to sample collection during the study and the conditions used in the analysis may not be adequate to support the conclusions of the paper. Indeed, further investigation, the results of which are presented here, did not provide any evidence to support adhesive curing via glutamyl-lysine cross-linking. Therefore, the hypothesis that the process of cement curing is similar to the clotting system of barnacle hemolymph is not compatible with the data reported so far. In order to allay any potential confusion, a new definition of the barnacle cement is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kamino
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan.
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Burkett JR, Hight LM, Kenny P, Wilker JJ. Oysters Produce an Organic−Inorganic Adhesive for Intertidal Reef Construction. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12531-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja104996y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Burkett
- Department of Chemistry and School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, and Baruch Marine Field Laboratory, University of South Carolina, P.O. Box 1630, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442
| | - Lauren M. Hight
- Department of Chemistry and School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, and Baruch Marine Field Laboratory, University of South Carolina, P.O. Box 1630, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442
| | - Paul Kenny
- Department of Chemistry and School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, and Baruch Marine Field Laboratory, University of South Carolina, P.O. Box 1630, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442
| | - Jonathan J. Wilker
- Department of Chemistry and School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, and Baruch Marine Field Laboratory, University of South Carolina, P.O. Box 1630, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442
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Barlow DE, Dickinson GH, Orihuela B, Kulp JL, Rittschof D, Wahl KJ. Characterization of the adhesive plaque of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite: amyloid-like nanofibrils are a major component. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6549-6556. [PMID: 20170114 DOI: 10.1021/la9041309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale morphology and protein secondary structure of barnacle adhesive plaques were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Thioflavin T (ThT) staining. Both primary cement (original cement laid down by the barnacle) and secondary cement (cement used for reattachment) from the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (= Amphibalanus amphitrite) were analyzed. Results showed that both cements consisted largely of nanofibrillar matrices having similar composition. Of particular significance, the combined results indicate that the nanofibrillar structures are consistent with amyloid, with globular protein components also identified in the cement. Potential properties, functions, and formation mechanisms of the amyloid-like nanofibrils within the adhesive interface are discussed. Our results highlight an emerging trend in structural biology showing that amyloid, historically associated with disease, also has functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Barlow
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6176, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5342, USA.
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Dickinson GH, Vega IE, Wahl KJ, Orihuela B, Beyley V, Rodriguez EN, Everett RK, Bonaventura J, Rittschof D. Barnacle cement: a polymerization model based on evolutionary concepts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 212:3499-510. [PMID: 19837892 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.029884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes and biochemical mechanisms essential to survival are under extreme selective pressure and are highly conserved through evolutionary time. We applied this evolutionary concept to barnacle cement polymerization, a process critical to barnacle fitness that involves aggregation and cross-linking of proteins. The biochemical mechanisms of cement polymerization remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that this process is biochemically similar to blood clotting, a critical physiological response that is also based on aggregation and cross-linking of proteins. Like key elements of vertebrate and invertebrate blood clotting, barnacle cement polymerization was shown to involve proteolytic activation of enzymes and structural precursors, transglutaminase cross-linking and assembly of fibrous proteins. Proteolytic activation of structural proteins maximizes the potential for bonding interactions with other proteins and with the surface. Transglutaminase cross-linking reinforces cement integrity. Remarkably, epitopes and sequences homologous to bovine trypsin and human transglutaminase were identified in barnacle cement with tandem mass spectrometry and/or western blotting. Akin to blood clotting, the peptides generated during proteolytic activation functioned as signal molecules, linking a molecular level event (protein aggregation) to a behavioral response (barnacle larval settlement). Our results draw attention to a highly conserved protein polymerization mechanism and shed light on a long-standing biochemical puzzle. We suggest that barnacle cement polymerization is a specialized form of wound healing. The polymerization mechanism common between barnacle cement and blood may be a theme for many marine animal glues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Dickinson
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
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