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Köksaldı S, Ala RT, Oztura I, Emirbayer E, Akdal G, Emre S, Tugal-Tutkun I, Saatci AO. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiographic Follow-Up in a Case of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis and Unilateral Necrotising Retinitis. Neuroophthalmology 2023; 48:142-151. [PMID: 38487359 PMCID: PMC10936593 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2023.2284914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a 20-year-old woman who was diagnosed with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) 20 months after presenting with unilateral retinitis. At presentation, the patient had two inferotemporal macular lesions in her left eye. Corresponding to these areas, optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed hyporeflective spaces with loss of nearly all of the retinal layers. OCT-angiography (OCTA) demonstrated some flow deficit areas with a reduction in the vessel density. Her serum measles antibody titre was high (IgG >5000.0 mIU/ml). Twenty months later the macular lesions had diminished in size, and there was some focal retinal thinning with interruption of the ellipsoid zone. OCTA showed that the flow deficit areas were diminished in size together with the relatively improved perfusion density. Neurological examination disclosed myoclonic jerks. Neuropsychological assessment demonstrated impaired executive function, attention, and narrowed lexical fluency. Measles IgG antibody was high in the cerebrospinal fluid (>230.0 U/ml). Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated bilateral, non-specific, small foci of T2 hyperintensity in the frontoparietal subcortical white matter and centrum semiovale. The present case is the first where OCTA findings of SSPE-related retinal lesions have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher Köksaldı
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rahmi Tumay Ala
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Oztura
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Emirbayer
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulden Akdal
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sinan Emre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Batıgöz Private Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Osman Saatci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Cam F, Dericioğlu V, Celiker H. Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Presenting with Macular Necrotizing Retinitis: A Case Report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:1891-1896. [PMID: 36122304 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2121930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the fundus photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) presenting merely with ocular symptoms. CASE REPORT A 20-year-old patient presented with sudden loss of vision in the left eye (LE). Fundus photograph showed a yellow lesion in the macula and SD-OCT showed increased reflectivity of the inner retinal layers. Disorganization of the necrotizing retinal layers in the LE gradually progressed to the atrophic retina. Then, visual complaints began in the right eye (RE) accompanied by neurological symptoms. SD-OCT revealed the inner and outer plexiform layers edema and interruption of the ellipsoid zone in RE. Fundus photographs showed macular atrophy for both eyes on the day patient died. CONCLUSION This case report demonstrates the SD-OCT findings of SSPE retinitis with close follow-up from the acute retinitis to the total atrophic macula. These unique findings may be considered as characteristical for the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Cam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Dericioğlu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Celiker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Smit DP, Mathew DK, Khairallah M, Yeh S, Cunningham ET. A Review of Human Ocular RNA Virus Infections Excluding Coronavirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus, and Arboviruses. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:1454-1460. [PMID: 37315305 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2220027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We provide an updated review of pre-selected RNA viruses causing ocular inflammation in humans. RNA viruses such as coronaviruses and arboviruses are reviewed elsewhere. A Google Scholar search was conducted to identify recent publications on ocular inflammation caused by the RNA viruses specified here. Human RNA viruses target a wide range of ocular tissues from the anterior to the posterior. Influenza, measles and mumps cause anterior segment manifestations including conjunctivitis and keratitis, while retinitis and optic neuritis may be seen posteriorly. Newcastle disease and RSV cause conjunctivitis, whereas HIV causes characteristic anterior uveitis. Cataracts, microphthalmos, and iris abnormalities are common in congenital Rubella, while Rubella virus is associated with Fuchs uveitis syndrome. Newer technologies make it possible to detect more than one pathogen if present simultaneously. RNA viruses may produce significant ocular morbidity, and care should be taken to investigate ocular symptoms during disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick P Smit
- Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dony K Mathew
- Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Moncef Khairallah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Steven Yeh
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Emmett T Cunningham
- The Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- The Francis I. Proctor Foundation, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
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Madhukar Parchand S, Agrawal D, Sankaranarayanan M, Dutta Majumder P. The Calm Before the Storm? An Unusual Case of Measles Retinopathy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023:1-4. [PMID: 37083460 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2198597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
A 30-year-old male presented with sudden painless loss of vision in the right eye for the last two days. Slit-lamp examination of the right eye revealed a quiet anterior chamber and anterior vitreous. Fundus examination of the right eye revealed a large, focal retinitis lesion centered around the fovea, whereas examination of the left was unremarkable. He gave us a history of Measles at the age of 5 years but denied any history of systemic illness. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed disruption of retinal architecture with ballooning of intact internal limiting membrane. His serology was negative for syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus and toxoplasmosis. Based on clinical suspicion, he was investigated by a neurologist. His electroencephalogram and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of brain were within normal limits, but high titres of anti-measles antibodies were found in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The diagnosis of measles retinopathy should be considered in cases with focal necrotizing retinitis, even when classical findings of CNS involvement do not exist.
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Scalabrin S, Becco A, Vitale A, Nuzzi R. Ocular effects caused by viral infections and corresponding vaccines: An overview of varicella zoster virus, measles virus, influenza viruses, hepatitis B virus, and SARS-CoV-2. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:999251. [PMID: 36388944 PMCID: PMC9643669 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.999251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viral infections can affect vision and the visual system. Vaccination to prevent diseases is commonplace today, acting by stimulating an immune response without developing the pathology. It involves the production of persisting antibodies against the pathogen and the activation of T cells. Certain diseases have already been eradicated by rigorous vaccination campaigns, while others are hoped to be eliminated soon. Vaccines currently available on the market are largely safe, even if they can rarely cause some adverse effects, such as ocular complications. Analyzing existing literature, we aimed to compare the pathological effects on the eye due to the most common viral infections [in particular varicella zoster virus (VZV), measles virus, influenza viruses, hepatitis B virus, and SARS-CoV-2] with the possible ocular adverse effects of their relative vaccines, in order to establish a risk-benefit relationship from an ophthalmological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raffaele Nuzzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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More A, Singh J, Chandak N, Shetty SB, Sen A. Macular Necrotizing Retinitis as a Presenting Feature of Atypical Fulminant SSPE: A Case Report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022; 31:856-860. [PMID: 35404754 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2054824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To report ocular findings in a case of atypical fulminant SSPECase report: A 20-year-old male who came with macular necrotising retinitis in both his eyes in absence of any neurological feature. Within a week the patient developed dystonic posturing and seizures. CSF examination revealed raised measles antibody titres and EEG was suggestive of SSPE. The patient succumbed to the disease within 35 days of presentation.Conclusion: SSPE can rarely have a rapidly progressive downhill course without typical neurological features and ophthalmic features which appear to be more consistent may help in clinching the diagnosis in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta More
- Department of neurology, Vitreo- Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Chitrakoot, India
| | - Jayanti Singh
- Department of neurology, Vitreo- Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Chitrakoot, India
| | - Nitin Chandak
- Dr.G.M. Taori – Central India Institute of Medical Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Sachin B Shetty
- Department of neurology, Vitreo- Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Chitrakoot, India
| | - Alok Sen
- Department of neurology, Vitreo- Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Chitrakoot, India
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Paul L, Jain T, Agarwal M, Singh S. Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis manifesting as Bell's palsy and bilateral macular necrotizing retinitis: an atypical presenting feature. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2021; 11:2. [PMID: 33521837 PMCID: PMC7847926 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-020-00223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a potentially lethal complication of measles infection. Neurological complications take years to manifest after primary viral infection of brain and can lead to blindness in some individuals. Findings A 13-year-old female patient with history of Bell’s palsy 2 months prior, presented with rapidly progressing necrotizing retinitis in both eyes. Soon after, she was unable to walk, developed myoclonic jerks, altered sensorium and loss of bowel and bladder control. Her clinical history, CSF IgG measles antibody analysis, MRI brain and EEG findings confirmed the diagnosis of SSPE. Conclusion SSPE in our case presented as Bell’s palsy and sudden painless diminution of vision due to ocular involvement, and developed full blown disease within 2 months. SSPE can present as a diagnostic challenge and warrants early identification and referral for timely diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lagan Paul
- Vitreo-retina Department, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, 5027, Kedarnath Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - Tanya Jain
- Vitreo-retina Department, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, 5027, Kedarnath Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Vitreo-retina Department, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, 5027, Kedarnath Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- Vitreo-retina Department, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, 5027, Kedarnath Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, 110002, India
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Holmes BB, Conell-Price J, Kreple CJ, Ashraf D, Betjemann J, Rosendale N. Adult-Onset Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis With a 30-Year Latent Period. Neurohospitalist 2020; 10:127-132. [PMID: 32373277 DOI: 10.1177/1941874419869713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare progressive neuroinfectious disease due to a late complication of the measles virus. The hallmark clinical features of this disease include behavioral changes, myoclonus, dementia, visual disturbances, and pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs. The presence of characteristic high-amplitude periodic complexes on electroencephalography and raised antibody titers against measles in the cerebrospinal fluid help solidify the diagnosis. We present a case of a 40-year-old patient with SSPE who initially developed ophthalmologic manifestations 30 years after the primary measles infection. This case highlights both typical and atypical features of SSPE and provides a diagnostic framework for evaluating cases that fall outside of the standard scope of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon B Holmes
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Collin J Kreple
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Davin Ashraf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Betjemann
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Rosendale
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Shah A, Babu R, Biswas J. Retinitis as the presenting feature of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in an Indian male: A case report. Indian J Ophthalmol 2018; 66:1491-1493. [PMID: 30249850 PMCID: PMC6173037 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_251_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus is a rare but important cause for acute retinitis as it can eventually lead to the fulminant complication of SSPE. We report a case of a young Indian male with acute viral retinitis who subsequently developed SSPE. It is of paramount importance to consider measles virus and SSPE as a cause in an immunocompetent young adult with necrotizing viral retinitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Amravi Shah
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Medical Reasearch Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Babu
- Drishti Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Biswas
- Department of Uveitis and Ocular Pathology, Medical Reasearch Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Seth A, Bhambhwani V, Ghosh B. Unilateral macular chorioretinitis in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis studied by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2018; 32:171-173. [PMID: 29942191 PMCID: PMC6010597 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Lee JH, Agarwal A, Mahendradas P, Lee CS, Gupta V, Pavesio CE, Agrawal R. Viral posterior uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 62:404-445. [PMID: 28012878 PMCID: PMC5654632 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The causes of posterior uveitis can be divided into infectious, autoimmune, or masquerade syndromes. Viral infections, a significant cause of sight-threatening ocular diseases in the posterior segment, include human herpesviruses, measles, rubella, and arboviruses such as dengue, West Nile, and chikungunya virus. Viral posterior uveitis may occur as an isolated ocular disease in congenital or acquired infections or as part of a systemic viral illness. Many viruses remain latent in the infected host with a risk of reactivation that depends on various factors, including virulence and host immunity, age, and comorbidities. Although some viral illnesses are self-limiting and have a good visual prognosis, others, such as cytomegalovirus retinitis or acute retinal necrosis, may result in serious complications and profound vision loss. Since some of these infections may respond well to antiviral therapy, it is important to work up all cases of posterior uveitis to rule out an infectious etiology. We review the clinical features, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and long-term outcomes for each of these viral posterior uveitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aniruddha Agarwal
- Department of Vitreoretina and Uveitis, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Cecilia S Lee
- Department of Uveitis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Department of Vitreoretina and Uveitis, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Carlos E Pavesio
- Department of Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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Ozer PA, Ozkan M, Sekeroglu HT, Kadayifcilar S, Yuksel D, Aksoy A. Bilateral Optic Neuritis—The Only Ocular Finding in a Case of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2013; 22:82-5. [DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2013.829108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chawla A, Jain S. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis masquerading as toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis. Can J Ophthalmol 2012; 47:e1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Baillif S, Tieulie N, Queyrel V, Cornut PL, Gastaud P. New aspects of viral necrotizing retinitis in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2012; 6:235-241. [PMID: 25389720 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0b013e318224779b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the clinical, angiographic, and tomographic features of an adult patient with bilateral occlusive vasculitis and necrotizing retinitis preceding the onset of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis by 3 years. METHODS Observational case report. RESULTS A 39-year-old white man presented with sudden onset of decreased vision in his left eye. The patient reported a history of right visual loss 3 years ago after an episode of retinal vasculitis of unknown origin. At presentation, left fundus examination showed sensory retinal detachment and retinal hemorrhages in the left macula. Fluorescein angiography revealed occlusive vasculitis. Two weeks later, several circumscribed lesions of necrotizing retinitis appeared in the macula and in the midperiphery after a centrifugal linear pattern from the optic nerve. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography demonstrated focal areas of moth-eaten disorganization of the ganglion cell and nuclear layers with a spreading from the inner layers to the outer layers. CONCLUSION This unusual case of adult-onset subacute sclerosing panencephalitis may help improve our knowledge regarding the mechanism of retinal involvement in this disease. Clinical and tomographic findings suggest a continuous transneuronal spread of the measles virus from ganglion cells to the photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Baillif
- *Department of Ophthalmology, Saint-Roch University Hospital, Nice, France †Department of Internal Medicine, l'Archet University Hospital, Nice, France ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
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Yuksel D, Sonmez PA, Yilmaz D, Senbil N, Gurer Y. Ocular findings in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2011; 19:135-8. [PMID: 21428756 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2010.535636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the ocular manifestations of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and to investigate possible risk factors in a relatively large series of patients. METHODS In this prospective study, patients who were diagnosed with SSPE and had undergone ophthalmic examination were included. RESULTS Of the 59 patients with SSPE, 25 (42.4%) had ocular findings. Ocular involvement was bilateral in 22 (88%) patients. The most characteristic fundus findings in our patients were chorioretinitis. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of age, gender, clinical stage, and ocular findings. CONCLUSIONS Although ophthalmological findings do not constitute a part of the diagnostic criteria, and the correlation between the clinical stage of SSPE and the ocular findings is unclear, patients with SSPE should be screened and followed up for ocular involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yuksel
- Dr Sami Ulus Children's Hospital, Pediatric Neurology, Ankara, Turkey.
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Chanana B, Sharma S. Imaging findings in bilateral macular chorioretinitis due to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2011; 48:255. [PMID: 21766746 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20110623-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Takai Y, Kagokawa H, Ishiko S, Yoshida A. Macular oedema as a sign of preventable neurological disease in a 17-year-old man. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 88:811-3. [PMID: 19302080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Takai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
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Herpes and Other Viral Infections. Ophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04332-8.00123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bilateral Macular Retinitis as the Presenting Feature of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. J Neuroophthalmol 2007; 27:288-91. [DOI: 10.1097/wno.0b013e31815b98e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Prashanth LK, Taly AB, Sinha S, Ravi V. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): an insight into the diagnostic errors from a tertiary care university hospital. J Child Neurol 2007; 22:683-8. [PMID: 17641252 DOI: 10.1177/0883073807303999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive disease caused by wild-type measles virus leading to premature death. Early diagnosis may help in medical interventions and counseling. The aim of this study was to ascertain diagnostic errors and their possible causes. Retrospective case record analysis of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, evaluated over a 10-year period, was performed. The following data were analyzed: initial symptoms and diagnosis, interval between onset of symptoms to diagnosis, and implications of delayed diagnosis. Among the 307 patients evaluated, initial diagnosis by various health care professionals was other than subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in 242 patients (78.8%). These included seizures, absence seizures, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Schilder's disease, cerebral palsy, hemiparkinsonism, Wilson's disease, vasculitis, spinocerebellar ataxia, motor neuron disease, nutritional amblyopia, tapetoretinal degeneration, catatonic schizophrenia, and malingering, among others. The interval between precise diagnosis and first reported symptom was 6.2 +/- 11.3 months (range, 0.2-96 months; median, 3 months). Forty-four patients (14.3%) who had symptoms for more than 1 year before the precise diagnosis had a protracted course as compared to the rest of the cohort ( P = .0001). Early and accurate diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis needs a high index of suspicion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Prashanth
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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