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Urošević A, Budečević S, Ljubisavljević K, Tomašević Kolarov N, Ajduković M. Morphological variation, modularity and integration in the scapula and humerus of Lissotriton newts. J Anat 2024; 245:97-108. [PMID: 38429993 PMCID: PMC11161826 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The modular organization of tetrapod paired limbs and girdles, influenced by the expression of Hox genes is one of the primary driving forces of the evolution of animal locomotion. The increased morphological diversification of the paired limbs is correlated with reduced between-limb covariation, while correlation within the elements is usually higher than between the elements. The tailed amphibians, such as Lissotriton newts, have a biphasic lifestyle with aquatic and terrestrial environments imposing different constraints on limb skeleton. By employing the methods of computerized microtomography and 3D geometric morphometrics, we explored the pattern of morphological variation, disparity, modularity and morphological integration in the proximal parts of the anterior limbs of six species of Eurasian small bodied newts. Although the species significantly differ in limb shape, there is a great overlap in morphology of scapula and humerus, and there are no differences in morphological disparity. For the scapula, the shape differences related to the duration of the aquatic period are in length, depth and curvature. The shape of the humerus is not affected by the length of aquatic period, and shape differences between the species are related to robustness of the body. The length of aquatic period has statistically supported phylogenetic signal. The scapula and humerus are structures of varying modularity. For the humerus, the strongest support on the phylogenetic level was for the capitulum/shaft hypothesis, which can also be interpreted as functional modularity. For the scapula, the greatest support was for the antero-posterior hypothesis of modularity in case of Lissotriton vulgaris, which can be explained by different functional roles and muscle insertion patterns, while there was no phylogenetic modularity. The modularity patterns seem to correspond with the general tetrapod pattern, with modularity being more pronounced in the distal structure. The future research should include more salamandrid taxa with different habitat preferences and both adult and larval stages, in order to explore how size, phylogeny and ecology affect the morphology and covariation patterns of limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Urošević
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Budečević
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Ljubisavljević
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Tomašević Kolarov
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Ajduković
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Orkney A, Hedrick BP. Small body size is associated with increased evolutionary lability of wing skeleton proportions in birds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4208. [PMID: 38806471 PMCID: PMC11133451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Birds are represented by 11,000 species and a great variety of body masses. Modular organisation of trait evolution across birds has facilitated simultaneous adaptation of different body regions to divergent ecological requirements. However, the role modularity has played in avian body size evolution, especially small-bodied, rapidly evolving and diverse avian subclades, such as hummingbirds and songbirds, is unknown. Modularity is influenced by the intersection of biomechanical restrictions, adaptation, and developmental controls, making it difficult to uncover the contributions of single factors such as body mass to skeletal organisation. We develop a novel framework to decompose this complexity, assessing factors underlying the modularity of skeletal proportions in fore-limb propelled birds distributed across a range of body masses. We demonstrate that differences in body size across birds triggers a modular reorganisation of flight apparatus proportions consistent with biomechanical expectations. We suggest weakened integration within the wing facilitates radiation in small birds. Our framework is generalisable to other groups and has the capacity to untangle the multi-layered complexity intrinsic to modular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Orkney
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Brandon P Hedrick
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Powell VCR, Barr WA, Hammond AS, Wood BA. Behavioral and phylogenetic correlates of limb length proportions in extant apes and monkeys: Implications for interpreting hominin fossils. J Hum Evol 2024; 190:103494. [PMID: 38564844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The body proportions of extant animals help inform inferences about the behaviors of their extinct relatives, but relationships between body proportions, behavior, and phylogeny in extant primates remain unclear. Advances in behavioral data, molecular phylogenies, and multivariate analytical tools make it an opportune time to perform comprehensive comparative analyses of primate traditional limb length proportions (e.g., intermembral, humerofemoral, brachial, and crural indices), body size-adjusted long bone proportions, and principal components. In this study we used a mix of newly-collected and published data to investigate whether and how the limb length proportions of a diverse sample of primates, including monkeys, apes, and modern humans, are influenced by behavior and phylogeny. We reconfirm that the intermembral index, followed by the first principal component of traditional limb length proportions, is the single most effective variable distinguishing hominoids and other anthropoids. Combined limb length proportions and positional behaviors are strongly correlated in extant anthropoid groups, but phylogeny is a better predictor of limb length proportion variation than of behavior. We confirm convergences between members of the Atelidae and extant apes (especially Pan), members of the Hylobatidae and Pongo, and a potential divergence of Presbytis limb proportions from some other cercopithecoids, which correlate with adaptations for forelimb-dominated behaviors in some colobines. Collectively, these results substantiate hypotheses indicating that extinct hominins and other hominoid taxa can be distinguished by analyzing combinations of their limb length proportions at different taxonomic levels. From these results, we hypothesize that fossil skeletons characterized by notably disparate limb length proportions are unlikely to have exhibited similar behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance C R Powell
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St. N.W., Washington, D.C., 20059, USA; Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA.
| | - W Andrew Barr
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
| | - Ashley S Hammond
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, N.Y., 10024, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology at AMNH, New York, N.Y., 10024, USA
| | - Bernard A Wood
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
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Sansalone G, Wroe S, Coates G, Attard MRG, Fruciano C. Unexpectedly uneven distribution of functional trade-offs explains cranial morphological diversity in carnivores. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3275. [PMID: 38627430 PMCID: PMC11021405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional trade-offs can affect patterns of morphological and ecological evolution as well as the magnitude of morphological changes through evolutionary time. Using morpho-functional landscape modelling on the cranium of 132 carnivore species, we focused on the macroevolutionary effects of the trade-off between bite force and bite velocity. Here, we show that rates of evolution in form (morphology) are decoupled from rates of evolution in function. Further, we found theoretical morphologies optimising for velocity to be more diverse, while a much smaller phenotypic space was occupied by shapes optimising force. This pattern of differential representation of different functions in theoretical morphological space was highly correlated with patterns of actual morphological disparity. We hypothesise that many-to-one mapping of cranium shape on function may prevent the detection of direct relationships between form and function. As comparatively only few morphologies optimise bite force, species optimising this function may be less abundant because they are less likely to evolve. This, in turn, may explain why certain clades are less variable than others. Given the ubiquity of functional trade-offs in biological systems, these patterns may be general and may help to explain the unevenness of morphological and functional diversity across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sansalone
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (CNR-IRBIM), National Research Council, Via S. Raineri 4, 98122, Messina, Italy.
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213D, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Coates
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie R G Attard
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, CB3 0ET, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carmelo Fruciano
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (CNR-IRBIM), National Research Council, Via S. Raineri 4, 98122, Messina, Italy.
- National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy.
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Cosnefroy Q, Berillon G, Gilissen E, Brige P, Chaumoître K, Lamberton F, Marchal F. New insights into patterns of integration in the femur and pelvis among catarrhines. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024:e24931. [PMID: 38491922 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Integration reflects the level of coordinated variation of the phenotype. The integration of postcranial elements can be studied from a functional perspective, especially with regards to locomotion. This study investigates the link between locomotion, femoral structural properties, and femur-pelvis complex morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured (1) morphological integration between femoral and pelvic morphologies using geometric morphometrics, and (2) covariation between femoral/pelvic morphologies and femoral diaphyseal cross-sectional properties, which we defined as morpho-structural integration. Morphological and morpho-structural integration patterns were measured among humans (n = 19), chimpanzees and bonobos (n = 16), and baboons (n = 14), whose locomotion are distinct. RESULTS Baboons show the highest magnitude of morphological integration and the lowest of morpho-structural integration. Chimpanzees and bonobos show intermediate magnitude of morphological and morpho-structural integration. Yet, body size seems to have a considerable influence on both integration patterns, limiting the interpretations. Finally, humans present the lowest morphological integration and the highest morpho-structural integration between femoral morphology and structural properties but not between pelvic morphology and femur. DISCUSSION Morphological and morpho-structural integration depict distinct strategies among the samples. A strong morphological integration among baboon's femur-pelvis module might highlight evidence for long-term adaptation to quadrupedalism. In humans, it is likely that distinct selective pressures associated with the respective function of the pelvis and the femur tend to decrease morphological integration. Conversely, high mechanical loading on the hindlimbs during bipedal locomotion might result in specific combination of structural and morphological features within the femur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emmanuel Gilissen
- Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Brige
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CERIMED, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Pôle Pharmacie, Radiopharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Kathia Chaumoître
- UMR 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille Univ-CNRS-EFS, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Aix-Marseille Univ, Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France
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Vanhoof MJM, Galletta L, Matthews H, De Groote I, Vereecke EE. Ulnar shape of extant primates: Functional signals and covariation with triquetrum shape. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24755. [PMID: 37171151 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the shape differences of the distal ulna in a phylogenetic context among a broad range of primate taxa. Furthermore, we evaluated covariation between ulnar and triquetrum shape and a possible association between ulnar shape and locomotor behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS We applied 3D geometric morphometrics on a large dataset comprising the distal ulna of 124 anthropoid primate specimens belonging to 12 different genera. For each species, a mean shape was calculated using 11 Procrustes-aligned surface landmarks on the distal ulna. These mean shapes are used in a bgPCA, pPCA, and PACA and 3D morphs were used to visualize more subtle differences between taxa. A p2B-PLS analysis was performed to test the covariance between distal ulnar and triquetrum shape. RESULTS The results show that more closely related species exhibit a similar distal ulnar shape. Overall, extant hominid ulnae show a shape shift compared to those of extant monkeys and hylobatids. This includes a shortening of the ulnar styloid process and dorspalmarly widening of the ulnar head, shape characteristics that are independent of phylogeny. Within the hominids, Pongo pygmaeus seem to possess the most plesiomorphic distal ulnar shape, while Gorilla and Homo sapiens display the most derived distal ulna. Cercopithecoids, hylobatids, and P. pygmaeus are characterized by a relatively deep ECU groove, which is a shape trait dependent of phylogeny. Although there was no significant covariation between distal ulnar shape and triquetrum shape, the shape differences of the distal ulna between the different primate taxa reveal a possible link with locomotor behavior. CONCLUSIONS The comparative analyses of this study reveal different shape trends in a phylogenetic context. Highly arboreal primates, such as hylobatids and Ateles fusciceps, show a distal ulnar morphology that appears to be adapted to tensile and torsional forces. In primates that use their wrist under more compressive conditions, such as quadrupedal cercopithecoids and great apes, the distal ulnar morphology seems to reflect increased compressive forces. In modern humans, the distal ulnar shape can be associated to enhanced manipulative skills and power grips. There was no significant covariation between distal ulnar shape and triquetrum shape, probably due to the variation in the amount of contact between the triquetrum and ulna. In combination with future research on wrist mobility in diverse primate taxa, the results of this study will allow us to establish form-function relationships of the primate wrist and contribute towards an evidence-based interpretation of fossil remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J M Vanhoof
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Galletta
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Pounds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harold Matthews
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Imaging Center, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle De Groote
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Belgium
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Paleoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Evie E Vereecke
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, Kortrijk, Belgium
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Bardo A, Dunmore CJ, Cornette R, Kivell TL. Morphological integration and shape covariation between the trapezium and first metacarpal among extant hominids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24800. [PMID: 37377134 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The shape of the trapezium and first metacarpal (Mc1) markedly influence thumb mobility, strength, and the manual abilities of extant hominids. Previous research has typically focused solely on trapezium-Mc1 joint shape. Here we investigate how morphological integration and shape covariation between the entire trapezium (articular and non-articular surfaces) and the entire Mc1 reflect known differences in thumb use in extant hominids. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed shape covariation in associated trapezia and Mc1s across a large, diverse sample of Homo sapiens (n = 40 individuals) and other extant hominids (Pan troglodytes, n = 16; Pan paniscus, n = 13; Gorilla gorilla gorilla, n = 27; Gorilla beringei, n = 6; Pongo pygmaeus, n = 14; Pongo abelii, n = 9) using a 3D geometric morphometric approach. We tested for interspecific significant differences in degree of morphological integration and patterns of shape covariation between the entire trapezium and Mc1, as well as within the trapezium-Mc1 joint specifically. RESULTS Significant morphological integration was only found in the trapezium-Mc1 joint of H. sapiens and G. g. gorilla. Each genus showed a specific pattern of shape covariation between the entire trapezium and Mc1 that was consistent with different intercarpal and carpometacarpal joint postures. DISCUSSION Our results are consistent with known differences in habitual thumb use, including a more abducted thumb during forceful precision grips in H. sapiens and a more adducted thumb in other hominids used for diverse grips. These results will help to infer thumb use in fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameline Bardo
- Département Homme et Environnement, UMR 7194 - HNHP, CNRS-MNHN, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Christopher J Dunmore
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institute of Systematic, Evolution, Biodiversity (ISYEB), UMR 7205-CNRS/MNHN/UPMC/EPHE, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
- Department of Human Origins, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Richbourg HA, Vidal-García M, Brakora KA, Devine J, Takenaka R, Young NM, Gong SG, Neves A, Hallgrímsson B, Marcucio RS. Dosage-dependent effects of FGFR2 W290R mutation on craniofacial shape and cellular dynamics of the basicranial synchondroses. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38409943 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a common yet complex birth defect, characterized by premature fusion of the cranial sutures that can be syndromic or nonsyndromic. With over 180 syndromic associations, reaching genetic diagnoses and understanding variations in underlying cellular mechanisms remains a challenge. Variants of FGFR2 are highly associated with craniosynostosis and warrant further investigation. Using the missense mutation FGFR2W290R , an effective mouse model of Crouzon syndrome, craniofacial features were analyzed using geometric morphometrics across developmental time (E10.5-adulthood, n = 665 total). Given the interrelationship between the cranial vault and basicranium in craniosynostosis patients, the basicranium and synchondroses were analyzed in perinates. Embryonic time points showed minimal significant shape differences. However, hetero- and homozygous mutant perinates and adults showed significant differences in shape and size of the cranial vault, face, and basicranium, which were associated with cranial doming and shortening of the basicranium and skull. Although there were also significant shape and size differences associated with the basicranial bones and clear reductions in basicranial ossification in cleared whole-mount samples, there were no significant alterations in chondrocyte cell shape, size, or orientation along the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Finally, shape differences in the cranial vault and basicranium were interrelated at perinatal stages. These results point toward the possibility that facial shape phenotypes in craniosynostosis may result in part from pleiotropic effects of the causative mutations rather than only from the secondary consequences of the sutural defects, indicating a novel direction of research that may shed light on the etiology of the broad changes in craniofacial morphology observed in craniosynostosis syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Richbourg
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marta Vidal-García
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katherine A Brakora
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Jay Devine
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Risa Takenaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nathan M Young
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Siew-Ging Gong
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Neves
- The McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- DeepSurfaceAI, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ralph S Marcucio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Pulcini D, Mattioli S, Angelucci E, Chenggang W, Cartoni Mancinelli A, Napolitano R, Sirri F, Piscitelli R, Mugnai C, Castellini C. Shape and fractures of carina sterni in chicken genotypes with different egg deposition rates reared indoor or free-range. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22495. [PMID: 38110659 PMCID: PMC10728074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial laying hens have high frequency of damage to the keel bone (KB), which causes negative effects on health and welfare. KB damage may consist in fractures (KBF) and deviations (KBD). The aim of the present study was to compare the KB shape, by means of Geometric Morphometric, and the occurrence of fractures in different chicken genotypes reared either free-range (FR) or in enriched cages. Moreover, the relationship between KB shape, genotype and rearing system was analysed. Sixty birds/genotype (2 Italian local breeds, Bionda Piemontese and Robusta Maculata, their crossbreeds with Sasso and Lohmann Brown) were used. All the hens fed the same commercial feed throughout the trial. Body weight, egg production, feed intake and mortality were recorded from 25 to 66 weeks of age. Ca intake (IN) and output (OUT) were estimated and Ca OUT/IN was calculated. FR affected the occurrence of KB deviations but not the shape, whereas the fractures were mainly affected by genotype. Local breeds had a lower prevalence of KBF with similar level of KBD but with different shapes. Crossbreeds seemed to be a suitable compromise between egg deposition rate and occurrence of KB damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domitilla Pulcini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Animal Production and Aquaculture, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Mattioli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Elisa Angelucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Wei Chenggang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Napolitano
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Animal Production and Aquaculture, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Raffaela Piscitelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mugnai
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
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10
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Shui W, Wu X, Zhou M. A computerized facial approximation method for Homo sapiens based on facial soft tissue thickness depths and geometric morphometrics. J Anat 2023; 243:796-812. [PMID: 37366230 PMCID: PMC10557396 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial approximation (FA) provides a promising means of generating the possible facial appearance of a deceased person. It facilitates exploration of the evolutionary forces driving anatomical changes in ancestral humans and can capture public attention. Despite the recent progress made toward improving the performance of FA methods, a limited understanding of detailed quantitative craniofacial relationships between facial bone and soft tissue morphology may hinder their accuracy, and hence subjective experience and artistic interpretation are required. In this study, we explored craniofacial relationships among human populations based upon average facial soft tissue thickness depths (FSTDs) and covariations between hard and soft tissues of the nose and mouth using geometric morphometrics. Furthermore, we proposed a computerized method to assign the learned craniofacial relationships to generate a probable facial appearance of Homo sapiens, reducing human intervention. A smaller resemblance comparison (an average Procrustes distance was 0.0258 and an average Euclidean distance was 1.79 mm) between approximated and actual faces and a greater recognition rate (91.67%) tested by a face pool indicated that average dense FSTDs contributed to raising the accuracy of approximated faces. Results of partial least squares (PLS) analysis showed that nasal and oral hard tissues have an effect on their soft tissues separately. However, relatively weaker RV correlations (<0.4) and greater approximation errors suggested that we need to be cautious about the accuracy of the approximated nose and mouth soft tissue shapes from bony structures. Overall, the proposed method can facilitate investigations of craniofacial relationships and potentially improve the reliability of the approximated faces for use in numerous applications in forensic science, archaeology, and anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang Shui
- Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- School of Information Science and TechnologyNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xiujie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and PaleoenvironmentBeijingChina
| | - Mingquan Zhou
- School of Information Science and TechnologyNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
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11
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Horbaly H. Covariance in human limb joint articular morphology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 182:401-411. [PMID: 37702982 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Limb synovial joints exhibit complex shapes that must accommodate often-antagonistic demands of function, mobility, and stability. These demands presumably dictate coordination among joint articular shapes, but the structure of morphological covariance within and among joints is unknown. This study analyzes the human shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee to determine how articular covariance is structured in relation to joint structure, accessory cartilage, and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surface models were created from the CT scans of 200 modern skeletons from the University of Tennessee Donated Skeletal Collection. Three-dimensional landmarks were collected on the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints. Two-block partial least squares were conducted to determine associations between surfaces of conarticular shapes, functionally analogous articulations, and articulations belonging to the same bone. RESULTS Except for the components of the shoulder, all conarticular pairs exhibit covariance, though the strength of these relationships appears unrelated to the amount of accessory cartilage in the joint. Only the analogous articulations of the humerus and femur exhibit significant covariance, but it is unlikely that this pattern is due to function alone. Stronger covariance within the lower limb than the upper limb is consistent broader primate patterns of within-limb integration. DISCUSSION With the exception of the elbow, complementary joint function does not appear to promote strong covariance between articulations. Analogous humeral and femoral surfaces are also serially homologous, which may result in the articular associations observed between these bones. Broadly, these patterns highlight the indirect relationship between joint congruence and covariance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Horbaly
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Vanhoof MJM, Galletta L, De Groote I, Vereecke EE. Covariation between wrist bone morphology and maximal range of motion during ulnar deviation and supination in extant nonhuman primate taxa. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245906. [PMID: 37665264 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the maximal range of motion (ROM) during wrist deviation and forearm rotation for five different primate genera and the possible correlation with the shape of the distal ulna, triquetrum and hamate. A two-block phylogenetic partial least square analysis was performed to test this covariation in a phylogenetic context, using shape coordinates and a matrix of maximal ROM data as input data. The results show that gibbons have the highest ROM for both ulnar deviation and supination, whereas Macaca exhibited the lowest ROM for supination, and Pan had the lowest ROM for ulnar deviation. These results can be attributed to differences in locomotor behaviour, as gibbons need a large wrist mobility in all directions for their highly arboreal lifestyle, whereas Macaca and Pan need a stable wrist during terrestrial locomotion. However, we found no correlation between distal ulna/triquetrum/hamate shape and maximal ROM during ulnar deviation and supination in the different primate taxa. A larger dataset, in combination with behavioural and biomechanical studies, is needed to establish form-function relationships of the primate hand, which will aid the functional interpretation of primate fossil remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J M Vanhoof
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Galletta
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 3216 Waurn Pounds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isabelle De Groote
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Paleoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK
| | - Evie E Vereecke
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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13
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Pandelis GG, Grundler MC, Rabosky DL. Ecological correlates of cranial evolution in the megaradiation of dipsadine snakes. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:48. [PMID: 37679675 PMCID: PMC10485986 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipsadine snakes represent one of the most spectacular vertebrate radiations that have occurred in any continental setting, with over 800 species in South and Central America. Their species richness is paralleled by stunning ecological diversity, ranging from arboreal snail-eating and aquatic eel-eating specialists to terrestrial generalists. Despite the ecological importance of this clade, little is known about the extent to which ecological specialization shapes broader patterns of phenotypic diversity within the group. Here, we test how habitat use and diet have influenced morphological diversification in skull shape across 160 dipsadine species using micro-CT and 3-D geometric morphometrics, and we use a phylogenetic comparative approach to test the contributions of habitat use and diet composition to variation in skull shape among species. RESULTS We demonstrate that while both habitat use and diet are significant predictors of shape in many regions of the skull, habitat use significantly predicts shape in a greater number of skull regions when compared to diet. We also find that across ecological groupings, fossorial and aquatic behaviors result in the strongest deviations in morphospace for several skull regions. We use simulations to address the robustness of our results and describe statistical anomalies that can arise from the application of phylogenetic generalized least squares to complex shape data. CONCLUSIONS Both habitat and dietary ecology are significantly correlated with skull shape in dipsadines; the strongest relationships involved skull shape in snakes with aquatic and fossorial lifestyles. This association between skull morphology and multiple ecological axes is consistent with a classic model of adaptive radiation and suggests that ecological factors were an important component in driving morphological diversification in the dipsadine megaradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Pandelis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
- Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA.
| | - Michael C Grundler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel L Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
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14
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Urošević A, Ajduković M, Vučić T, Scholtes SJ, Arntzen JW, Ivanović A. Regionalization and morphological integration in the vertebral column of Eurasian small-bodied newts (Salamandridae: Lissotriton). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2023; 340:403-413. [PMID: 37272301 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Serially homologous structures may have complex patterns of regionalization and morphological integration, influenced by developmental Hox gene expression and functional constraints. The vertebral column, consisting of a number of repeated, developmentally constrained, and highly integrated units-vertebrae-is such a complex serially homologous structure. Functional diversification increases regionalization and modularity of the vertebral column, particularly in mammals. For salamanders, three concepts of regionalization of the vertebral column have been proposed, recognizing one, two, or three presacral regions. Using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics on vertebra models acquired with microcomputerized tomography scanning, we explored the covariation of vertebrae in four closely related taxa of small-bodied newts in the genus Lissotriton. The data were analyzed by segmented linear regression to explore patterns of vertebral regionalization and by a two-block partial least squares method to test for morphological integration. All taxa show a morphological shift posterior to the fifth trunk vertebra, which corresponds to the two-region concept. However, morphological integration is found to be strongest in the mid-trunk. Taken jointly, these results indicate a highly integrated presacral vertebral column with a subtle two-region differentiation. The results are discussed in relation to specific functional requirements, developmental and phylogenetic constraints, and specific requirements posed by a biphasic life cycle and different locomotor modes (swimming vs. walking). Further research should be conducted on different ontogenetic stages and closely related but ecologically differentiated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Urošević
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Ajduković
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Vučić
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Animal Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherland
| | | | - Jan W Arntzen
- Animal Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherland
| | - Ana Ivanović
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Liang C, Profico A, Buzi C, Khonsari RH, Johnson D, O'Higgins P, Moazen M. Normal human craniofacial growth and development from 0 to 4 years. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9641. [PMID: 37316540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of human craniofacial growth (increase in size) and development (change in shape) is important in the clinical treatment of a range of conditions that affects it. This study uses an extensive collection of clinical CT scans to investigate craniofacial growth and development over the first 48 months of life, detail how the cranium changes in form (size and shape) in each sex and how these changes are associated with the growth and development of various soft tissues such as the brain, eyes and tongue and the expansion of the nasal cavity. This is achieved through multivariate analyses of cranial form based on 3D landmarks and semi-landmarks and by analyses of linear dimensions, and cranial volumes. The results highlight accelerations and decelerations in cranial form changes throughout early childhood. They show that from 0 to 12 months, the cranium undergoes greater changes in form than from 12 to 48 months. However, in terms of the development of overall cranial shape, there is no significant sexual dimorphism in the age range considered in this study. In consequence a single model of human craniofacial growth and development is presented for future studies to examine the physio-mechanical interactions of the craniofacial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Costantino Buzi
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Roman H Khonsari
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Necker - Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David Johnson
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- PalaeoHub, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
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16
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Monclús-Gonzalo O, Alba DM, Duhamel A, Fabre AC, Marigó J. Early euprimates already had a diverse locomotor repertoire: Evidence from ankle bone morphology. J Hum Evol 2023; 181:103395. [PMID: 37320961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The morphological adaptations of euprimates have been linked to their origin and early evolution in an arboreal environment. However, the ancestral and early locomotor repertoire of this group remains contentious. Although some tarsal bones like the astragalus and the calcaneus have been thoroughly studied, the navicular remains poorly studied despite its potential implications for foot mobility. Here, we evaluate early euprimate locomotion by assessing the shape of the navicular-an important component of the midtarsal region of the foot-using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics in relation to quantified locomotor repertoire in a wide data set of extant primates. We also reconstruct the locomotor repertoire of representatives of the major early primate lineages with a novel phylogenetically informed discriminant analysis and characterize the changes that occurred in the navicular during the archaic primate-euprimate transition. To do so, we included in our study an extensive sample of naviculars (36 specimens) belonging to different species of adapiforms, omomyiforms, and plesiadapiforms. Our results indicate that navicular shape embeds a strong functional signal, allowing us to infer the type of locomotion of extinct primates. We demonstrate that early euprimates displayed a diverse locomotor behavior, although they did not reach the level of specialization of some living forms. Finally, we show that the navicular bone experienced substantial reorganization throughout the archaic primate-euprimate transition, supporting the major functional role of the tarsus during early primate evolution. This study demonstrates that navicular shape can be used as a reliable proxy for primate locomotor behavior. In addition, it sheds light on the diverse locomotor behavior of early primates as well as on the archaic primate-euprimate transition, which involved profound morphological changes within the tarsus, including the navicular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Monclús-Gonzalo
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Alba
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anaïs Duhamel
- University of Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, 3005 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Judit Marigó
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Geologia, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Green RM, Lo Vercio LD, Dauter A, Barretto EC, Devine J, Vidal-García M, Marchini M, Robertson S, Zhao X, Mahika A, Shakir MB, Guo S, Boughner JC, Dean W, Lander AD, Marcucio RS, Forkert ND, Hallgrímsson B. Quantifying the relationship between cell proliferation and morphology during development of the face. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.12.540515. [PMID: 37214859 PMCID: PMC10197725 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.12.540515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires highly coordinated, complex interactions between cellular processes: proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, along with physical tissue interactions. How these cellular and tissue dynamics drive morphogenesis remains elusive. Three dimensional (3D) microscopic imaging poses great promise, and generates elegant images. However, generating even moderate through-put quantified images is challenging for many reasons. As a result, the association between morphogenesis and cellular processes in 3D developing tissues has not been fully explored. To address this critical gap, we have developed an imaging and image analysis pipeline to enable 3D quantification of cellular dynamics along with 3D morphology for the same individual embryo. Specifically, we focus on how 3D distribution of proliferation relates to morphogenesis during mouse facial development. Our method involves imaging with light-sheet microscopy, automated segmentation of cells and tissues using machine learning-based tools, and quantification of external morphology via geometric morphometrics. Applying this framework, we show that changes in proliferation are tightly correlated to changes in morphology over the course of facial morphogenesis. These analyses illustrate the potential of this pipeline to investigate mechanistic relationships between cellular dynamics and morphogenesis during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Green
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lucas D Lo Vercio
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andreas Dauter
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C Barretto
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jay Devine
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marta Vidal-García
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Samuel Robertson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anandita Mahika
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Bilal Shakir
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sienna Guo
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Wendy Dean
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Arthur D Lander
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ralph S Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nils D Forkert
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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18
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Figueirido B, Pérez-Ramos A, Martín-Serra A. Intravertebral vs. intervertebral integration and modularity in the vertebral column of mammalian carnivorans. J Anat 2023; 242:642-656. [PMID: 36584354 PMCID: PMC10008293 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebral column is a multicomponent structure whose organization results from developmental and functional demands. According to their distinct somitic origins, individual vertebrae exhibit intravertebral modularity between the centrum and neural spine. However, vertebrae are also organized into larger units called intervertebral modules that result from integration between adjacent vertebrae due to locomotory demands or from common developmental origins due to resegmentation. A previous hypothesis suggested that the boundaries of intervertebral modules coincide with changes in the patterns of intravertebral integration. Here, we explicitly test whether the patterns of modularity and integration between the centrum and neural spine (i.e., intravertebral) in the boundary vertebrae among previously defined intervertebral modules change with respect to those in the vertebrae within intervertebral modules. We quantified intravertebral modularity patterns and quantified the strength of intravertebral integration for each vertebra of the presacral region in 41 species of carnivoran mammals using 3D geometric morphometrics. Our results demonstrate a significant intravertebral modular signal between the centrum and neural spine in all post-cervical vertebrae, including the boundary vertebrae among intervertebral modules. However, the strength of intravertebral integration decreases at the boundary vertebrae. We also found a significant correlation between the degree of intravertebral integration and intervertebral integration. Following our results, we hypothesize that natural selection does not override the integration between the centrum and neural spine at the boundary vertebrae, a pattern that should be influenced by their distinct somitic origins and separate ossification centers during early development. However, natural selection has probably influenced (albeit indirectly) the integration between the centrum and neural spine in the vertebrae that compose the intervertebral modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Figueirido
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín-Serra
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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19
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Gayathri M, Anand PP, Shibu Vardhanan Y. Wing size, shape, and asymmetry analysis of the wandering glider, Pantala flavescens (Odonata: Libellulidae) revealed that hindwings are more asymmetric than the forewings. Biologia (Bratisl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-023-01396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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20
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Zelditch ML, Swiderski DL. Effects of Procrustes Superimposition and Semilandmark Sliding on Modularity and Integration: An Investigation Using Simulations of Biological Data. Evol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-023-09600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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21
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Smith CM, Curthoys IS, Laitman JT. First evidence of the link between internal and external structure of the human inner ear otolith system using 3D morphometric modeling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4840. [PMID: 36964237 PMCID: PMC10039035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our sense of balance is among the most central of our sensory systems, particularly in the evolution of human positional behavior. The peripheral vestibular system (PVS) comprises the organs responsible for this sense; the semicircular canals (detecting angular acceleration) and otolith organs (utricle and saccule; detecting linear acceleration, vibration, and head tilt). Reconstructing vestibular evolution in the human lineage, however, is problematic. In contrast to considerable study of the canals, relationships between external bone and internal membranous otolith organs (otolith system) remain largely unexplored. This limits our understanding of vestibular functional morphology. This study combines spherical harmonic modeling and landmark-based shape analyses to model the configuration of the human otolith system. Our approach serves two aims: (1) test the hypothesis that bony form covaries with internal membranous anatomy; and (2) create a 3D morphometric model visualizing bony and membranous structure. Results demonstrate significant associations between bony and membranous tissues of the otolith system. These data provide the first evidence that external structure of the human otolith system is directly related to internal anatomy, suggesting a basic biological relationship. Our results visualize this structural relationship, offering new avenues into vestibular biomechanical modeling and assessing the evolution of the human balance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Smith
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Ian S Curthoys
- Vestibular Research Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T Laitman
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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22
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Ruiz F, Venezia P, Ronsivalle V, Lacagnina C, Conforte C, Isola G, Leonardi R, Lo Giudice A. Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Mandibular Symphysis Growth between 12 and 15 Years of Age in Class II Malocclusion Subjects. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020543. [PMID: 36836899 PMCID: PMC9959364 DOI: 10.3390/life13020543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the morphology changes of the mandibular symphysis (MS) in a longitudinal retrospective cohort of class II untreated subjects. The study sample included 120 subjects followed during normal growth and examined at the age of 12 (T0) and 15 (T1) years. MS was traced using two landmarks and ten sliding semi-landmarks. The acquired morphological data were processed via Procrustes superimposition that allowed to study variation and covariation in MS'form according to specific variables such as age, gender, and skeletal pattern. The first two principal components (PCs) described more than 90 % of the total morphological variation. Both types of form changes of the symphysis could be associated with the different skeletal vertical growth patterns. Age and sex did not interfere with the form of chin symphysis. Moreover, there was no significant covariation between initial MS morphology and form modifications. Clinicians should not expect to be faced with spontaneous changes of the form of the symphysis during the orthodontic treatment of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Ruiz
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties—Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Venezia
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties—Section of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ronsivalle
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties—Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Calogero Lacagnina
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties—Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Conforte
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties—Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties—Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties—Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Lo Giudice
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties—Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-349-8674523 or +39-095-3782775
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Haines GE, Moisan L, Derry AM, Hendry AP. Dimensionality and Modularity of Adaptive Variation: Divergence in Threespine Stickleback from Diverse Environments. Am Nat 2023; 201:175-199. [PMID: 36724467 DOI: 10.1086/722483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPopulations are subjected to diverse environmental conditions that affect fitness and induce evolutionary or plastic responses, resulting in phenotypic divergence. Some authors contend that such divergence is concentrated along a single major axis of trait covariance even if that axis does not lead populations directly toward a fitness optimum. Other authors argue that divergence can occur readily along many phenotype axes at the same time. We use populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from 14 lakes with contrasting ecological conditions to find some resolution along the continuum between these two extremes. Unlike many previous studies, we included several functional suites of traits (defensive, swimming, trophic) potentially subject to different sources of selection. We find that populations exhibit dimensionality of divergence that is high enough to preclude a history of constraint along a single axis-both for divergence in multivariate mean trait values and for the structure of trait covariances. Dimensionality varied among trait suites and were strongly influenced by the inclusion of specific traits, and integration of trait suites varied between populations. We leverage this variation into new insights about the process of divergence and suggest that similar analyses could increase understanding of other adaptive radiations.
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24
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Saade M, Arai K, Motro M, Saade A, Will LA. Maxillary dimensions and arch shape with palatally displaced canines. Eur J Orthod 2023; 45:338-345. [PMID: 36617278 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the effect of palatally displaced canines on maxillary dimensions and arch shape. METHODS Occlusal and skeletal landmarks were plotted on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 156 orthodontic patients: 78 with palatally displaced canines (PDC) (27 left, 28 right, and 23 bilateral) and 78 controls using Mimics™ (Materialise, Belgium). Arch forms were created, and arch width, depth, and skeletal dimensions were measured. T-test (P < 0.05) was used to compare the groups. Geometric Morphometrics (GM) analysis was used to compare the groups and to explore the pattern of covariation between two sets of landmarks. RESULTS The unilateral PDC group showed an increased first premolar, second premolar, molar widths, and an increased molar depth. No significant difference was found in arch form. The skeletal measurements were generally larger in the PDC group, but the transverse measurements were the most significant. Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) with cross-validation allowed an accurate classification of 85.9% of the control group and 66.7% of the PDC group. The Mahalanobis distance displayed significant differences among three combinations of groups. Strong covariance was found between the second premolar and all other landmarks. LIMITATIONS The small sample sizes of the stratified groups precluded recognition of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Patients with unilateral PDC displayed significantly wider first, second premolar, and first molar widths, and increased first molar depths. There were no significant differences in arch form; however, GM showed significant differences between the groups and a prominent covariance function for the 2nd premolars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Saade
- Department of Orthodontics, Boston University, 100 East Newton St., Room 754, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kazuhito Arai
- Department of Orthodontics, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
| | - Melih Motro
- Department of Orthodontics, Boston University, 100 East Newton St., Room 754, MA 02118, USA
| | - Antoine Saade
- Department of Orthodontics, Lebanese University, P.O. Box 6573, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Leslie A Will
- Department of Orthodontics, Boston University, 100 East Newton St., Room 757, MA 02118, USA
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25
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Popovici M, Groza VM, Bejenaru L, Petraru OM. Dental morphological variation in Chalcolithic and Bronze Age human populations from North-Eastern Romania. Ann Anat 2023; 245:152015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.152015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Conith AJ, Hope SA, Albertson RC. Covariation of brain and skull shapes as a model to understand the role of crosstalk in development and evolution. Evol Dev 2023; 25:85-102. [PMID: 36377237 PMCID: PMC9839637 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Covariation among discrete phenotypes can arise due to selection for shared functions, and/or shared genetic and developmental underpinnings. The consequences of such phenotypic integration are far-reaching and can act to either facilitate or limit morphological variation. The vertebrate brain is known to act as an "organizer" of craniofacial development, secreting morphogens that can affect the shape of the growing neurocranium, consistent with roles for pleiotropy in brain-neurocranium covariation. Here, we test this hypothesis in cichlid fishes by first examining the degree of shape integration between the brain and the neurocranium using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics in an F5 hybrid population, and then genetically mapping trait covariation using quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. We observe shape associations between the brain and the neurocranium, a pattern that holds even when we assess associations between the brain and constituent parts of the neurocranium: the rostrum and braincase. We also recover robust genetic signals for both hard- and soft-tissue traits and identify a genomic region where QTL for the brain and braincase overlap, implicating a role for pleiotropy in patterning trait covariation. Fine mapping of the overlapping genomic region identifies a candidate gene, notch1a, which is known to be involved in patterning skeletal and neural tissues during development. Taken together, these data offer a genetic hypothesis for brain-neurocranium covariation, as well as a potential mechanism by which behavioral shifts may simultaneously drive rapid change in neuroanatomy and craniofacial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Conith
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01002,Corresponding authors: AJC: , RCA:
| | - Sylvie A. Hope
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01002
| | - R. Craig Albertson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01002,Corresponding authors: AJC: , RCA:
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27
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Shilpa M, Anand P, Shibu Vardhanan Y, Manogem E. High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology. ZOOL ANZ 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Hernandez J, Villalobos-Leiva A, Bermúdez A, Ahumada-C D, Suazo MJ, Correa M, Díaz A, Benítez HA. Ecomorphology and Morphological Disparity of Caquetaia Kraussii (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Colombia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233438. [PMID: 36496959 PMCID: PMC9737233 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interspecific morphological variability of Caquetaia kraussii (Perciformes: Cichlidae) between different localities in its distribution range is becoming essential, as this species constitutes a valuable resource for the economy and subsistence of the local human communities where it is endemic in Colombia and Venezuela. In order to develop efficient farming and handling plans for this species, a deep understanding of the factors and mechanisms generating morphological variability is crucial. This study analyzes the morphological variability of C. kraussii by using geometric morphometrics in four localities distributed between the Dique and North channels, which are part of the Bolívar department in Colombia. Likewise, the effect of environmental variables such as temperature (T°), dissolved oxygen (OD) and pH on morphological variability was analyzed using a partial least squares approach. The results show that environmental stress has an influence on ~10% of the body shape of C. kraussii, whereas ~90% of the body shape is not directly influenced by environmental parameters, suggesting an effect from stress related to sexual dimorphism. Similarly, the analyses show shape variation among localities, mainly between populations of lotic environments and those of lentic environments. This morphological disparity seems to be subject to environmental and sexual stresses in the different localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Hernandez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Descriptiva y Aplicada, Programa de Biología, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (H.A.B.)
| | - Amado Villalobos-Leiva
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Adriana Bermúdez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Descriptiva y Aplicada, Programa de Biología, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Hidrobiología, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
| | - Daniela Ahumada-C
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Descriptiva y Aplicada, Programa de Biología, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Hidrobiología, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
| | - Manuel J. Suazo
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Margarita Correa
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Angie Díaz
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Hugo A. Benítez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago 8370993, Chile
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (H.A.B.)
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Savostyanov A, Vergunov E, Saprygin A, Lebedkin D. Validation of a face image assessment technology to study the dynamics of human functional states in the EEG resting-state paradigm. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:765-772. [PMID: 36694716 PMCID: PMC9837164 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The article presents the results of a study aimed at finding covariates to account for the activity of implicit cognitive processes in conditions of functional rest of the subjects and during them being presented their own or someone else's face in a joint analysis of EEG experiment data. The proposed approach is based on the analysis of the dynamics of the facial muscles of the subject recorded on video. The pilot study involved 18 healthy volunteers. In the experiment, the subjects were sitting in front of a computer screen and performed the following task: sequentially closed their eyes (three trials of 2 minutes each) and opened them (three trials of the same duration between periods of closed eyes) when the screen was either empty or when it was showing a video recording of their own face or the face of an unfamiliar person of the same gender as the participant. EEG, ECG and a video of the face were recorded for all subjects. In the work a separate subtask of the study was also addressed: validating a technique for assessing the dynamics of the subjects' facial muscle activity using the recorded videos of the "eyes open" trials to obtain covariates that can be included in subsequent processing along with EEG correlates in neurocognitive experiments with a paradigm that does not involve the performance of active cognitive tasks ("resting-state conditions"). It was shown that the subject's gender, stimulus type (screen empty or showing own/other face), trial number are accompanied by differences in facial activity and can be used as study-specific covariates. It was concluded that the analysis of the dynamics of facial activity based on video recording of "eyes open" trials can be used as an additional method in neurocognitive research to study implicit cognitive processes associated with the perception of oneself and other, in the functional rest paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.N. Savostyanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, RussiaScientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, RussiaInstitute for the Humanities of Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E.G. Vergunov
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A.E. Saprygin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, RussiaScientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D.A. Lebedkin
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, RussiaInstitute for the Humanities of Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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30
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Wilson LAB. Developmental instability in domesticated mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 338:484-494. [PMID: 34813170 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measures of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) have been adopted widely as an estimate of developmental instability. Arising from various sources of stress, developmental instability is associated with an organism's capacity to maintain fitness. The process of domestication has been framed as an environmental stress with human-specified parameters, suggesting that FA may manifest to a larger degree among domesticates compared to their wild relatives. This study used three-dimensional geometric morphometric landmark data to (a) quantify the amount of FA in the cranium of six domestic mammal species and their wild relatives and, (b) provide novel assessment of the commonalities and differences across domestic/wild pairs concerning the extent to which random variation arising from the developmental system assimilates into within-population variation. The majority of domestic mammals showed greater disparity for asymmetric shape, however, only two forms (Pig, Dog) showed significantly higher disparity as well as a higher degree of asymmetry compared to their wild counterparts (Wild Boar, Wolf). Contra to predictions, most domestic and wild forms did not show a statistically significant correspondence between symmetric shape variation and FA, however, a moderate correlation value was recorded for most pairs (r-partial least squares >0.5). Within pairs, domestic and wild forms showed similar correlation magnitudes for the relationship between the asymmetric and symmetric components. In domesticates, new variation may therefore retain a general, conserved pattern in the gross structuring of the cranium, whilst also being a source for response to selection on specific features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A B Wilson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Anatomical Correlates of Cursoriality are Compromised by Body Size and Propensity to Burrow in a Group of Small Mammals (Lagomorpha). Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHighly cursorial animals are specialised for fast, sustained running via specific morphological adaptations, notably including changes in limb segment length and mechanical advantage. Members of the order Lagomorpha (hares, rabbits and pikas) vary in cursorial ability; hares are generally highly cursorial, rabbits more frequently saltate, and pikas predominantly trot. Previous investigations of lagomorphs have identified anatomical trends correlated with this ‘cursoriality gradient’, however, the phylogenetic sampling of such investigations has been limited to three American species, namely the American pika (Ochotona princeps), brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani), and black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus). Here, we expand the phylogenetic sample and body size range by including novel data from Australian samples of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and European hare (L. europaeus), alongside unpublished data on the Eastern cottontail (S. floridanus). X-ray Computed Tomography and digital landmarking were used to capture proportions within the appendicular skeleton of ~ 40 specimens of each European species. In doubling the number of species studied, we find the previously-identified morphological gradients associated with cursorial behaviour are complicated when evaluated in the larger sample. The relative length and joint velocity of limbs was found to be lower than predicted in European rabbits and hares. Furthermore, we present a novel assessment of morphological integration in the lagomorph appendicular skeleton, finding between-limb covariation patterns that are generally similar to those of other mammals. Broadly, these results suggest cursoriality is only one of many selective forces driving lagomorph skeletal evolution, with variations in body size and fossoriality potentially having measurable impacts.
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32
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Hermanson G, Benson RBJ, Farina BM, Ferreira GS, Langer MC, Evers SW. Cranial ecomorphology of turtles and neck retraction as a possible trigger of ecological diversification. Evolution 2022; 76:2566-2586. [PMID: 36117268 PMCID: PMC9828723 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Turtles have a highly modified body plan, including a rigid shell that constrains postcranial anatomy. Skull morphology and neck mobility may therefore be key to ecological specialization in turtles. However, the ecological signal of turtle skull morphologies has not been rigorously evaluated, leaving uncertainties about the roles of ecological adaptation and convergence. We evaluate turtle cranial ecomorphology using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods. Skull shape correlates with allometry, neck retraction capability, and different aquatic feeding ecologies. We find that ecological variables influence skull shape only, whereas a key functional variable (the capacity for neck retraction) influences both shape and size. Ecology and functional predictions from three-dimensional shape are validated by high success rates for extant species, outperforming previous two-dimensional approaches. We use this to infer ecological and functional traits of extinct species. Neck retraction evolved among crownward stem-turtles by the Late Jurassic, signaling functional decoupling of the skull and neck from the shell, possibly linked to a major episode of ecomorphological diversification. We also find strong evidence for convergent ecological adaptations among marine groups. This includes parallel loss of neck retraction, evidence for active hunting, possible grazing, and suction feeding in extinct marine groups. Our large-scale assessment of dietary and functional adaptation throughout turtle evolution reveals the timing and origin of their distinct ecomorphologies, and highlights the potential for ecology and function to have distinct effects on skull form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Hermanson
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of FribourgFribourgCH‐1700Switzerland,Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3ANUnited Kingdom,Laboratório de Paleontologia de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São PauloRibeirão Preto14040‐091Brazil
| | - Roger B. J. Benson
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3ANUnited Kingdom
| | - Bruna M. Farina
- Laboratório de Paleontologia de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São PauloRibeirão Preto14040‐091Brazil,Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgCH‐1700Switzerland
| | - Gabriel S. Ferreira
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP)Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen72076TübingenGermany,Fachbereich GeowissenschaftenUniversität Tübingen72074TübingenGermany
| | - Max C. Langer
- Laboratório de Paleontologia de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São PauloRibeirão Preto14040‐091Brazil
| | - Serjoscha W. Evers
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of FribourgFribourgCH‐1700Switzerland
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33
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Opedal ØH, Gross K, Chapurlat E, Parachnowitsch A, Joffard N, Sletvold N, Ovaskainen O, Friberg M. Measuring, comparing and interpreting phenotypic selection on floral scent. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1432-1441. [PMID: 36177776 PMCID: PMC9828191 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection on floral scent composition is a key element of the hypothesis that pollinators and other floral visitors drive scent evolution. The measure of such selection is complicated by the high-dimensional nature of floral scent data and uncertainty about the cognitive processes involved in scent-mediated communication. We use dimension reduction through reduced-rank regression to jointly estimate a scent composite trait under selection and the strength of selection acting on this trait. To assess and compare variation in selection on scent across species, time and space, we reanalyse 22 datasets on six species from four previous studies. The results agreed qualitatively with previous analyses in terms of identifying populations and scent compounds subject to stronger selection but also allowed us to evaluate and compare the strength of selection on scent across studies. Doing so revealed that selection on floral scent was highly variable, and overall about as common and as strong as selection on other phenotypic traits involved in pollinator attraction or pollen transfer. These results are consistent with an important role of floral scent in pollinator attraction. Our approach should be useful for further studies of plant-animal communication and for studies of selection on other high-dimensional phenotypes. In particular, our approach will be useful for studies of pollinator-mediated selection on complex scent blends comprising many volatiles, and when no prior information on the physiological responses of pollinators to scent compounds is available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Gross
- Department of Environment & BiodiversityParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Elodie Chapurlat
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBCUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Amy Parachnowitsch
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Nina Joffard
- University of Lille, UMR 8198 – Evo‐Eco‐PaleoLilleFrance
| | - Nina Sletvold
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBCUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland,Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Magne Friberg
- Biodiversity Unit, Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
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34
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Cáceres N, Cerezer FO, Bubadué J. Size reduction and skull shape parallelism following the evolutionary forest‐to‐savanna transition in Platyrrhini monkeys. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23447. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilton Cáceres
- Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Felipe O. Cerezer
- Programa de Pós‐Graduacão em Biodiversidade Animal, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Jamile Bubadué
- Programa de Pós‐Graduacão em Biodiversidade Animal, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Campos dos Goytacazes Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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35
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Abstract
The labyrinth of the vertebrate inner ear is a sensory system that governs the perception of head rotations. Central hypotheses predict that labyrinth shape and size are related to ecological adaptations, but this is under debate and has rarely been tested outside of mammals. We analyze the evolution of labyrinth morphology and its ecological drivers in living and fossil turtles, an understudied group that underwent multiple locomotory transitions during 230 million years of evolution. We show that turtles have unexpectedly large labyrinths that evolved during the origin of aquatic habits. Turtle labyrinths are relatively larger than those of mammals, and comparable to many birds, undermining the hypothesis that labyrinth size correlates directly with agility across vertebrates. We also find that labyrinth shape variation does not correlate with ecology in turtles, undermining the widespread expectation that reptilian labyrinth shapes convey behavioral signal, and demonstrating the importance of understudied groups, like turtles. The size and shape of the inner ear, or bony labyrinth, is thought to be related to ecological adaptations in vertebrates. Here, the authors examine this relationship in turtles across 230 million years of evolution, unexpectedly finding large labyrinth size and no association with ecology.
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Russo LF, Meloro C, De Silvestri M, Chadwick EA, Loy A. Better sturdy or slender? Eurasian otter skull plasticity in response to feeding ecology. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274893. [PMID: 36174011 PMCID: PMC9521905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Otters are semi-aquatic mammals specialized in feeding on aquatic prey. The Eurasian otter Lutra lutra is the most widely distributed otter species. Despite a low degree of genetic variation across its European range, the population from Great Britain exhibits distinct genetic structuring. We examined 43 skulls of adult Eurasian otters belonging to 18 sampling localities and three genetic clusters (Shetlands, Wales and Scotland). For each sample location, information regarding climate was described using bioclimatic variables from WorldClim, and information on otter diet was extracted from the literature. By using photogrammetry, 3D models were obtained for each skull. To explore any evidence of adaptive divergence within these areas we used a three dimensional geometric morphometric approach to test differences in skull size and shape between areas with genetically distinct populations, as well as the influence of diet, isolation by distance and climate. Males were significantly larger in skull size than females across all the three genetic clusters. Skull shape, but not size, appeared to differ significantly among genetic clusters, with otters from Shetland exhibiting wider zygomatic arches and longer snouts compared to otters from Wales, whereas otters from Scotland displayed intermediate traits. A significant relationship could also be found between skull shape variation, diet as well as climate. Specifically, otters feeding on freshwater fish had more slender and short-snouted skulls compared to otters feeding mostly on marine fish. Individuals living along the coast are characterised by a mixed feeding regime based on marine fish and crustaceans and their skull showed an intermediate shape. Coastal and island otters also had larger orbits and eyes more oriented toward the ground, a larger nasal cavity, and a larger distance between postorbital processes and zygomatic arch. These functional traits could also represent an adaptation to favour the duration and depth of diving, while the slender skull of freshwater feeding otters could improve the hydrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Francesco Russo
- EnvixLab, Department of Biosciences and Territory, Università degli Studi del Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Carlo Meloro
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mara De Silvestri
- EnvixLab, Department of Biosciences and Territory, Università degli Studi del Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Elizabeth A. Chadwick
- Cardiff University, Biomedical Science Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Loy
- EnvixLab, Department of Biosciences and Territory, Università degli Studi del Molise, Pesche, Italy
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Costes P, Klein E, Delapré A, Houssin C, Nicolas V, Cornette R. Comparative morpho-functional analysis of the humerus and ulna in three Western European moles species of the genus Talpa, including the newly described T. aquitania. J Anat 2022; 242:257-276. [PMID: 36156797 PMCID: PMC9877487 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The forelimb is involved in many behaviours including locomotion. Notably, the humero-ulnar articulation, implicated in the elbow joint, is of particular importance for both mobility and stability. Functional constraints, induced in part by environmental plasticity, are thought to drive an important part of the bone shape as bone directly responds and remodels in response to both muscle and external forces. In this context, the study of subterranean moles is of particular interest. These moles occupy a hard and heavy medium in comparison with air or water, requiring a powerful body structure to shear and shift the soil. Their general morphology is therefore adapted to digging and to their subterranean lifestyle. The various morpho-functional patterns, which drive diverse abilities according to the environment, are likely targets of natural selection and it is, therefore, useful to understand the relationships between the bone shape and their function. Here, we quantify, through 3D geometric morphometric methods, the interspecific variability in the morphology of the ulna and humerus of three Talpa species, including the new species Talpa aquitania, to infer their potential consequence in species digging performance. We also quantify shape covariation and morphological integration between the humerus and the ulna to test whether these bones evolve as a uniform functional unit or as more or less independent modules. Our results show that interspecific anatomical differences in the humerus and ulna exist among the three species. Shape changes are mostly located at the level of joints and muscle attachments. As the species tend to live in allopatry and the fossorial lifestyle induces strong ecological constraints, interspecific variations could be explained by the properties of the environment in which they live, such as the compactness of the soil. Our results also show that the humerus and ulna are highly integrated. The covariation between the humerus and ulna in moles is dominated by variation in the attachment areas and particularly of the attachment areas of shoulder muscles concerning the humerus, which affect the mechanical force deployed during locomotion and digging. This study also highlights that in the new species, T. aquitania, variations in anatomical structure (general shape and joints) exist and are related to the locality of collect of the individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Costes
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UAParisFrance,Mecanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution UMR 7179, CNRSMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
| | - Estelle Klein
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UAParisFrance
| | - Arnaud Delapré
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UAParisFrance
| | - Céline Houssin
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UAParisFrance
| | - Violaine Nicolas
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UAParisFrance
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UAParisFrance
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Vitek NS, McDaniel SF, Bloch JI. Microevolutionary variation in molar morphology of Onychomys leucogaster decoupled from genetic structure. Evolution 2022; 76:2032-2048. [PMID: 35872621 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In neutral models of quantitative trait evolution, both genetic and phenotypic divergence scale as random walks, producing a correlation between the two measures. However, complexity in the genotype-phenotype map may alter the correlation between genotypic and phenotypic divergence, even when both are evolving neutrally or nearly so. Understanding this correlation between phenotypic and genetic variation is critical for accurately interpreting the fossil record. This study compares the geographic structure and scaling of morphological variation of the shape of the first lower molar of 77 individuals of the northern grasshopper mouse Onychomys leucogaster to genome-wide SNP variation in the same sample. We found strong genetic structure but weak or absent morphological structure indicating that the scaling of each type of variation is decoupled from one another. Low PST values relative to FST values are consistent with a lack of morphological divergence in contrast to genetic divergence between groups. This lack of phenotypic structure and the presence of notable within-sample phenotypic variance are consistent with uniform selection or constraints on molar shape across a wide geographic and environmental range. Over time, this kind of decoupling may result in patterns of phenotypic stasis masking underlying genetic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Vitek
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | - Stuart F McDaniel
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Jonathan I Bloch
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
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Pérez-Claros JA, Palmqvist P. Heterochronies and allometries in the evolution of the hominid cranium: a morphometric approach using classical anthropometric variables. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13991. [PMID: 36042865 PMCID: PMC9420405 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This article studies the evolutionary change of allometries in the relative size of the two main cranial modules (neurocranium and splanchnocranium) in the five living hominid species and a diverse sample of extinct hominins. We use six standard craniometric variables as proxies for the length, width and height of each cranial module. Factor analysis and two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) show that the great apes and modern humans share a pervasive negative ontogenetic allometry in the neurocranium and a positive one in the splanchnocranium. This developmental constraint makes it possible to interpret the cranial heterochronies in terms of ontogenetic scaling processes (i.e., extensions or truncations of the ancestral ontogenetic trajectory) and lateral transpositions (i.e., parallel translations of the entire trajectory starting from a different shape for a given cranial size). We hypothesize that ontogenetic scaling is the main evolutionary modality in the australopithecines while in the species of Homo it is also necessary to apply transpositions. Both types of processes are coordinated in Homo, which result in an evolutionary trend toward an increase in brain size and in the degree of paedomorphosis from the earliest habilines.
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Skull ecomorphological variation of narwhals (Monodon monoceros, Linnaeus 1758) and belugas (Delphinapterus leucas, Pallas 1776) reveals phenotype of their hybrids. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273122. [PMID: 35960760 PMCID: PMC9374245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Narwhals and belugas are toothed whales belonging to the Monodontidae. Belugas have a circumpolar Arctic and sub-Artic distribution while narwhals are restricted to the Atlantic Arctic. Their geographical ranges overlap during winter migrations in the Baffin Bay area (Canada/West Greenland) and successful interbreeding may occur. Here, we employed geometric morphometrics on museum specimens to explore the cranium and mandible morphology of a known hybrid (NHMD MCE 1356) and the cranium morphology of a putative hybrid (NHMD 1963.44.1.4) relative to skull morphological variation in the parental species. Specifically, we used 3D models of skulls from 69 belugas, 86 narwhals, and the two known/putative hybrids and 2D left hemi-mandibles from 20 belugas, 64 narwhals and the known hybrid. Skull shape analyses allowed clear discrimination between species. Narwhals are characterised by a relatively short rostrum and wide neurocranium while belugas show a more elongated and narrower cranium. Sexual size dimorphism was detected in narwhals, with males larger than females, but no sexual shape dimorphism was detected in either species (excluding presence/absence of tusks in narwhals). Morphological skull variation was also dependent on different allometric slopes between species and sexes in narwhals. Our analyses showed that the cranium of the known hybrid was phenotypically close to belugas but its 2D hemi-mandible had a narwhal shape and size morphology. Both cranium and mandible were strongly correlated, with the pattern of covariation being similar to belugas. The putative hybrid was a pure male narwhal with extruded teeth. Comparison of genomic DNA supported this result, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values suggested that the putative hybrid had a more benthic foraging strategy compared to narwhals. This work demonstrates that although the known hybrid could be discriminated from narwhals and belugas, detection of its affinities with these parental species was dependent on the part of the skull analysed.
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41
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Mitteroecker P, Schaefer K. Thirty years of geometric morphometrics: Achievements, challenges, and the ongoing quest for biological meaningfulness. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 178 Suppl 74:181-210. [PMID: 36790612 PMCID: PMC9545184 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The foundations of geometric morphometrics were worked out about 30 years ago and have continually been refined and extended. What has remained as a central thrust and source of debate in the morphometrics community is the shared goal of meaningful biological inference through a tight connection between biological theory, measurement, multivariate biostatistics, and geometry. Here we review the building blocks of modern geometric morphometrics: the representation of organismal geometry by landmarks and semilandmarks, the computation of shape or form variables via superimposition, the visualization of statistical results as actual shapes or forms, the decomposition of shape variation into symmetric and asymmetric components and into different spatial scales, the interpretation of various geometries in shape or form space, and models of the association between shape or form and other variables, such as environmental, genetic, or behavioral data. We focus on recent developments and current methodological challenges, especially those arising from the increasing number of landmarks and semilandmarks, and emphasize the importance of thorough exploratory multivariate analyses rather than single scalar summary statistics. We outline promising directions for further research and for the evaluation of new developments, such as "landmark-free" approaches. To illustrate these methods, we analyze three-dimensional human face shape based on data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Theoretical BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria,Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS)University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Correlations between Physical Fitness and Body Composition among Boys Aged 14–18—Conclusions of a Case Study to Reverse the Worsening Secular Trend in Fitness among Urban Youth Due to Sedentary Lifestyles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148765. [PMID: 35886622 PMCID: PMC9323754 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A secular trend can be observed throughout the world with an increase in childhood obesity and a decrease in fitness. The research aimed to examine the results of tests measuring the conditional abilities of young boys aged 14–18 in fitness tests and their correlations with body composition indicators. That was supported by research that has been prepared in Hungary so far. This research focuses on the results of fitness tests conducted on 14- to 18-year-old boys, presented along with body composition data. The authors sought to describe the development of the fitness profiles of males at a Budapest secondary school participating in the research, based on the results of the Hungarian National Student Fitness Test (NETFIT®), and also how their physical characteristics affect the results of NETFIT® tests in the sample measured. A total of 735 male high school students at a Budapest secondary school (14–18 years old) (mean ± SD, 16.05 ± 1.18 years) participated in the survey. The data were collected in the 2018/2019 academic year, and it was compared with the national data. The correlation between the performance indicators of the NETFIT® tests and the physical characteristic indicators was analyzed using the two-block Partial Least Squares method. In the resulting groups, Kruskal–Wallis variance analysis was performed to investigate the differences in performance. In contrast, pairs of group differences were tested with the Mann–Whitney test. Boys with a short physique were at some advantage in trunk-lifts and push-ups, compared to taller boys. It was also obvious that being overweight is a hindrance regarding the PACER test or the standing broad jump. The handgrip in the left and right hand was mostly of similar strength or weakness. Tall-heavy children performed better in this test. The grip strength of tall-thin students was also strong, but not as strong as in the tall-heavy group. Reducing the percentage of body fat (PBF) and creating the optimal BMI index is important for the younger age group, as our results have clearly demonstrated that overweight is a hindrance in the PACER, VO2 max, standing broad jump, back-saver sit-and-reach, and push-up tests.
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43
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Dashti Z, Alhaddad H, Alhajeri BH. A geometric morphometric analysis of geographic variation in the Cape Short-eared gerbil, Desmodillus auricularis (Rodentia: Gerbillinae). MAMMALIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The genus Desmodillus is monospecific, consisting of only the Cape short-eared gerbil (Desmodillus auricularis). Despite being widely distributed across southern Africa, previous studies did not find evidence of intraspecific phenotypic geographic differentiation. The objectives of this study is to use geometric morphometrics to investigate if and how the skull of D. auricularis varies spatially. It examines the covariation of skull morphology with broad spatial (latitude and longitude) and climatic variables, based on a sample of 580 specimens from southern Africa (Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa). The results did not support the differentiation of D. auricularis populations into distinct geographically isolated phenotypic groups. However, there is strong evidence for clinal variation in skull morphology; the most prominent pattern being a decrease in size from the west (closest to the South Atlantic coast) to the east (towards the continent’s interior). Shape variation was not localized in any skull region and seem to be driven mostly by size (allometry), although it also covaried significantly with latitude and longitude. Statistically significant skull shape sexual dimorphism was also detected, with males having larger crania than females. Spatial clinal variation in skull morphology was mostly associated with differences in the aridity of the habitats relative to their distance from the coast as evidenced by precipitation-related bioclimatic variables—annual precipitation (BIO12), precipitation of driest month (BIO14), and precipitation of driest quarter (BIO17)—covarying the most with skull morphology. This could be driven by either the climate influencing local resources available to populations or by the climate directly instigating phenotypic climatic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Dashti
- Department of Biological Sciences , Kuwait University , Safat 13060 , Kuwait
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Biological Sciences , Kuwait University , Safat 13060 , Kuwait
| | - Bader H. Alhajeri
- Department of Biological Sciences , Kuwait University , Safat 13060 , Kuwait
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Anderson LC, Long-Fox BL, Paterson AT, Engel AS. Live and Live-Dead Intraspecific Morphometric Comparisons as Proxies for Seagrass Stability in Conservation Paleobiology. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.933486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparisons of life and death assemblages are commonly conducted to detect environmental change, including when historical records of live occurrences are unavailable. Most live-dead comparisons focus on assemblage composition, but morphology can also vary in species with environmental variables. Although live-dead morphologic comparisons are less explored, their data could be useful as a proxy in conservation paleobiology. We tested the potential for geometric morphometric data from live-and dead-articulated Stewartia floridana (Bivalvia: Lucinidae) to serve as proxies for seagrass occurrence and stability. The study area is at the northern end of Pine Island in Charlotte Harbor, FL, United States, an estuarine system with substantial seagrass loss in the 20th century and subsequent partial recovery. The area sampled has had relatively stable seagrass occurrences since at least the early 2000s. Live and dead-articulated S. floridana samples were collected from two transects through a patchy seagrass meadow, with sampled sites ranging from bare sand to 100% seagrass cover. Dead-articulated specimens were also collected from three adjacent transects. Live S. floridana shape covaried significantly with seagrass taxonomic composition and percent cover at the time of collection based on two-block partial least squares analysis, although shape differences between seagrass end members (100% Halodule wrightii and 100% Syringodium filiforme) were not significant by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Instead, specimens from 100% H. wrightii had significantly greater Procrustes variance. Live S. floridana shape data placed in categories describing seagrass stability over 6 years prior to sampling (and reflecting sclerochronologic estimates of maximum longevity) differed significantly based on MANOVA. For live and dead S. floridana from the same transects, shape differed significantly, but allometric trends did not. In addition, patterns of morphologic variation tied to seagrass stability were detected in dead-articulated valve shape. Dead shells from adjacent transects differed significantly in shape and allometric trend from both live and dead specimens collected together. We infer that morphometric differences recorded fine-scale spatial and temporal patterns possibly tied to environmental change. Therefore, geometric morphometrics may be a powerful tool that allows for death assemblages to track seagrass distributions through time prior to systematic monitoring, including in areas under high anthropogenic stress.
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Nogueira CS, Pantaleão JAF, Costa RC. Weapon shape variation of male morphotypes in two freshwater prawn species genus Macrobrachium (Decapoda: Palaemonidae). ANIM BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many animal groups can develop weapons that originate from specialized modifications in different body regions. Decapods are a classic example of organisms that develop these weapons. In this group, we can find specific appendages modified to claws that are used during agonistic conflicts, as is the case between dominant and submissive male morphotypes in freshwater prawns. Our study aimed to analyze the shape, size, and morphological integration of claw components (propodus and dactyl) in male morphotypes of two freshwater prawn congeners (Macrobrachium amazonicum and M. brasiliense). Claws of the prawns were photographed and marked with landmarks and semilandmarks for the acquisition of shape variables. The shape of the propodus and dactyl was statistically different between almost all morphotypes of the two species. The size of structures differed statistically between all morphotypes. The claws of almost all morphotypes showed a high degree of morphological integration; however, statistical differences were observed only between the morphotypes of M. brasiliense. The variation in the shape and degree of morphological integration of the claws between the morphotypes of M. amazonicum was less evident when compared to the morphotypes of M. brasiliense, which may be related to distinct patterns in the development of chelipeds of each species, that is, homochely and heterochely, respectively. Thus, the exaggerated development of a cheliped (heterochely) can cause greater variation in the shape of this structure, also influencing the degree of morphological integration between its components, as evidenced in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Santos Nogueira
- Laboratory of Biology of Marine and Freshwater Shrimps (LABCAM), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01, 17033-360, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Alberto Farinelli Pantaleão
- Laboratory of Bioecology and Crustacean Systematics (LBSC), Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters at Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Caetano Costa
- Laboratory of Biology of Marine and Freshwater Shrimps (LABCAM), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01, 17033-360, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Incongruences between morphology and molecular phylogeny provide an insight into the diversification of the Crocidura poensis species complex. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10531. [PMID: 35732784 PMCID: PMC9217945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Untangling the factors of morphological evolution has long held a central role in the study of evolutionary biology. Extant speciose clades that have only recently diverged are ideal study subjects, as they allow the examination of rapid morphological variation in a phylogenetic context, providing insights into a clade’s evolution. Here, we focus on skull morphological variability in a widely distributed shrew species complex, the Crocidura poensis species complex. The relative effects of taxonomy, size, geography, climate and habitat on skull form were tested, as well as the presence of a phylogenetic signal. Taxonomy was the best predictor of skull size and shape, but surprisingly both size and shape exhibited no significant phylogenetic signal. This paper describes one of the few cases within a mammal clade where morphological evolution does not match the phylogeny. The second strongest predictor for shape variation was size, emphasizing that allometry can represent an easily accessed source of morphological variability within complexes of cryptic species. Taking into account species relatedness, habitat preferences, geographical distribution and differences in skull form, our results lean in favor of a parapatric speciation model within this complex of species, where divergence occurred along an ecological gradient, rather than a geographic barrier.
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Falcucci A, Peresani M. The contribution of integrated 3D model analysis to Protoaurignacian stone tool design. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268539. [PMID: 35584150 PMCID: PMC9116640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoaurignacian foragers relied heavily on the production and use of bladelets. Techno-typological studies of these implements have provided insights into crucial aspects of cultural variability. However, new technologies have seldom been used to quantify patterns of stone tool design. Taking advantage of a new scanning protocol and open-source software, we conduct the first 3D analysis of a Protoaurignacian assemblage, focusing on the selection and modification of blades and bladelets. We study a large dataset of complete blanks and retouched tools from the early Protoaurignacian assemblage at Fumane Cave in northeastern Italy. Our main goal is to validate and refine previous techno-typological considerations employing a 3D geometric morphometrics approach complemented by 2D analysis of cross-section outlines and computation of retouch angle. The encouraging results show the merits of the proposed integrated approach and confirm that bladelets were the main focus of stone knapping at the site. Among modified bladelets, various retouching techniques were applied to achieve specific shape objectives. We suggest that the variability observed among retouched bladelets relates to the design of multi-part artifacts that need to be further explored via renewed experimental and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Falcucci
- Department of Geosciences, Prehistory and Archaeological Sciences Research Unit, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco Peresani
- Department of Humanities, Prehistoric and Anthropological Sciences Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering, National Research Council, Milano, Italy
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48
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Singh N, Heuzé Y, Holmes G. Processes and Patterns: Insights On Cranial Covariation from An Apert Syndrome Mouse Model. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1684-1697. [PMID: 35582939 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major cell-to-cell signaling pathways, such as the fibroblast growth factors and their four receptors (FGF/FGFR), are conserved across a variety of animal forms. FGF/FGFRs are necessary to produce several "vertebrate-specific" structures, including the vertebrate head. Here, we examine the effects of the FGFR2 S252W mutation associated with Apert syndrome on patterns of cranial integration. Our data comprise micro-computed tomography images of newborn mouse skulls, bred to express the Fgfr2 S252W mutation exclusively in either neural crest or mesoderm-derived tissues, and mice that express the Fgfr2 S252W mutation ubiquitously. RESULTS Procrustes-based methods and partial least squares analysis were used to analyze craniofacial integration patterns. We found that deviations in the direction and degree of integrated shape change across the mouse models used in our study were potentially driven by the modular variation generated by differing expression of the Fgfr2 mutation in cranial tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our overall results demonstrate that covariation patterns can be biased by the spatial distribution and magnitude of variation produced by underlying developmental-genetic mechanisms that often impact the phenotype in disproportionate ways. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Singh
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento, CA
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | - Greg Holmes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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49
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Frank TM, Dodson P, Hedrick BP. Form and function in the avian pelvis. J Morphol 2022; 283:875-893. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanner M. Frank
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California‐Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Peter Dodson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, School of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Brandon P. Hedrick
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans Los Angeles USA
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50
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Greenwood JF, Granados GL, Secor SM, Todd BD, Showalter I, Hedrick BP, Brennan PLR. Divergent Genital Morphologies and Female-Male Covariation in Watersnakes. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac020. [PMID: 35512541 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital evolution can be driven by diverse selective pressures. Across taxa we see evidence of covariation between males and females, as well as divergent genital morphologies between closely related species. Quantitative analyses of morphological changes in coevolving male and female genitalia have not yet been shown in vertebrates. This study uses 2D and 3D geometric morphometrics to quantitatively compare the complex shapes of vaginal pouches and hemipenes across three species of watersnakes (the sister taxa Nerodia fasciata, N. sipedon, and a close relative N. rhombifer) to address the relationship between genital morphology and divergence time in a system where sexual conflict may have driven sexually antagonistic coevolution of genital traits. Our pairwise comparisons of shape differences across species show that the sister species have male and female genitalia that are significantly different from each other, but more similar to each other than to N. rhombifer. We also determine that the main axes of shape variation are the same for males and females, with changes that relate to deeper bilobation of the vaginal pouch and hemipenes. In males, the protrusion of the region of spines at the base of the hemipene trades off with the degree of bilobation, suggesting amelioration of sexual conflict, perhaps driven by changes in the relative size of the entrance of the vaginal pouch that could have made spines less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Greenwood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075
| | - G Lara Granados
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075
| | - S M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487
| | - B D Todd
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - I Showalter
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - B P Hedrick
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70012
| | - P L R Brennan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075
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