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Hilliam K, Floerl O, Treml EA. Priorities for improving predictions of vessel-mediated marine invasions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171162. [PMID: 38401736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Nonindigenous marine species are impacting the integrity of marine ecosystems worldwide. The invasion rate is increasing, and vessel traffic, the most significant human-assisted transport pathway for marine organisms, is predicted to double by 2050. The ability to predict the transfer of marine species by international and domestic maritime traffic is needed to develop cost-effective proactive and reactive interventions that minimise introduction, establishment and spread of invasive species. However, despite several decades of research into vessel-mediated species transfers, some important knowledge gaps remain, leading to significant uncertainty in model predictions, often limiting their use in decision making and management planning. In this review, we discuss the sequential ecological process underlying human-assisted biological invasions and adapt it in a marine context. This process includes five successive stages: entrainment, transport, introduction, establishment, and the subsequent spread. We describe the factors that influence an organism's progression through these stages in the context of maritime vessel movements and identify key knowledge gaps that limit our ability to quantify the rate at which organisms successfully pass through these stages. We then highlight research priorities that will address these knowledge gaps and improve our capability to manage biosecurity risks at local, national and international scales. We identified four major data and knowledge gaps: (1) quantitative rates of entrainment of organisms by vessels; (2) the movement patterns of vessel types lacking maritime location devices; (3) quantifying the release (introduction) of organisms as a function of vessel behaviour (e.g. time spent at port); and (4) the influence of a species' life history on establishment success, for a given magnitude of propagule pressure. We discuss these four research priorities and how they can be addressed in collaboration with industry partners and stakeholders to improve our ability to predict and manage vessel-mediated biosecurity risks over the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Hilliam
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - O Floerl
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; LWP Ltd, 212 Antigua Street, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - E A Treml
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, MO96, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Santos-Simón M, Ferrario J, Benaduce-Ortiz B, Ortiz-Zarragoitia M, Marchini A. Assessment of the effectiveness of antifouling solutions for recreational boats in the context of marine bioinvasions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116108. [PMID: 38335634 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The recreational boating sector is a major vector for the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) via biofouling. Despite applying control measures to prevent the growth of fouling communities, most vessels are NIS carriers. This study assessed the effectiveness of different antifouling strategies in a manipulative experiment by testing two common coating typologies (biocide-based and foul-release coatings), accompanied with simulated maintenance practices. The experiment was carried out in the Gulf of La Spezia (Italy) and samples were collected at two different periods. Results showed significant differences among antifouling treatments regarding community structure, diversity, coverage and biovolume of the sessile component, alongside a significant decrease in the performance of biocide-based coating with time. Interestingly, peracarid NIS/native species ratio was higher for biocide-based treatments, suggesting potential biocide resistance. This study highlights the urgent need to develop common and feasible biofouling management plans and provides insights towards identification of best practices for recreational vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Santos-Simón
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE-UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Jasmine Ferrario
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Maren Ortiz-Zarragoitia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE-UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country, Spain
| | - Agnese Marchini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Bereza D, Grey E, Shenkar N. Prioritizing management of high-risk routes and ports by vessel type to improve marine biosecurity efforts. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117597. [PMID: 36878062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The shipping industry constitutes the main vector of marine bioinvasions. Over 90,000 vessels world-wide create a highly complex shipping network that requires appropriate management tools. Here we characterized a novel vessel category, Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCV), in terms of potential contribution to the dispersal of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) in comparison to smaller vessels traveling similar routes. Such approach is essential for providing precise information-based risk analysis necessary to enforce biosecurity regulations and reduce the adverse global effects of marine NIS. We used Automatic Identification System (AIS) based websites to extract shipping data that will enable us to test for differences in two vessel behaviors linked to NIS dispersal: port visit durations and voyage sailing times. We then examined the geographic spread of ULCVs and small vessels, quantifying the accumulation of new port visits, countries, and ecoregions for each vessel category. Finally, Higher Order Network (HON) analysis revealed emergent patterns within shipping traffic, species flow, and invasion risk networks of these two categories. Compared to the smaller vessels, ULCVs spent significantly longer time in 20% of the ports and were more geographically constrained, with fewer port visits, countries, and regions. HON analysis revealed that the ULCV shipping species flow and invasion risk networks were more similar to each other than to those of the smaller vessels. However, HON port importance shifts were discernible for both vessel categories, with major shipping hubs not necessarily being major invasion hubs. Overall, compared to smaller vessels, ULCVs behave differently in ways that potentially increase biofouling risk, albeit in a smaller set of ports. Future studies using HON analysis of other dispersal vectors appears critical for prioritizing management of high-risk routes and ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Bereza
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Erin Grey
- School of Biology and Ecology and Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Noa Shenkar
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Ruiz GM, Galil BS, Davidson IC, Donelan SC, Miller AW, Minton MS, Muirhead JR, Ojaveer H, Tamburri MN, Carlton JT. Global marine biosecurity and ship lay-ups: intensifying effects of trade disruptions. Biol Invasions 2022; 24:3441-3446. [PMID: 35855777 PMCID: PMC9281272 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent global trade disruptions, due to blockage of the Suez Canal and cascading effects of COVID-19, have altered the movement patterns of commercial ships and may increase worldwide invasions of marine non-indigenous species. Organisms settle on the hulls and underwater surfaces of vessels and can accumulate rapidly, especially when vessels remain stationary during lay-ups and delays. Once present, organisms can persist on vessels for long-periods (months to years), with the potential to release propagules and seed invasions as ships visit ports across the global transportation network. Shipborne propagules also may be released in increasing numbers during extended vessel residence times at port or anchor. Thus, the large scale of shipping disruptions, impacting thousands of vessels and geographic locations and still on-going for over two years, may elevate invasion rates in coastal ecosystems in the absence of policy and management efforts to prevent this outcome. Concerted international and national biosecurity actions, mobilizing existing frameworks and tools with due diligence, are urgently needed to address a critical gap and abate the associated invasion risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Ruiz
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD USA
| | - Bella S. Galil
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Mark S. Minton
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD USA
| | - Jim R. Muirhead
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD USA
| | - Henn Ojaveer
- Pärnu College, University of Tartu, Pärnu, Estonia
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mario N. Tamburri
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, USA
| | - James T. Carlton
- Williams College-Mystic Seaport Ocean and Coastal Studies Program, Mystic, CT USA
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Luoma E, Nevalainen L, Altarriba E, Helle I, Lehikoinen A. Developing a conceptual influence diagram for socio-eco-technical systems analysis of biofouling management in shipping - A Baltic Sea case study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112614. [PMID: 34175696 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ship hulls create a vector for the transportation of harmful non-indigenous species (NIS) all over the world. To sustainably prevent NIS introductions, the joint consideration of environmental, economic and social aspects in the search of optimal biofouling management strategies is needed. This article presents a multi-perspective soft systems analysis of the biofouling management problem, based on an extensive literature review and expert knowledge collected in the Baltic Sea area during 2018-2020. The resulting conceptual influence diagram (CID) reveals the multidimensionality of the problem by visualizing the causal relations between the key elements and demonstrating the entanglement of social, ecological and technical aspects. Seen as a boundary object, we suggest the CID can support open dialogue and better risk communication among stakeholders by providing an illustrative and directly applicable starting point for the discussions. It also provides a basis for quantitative management optimization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Luoma
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Kotka, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lauri Nevalainen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Kotka, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Elias Altarriba
- South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences (Xamk), Logistics and Seafaring, Kotka, Finland; Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Kotka, Finland.
| | - Inari Helle
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Kotka, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Annukka Lehikoinen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Kotka, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Papadatou M, Robson SC, Dobretsov S, Watts JEM, Longyear J, Salta M. Marine biofilms on different fouling control coating types reveal differences in microbial community composition and abundance. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1231. [PMID: 34459542 PMCID: PMC8383905 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biofouling imposes serious environmental and economic impacts on marine applications, especially in the shipping industry. To combat biofouling, protective coatings are applied on vessel hulls which are divided into two major groups: biocidal and non-toxic fouling release. The current study aimed to explore the effect of coating type on microbial biofilm community profiles to better understand the differences between the communities developed on fouling control biocidal antifouling and biocidal-free coatings. Biocidal (Intersmooth® 7460HS SPC), fouling release (Intersleek® 900), and inert surfaces were deployed in the marine environment for 4 months, and the biofilms that developed on these surfaces were investigated using Illumina NGS sequencing, targeting the prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene. The results confirmed differences in the community profiles between coating types. The biocidal coating supported communities dominated by Alphaproteobacteria (Loktanella, Sphingorhabdus, Erythrobacter) and Bacteroidetes (Gilvibacter), while other taxa, such as Portibacter and Sva0996 marine group, proliferated on the fouling-release surface. Knowledge of these marine biofilm components on fouling control coatings will serve as a guide for future investigations of marine microfouling as well as informing the coatings industry of potential microbial targets for robust coating formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papadatou
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Samuel C. Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
- Centre for Enzyme InnovationUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Sergey Dobretsov
- Department of Marine Science and FisheriesCollege of Agricultural and Marine SciencesSultan Qaboos UniversityMuscatOman
- Centre of Excellence in Marine BiotechnologySultan Qaboos UniversityMuscatOman
| | - Joy E. M. Watts
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
- Centre for Enzyme InnovationUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | | | - Maria Salta
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
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Ytreberg E, Lagerström M, Nöu S, Wiklund AKE. Environmental risk assessment of using antifouling paints on pleasure crafts in European Union waters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111846. [PMID: 33401119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To ensure sustainable use of antifouling paints, the European Union have developed a new environmental risk assessment tool, which a product must pass prior to its placement on the market. In this new tool, environmental concentrations are predicted based on estimated release rates of biocides to the aquatic environment and risk characterization ratios are calculated in regional spreadsheets. There are currently two methods in use to predict release rates of biocides; a calculation method and a laboratory method. These methods have been believed to overestimate environmental release of biocides and therefore fixed correction factors to reduce the release rate can be applied. An alternative method, known as the XRF method, has recently been developed and used to derive field release rates from antifouling paints. The aim of this study was to review the new environmental risk assessment tool and assess how the choice of release rate method and application of correction factors impact the approval of antifouling paint products. Eight coatings were environmentally risk assessed for usage in four European marine regions; Baltic, Baltic Transition, Atlantic and Mediterranean; by applying release rates of copper and zinc determined with the different methods. The results showed none of the coatings to pass the environmental risk assessment in the Baltic, Baltic Transition and the Mediterranean if field release rates were used. In contrast, most of the coatings passed if the correction factors were applied on the release rates obtained with the calculation or laboratory method. The results demonstrate the importance of release rate method choice on the outcome of antifouling product approval in EU. To reduce the impact of antifouling paints on the marine environment it is recommended that no correction factors should be allowed in the environmental risk assessment or preferably that site-specific field release rates are used. If the regulation in the European Union (and elsewhere) continues to allow correction factors, the pressure of biocides to the environment from leisure boating will result in degradation of marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Maria Lagerström
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nöu
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Kristin E Wiklund
- Department of Envx§ironmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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