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Khorsand M, Akmali M, Akhzari M. Efficacy of melatonin in restoring the antioxidant status in the lens of diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2019; 18:543-549. [PMID: 31890680 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Melatonin is a well-known free radical scavenger. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of melatonin treatment on the antioxidant status in the lenticular tissue of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods Thirty-four male rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: healthy control rats (group 1, n = 10); diabetic control rats (group 2, n = 10); melatonin-treated (5 mg/kg·day) diabetic rats (group 3, n = 10) and melatonin-treated (5 mg/kg·day) healthy rats (group 4, n = 4). Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, ip). Following 8-weeks of melatonin treatment, all rats were killed and the blood plasma and their lenses were stored at -70 °C for antioxidant enzyme activities assay and biochemical determination. Results The plasma glucose and lens malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in the rats of group 2 as compared to the group 1. Also, a significant decrease in the levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in the lenses and plasma reduced glutathione (GSH) was found. However, the levels of lenticular MDA (not significant) and the plasma glucose significantly decreased in the rats of group 3 compared to the group 2. Besides, the levels of CAT, GR in the rats lens and plasma GSH increased significantly. Conclusion Diabetes mellitus induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress, whereas melatonin decreased the blood glucose levels and lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rat lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Khorsand
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Fars-shiraz-meshkinfam St.-paramedical school-Department of laboratory sciences, Yazd, Iran
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, P.O box: 71345 1167, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Akmali
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, P.O box: 71345 1167, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akhzari
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, P.O box: 71345 1167, Shiraz, Iran
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Feng W, Cui X, Liu B, Liu C, Xiao Y, Lu W, Guo H, He M, Zhang X, Yuan J, Chen W, Wu T. Association of urinary metal profiles with altered glucose levels and diabetes risk: a population-based study in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123742. [PMID: 25874871 PMCID: PMC4395404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated heavy metals and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were both associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, studies on the associations of heavy metals and essential elements with altered FPG and diabetes risk were limited or conflicting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential associations of heavy metals and essential trace elements with FPG and diabetes risk among general Chinese population. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the associations of urinary concentrations of 23 metals with FPG, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes among 2242 community-based Chinese adults in Wuhan. We used the false discovery rate (FDR) method to correct for multiple hypothesis tests. RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders, urinary aluminum, titanium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, rubidium, strontium, molybdenum, cadmium, antimony, barium, tungsten and lead were associated with altered FPG, IFG or diabetes risk (all P< 0.05); arsenic was only dose-dependently related to diabetes (P< 0.05). After additional adjustment for multiple testing, titanium, copper, zinc, selenium, rubidium, tungsten and lead were still significantly associated with one or more outcomes (all FDR-adjusted P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that multiple metals in urine are associated with FPG, IFG or diabetes risk. Because the cross-sectional design precludes inferences about causality, further prospective studies are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiuqing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chuanyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Meian He
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, China
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Jakab Á, Emri T, Sipos L, Kiss Á, Kovács R, Dombrádi V, Kemény-Beke Á, Balla J, Majoros L, Pócsi I. Betamethasone augments the antifungal effect of menadione--towards a novel anti-Candida albicans combination therapy. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:973-81. [PMID: 25707543 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The fluorinated glucocorticoid betamethasone stimulated both the extracellular phospholipase production and hypha formation of the opportunistic human pathogen Candida albicans and also decreased the efficiency of the polyene antimycotics amphotericin B and nystatin against C. albicans in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, betamethasone increased synergistically the anti-Candida activity of the oxidative stress generating agent menadione, which may be exploited in future combination therapies to prevent or cure C. albicans infections, in the field of dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Jakab
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lilla Sipos
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kiss
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktor Dombrádi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Kemény-Beke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Majoros
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Thangaraju P, Chakrabarti A, Banerjee D, Hota D, Tamilselvan, Bhatia A, Gupta A. Dual blockade of Renin Angiotensin system in reducing the early changes of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy in a diabetic rat model. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 6:625-32. [PMID: 25599050 PMCID: PMC4290051 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.147978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a real pandemic of the modern world and the incidence of the disease is increasing at a tremendous rate with a number of complications involving major systems of the human body. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is considered to be involved in most of the pathological processes that result in diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Aim: The study was designed to evaluate and compare effects of ramipril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-ACEI) and telmisartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker - ARBs) combinations on the progression of retinopathy and nephropathy in the streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic model. Materials and Methods: Diabetic state in rats was induced by chemical method using STZ 55 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Diabetic renal tubulopathy and interstitial inflammatory changes were done. Diabetic retinopathy manifested in the form of vacuolar changes in the inner plexiform and the ganglionic layers of the retina was observed. Results: Treatments with ACEI and ARBs reduced the incidence of the occurrence of cataract. The effect of combinational drugs of ACEI (ramipril) and AT1 receptor blocker (Telmisartan) was evaluated. The drugs used in combinations showed improvement in the histopathological and biochemical changes of the diabetic animals, both for the retina and kidney. Conclusion: The efficacy of the drugs suggests a pivotal role of the local RAS system in the pathogenesis of tubulopathy in the kidney and neuronal damage in the retina of the diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pugazhenthan Thangaraju
- Department of Clinical/Laboratory division, Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Chengalpattu, India
| | - Amitava Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debasish Hota
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tamilselvan
- Department of Computer Science Engineering, SKP Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amod Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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5
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Kan E, Kiliçkan E, Ayar A, Çolak R. Effects of two antioxidants; α-lipoic acid and fisetin against diabetic cataract in mice. Int Ophthalmol 2014; 35:115-20. [PMID: 25488016 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-014-0029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether α-lipoic acid and fisetin have protective effects against cataract in a streptozotocin-induced experimental cataract model. Twenty-eight male BALB/C mice were made diabetic by the intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (200 mg/kg). Three weeks after induction of diabetes, mice were divided randomly into 4 groups in which each group contained 7 mice; fisetin-treated group (group 1), α-lipoic acid-treated group (group 2), fisetin placebo group (group 3), α-lipoic acid placebo group (group 4). Fisetin and α-lipoic acid were administered intraperitoneally weekly for 5 weeks. Cataract development was assessed at the end of 8 weeks by slit lamp examination, and cataract formation was graded using a scale. All groups developed at least grade 1 cataract formation. In the fisetin-treated group, the cataract stages were significantly lower than in the placebo group (p = 0.02). In the α-lipoic acid-treated group, the cataract stages were lower than in the placebo group but it did not reach to a significant value. Both fisetin and α-lipoic acid had a protective effect on cataract development in a streptozotocin-induced experimental cataract model. The protective effect of fisetin appears as though more effective than α-lipoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Kan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Elif Kiliçkan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ayar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ramis Çolak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Farghaly LM, Ghobashy WA, Shoukry Y, El-Azab MF. Ameliorative effect of acetyl-l-carnitine and/or nifedipine against selenite-induced cataractogenesis in young albino rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 729:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kunjara S, Greenbaum AL, Sochor M, Flyvbjerg A, Grønbaek H, McLean P. Effects of long-acting somatostatin analogues on redox systems in rat lens in experimental diabetes. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:95-100. [PMID: 24602114 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of long-acting somatostatin analogues, angiopeptin (AGP) and Sandostatin (SMS), on the early decline in the lens content of glutathione (GSH), ATP and NADPH and increase in sorbitol were studied in STZ diabetic rats, and comparison was made with the effect of insulin. Three factors prompted this study: (i) the known increase in IGF-1 in ocular tissue in diabetes and antagonistic effect of somatostatins, (ii) the known effect of IGF-1 in increasing lens aldose reductase and (iii) the lack of effect of somatostatins on diabetic hyperglycaemia, the latter enabling a differentiation to be made between effects of hyperglycaemia per se and site(s) of IGF-1/somatostatins. All four metabolites studied showed a significant restoration towards the normal control level after 7 days of treatment with AGP and SMS, and AGP was more effective on levels of GSH and ATP. A significant correlation was found between GSH and ATP across all groups at 7 days treatment. The redox state changes in diabetes include both NADP+/NADPH and NAD+/NADH in the conversion of glucose to sorbitol and via sorbitol dehydrogenase to fructose with a linked decrease in ATP formation via NAD+/NADH regulation of the glycolytic pathway. The interlinked network of change includes the requirement for ATP in the synthesis of GSH. The present study points to possible loci of action of somatostatins in improving metabolic parameters in the diabetic rat lens via effects on aldose reductase and/or glucose transport at GLUT 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirilaksana Kunjara
- Division of Biosciences, Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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8
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In vitro vitamin K3 effect on conjunctival fibroblast migration and proliferation. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:916713. [PMID: 24523654 PMCID: PMC3910386 DOI: 10.1155/2014/916713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate the dose effect of vitamin K3 on wound healing mechanisms. Methods. Conjunctival fibroblasts were incubated for 24 hours. An artificial wound was made and the cells were incubated with fresh medium plus doses of vitamin K3 to be tested. Wound repair was monitored at 0, 18, 24, and 48 hours. Proliferation was measured in actively dividing cells by [3H]thymidine uptake. Six different groups were tested: group 1/no drugs added, group 2/ethanol 0.1%, group 3/vitamin K3 1 mg/L, group 4/vitamin K3 2 mg/L, group 5/vitamin K3 4 mg/L, and group 6/vitamin K3 6 mg/L. Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and 4 times. Results. There were no differences among groups at the initial time. In vitro wound repair was slower in groups 4, 5, and 6. There were no differences between control and ethanol groups and between control and vitamin K3 1 mg/L groups. Fibroblast mitogenic activity was statistically decreased in all vitamin K groups; statistical differences were found among vitamin K3 1 mg/mL and higher doses too. In groups 5 and 6, cellular toxicity was presented. Conclusions. Vitamin K3 is able to inhibit fibroblast proliferation. Vitamin K3 2 mg/L or higher doses inhibit wound healing repair, exhibiting cellular toxicity at 4 and 6 mg/L.
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9
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Lin HJ, Lai CC, Huang SY, Hsu WY, Tsai FJ. An increase in phosphorylation and truncation of crystallin with the progression of cataracts. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2014; 74:9-15. [PMID: 24384929 PMCID: PMC3862202 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide; however, there is no evidence regarding the direct formation of cataracts. At present, there is no treatment method other than surgery to prevent the formation or progression of cataracts. Objective Understanding the protein changes during various stages of cataracts might help realize the mechanism of the formation and progression of cataracts. Methods Lens materials were collected from cataract surgery. Cataracts were classified according to lens opacity using the gradation of the Lens Opacities Classification System. Lens proteins were separated by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein spots were visualized by Coomassie blue staining, and expression patterns were analyzed. Protein spots of interest were excised from 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels, digested in situ with trypsin, and analyzed by mass spectrometry and liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry. Results Crystallin was the major protein in the cataract lens, and αA, βB1, αB, and βA4 were the dominant types. Crystallin αB and βA4 increased with the formation of lens opacity. Moreover, phosphorylation and truncation of these proteins increased with the progression of cataracts. Conclusion Crystallin αB and βA4 and phosphorylation and truncation of crystallin in the lens might contribute to the formation of cataracts. In contrast, acetylation was not dominant in the progression of cataracts and did not play major role in the formation of cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Science, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Department of Medical Science, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Science, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Hsu
- Department of Medical Science, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Science, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Petrofsky J, Alshammari F, Khowailed IA, Rodrigues S, Potnis P, Akerkar S, Shah J, Chung G, Save R. The effect of acute administration of vitamin D on micro vascular endothelial function in Caucasians and South Asian Indians. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:641-7. [PMID: 23917403 PMCID: PMC3739600 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is a modulator of the immune system. There is some limited evidence that it also increases local blood flow in response to stress. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the present study, we examined 20 age matched subjects; 10 whom were from India and 10 Caucasians from the United States. Subjects were administered 4000 IU of Vitamin D3 for 3 weeks at breakfast. The function of the endothelial cells was evaluated in 2 ways; first, the response to 4 minutes of vascular occlusion was measured with a laser Doppler flow meter and second, the blood flow response to local heat at 42°C for 6 minutes. RESULTS The results of the experiments showed that, as reported previously, the endothelial function in people from India was less than their Caucasian counterparts. The blood flow response to heat was reduced after 3 weeks administration of vitamin D in both groups and the response to vascular occlusion in the Caucasian group. But there was only a 20% reduction in the blood flow response to heat in the Caucasian group and a 50% reduction in the group from India. CONCLUSIONS Thus acute doses of vitamin D may increase vascular tone and reduce blood flow to tissue during stressors. Dosages administered for a longer duration may have beneficial effects on endothelial function but this was not examined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold Petrofsky
- Deptartment of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, CA, USA.
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Abstract
This literature review is aimed at the evaluation of the potential for cataract prevention in Europe. It was performed using PubMed with Mesh and free-text terms. Studies included were (i) performed on a population of Caucasian origin at an age range of 40-95 years, (ii) cataract was clinically verified, (iii) drug record of prescriptions, their indication, a record of every diagnosis, dosage and quantity of prescribed medicine were available, (iv) sample size >300 and (v) published between 1990 and 2009. The results of 29 articles were reviewed. Former [3.75 (2.26-6.21)] or current smoking [2.34 (1.07-5.15)], diabetes of duration >10 years [2.72 (1.72-4.28)], asthma or chronic bronchitis [2.04 (1.04-3.81)], and cardiovascular disease [1.96 (1.22-3.14)] increased the risk of cataract. Cataract was more common in patients taking chlorpromazine during ≥90 days with a dosage ≥300 mg [8.8 (3.1-25.1)] and corticosteroids >5 years [3.25 (1.39-7.58)] in a daily dose >1600 mg [1.69 (1.17-2.43)]. Intake of a multivitamin/mineral formulation [2.00 (1.35-2.98)] or corticosteroids [2.12 (1.93-2.33)] also increased the risk of cataract. Corticosteroids applied orally [3.25 (1.39-7.58)], parenteral [1.56 (1.34-1.82)] or inhalational [1.58 (1.46-1.71)] lead to cataract more frequently than those applied topically: nasal [1.33 (1.21-1.45)], ear [1.31 (1.19-1.45)] or skin [1.43 (1.36-1.50)]. Outpatient cataract surgery was negatively associated with total cataract surgery costs, and chlorpromazine, corticosteroids and multivitamin/mineral formation increase the risk of posterior subcapsular cataract dependent on dose, treatment application and duration. This review presented a comprehensive overview of specific and general cataract risk factors and an update on most recent experimental studies and randomized control trials directed at cataract prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Prokofyeva
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Hashim Z, Zarina S. Osmotic stress induced oxidative damage: possible mechanism of cataract formation in diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:275-9. [PMID: 22609218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia causes increased level of reactive oxygen species which is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes associated complications including cataract. In diabetic cataractous lens, over production of free radicals and decreased capacity of antioxidant defense system are the major contributors to oxidative damage by polyol pathway and advanced glycation end products. The current study focused on analysis of factors associated with osmotic imbalance and oxidative stress in aging and diabetic human cataractous lenses. We examined activities of polyol pathway enzymes, G6PD and glutathione system in lenses from subjects suffering from cataract due to aging and diabetes. We observed elevated activities of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase while G6PD and glutathione system enzyme activities were found to be lower in cataractous subjects suffering from diabetes. The findings from the current study support the premise that osmotic imbalance, AGEs formation and oxidative stress contribute synergistically to the development of lens opacity in hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Hashim
- National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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13
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Li N, Zhu Y, Deng X, Gao Y, Zhu Y, He M. Protective effects and mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine against lens opacification induced by sodium selenite in rats. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:98-102. [PMID: 21635889 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Ligusticum wallichii franchat (chuan xiong in Chinese), is a potent anti-free radical and calcium antagonist. Correspondingly, two important hypotheses in the causation of cataracts are free radical toxicity and calcium ion overload. In this study we investigated the effect of TMP on lens opacification induced by sodium selenite in rats, addressing the potential of TMP eye drops to prevent and treat cataracts. Results showed that the extent of lens opacification in the untreated Normal Control group (NC group) was significantly less than that of selenite-injected untreated rats (MC group) on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 (p < 0.001), while TMP treated selenite-injected rats (TMP group) had less lens opacification than the MC group on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 (p < 0.05). Compared with the NC group, the MC group had significantly decreased activity of super-oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and catalase (CAT) and significantly elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and calcium ion content (p < 0.001). Compared with the MC group, the activity of (SOD), (GSH-PX) and (CAT) were significantly higher while (MDA) and calcium ion levels were significantly lower in the TMP group at all time points (p < 0.01). The findings demonstrate that the selenite-induced cataract rat models were successfully built and the TMP eye drops can delay lens opacification induced by sodium selenite in rats. The mechanism by which TMP preserves lens transparency from selenite treated animals is associated with the lenses' ability to maintain normal levels of activity of SOD, GSH-PX and CAT and normal concentrations of MDA and calcium ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 Xianlie Road South, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Randazzo J, Zhang P, Makita J, Blessing K, Kador PF. Orally active multi-functional antioxidants delay cataract formation in streptozotocin (type 1) diabetic and gamma-irradiated rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18980. [PMID: 21541328 PMCID: PMC3082543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related cataract is a worldwide health care problem whose progression has been linked to oxidative stress and the accumulation of redox-active metals. Since there is no specific animal model for human age-related cataract, multiple animal models must be used to evaluate potential therapies that may delay and/or prevent cataract formation. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Proof of concept studies were conducted to evaluate 4-(5-hydroxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dioxopiperazine-1-sulfonamide (compound 4) and 4-(5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dioxopiperazine-1-sulfonamide (compound 8), multi-functional antioxidants that can independently chelate redox metals and quench free radicals, on their ability to delay the progression of diabetic "sugar" cataracts and gamma radiation-induced cataracts. Prior to 15 Gy of whole head irradiation, select groups of Long Evans rats received either diet containing compound 4 or 8, or a single i.p. injection of panthethine, a radioprotective agent. Compared to untreated, irradiated rats, treatment with pantethine, 4 and 8 delayed initial lens changes by 4, 47, and 38 days, respectively, and the average formation of posterior subcapsular opacities by 23, 53 and 58 days, respectively. In the second study, select groups of diabetic Sprague Dawley rats were administered chow containing compounds 4, 8 or the aldose reductase inhibitor AL1576. As anticipated, treatment with AL1576 prevented cataract by inhibiting sorbitol formation in the lens. However, compared to untreated rats, compounds 4 and 8 delayed vacuole formation by 20 days and 12 days, respectively, and cortical cataract formation by 8 and 3 days, respectively, without reducing lenticular sorbitol. Using in vitro lens culture in 30 mM xylose to model diabetic "sugar" cataract formation, western blots confirmed that multi-functional antioxidants reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Multi-functional antioxidants delayed cataract formation in two diverse rat models. These studies provide a proof of concept that a general cataract treatment focused on reducing oxidative stress instead of a specific mechanism of cataractogenesis can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Randazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jun Makita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Karen Blessing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Kador
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Y, OuYang S, Zhang L, Tang X, Song Z, Liu P. Oxygen-induced changes in mitochondrial DNA and DNA repair enzymes in aging rat lens. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:666-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Beebe DC, Holekamp NM, Shui YB. Oxidative damage and the prevention of age-related cataracts. Ophthalmic Res 2010; 44:155-65. [PMID: 20829639 DOI: 10.1159/000316481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cataracts are often considered to be an unavoidable consequence of aging. Oxidative damage is a major cause or consequence of cortical and nuclear cataracts, the most common types of age-related cataracts. METHODS In this review, we consider the different risk factors, natural history and etiology of each of the 3 major types of age-related cataract, as well as the potential sources of oxidative injury to the lens and the mechanisms that protect against these insults. The evidence linking different oxidative stresses to the different types of cataracts is critically evaluated. RESULTS We conclude from this analysis that the evidence for a causal role of oxidation is strong for nuclear, but substantially lower for cortical and posterior subcapsular cataracts. The preponderance of evidence suggests that exposure to increased levels of molecular oxygen accelerates the age-related opacification of the lens nucleus, leading to nuclear cataract. Factors in the eye that maintain low oxygen partial pressure around the lens are, therefore, important in protecting the lens from nuclear cataract. CONCLUSIONS Maintaining or restoring the low oxygen partial pressure around that lens should decrease or prevent nuclear cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Cataracte aiguë chez une jeune fille diabétique. J Fr Ophtalmol 2009; 32:513.e1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Kanth VR, Lavanya K, Srinivas J. Elevated Expression of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) and Accumulation of Kynurenic Acid in the Pathogenesis of STZ-Induced Diabetic Cataract in Wistar Rats. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:274-81. [DOI: 10.1080/02713680902725954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lu MP, Wang R, Song X, Chibbar R, Wang X, Wu L, Meng QH. Dietary soy isoflavones increase insulin secretion and prevent the development of diabetic cataracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr Res 2009; 28:464-71. [PMID: 19083447 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soy isoflavone-containing diets have been reported to be beneficial in diabetes. This present study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of isoflavones in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg STZ. Diabetic rats were then randomly divided into 3 groups and received a special diet supplemented with casein (control), low-isoflavone soy (LIS) protein, and high-isoflavone soy protein (HIS) for 8 weeks. Compared with the control or LIS groups, those rats on the HIS diet had significantly increased body weight and serum insulin levels and reduced serum glucose and methylglyoxal levels. Serum glutathione levels were also increased in rats given the HIS diet compared with those in the control or LIS (P < .01). Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly higher in HIS-fed rats than that of the control or LIS rats (P < .05). More importantly, the death rate and incidence of cataracts in the diabetic rats were markedly decreased in the HIS group. In conclusion, ingestion of high-isoflavone soy protein not only lowers glucose levels but also reduces the incidence of cataracts in diabetic rats. The beneficial effects of soy isoflavones are attributed to increased insulin secretion, a better glycemic control, and antioxidant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ping Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 0W8
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Sawada H, Fukuchi T, Abe H. Oxidative stress markers in aqueous humor of patients with senile cataracts. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:36-41. [PMID: 19172468 DOI: 10.1080/02713680802500960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the levels of oxidative stress markers in human eyes with senile cataracts. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, case-controlled study of 57 patients with senile cataracts. To assess oxidative stress markers in the eye, we measured the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) as well as the total protein levels in aqueous humor. RESULTS In aqueous humor, SOD and CAT activity levels were 0.133 +/- 0.020 and 1.223 +/- 0.081 U/ml, respectively; protein levels were 2.372 +/- 0.166 mg/ml (means +/- SEM). We observed a significant increase in SOD activity and the protein level in progressed nuclear cataracts. No significant age-associated difference in antioxidant enzyme levels was detected. CONCLUSION Significant increases in the levels of SOD activity and total protein correlated with the severity of the cataract but not with patient age, suggesting that progressed cataract is associated with molecules leaking from the lens capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Sawada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.
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Lu MP, Wang R, Song X, Wang X, Wu L, Meng QH. Modulation of methylglyoxal and glutathione by soybean isoflavones in mild streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:618-23. [PMID: 18060748 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Evidence shows that methylglyoxal (MG), a very reactive metabolite of glucose, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetic complications. Although soy isoflavones have beneficial effects in diabetes, the role of soy isoflavones in regulating MG levels is unknown. The present study investigates the effects of soy protein isoflavones on MG and reduced glutathione (GSH). METHODS AND RESULTS Mild diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). The diabetic rats were then randomly divided into three groups and received a special diet supplemented with casein (control), low-isoflavone soy protein (LIS), or high-isoflavone soy protein (HIS) for eight weeks, respectively. Compared to the control or LIS group, HIS diet significantly increased serum insulin levels (p<0.01 or 0.05) and reduced serum glucose and MG levels (p<0.05). Serum GSH levels were increased in HIS-fed rats compared with the control or LIS group (p<0.01). Serum total cholesterol and homocysteine levels were significantly lower in HIS and LIS rats than those of the control rats. CONCLUSIONS Both LIS and HIS diets can lower serum lipid and homocysteine levels in this mild diabetic model. HIS diet enhances insulin secretion and reduces glucose level. Moreover, the HIS diet has potential in reducing MG and increasing GSH levels. In addition to its hypoglycemic effect, the antioxidant protection may provide beneficial effects in preventing the development of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ping Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims to provide a literature survey of the association between photo-oxidation of lens proteins and lipid peroxidation with the genesis of age-related cataract in laboratory studies using rodent models, in epidemiological and interventional studies in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Medline search using initial search terms lens, oxidation, antioxidant, and diet was employed to search for research papers covering the areas noted above from 1995 to 2005. Literature cited in those papers was also reviewed to provide as comprehensive a coverage of research work as possible. RESULTS Lens protein photo-oxidation and lipid peroxidation are widely acknowledged as important steps in age-related cataractogenesis. Dietary antioxidants are central in retarding cataractogenesis, although most evidence for this is gained from laboratory-based work on relatively unphysiologic rodent cataract models, using antioxidant regimes that could not be sustained in clinical practice. Most research in humans is retrospective epidemiology although some interventional research has been undertaken, with mixed results. CONCLUSIONS Dietary antioxidants are likely to be important in retarding cataractogenesis in older animals and in humans. Work on companion animals could provide a valuable stepping stone between rodent-based laboratory work and human interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Williams
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, England, UK.
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