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Veloso SRS, Azevedo AG, Teixeira PF, Fernandes CBP. Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) Gels: A Review. Gels 2023; 9:574. [PMID: 37504453 PMCID: PMC10379674 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to review the research conducted in the field of aqueous and polymer composites cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) gels. The experimental techniques employed to characterize the rheological behavior of these materials will be summarized, and the main advantages of using CNC gels will also be addressed in this review. In addition, research devoted to the use of numerical simulation methodologies to describe the production of CNC-based materials, e.g., in 3D printing, is also discussed. Finally, this paper also discusses the application of CNC gels along with additives such as cross-linking agents, which can represent an enormous opportunity to develop improved materials for manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio R S Veloso
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LaPMET), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana G Azevedo
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mte. José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo F Teixeira
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials (CeNTI), Rua Fernando Mesquita 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Célio B P Fernandes
- Transport Phenomena Research Centre (CEFT), Faculty of Engineering at University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Mathematics (CMAT), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Santos MI, da Silva LCE, Bomediano MP, Catori DM, Gonçalves MC, de Oliveira MG. 3D printed nitric oxide-releasing poly(acrylic acid)/F127/cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6352-6361. [PMID: 34086028 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been used as matrices for the topical delivery of nitric oxide (NO) for achieving vasodilation, wound healing and analgesic actions. More recently, supramolecular hydrogels comprised of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and micellar Pluronic F127 (F127), prepared by thermal reaction, emerged as a suitable matrix for the incorporation of hydrophilic NO donors, such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Herein, we describe an innovative method for the three-dimensional (3D) printing of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-containing and semi-interpenetrating PAA/F127 hydrogels by PAA photopolymerization via digital light processing (DLP), in the absence of organic solvents. Scanning electron microscopy showed that, differently from typical porous PAA-based hydrogels, the 3D printed PAA/F127/CNC hydrogels have dense morphology. By using transmission electron microscopy we confirmed for the first time the presence of F127 micelles in the printable resin, and their preservation after the photopolymerization process. The F127 micelles conferred compressive recoverability to the 3D printed PAA/F127/CNC hydrogels, widening their potential applications as soft biomaterials. PAA/F127/CNC hydrogels charged with GSNO are shown to release NO spontaneously upon hydration at initial rates that depend on the GSNO charge and are higher in the presence of CNC. As local NO release may exert cell proliferation action, 3D printed PAA/F127/CNC/GSNO hydrogels may serve as a versatile soft biomaterial for local NO delivery in regenerative medicine and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo I Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Laura C E da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Mateus P Bomediano
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Daniele M Catori
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Maria C Gonçalves
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo G de Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil.
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Padzil FNM, Lee SH, Ainun ZMA, Lee CH, Abdullah LC. Potential of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Resources in Nanocellulose Hydrogel Production for Versatile Applications: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1245. [PMID: 32164150 PMCID: PMC7085086 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is considered the cheapest natural fiber with good properties and exists abundantly in Malaysia. It has great potential as an alternative main raw material to substitute woody plants. On the other hand, the well-known polymeric hydrogel has gathered a lot of interest due to its three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked network with high porosity. However, some issues regarding its performance like poor interfacial connectivity and mechanical strength have been raised, hence nanocellulose has been introduced. In this review, the plantation of oil palm in Malaysia is discussed to show the potential of OPEFB as a nanocellulose material in hydrogel production. Nanocellulose can be categorized into three nano-structured celluloses, which differ in the processing method. The most popular nanocellulose hydrogel processing methods are included in this review. The 3D printing method is taking the lead in current hydrogel production due to its high complexity and the need for hygiene products. Some of the latest advanced applications are discussed to show the high commercialization potential of nanocellulose hydrogel products. The authors also considered the challenges and future direction of nanocellulose hydrogel. OPEFB has met the requirements of the marketplace and product value chains as nanocellulose raw materials in hydrogel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’ari Ainun
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ching Hao Lee
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Razani S, Dadkhah Tehrani A. Development of new organic-inorganic, hybrid bionanocomposite from cellulose nanowhisker and Mg/Al-CO3-LDHfor enhanced dye removal. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:892-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Study of the temperature effect on the acid-base properties of cellulose acrylate by inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hedjazi S, Razavi SH. A comparison of Canthaxanthine Pickering emulsions, stabilized with cellulose nanocrystals of different origins. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:489-497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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McGann CL, Streifel BC, Lundin JG, Wynne JH. Multifunctional polyHIPE wound dressings for the treatment of severe limb trauma. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ahmadi M, Madadlou A, Saboury AA. Whey protein aerogel as blended with cellulose crystalline particles or loaded with fish oil. Food Chem 2015; 196:1016-22. [PMID: 26593584 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Whey protein hydrogels blended with nanocrystalline and microcrystalline cellulose particles (NCC and MCC, respectively) were prepared, followed by freeze-drying, to produce aerogels. NCC blending increased the Young's modulus, and elastic character, of the protein aerogel. Aerogels were microporous and mesoporous materials, as characterized by the pores sizing 1.2 nm and 12.2 nm, respectively. Blending with NCC decreased the count of both microporous and mesoporous-classified pores at the sub-100 nm pore size range investigated. In contrast, MCC blending augmented the specific surface area and pores volume of the aerogel. It also increased moisture sorption affinity of aerogel. The feasibility of conveying hydrophobic nutraceuticals by aerogels was evaluated through loading fish oil into the non-blended aerogel. Oil loading altered its microstructure, corresponding to a peak displacement in Fourier-transform infra-red spectra, which was ascribed to increased hydrophobic interactions. Surface coating of aerogel with zein decreased the oxidation susceptibility of the loaded oil during subsequent storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maede Ahmadi
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources (UTCAN), University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ashkan Madadlou
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources (UTCAN), University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; Center of Excellence for Application of Modern Technologies for Producing Functional Foods and Drinks (FFDCE), UTCAN, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; Interdisciplinary Research Department of Agricultural and Natural Resources Nanotechnology (IRDANN), UTCAN, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Isolation of micro- and nano-crystalline cellulose particles and fabrication of crystalline particles-loaded whey protein cold-set gel. Food Chem 2015; 174:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bajpai S, Pathak V, Soni B, Mohan Y. CNWs loaded poly(SA) hydrogels: Effect of high concentration of CNWs on water uptake and mechanical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:351-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ravindra S, Varaprasad K, Rajinikanth V, Mulaba-Bafubiandi AF, Venkata Surya Ramam K. Studies on Curcumin Loaded Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Silver Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Antibacterial and Drug Releasing Applications. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2013.843406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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