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Is the Technology Era Aging You? A Review of the Physiologic and Psychologic Toll of Technology Use. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48:978-988. [PMID: 35862680 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technology use is at an all-time high and its potential impact on psychological and physiologic health should be explored. OBJECTIVE The objective of this narrative review was to identify the role of technology use on health and well-being. MATERIALS AND METHODS Authors performed a review of PubMed and publications of the World Health Organization, Department of Defense, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to determine the impact of technology regarding electromagnetic radiation (EM), posture and mobility, sleep disturbance, and psychological stress and well-being. RESULTS Studies on the impact of EM were conflicting, with about 45% reporting negative consequences and 55% reporting no effect. Radiofrequency EM (RF-EM) may more significantly affect fibroblasts and immature cells. Device use was implicated in worsening cognitive focus, imbalance, and sleep. Social media use affects self-esteem and mental health and is associated with up to 33% presence of addiction. Effects seem to be dose related and more pronounced in younger ages. CONCLUSION Technology use significantly affects sleep, mental health, and cognitive function. Seeking psychological help, limiting social media use, and reducing use before sleep may partially mitigate these effects. The impact of EM is undetermined, but the WHO lists RF-EM as a potential carcinogen.
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Bouji M, Lecomte A, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Impact of Cerebral Radiofrequency Exposures on Oxidative Stress and Corticosterone in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:467-476. [PMID: 31796670 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia. Several studies suggested that mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposures modified AD memory deficits in rodent models. OBJECTIVE Here we aimed to test the hypothesis that RF-EMF exposure may modify memory through corticosterone and oxidative stress in the Samaritan rat model of AD. METHODS Long-Evans male rats received intracerebroventricular infusion with ferrous sulphate, amyloid-beta 1-42 peptide, and buthionine-sufloximine (AD rats) or with vehicle (control rats). To mimic cell phone use, RF-EMF were exposed to the head for 1 month (5 days/week, in restraint). To look for hazard thresholds, high brain averaged specific absorption rates (BASAR) were tested: 1.5 W/Kg (15 min), 6 W/Kg (15 min), and 6 W/Kg (45 min). The sham group was in restraint for 45 min. Endpoints were spatial memory in the radial maze, plasmatic corticosterone, heme oxygenase-1 (HO1), and amyloid plaques. RESULTS Results indicated similar corticosterone levels but impaired memory performances and increased cerebral staining of thioflavine and of HO1 in the sham AD rats compared to the controls. A correlative increase of cortical HO1 staining was the only effect of RF-EMF in control rats. In AD rats, RF-EMF exposures induced a correlative increase of hippocampal HO1 staining and reduced corticosterone. DISCUSSION According to our data, neither AD nor control rats showed modified memory after RF-EMF exposures. Unlike control rats, AD rats showed higher hippocampal oxidative stress and reduced corticosterone with the higher BASAR. This data suggests more fragility related to neurodegenerative disease toward RF-EMF exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bouji
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Anthony Lecomte
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
| | - Christelle Gamez
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
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Hansen JW, Swartz EM, Cleveland JD, Asif SM, Brooks B, Braaten BD, Ewert DL. A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Radio Frequency Exposure Methods. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2019; 13:340-351. [PMID: 30998481 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2019.2912023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently, interest in the effects of radio frequency (RF) on biological systems has increased and is partially due to the advancements and increased implementations of RF into technology. As research in this area has progressed, the reliability and reproducibility of the experiments has not crossed multidisciplinary boundaries. Therefore, as researchers, it is imperative to understand the various exposure systems available as well as the aspects, both electromagnetic and biological, needed to produce a sound exposure experiment. This systematic review examines common RF exposure methods for both in vitro and in vivo studies. For in vitro studies, possible biological limitations are emphasized. The validity of the examined methods, for both in vitro and in vivo, are analyzed by considering the advantages and disadvantages of each. This review offers guidance for researchers to assist in the development of an RF exposure experiment that crosses current multidisciplinary boundaries.
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Ouadah NS, Lecomte A, Robidel F, Olsson A, Deltour I, Schüz J, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Possible effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on in vivo C6 brain tumors in Wistar rats. J Neurooncol 2018; 140:539-546. [PMID: 30421158 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-03012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor which has one of the poorest prognosis. It is not clear if toxic environmental factors can influence its aggressiveness. Recently, it was suggested that brain cancer patients with heavy cell phone use showed reduced survival. Here we aimed to assess the effect of controlled brain averaged specific absorption rate (BASAR) from heavy use of cell phone radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on in vivo C6 brain tumors in Wistar rats. METHODS C6 cells grafted male rats were exposed to GSM 900 MHz signal at environmental BASAR, 0 (sham), 0.25 or 0.5 W/kg (5 days a week, 45 min a day in restraint), or were cage controls (no restraint). At death, tumor volume and immunohistochemistry for CD31, cleaved caspase (CC) 3 and Ki67 were assessed to examine vascularization, apoptosis and cellular divisions, respectively. Moreover, immune cell invasion, necrosis and mitotic index were determined. RESULTS Results showed no BASAR effect on survival (31 days post-graft median), tumor volume, mitotic index, vascularization, infiltration, necrosis or cell division. However, results suggested a BASAR-dependent reduction of immune cell invasion and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested an action of RF-EMF by reducing immune cell invasion and glioblastoma cell apoptosis, at probably too low amplitude to impact survival. Further replication studies are needed to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal S Ouadah
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP no. 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PERITOX-INERIS laboratory, CURS, Picardie University Jules Verne, CHU Sud, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Anthony Lecomte
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP no. 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PERITOX-INERIS laboratory, CURS, Picardie University Jules Verne, CHU Sud, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Franck Robidel
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP no. 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PERITOX-INERIS laboratory, CURS, Picardie University Jules Verne, CHU Sud, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Ann Olsson
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Deltour
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP no. 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PERITOX-INERIS laboratory, CURS, Picardie University Jules Verne, CHU Sud, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP no. 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
- PERITOX-INERIS laboratory, CURS, Picardie University Jules Verne, CHU Sud, 80054, Amiens, France.
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Collin A, Perrin A, Cretallaz C, Pla S, Arnaud-Cormos D, Debouzy JC, Leveque P. In vivo setup characterization for pulsed electromagnetic field exposure at 3 GHz. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:5925-41. [PMID: 27436662 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/16/5925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo setup for pulsed electric field exposure at 3 GHz is proposed and characterized in this work. The exposure system allows far field, whole-body exposure of six animals placed in Plexiglas cages with a circular antenna. Chronic exposures under 18 W incident average power (1-4 kW peak power) and acute exposures under 56 W incident average power (4.7 kW peak power) were considered. Numerical and experimental dosimetry of the setup allowed the accurate calculation of specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions under various exposure conditions. From rat model numerical simulations, the whole-body mean SAR values were 1.3 W kg(-1) under chronic exposures and 4.1 W kg(-1) under acute exposure. The brain-averaged SAR value was 1.8 W kg(-1) and 5.7 W kg(-1) under chronic and acute exposure, respectively. Under acute exposure conditions, a 10 g specific absorption of 1.8 ± 1.1 mJ · kg(-1) value was obtained. With temperature rises below 0.8 °C, as measured or simulated on a gel phantom under typical in vivo exposures, this exposure system provides adequate conditions for in vivo experimental investigations under non-thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Collin
- Biological Effects of Radiation Department, Biomedical Research Institute of the Army (IRBA-CRSSA), BP 73, Bretigny sur Orge, France. University of Limoges, CNRS, XLIM UMR 7252, 123 av. Albert Thomas, F-87000 Limoges, France
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Petitdant N, Lecomte A, Robidel F, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Cerebral radiofrequency exposures during adolescence: Impact on astrocytes and brain functions in healthy and pathologic rat models. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:338-50. [PMID: 27272062 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of mobile phones by adolescents raises concerns about possible health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF 900 MHz) on the immature brain. Neuro-development is a period of particular sensitivity to repeated environmental challenges such as pro-inflammatory insults. Here, we used rats to assess whether astrocyte reactivity, perception, and emotionality were affected by RF EMF exposures during adolescence. We also investigated if adolescent brains were more sensitive to RF EMF exposures after neurodevelopmental inflammation. To do so, we either performed 80 μg/kg intra-peritoneal injections of lipopolysaccharides during gestation or 1.25 μg/h intra-cerebro-ventricular infusions during adolescence. From postnatal day (P)32 to 62, rats were subjected to 45 min RF EMF exposures to the brain (specific absorption rates: 0, 1.5, or 6 W/kg, 5 days/week). From P56, they were tested for perception of novelty, anxiety-like behaviors, and emotional memory. To assess astrocytic reactivity, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein was measured at P64. Our results did not show any neurobiological impairment in healthy and vulnerable RF EMF-exposed rats compared to their sham-exposed controls. These data did not support the hypothesis of a specific cerebral sensitivity to RF EMF of adolescents, even after a neurodevelopmental inflammation. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:338-350, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Petitdant
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
| | - Anthony Lecomte
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
| | - Franck Robidel
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
| | - Christelle Gamez
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
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Çam ST, Seyhan N, Kavaklı C, Çelikbıçak Ö. Effects of 900 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation on Skin Hydroxyproline Contents. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:643-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leszczynski D. Effects of radiofrequency-modulated electromagnetic fields on proteome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 990:101-6. [PMID: 23378005 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5896-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics, the science that examines the repertoire of proteins present in an organism using both high-throughput and low-throughput techniques, might give a better understanding of the functional processes ongoing in cells than genomics or transcriptomics, because proteins are the molecules that directly regulate physiological processes. Not all changes in gene expression are necessarily reflected in the proteome. Therefore, using proteomics approaches to study the effects of RF-EMF might provide information about potential biological and health effects. Especially that the RF-EMF used in wireless communication devices has very low energy and is unable to directly induce gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Leszczynski
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, Helsinki, 00880, Finland.
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Simon D, Daubos A, Pain C, Fitoussi R, Vié K, Taieb A, de Benetti L, Cario-André M. Exposure to acute electromagnetic radiation of mobile phone exposure range alters transiently skin homeostasis of a model of pigmented reconstructed epidermis. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 35:27-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Simon
- University Bordeaux Segalen; 146 rue Leo Saignat; Bordeaux; France
| | - A. Daubos
- INSERM U1035; 146 rue Leo Saignat; Bordeaux; France
| | | | | | - K. Vié
- Laboratories Clarins; Pontoise; France
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Terro F, Magnaudeix A, Crochetet M, Martin L, Bourthoumieu S, Wilson CM, Yardin C, Leveque P. GSM-900MHz at low dose temperature-dependently downregulates α-synuclein in cultured cerebral cells independently of chaperone-mediated-autophagy. Toxicology 2012; 292:136-44. [PMID: 22185909 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The expanding use of GSM devices has resulted in public concern. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a way for protein degradation in the lysosomes and increases under stress conditions as a cell defense response. α-synuclein, a CMA substrate, is a component of Parkinson disease. Since GSM might constitute a stress signal, we raised the possibility that GSM could alter the CMA process. Here, we analyzed the effects of chronic exposure to a low GSM-900MHz dose on apoptosis and CMA. Cultured cerebral cortical cells were sham-exposed or exposed to GSM-900MHz at specific absorption rate (SAR): 0.25W/kg for 24 h using a wire-patch cell. Apoptosis was analyzed by DAPI stain of the nuclei and western blot of cleaved caspase-3. The expression of proteins involved in CMA (HSC70, HSP40, HSP90 and LAMP-2A) and α-synuclein were analyzed by western blot. CMA was also quantified in situ by analyzing the cell localization of active lysosomes. 24 h exposure to GSM-900MHz resulted in ∼0.5°C temperature rise. It did not induce apoptosis but increased HSC70 by 26% and slightly decreased HSP90 (<10%). It also decreased α-synuclein by 24% independently of CMA, since the localization of active lysosomes was not altered. Comparable effects were observed in cells incubated at 37.5°C, a condition that mimics the GSM-generated temperature rise. The GSM-induced changes in HSC70, HSP90 and α-synuclein are most likely linked to temperature rise. We did not observe any immediate effect on cell viability. However, the delayed and long term consequences (protective or deleterious) of these changes on cell fate should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Terro
- Groupe de Neurobiologie Cellulaire - EA3842 Homéostasie cellulaire et pathologies, Faculté de Médecine, 2 rue du Dr Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
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Protective effects of β-glucan against oxidative injury induced by 2.45-GHz electromagnetic radiation in the skin tissue of rats. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 304:521-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-012-1205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sanchez S, Masuda H, Ruffié G, De Gannes FP, Billaudel B, Haro E, Lévêque P, Lagroye I, Veyret B. Effect of GSM-900 and -1800 signals on the skin of hairless rats. III: Expression of heat shock proteins. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:61-8. [PMID: 17852563 DOI: 10.1080/09553000701616098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported the inability of Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) signals at 900 (GSM-900) and 1800 (GSM-1800) MegaHertz (MHz) to induce morphological and physiological changes in epidermis of Hairless rats. The present work aimed at investigating heat shock proteins (HSP) expression--as a cellular stress marker--in the skin of Hairless rats exposed to GSM-900 and -1800 signals. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the expression of the Heat-shock cognate (Hsc) 70, and the inducible forms of the Heat-shock proteins (Hsp) 25 and 70. Rat skin was locally exposed using loop antenna and restrain rockets to test several Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) and exposure durations: (i) single exposure: 2 hours at 0 and 5 W/kg; (ii) repeated exposure: 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 12 weeks, at 0, 2.5, and 5 W/kg. HSP expression was detected on skin slices using immunolabeling in the epidermal area. RESULTS Our data indicated that neither single nor repeated exposures altered HSP expression in rat skin, irrespective of the GSM signal or SAR considered. CONCLUSIONS Under our experimental conditions (local SAR < 5 W/kg), there was no evidence that GSM signals alter HSP expression in rat skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Sanchez
- University of Bordeaux 1, IMS, ENSCPB, Bioelectromagnetics Group, Pessac, France.
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Ammari M, Brillaud E, Gamez C, Lecomte A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, de Seze R. Effect of a chronic GSM 900 MHz exposure on glia in the rat brain. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62:273-81. [PMID: 18424058 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extension of the mobile phone technology raises concern about the health effects of 900 MHz microwaves on the central nervous system (CNS). In this study we measured GFAP expression using immunocytochemistry method, to evaluate glial evolution 10 days after a chronic exposure (5 days a week for 24 weeks) to GSM signal for 45 min/day at a brain-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR)=1.5 W/kg and for 15 min/day at a SAR=6 W/kg in the following rat brain areas: prefrontal cortex (PfCx), caudate putamen (Cpu), lateral globus pallidus of striatum (LGP), dentate gyrus of hippocampus (DG) and cerebellum cortex (CCx). In comparison to sham or cage control animals, rats exposed to chronic GSM signal at 6 W/kg have increased GFAP stained surface areas in the brain (p<0.05). But the chronic exposure to GSM at 1.5 W/kg did not increase GFAP expression. Our results indicated that chronic exposure to GSM 900 MHz microwaves (SAR=6 W/kg) may induce persistent astroglia activation in the rat brain (sign of a potential gliosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ammari
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, INERIS, Parc technologique ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Sanchez S, Haro E, Ruffié G, Veyret B, Lagroye I. In vitro study of the stress response of human skin cells to GSM-1800 mobile phone signals compared to UVB radiation and heat shock. Radiat Res 2007; 167:572-80. [PMID: 17474794 DOI: 10.1667/rr0802.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of mobile phone technology is toward an increase of the carrier frequency up to 2.45 GHz. Absorption of radiofrequency (RF) radiation becomes more superficial as the frequency increases. This increasingly superficial absorption of RF radiation by the skin, which is the first organ exposed to RF radiation, may lead to stress responses in skin cells. We thus investigated the expression of three heat-shock proteins (HSP70, HSC70, HSP27) using immunohistochemistry and induction of apoptosis by flow cytometry on human primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts. A well-characterized exposure system, SXC 1800, built by the IT'IS foundation was used at 1800 MHz, with a 217 Hz modulation. We tested a 48-h exposure at an SAR of 2 W/kg (ICNIRP local exposure limit). Skin cells were also irradiated with a 600 mJ/cm2 single dose of UVB radiation and subjected to heat shock (45 degrees C, 20 min) as positive controls for apoptosis and HSP expression, respectively. The results showed no effect of a 48-h GSM-1800 exposure at 2 W/kg on either keratinocytes or fibroblasts, in contrast to UVB-radiation or heat-shock treatments, which injured cells. We thus conclude that the GSM-1800 signal does not act as a stress factor on human primary skin cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanchez
- University of Bordeaux 1, IMS Laboratory, UMR 5218 CNRS, EPHE Bioelectromagnetics Group, Pessac, France.
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Sanchez S, Milochau A, Ruffie G, Poulletier de Gannes F, Lagroye I, Haro E, Surleve-Bazeille JE, Billaudel B, Lassegues M, Veyret B. Human skin cell stress response to GSM-900 mobile phone signals. In vitro study on isolated primary cells and reconstructed epidermis. FEBS J 2006; 273:5491-507. [PMID: 17094784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, possible health hazards due to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted by mobile phones have been investigated. Because several publications have suggested that RFR is stressful, we explored the potential biological effects of Global System for Mobile phone communication at 900 MHz (GSM-900) exposure on cultures of isolated human skin cells and human reconstructed epidermis (hRE) using human keratinocytes. As cell stress markers, we studied Hsc70, Hsp27 and Hsp70 heat shock protein (HSP) expression and epidermis thickness, as well as cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cells were exposed to GSM-900 under optimal culture conditions, for 48 h, using a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 2 W x kg(-1). This SAR level represents the recommended limit for local exposure to a mobile phone. The various biological parameters were analysed immediately after exposure. Apoptosis was not induced in isolated cells and there was no alteration in hRE thickness or proliferation. No change in HSP expression was observed in isolated keratinocytes. By contrast, a slight but significant increase in Hsp70 expression was observed in hREs after 3 and 5 weeks of culture. Moreover, fibroblasts showed a significant decrease in Hsc70, depending on the culture conditions. These results suggest that adaptive cell behaviour in response to RFR exposure, depending on the cell type and culture conditions, is unlikely to have deleterious effects at the skin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Sanchez
- Bordeaux 1 University, Physics of Wave-Matter Interaction (PIOM) Laboratory, ENSCPB, Pessac, France.
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