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Frankeberger J, Perdue T, Ramirez E, Valdez A, Cepeda A. Correlates of Current Methamphetamine Use and Opioid Co-Use Among Latina Women in a Low-Income Community. J Psychoactive Drugs 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39219334 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2395494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Using data from Proyecto SALTO, a 15-year follow-up study of a cohort of Mexican American women in a low-income community in San Antonio, Texas, this study examines emerging patterns of current methamphetamine (MA) use, including opioid co-use, among this understudied population. A bivariate analysis compared individuals with and without current MA use and identified sociodemographic correlates and co-occurring mental health and substance use. A secondary analysis compared those with current MA use, opioid use, and concurrent MA and opioid use. Nineteen percent of the sample had current MA use. MA use was associated with having a lower income (OR = 7.04-1.93, SE = 1.59-5.46), residential instability (OR = 5.19, SE = 1.99), and suicidal ideation (OR = 2.62, SE = 0.93). Participants with MA use had more than four times the odds of using opioids than those without MA use. Women with concurrent MA and opioid use differed in sociodemographics and behavioral risks compared to those with only MA or only opioid use. These findings explore the social, mental health, and structural inequities that exacerbate risks and harms associated with high-risk substance use among marginalized Latino populations. Prevention and intervention strategies should adopt a holistic approach that considers and addresses polysubstance use, mental health, and the sociocultural contexts in which individuals live.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frankeberger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - T Perdue
- John Glenn College of Public Affairs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - E Ramirez
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Valdez
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Cepeda
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Calcaterra SL, Yamkovoy K, Swathi PA, Ciccarone D, Del Pozo B, Englander H, Wang J, Barocas JA. U.S. trends in methamphetamine-involved psychiatric hospitalizations in the United States, 2015-2019. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 262:111409. [PMID: 39089187 PMCID: PMC11343609 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the U.S., overdose deaths and substance treatment admissions related to methamphetamine are rising. This study aims to measure and compare U.S. temporal trends in methamphetamine-involved psychiatric hospitalizations. METHODS We conducted a population-based, trend analysis of U.S. psychiatric hospitalizations and calculated quarterly (Q) rates per 100,000 population of substance-involved psychiatric hospitalizations. We assessed U.S. regional quarterly percentage hospitalization rate changes using Joinpoint regression. RESULTS From Q4 2015-Q4 2019, there were 963,202 psychiatric hospitalizations, 50,223 (5.2 %) involved methamphetamine and 102,877 (10.7 %) involved opioids and/or cocaine without methamphetamine. Methamphetamine-involved psychiatric hospitalization rates increased by 68.0 %, psychiatric hospitalizations rates involving opioid and/or cocaine without methamphetamine decreased by 22 %, while nonsubstance-involved psychiatric hospitalizations rates remained unchanged. The largest significant increases in methamphetamine-involved psychiatric hospitalization rates were among people >61 years old, males, and Midwesterners. Methamphetamine-involved psychiatric hospitalization rates doubled among Black patients. The largest average percent increase among methamphetamine-involved psychiatric hospitalizations was 10.2 % from Q4 2015-Q2 2017 in the Midwest. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Most psychiatric hospitalizations did not involve substances. Methamphetamine-involved psychiatric hospitalizations greatly increased while opioid-involved psychiatric hospitalizations decreased, but involved more total encounters. Greater access to harm reduction services, contingency management programs, and mental health services is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Calcaterra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Kristina Yamkovoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Pallavi Aytha Swathi
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Ciccarone
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Del Pozo
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Honora Englander
- Department of Medicine, Section of Addiction Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jianing Wang
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua A Barocas
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Cano M, Jones A, Silverstein SM, Daniulaityte R, LoVecchio F. Naloxone Administration and Survival in Overdoses Involving Opioids and Stimulants: An Analysis of Law Enforcement Data from 63 Pennsylvania Counties. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.27.24312661. [PMID: 39252927 PMCID: PMC11383463 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.27.24312661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Background In consideration of rising deaths from opioid-stimulant-involved overdoses in the United States, this study explored rates of naloxone administration and survival in opioid overdoses with versus without stimulants co-involved. Methods The study used data from the Pennsylvania Overdose Information Network, focusing on 26,635 suspected opioid-involved overdose events recorded by law enforcement and other first responders in 63 Pennsylvania counties from January 2018 to July 2024. Relative frequencies and chi-square tests were first used to compare suspected opioid overdoses with, versus without, stimulants (cocaine or methamphetamine) co-involved. Next, mediation analyses tested naloxone administration as a mediator of the association between stimulant co-involvement (in opioid overdoses) and survival. Results Naloxone was reportedly administered in 72.2% of the opioid-no-cocaine overdoses, compared to 55.1% of the opioid-cocaine-involved overdoses, and 72.1% of the opioid-no-methamphetamine overdoses vs. 52.4% of the opioid-methamphetamine-involved overdoses. With respect to survival rates, 18.0% of the opioid-no-cocaine overdoses ended in death, compared to 41.3% of the opioid-cocaine overdoses; 18.1% of the opioid-no-methamphetamine overdoses ended in death, versus 42.9% of the opioid-methamphetamine overdoses. In mediation analyses (adjusted for demographics, county, year, and other drug co-involvement), naloxone administration mediated 38.7% (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 31.3%-46.0%) of the association between cocaine co-involvement and survival and 39.2% (95% CI, 31.3%-47.1%) of the association between methamphetamine co-involvement and survival. Conclusions Among suspected opioid overdose events recorded in the Pennsylvania Overdose Information Network, stimulant co-involvement was associated with lower naloxone administration and higher fatality, with naloxone partially mediating the association between stimulant co-involvement and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Cano
- School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Abenaa Jones
- The Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Consortium on Substance Use and Addiction, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | | | | | - Frank LoVecchio
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
- Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
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Pro G, Cantor J, Buttram M, Brown CC, Gu M, Mancino M, Zaller N. Geographic and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Access to Methamphetamine Detoxification Services, United States, 2021. Med Care 2024; 62:464-472. [PMID: 38761164 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000002013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine detoxification before entering formal and longer term treatment may have a positive impact on treatment retention and success. Understanding geographic distribution of methamphetamine specialty detox services and differential access by race/ethnicity is critical for establishing policies that ensure equitable access across populations. METHODS We used the Mental health and Addiction Treatment Tracking Repository to identify treatment facilities that offered any substance use detoxification in 2021 (N=2346) as well as the census block group in which they were located. We sourced data from the US Census Bureau to identify the percentage of a census block group that was White, Black, and Hispanic. We used logistic regression to model the availability of methamphetamine-specific detox, predicted by the percentage of a block group that was Black and Hispanic. We adjusted for relevant covariates and defined state as a random effect. We calculated model-based predicted probabilities. RESULTS Over half (60%) of detox facilities offered additional detox services specifically for methamphetamine. Sixteen states had <10 methamphetamine-specific detox facilities. The predicted probability of methamphetamine-specific detox availability was 60% in census block groups with 0%-9% Black residents versus only 46% in census block groups with 90%-100% Black residents, and was 61% in census block groups with 0%-9% Hispanic residents versus 30% in census block groups with 90%-100% Hispanic residents. CONCLUSIONS During an unprecedented national methamphetamine crisis, access to a critical health care service was disproportionately lower in communities that were predominately Black and Hispanic. We orient our findings around a discussion of health disparities, residential segregation, and the upstream causes of the systematic exclusion of minoritized communities from health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Pro
- Health Behavior and Health Education, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Mance Buttram
- Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
- Center for Public Health and Technology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Clare C Brown
- Health Policy and Management, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Mofan Gu
- Health Behavior and Health Education, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Michael Mancino
- Center for Addiction Research, Psychiatric Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Nickolas Zaller
- Health Behavior and Health Education, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Erinoso O, Daugherty R, Kirk MR, Harding RW, Etchart H, Reyes A, Page K, Fiuty P, Wagner KD. Safety strategies and harm reduction for methamphetamine users in the era of fentanyl contamination: A qualitative analysis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 128:104456. [PMID: 38761461 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the United States, methamphetamine use is increasing and the context of its use has changed, with reports of illicitly manufactured fentanyl being mixed with methamphetamine (either deliberately or inadvertently). We explore risk-mitigating actions taken by people who use drugs to protect their health when using methamphetamine in that context. METHODS We conducted qualitative interviews with 48 adults (18+) who used methamphetamine in the past three months at two sites in Nevada, USA and two sites in New Mexico, USA. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Respondents described two rationales for employing harm reduction strategies. First, to prevent harm from methamphetamine containing illicit fentanyl, and second, to maintain their general wellbeing while using methamphetamine. Regarding methamphetamine containing illicit fentanyl, our findings highlight how respondents employ primary strategies like buying from trusted sources and secondary strategies such as spotting and selective use of harm reduction tools (i.e., fentanyl test strips) to reduce risks. To maintain their general wellbeing, participants reduced their use of methamphetamine as reasonably as possible, and used other substances like marijuana and alcohol alongside methamphetamine to counter the unwanted side effects of methamphetamine (i.e., hallucinations and paranoia). Use of these harm reduction strategies varied within situational and social contexts, and respondents usually developed these strategies based on their lived experiences. CONCLUSION Our findings uniquely demonstrate that people who use methamphetamine prioritize community driven, trust-based strategies within their social networks to mitigate risks in a fentanyl-contaminated drug environment. Additionally, our results indicate that harm reduction behaviors are influenced by multilevel risk environments, which include social, physical, economic, and political factors. Overall, these results highlight the potential for targeted interventions at the network level, which are responsive to complexities and shifts in drug market dynamics- such as illicit fentanyl in methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Erinoso
- Department of Health Behavior, Policy and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Robbie Daugherty
- Department of Health Behavior, Policy and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Mia R Kirk
- Department of Health Behavior, Policy and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Robert W Harding
- Department of Health Behavior, Policy and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Haley Etchart
- Department of Health Behavior, Policy and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Andres Reyes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kimberly Page
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Phillip Fiuty
- New Mexico Health, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Karla D Wagner
- Department of Health Behavior, Policy and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, United States.
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Tackett WR, Yalakala J, Hambuchen MD. Co-administration of naloxone and dexmedetomidine to simultaneously reverse acute effects of fentanyl and methamphetamine in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 259:111301. [PMID: 38640863 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of combination methamphetamine (METH)-opioid overdose has substantially increased in recent years. While agitation is uncommon after the naloxone (NLX) reversal of opioids, it is a major clinical concern in acute METH intoxication and can be physiologically antagonized by opioid-induced sedation. This study aimed to perform initial preclinical analysis of the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DEXMED) co-administered with NLX to attenuate METH-induced locomotor activity, as a rat model of agitation, after the reversal of fentanyl (FENT)-induced sedation. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered subcutaneous (SC) 0.1mg/kg FENT ± 1mg/kg METH. Fifteen min later, SC 0.1mg/kg NLX ± an increasing (0, 0.032, 0.056, and 0.1mg/kg) DEXMED dose was administered prior to the measurement of locomotor activity. After a washout period, the FENT ± METH and NLX ± DEXMED administration with the highest dose of DEXMED was administered for measurement of blood oxygen saturation and heart rate. RESULTS After the NLX reversal of FENT-induced sedation, adjunct DEXMED substantially and significantly reduced METH-induced locomotor activity (p<0.05) at all doses tested. While the addition of DEXMED did not significantly reduce blood oxygenation in METH treated rats, it did so in the absence of METH. Also, DEXMED significantly reduced heart rate compared to non-DEXMED treated groups and resulted in further significant reductions in the animals not exposed to METH (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data provide preclinical evidence that DEXMED may be a safe and effective chemical restraint for METH-induced agitation after NLX opioid reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Tackett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Stephen J. Kopp Hall 353, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Jyostna Yalakala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Stephen J. Kopp Hall 353, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Michael D Hambuchen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Stephen J. Kopp Hall 353, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Rosenblum D, Ondocsin J, Mars SG, Cauchon D, Ciccarone D. Estimating changes in overdose death rates from increasing methamphetamine supply in Ohio: Evidence from crime lab data. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2024; 11:100238. [PMID: 38745681 PMCID: PMC11091496 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Background We investigate the relationship between the supply of methamphetamine and overdose death risk in Ohio. Ohio and the overall US have experienced a marked increase in overdose deaths from methamphetamine combined with fentanyl over the last decade. The increasing use of methamphetamine may be increasing the risk of overdose death. However, if people are using it to substitute away from more dangerous synthetic opioids, it may reduce the overall risk of overdose death. Methods Ohio's Bureau of Criminal Investigation's crime lab data include a detailed list of the content of drug samples from law enforcement seizures, which are used as a proxy for drug supply. We use linear regressions to estimate the relationship between the proportion of methamphetamine in lab samples and unintentional drug overdose death rates from January 2015 through September 2021. Results Relatively more methamphetamine in crime lab data in a county-month has either no statistically significant relationship with overdose death rates (in small and medium population counties) or a negative and statistically significant relationship with overdose death rates (in large population counties). Past overdose death rates do not predict future increases in methamphetamine in crime lab data. Conclusions The results are consistent with a relatively higher supply of methamphetamine reducing the general risk of overdose death, possibly due to substitution away from more dangerous synthetic opioids. However, the supply of methamphetamine appears unrelated to the past illicit drug risk environment. The non-lethal and yet serious health effects of MA use were not explored and, thus, even if the presence of MA reduces the population-level overdose mortality rate, the rise of other adverse health effects may counteract any public health benefits of fewer deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rosenblum
- Department of Economics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ondocsin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah G. Mars
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Ciccarone
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Fredericksen RJ, Baker R, Sibley A, Estadt AT, Colston D, Mixson LS, Walters S, Bresett J, Levander XA, Leichtling G, Davy-Mendez T, Powell M, Stopka TJ, Pho M, Feinberg J, Ezell J, Zule W, Seal D, Cooper HLF, Whitney BM, Delaney JAC, Crane HM, Tsui JI. Motivation and context of concurrent stimulant and opioid use among persons who use drugs in the rural United States: a multi-site qualitative inquiry. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:74. [PMID: 38561753 PMCID: PMC10985853 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-00986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, stimulant use has increased among persons who use opioids in the rural U.S., leading to high rates of overdose and death. We sought to understand motivations and contexts for stimulant use among persons who use opioids in a large, geographically diverse sample of persons who use drugs (PWUD) in the rural settings. METHODS We conducted semi-structured individual interviews with PWUD at 8 U.S. sites spanning 10 states and 65 counties. Content areas included general substance use, injection drug use, changes in drug use, and harm reduction practices. We used an iterative open-coding process to comprehensively itemize and categorize content shared by participants related to concurrent use. RESULTS We interviewed 349 PWUD (64% male, mean age 36). Of those discussing current use of stimulants in the context of opioid use (n = 137, 39%), the stimulant most used was methamphetamine (78%) followed by cocaine/crack (26%). Motivations for co-use included: 1) change in drug markets and cost considerations; 2) recreational goals, e.g., seeking stronger effects after heightened opioid tolerance; 3) practical goals, such as a desire to balance or alleviate the effects of the other drug, including the use of stimulants to avoid/reverse opioid overdose, and/or control symptoms of opioid withdrawal; and 4) functional goals, such as being simultaneously energized and pain-free in order to remain productive for employment. CONCLUSION In a rural U.S. cohort of PWUD, use of both stimulants and opioids was highly prevalent. Reasons for dual use found in the rural context compared to urban studies included changes in drug availability, functional/productivity goals, and the use of methamphetamine to offset opioid overdose. Education efforts and harm reduction services and treatment, such as access to naloxone, fentanyl test strips, and accessible drug treatment for combined opioid and stimulant use, are urgently needed in the rural U.S. to reduce overdose and other adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Baker
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - A Sibley
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - A T Estadt
- The Ohio State University, Colombus, USA
| | - D Colston
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | - J Bresett
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, USA
| | - X A Levander
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | | | - T Davy-Mendez
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - M Powell
- University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - T J Stopka
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Medford, USA
| | - M Pho
- University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - J Feinberg
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - J Ezell
- Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - W Zule
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - D Seal
- Tulane University, New Orleans, USA
| | | | | | | | - H M Crane
- University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - J I Tsui
- University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Mars S, Ondocsin J, Holm N, Ciccarone D. The influence of transformations in supply on methamphetamine initiation among people injecting opioids in the United States. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:57. [PMID: 38443903 PMCID: PMC10913463 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-00976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-use of methamphetamine (MA) and opioids (pharmaceutical pills, heroin and fentanyls) has increased in the United States and is represented in rising mortality. Although coinciding with the import of low cost, high potency and purity methamphetamine, the relationship between supply and demand in propelling this polydrug use is not well understood. We consider the influence of macro changes in supply on the uptake of opioid and methamphetamine co-use by injection at the level of individual drug and injection initiation in West Virginia, a state which leads the US in drug overdose mortality. METHOD We recruited n = 30 people for semi-structured interviews who self-reported injecting heroin/fentanyl and using methamphetamine by any route at a West Virginia syringe service program and through snowball sampling. Interviews were recorded and transcripts analyzed using a thematic approach. Ethnographic observation was also conducted and recorded in fieldnotes. Sequence of substance and mode of use initiation and use trajectories for opioids and stimulants were charted for each participant. RESULTS A clear pattern of individual drug initiation emerged that matched each successive supply wave of the US overdose epidemic: 25 participants had initiated opioid use with pills, followed by heroin, often mixed with/replaced by fentanyl, and subsequently added methamphetamine use. For participants, the supply and consumption of opioid analgesics had set in motion a series of steps leading to the addition of stimulant injection to existing opioid injecting repertoires. Unlike other studies that have found a birth cohort effect in patterns of initiation, participants showed the same sequence across age groups. Considerations of economy, availability, dependence, tolerance and the erosion of taboos that marked transitions from opioid pills to heroin injection influenced these subsequent trajectories in novel ways. The form, timing and extent of opioid and stimulant consumption was influenced by four stages of the changing drug supply, which in turn reflected back on demand. CONCLUSION Transformations in the social meaning and supply of methamphetamine enabled these transitions while other desired, non-injectable drugs were difficult to obtain. We discuss policy implications of injectable drugs' market dominance at this location and possible interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mars
- University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | | | - Nicole Holm
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Calcaterra SL, Saunders S, Grimm E, Maki-Gianani E, Keniston A, Wold A, Bonaguidi A. In-Hospital Methadone Enrollment: a Novel Program to Facilitate Linkage from the Hospital to the Opioid Treatment Program for Vulnerable Patients with Opioid Use Disorder. J Gen Intern Med 2024; 39:385-392. [PMID: 37715094 PMCID: PMC10897082 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methadone ameliorates opioid withdrawal among hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). To continue methadone after hospital discharge, patients must enroll in an opioid treatment program (OTP) per federal regulations. Uncontrolled opioid withdrawal is a barrier to linkage from hospital to OTP. AIM Describe a federally compliant In-Hospital Methadone Enrollment Team (IN-MEET) that enrolls hospitalized patients with OUD into an OTP with facilitated hospital to OTP linkage. SETTING Seven hundred-bed university hospital in Aurora, CO. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION A physician dually affiliated with a hospital's addiction consultation service and a community OTP completes an in-hospital, face-to-face medical assessment required by federal law and titrates methadone to comfort. An OTP-affiliated nurse with hospital privileges completes a psychosocial evaluation and provides case management by arranging transportation and providing weekly telephone check-ins. PROGRAM EVALUATION METRICS IN-MEET enrollments completed, hospital to OTP linkage, and descriptive characteristics of patients who completed IN-MEET enrollments compared to patients who completed community OTP enrollments. RESULTS Between April 2019 and April 2023, our team completed 165 IN-MEET enrollments. Among a subset of 73 IN-MEET patients, 56 (76.7%) presented to the OTP following hospital discharge. Compared to community OTP enrolled patients (n = 1687), a higher percentage of IN-MEET patients were older (39.7 years, standard deviation [SD] 11.2 years vs. 36.1 years, SD 10.6 years) and were unhoused (n = 43, 58.9% vs. n = 199, 11.8%). Compared to community OTP enrolled patients, a higher percentage of IN-MEET patients reported heroin or fentanyl as their primary substance (n = 53, 72.6% vs. n = 677, 40.1%), reported methamphetamine as their secondary substance (n = 27, 37.0% vs. n = 380, 22.5%), and reported they injected their primary substance (n = 46, 63.0% vs. n = 478, 28.3%). CONCLUSION IN-MEET facilitates hospital to OTP linkage among a vulnerable population. This model has the potential to improve methadone access for hospitalized patients who may not otherwise seek out treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Calcaterra
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Scott Saunders
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric Grimm
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Angela Keniston
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Angi Wold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Angela Bonaguidi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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Mixson LS, Whitney BM, Jenkins WD, Stopka TJ, Korthuis PT, Drumright LN, Ruderman SA, Friedmann PD, Pho MT, Young AM, Westergaard RP, Seal DW, Go VF, Miller WC, Zule WA, Feinberg J, Cooper HLF, Tsui JI, Crane HM, Delaney JA. Behavioral and Health Outcome Differences by Heroin or Methamphetamine Preference Among People in Rural US Communities Who Use Both Substances. SUBSTANCE USE : RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2024; 18:29768357241272374. [PMID: 39175912 PMCID: PMC11339740 DOI: 10.1177/29768357241272374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Background The United States' (US) opioid overdose epidemic has evolved into a combined stimulant/opioid epidemic, a pattern driven in part by mitigating opioid overdose risk, variable substance availability, and personal preferences. This study aimed to investigate the association between self-reported substance preference (heroin or methamphetamine) and behavioral/health outcomes among individuals who used both heroin and methamphetamine in the rural US. Methods The Rural Opioid Initiative is a consortium of 8 research cohorts from 10 states and 65 rural counties that recruited individuals reporting past 30-day injection of any substance or opioid substance use by any route from 1/2018 to 3/2020. Analyses were restricted to participants ⩾18 years, who self-reported either heroin or methamphetamine as their preferred substance and past 30-day use of both heroin and methamphetamine. We examined cross-sectional associations between preferred substance (heroin versus methamphetamine) and behavioral and health outcomes using random effects meta-analysis with adjusted regression models. Results Among 1239 participants, 61% (n = 752) reported heroin as their preferred substance. Adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, methamphetamine preference was associated with lower prevalence ratios for current naloxone possession (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 0.68; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.59-0.78; P-value ⩽ .001), of ever being told they had the hepatitis C virus (HCV; aPR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.61-0.85; P-value ⩽ .001) and a personal history of overdose (aPR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.73-0.90; P-value ⩽ .001). Conclusion In our study analyzing associations between preferred substance and various behavioral and health outcomes amongst people who use both heroin and methamphetamine, a majority of participants preferred heroin. Methamphetamine preference was associated with lower prevalence of naloxone possession, ever being told they had HCV, and prior history of an overdose. This study underscores the need for targeted harm reduction services for people who prefer methamphetamine in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sarah Mixson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bridget M Whitney
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wiley D Jenkins
- Department of Population Science and Policy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J Stopka
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Todd Korthuis
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lydia N Drumright
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Ruderman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter D Friedmann
- Office of Research, UMass Chan Medical School – Baystate and Baystate Health, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Mai T Pho
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - April M Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ryan P Westergaard
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David W Seal
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Science Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Vivian F Go
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William C Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - William A Zule
- Division of Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Judith Feinberg
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Hannah LF Cooper
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Judith I Tsui
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heidi M Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph A Delaney
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Russell C, Law J, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B, Ali F. The impact of methamphetamine use on medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment retention: a scoping review. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2023; 18:48. [PMID: 37587456 PMCID: PMC10433668 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-023-00402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging public health threat of methamphetamine/opioid co-use is occurring in North America, including increases in overdoses related to concomitant methamphetamine/opioid use. This presents a potential risk to established treatments for opioid use disorder (i.e., medications for opioid use disorder [MOUD]). To date, few studies have examined the impact of methamphetamine use on MOUD-related outcomes, and no studies have synthesized data on MOUD retention. METHODS A scoping review was undertaken to examine the impact of methamphetamine use on MOUD retention. All original published research articles were searched in Embase, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Cochrane Protocols, and Google scholar databases. Data were extracted into a standardized data extraction chart. Findings were presented narratively. RESULTS All eight included studies demonstrated an increased likelihood of treatment discontinuation or dropout among patients enrolled in MOUD who used methamphetamine. The frequency of methamphetamine use was also associated with MOUD dropout, in that those who used methamphetamine more often were more likely to discontinue MOUD. The definitions and measurements of MOUD retention varied considerably, as did the magnitude of effect size. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that methamphetamine use has an undesirable impact on MOUD retention and results in an increased risk of treatment discontinuation or dropout. Strategies to identify concurrent methamphetamine use among individuals engaging in MOUD and educate them on the increased risk for dropout should be undertaken. Further research is needed to understand how MOUD retention among patients with concomitant opioid and methamphetamine use can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayley Russell
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) & Ontario Node, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (CRISM), 33 Ursula Franklin St., Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.
| | - Justine Law
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) & Ontario Node, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (CRISM), 33 Ursula Franklin St., Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Sameer Imtiaz
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) & Ontario Node, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (CRISM), 33 Ursula Franklin St., Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) & Ontario Node, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (CRISM), 33 Ursula Franklin St., Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
- Institut Für Klinische Psychologie Und Psychotherapie, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bol'shaya, Pirogovskaya Ulitsa, 19c1, Moscow, Russia, 119146
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology & Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
- Translational Addiction Research Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Center for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON, L9M 1G3, Canada
| | - Farihah Ali
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) & Ontario Node, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (CRISM), 33 Ursula Franklin St., Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
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13
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Ondocsin J, Holm N, Mars SG, Ciccarone D. The motives and methods of methamphetamine and 'heroin' co-use in West Virginia. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:88. [PMID: 37438812 PMCID: PMC10339587 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid and methamphetamine co-use is increasing across the USA with overdoses involving these drugs also rising. West Virginia (WV) has led the US in opioid overdose death rates since at least 2013 and rising co-use of methamphetamine with opioids has played a greater role in deaths over the last 5 years. METHODS This study used rapid ethnography to examine methods and motivations behind opioids and methamphetamine co-use from the viewpoint of their consumers. Participants (n = 30) were people who injected heroin/fentanyl also using methamphetamine who participated in semi-structured interviews. RESULTS We found multiple methods of co-using opioids and methamphetamine, whether alternately or simultaneously and in varying order. Most prioritized opioids, with motives for using methamphetamine forming three thematic categories: 'intrinsic use', encompassing both inherent pleasure of combined use greater than using both drugs separately or for self-medication of particular conditions; 'opioid assisting use' in which methamphetamine helped people manage their existing heroin/fentanyl use; and 'reluctant or indifferent use' for social participation, reflecting methamphetamine's low cost and easy availability. CONCLUSIONS Methamphetamine serves multiple functions among people using opioids in WV. Beliefs persist that methamphetamine can play a role in preventing and reversing opioid overdose, including some arguments for sequential use being protective of overdose. 'Reluctant' uptake attests to methamphetamine's social use and the influence of supply. The impact on overdose risk of the many varied co-use patterns needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ondocsin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, MU3E, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Nicole Holm
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, MU3E, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sarah G Mars
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, MU3E, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Daniel Ciccarone
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, MU3E, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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14
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van Amsterdam J, Pierce M, van den Brink W. Predictors and motives of polydrug use in opioid users. A narrative review. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023:00001504-990000000-00066. [PMID: 37191648 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the recent literature on predictors and personal motives of polydrug use in opioid users with a focus on combined use of opioids with stimulants, benzodiazepines and gabapentinoids. RECENT FINDINGS In North America, methamphetamine is now the most prevalent co-drug in opioid users and is responsible for high mortality rates. In Europe, opioids are rather combined with either cocaine, benzodiazepines or gabapentionoids, but recent data are lacking.Main personal motives of opioid users to combine opioids with methamphetamine or cocaine is to boost the opioid high, inhibit the withdrawal effects of heroin and have a cheaper alternative to maintain the opioid high. Risk factors of polydrug use by opioid users included being male, younger age, homelessness, high-risk sexual behavior, needle sharing, incarceration, poor mental health and recent use of cocaine or prescription opioids. The motives for co-use of opioids and gabapentinoids also include seeking a better high, lower price and to self-medicate pain/physical symptoms, including those resulting from withdrawal. SUMMARY When treating opioid users with polydrug drug use, special attention should be paid to dosing when in opioid agonist methadone/buprenorphine treatment and to the presence of physical pain. The validity of part of the personal motives seems questionable which deserves attention when counselling opioid users with polydrug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van Amsterdam
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Research Program Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Daniulaityte R, Ruhter L, Juhascik M, Silverstein S. Attitudes and experiences with fentanyl contamination of methamphetamine: exploring self-reports and urine toxicology among persons who use methamphetamine and other drugs. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:54. [PMID: 37081499 PMCID: PMC10118220 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are growing concerns about illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) contamination of methamphetamine. This study aims to characterize the lay views and experiences with IMF-contaminated methamphetamine (IMF/meth) and identify participants with unknown IMF exposures through urine toxicology analysis. METHODS Between December-2019 and November-2021, structured interviews were conducted with 91 individuals who reported past 30-day use of methamphetamine and resided in Dayton, Ohio, USA. Lab-based urine toxicology analyses were conducted to identify fentanyl/analogs, methamphetamine, and other drugs. Bivariate analyses were conducted to identify characteristics associated with attitudes and experiences with IMF/meth, and unknown IMF exposures. RESULTS The majority (95.6%) of the study participants were non-Hispanic white, and 52.7% were female. Past 30-day use of methamphetamine was reported on a mean of 18.7 (SD 9.1) days, and 62.6% also reported past 30-day use of heroin/IMF. Most (76.9%) had a history of an unintentional drug-related overdose, but 38.5% rated their current risk for an opioid overdose as none. Besides fentanyl (71.9%), toxicology analysis identified nine fentanyl analogs/metabolites (e.g., 42.7% acetyl fentanyl, 19.0% fluorofentanyl, 5.6% carfentanil), and 12.4% tested positive for Xylazine. The majority (71.4%) believed that IMF/meth was common, and 59.3% reported prior exposures to IMF/meth. 11.2% tested positive for IMF but reported no past 30-day heroin/IMF use (unknown exposure to IMF). Views that IMF/meth was common showed association with homelessness (p = 0.04), prior overdose (p = 0.028), and greater perceived risk of opioid overdose (p = 0.019). Self-reported exposure to IMF/meth was associated with homelessness (p = 0.007) and obtaining take-home naloxone (p = 0.025). Individuals with unknown IMF exposure (test positive for IMF, no reported past 30-day heroin/IMF use) were older (49.9 vs. 41.1 years, p < 0.01), and reported more frequent past 30-day use of methamphetamine (24.4 vs. 18.0 days, p < 0.05). They indicated lower perceived risk of opioid overdose (0.1 vs. 1.9, scale from 0 = "none" to 4 = "high," p < 0.001). DISCUSSION This study suggests a need for targeted interventions for people who use methamphetamine and expansion of drug checking and other harm reduction services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminta Daniulaityte
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 N 5Th Street, ABC 121, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Lance Ruhter
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 N 5Th Street, ABC 121, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Matthew Juhascik
- Montgomery County Coroner's Office and Crime Laboratory, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Sydney Silverstein
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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Palamar JJ, Le A, Rutherford C, Keyes KM. Exploring Potential Bellwethers for Drug-Related Mortality in the General Population: A Case for Sentinel Surveillance of Trends in Drug Use among Nightclub/Festival Attendees. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 58:188-197. [PMID: 36469638 PMCID: PMC9877192 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2151315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Background: Drug-related deaths in the US continue to increase. Sentinel surveillance of high-risk populations can provide early warning for shifts in trends. Nightclub/festival attendees have high levels of drug use, so we explored whether use among this population can serve as a potential bellwether or indicator for use-related mortality in the general population.Methods: Trends in past-year cocaine and methamphetamine use were estimated from nightclub/festival attendees in New York City (NYC) and among NY residents, and trends were estimated for related death rates in NYC (2014/15-2019/20). Using national data from England and Wales (2010-2019), trends in past-year cocaine and ecstasy use (among the full population and among nightclub attendees) and related deaths were also estimated.Results: In NY/NYC, cocaine use remained stable in the general population, but use among nightclub/festival attendees and cocaine-related deaths doubled. Methamphetamine use among nightclub/festival attendees and death rates also more than doubled while use among the general population remained stable. In UK countries, increases in cocaine and ecstasy use were larger for infrequent/frequent nightclub attendees than in the general population, with 3.6- and 8-fold increases in related deaths, respectively. In UK countries, the association between nightclub attendance and death rates increased in a dose-response-like manner with larger associations detected when death rates were lagged by one year.Conclusions: Patterns of use among nightclub/festival attendees, more so than patterns in the general population, were similar to patterns of drug-related deaths. Use among this subpopulation could possibly serve as a bellwether for use-related outcomes. Continued surveillance is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Palamar
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Austin Le
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine M. Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Ruhter L, Juhascik M, Watson J, Sweeney K, Daniulaityte R. Tramadol in seized drugs containing non-pharmaceutical fentanyl: Crime lab data from Ohio, USA. EMERGING TRENDS IN DRUGS, ADDICTIONS, AND HEALTH 2022; 2:100042. [PMID: 36743966 PMCID: PMC9897305 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2022.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Non-pharmaceutical fentanyl and related drugs (NPF) have contributed to increases in drug-related overdose mortality in the U.S. More data are needed to track the shifting composition of fentanyl-containing drug mixtures. The key aims of the study are to characterize the crime lab data from Montgomery County, Ohio on the increased cases of seized drugs containing mixtures of NPF and tramadol. Methods Crime lab data on seized drugs in Montgomery County, Ohio (2015 - 2020) were analyzed to extract information on cases that tested positive for NPF and tramadol. Descriptive statistics are provided to characterize NPF/tramadol mixtures in terms of the quantity, weight, form of the drug seized (powder, tablet, capsule, residue), and the types of fentanyl analogs and other drugs identified. Results In December 2017, the first case of NPF/tramadol mixture was identified in the amount of 0.2 g. Sub-sequently, cases containing NPF/tramadol increased significantly to 149 cases in 2018, 102 in 2019, and 134 in 2020. The total yearly amounts of seized NPF/tramadol mixtures increased to 373.27 g in 2018, 2,601.82 g in 2019, and 13,487.62 g in 2020. The majority (72.6%) of the cases were in powder form. There were 15 other drugs identified along with fentanyl with tramadol mixtures, including heroin (38.8%), 5.7% cocaine (5.7%), and methamphetamine (4.9%). Conclusions The addition of tramadol to NPF may be viewed as a harm mitigation strategy but contributes to the overall unpredictability of the illicit drug supply. According to Ohio legal statutes, identification of schedule IV drugs such as tramadol with fentanyl (schedule II) may provide a reduction in drug-related charges from a felony to a misdemeanor. More research is needed to characterize potential sources of tramadol in NPF-containing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Ruhter
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Matthew Juhascik
- Montgomery County Coroner’s Office and Miami Valley Regional Crime Lab, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jennifer Watson
- Montgomery County Coroner’s Office and Miami Valley Regional Crime Lab, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Kaylin Sweeney
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
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Palamar JJ, Cottler LB, Goldberger BA, Geoffrey Severtson S, Grundy DJ, Iwanicki JL, Ciccarone D. Trends in characteristics of fentanyl-related poisonings in the United States, 2015-2021. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022; 48:471-480. [PMID: 35704785 PMCID: PMC9452457 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2081923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Fentanyl-related deaths continue to increase in the United States; however, most national studies focus on fatal overdose. More research, including data on nonfatal overdose, is needed.Objective: We examined trends in characteristics of fatal and nonfatal fentanyl-related poisonings ("exposures") in the US.Methods: National Poison Control data were examined to estimate trends in characteristics of reported exposures between 2015 and 2021 (N = 15,391; 38.7% female). We also delineated correlates of experiencing a major adverse effect or death.Results: The proportion of exposures increased among all age groups between ages 13 and 39 (ps < .05) with the largest increase among those age 13-19 (a 127.8% increase). With respect to reasons for use, the proportion of cases involving fentanyl "abuse" increased by 63.8% (p < .001). The proportion involving fentanyl inhalation increased 427.6% from 5.7% to 29.9% and injection increased from 6.7% to 9.6%, a 42.3% increase (ps < .01). The proportion also increased for co-use of methamphetamine (by 669.0%), cocaine (by 374.0%), and heroin (by 159.5%). The proportion of major adverse effects increased from 15.5% to 39.6% (p < .001). In the multivariable model, "abuse", suspected suicide attempts, and use via inhalation were risk factors for experiencing a major effect or death, and misuse, ingestion, dermal use, and co-use of methamphetamine were associated with lower risk.Conclusion: Poison Control data suggest that characteristics of individuals exposed to fentanyl continue to shift, with use via inhalation increasing and medical outcomes of nonfatal poisonings becoming more severe. These results complement mortality data and inform prevention and harm reduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Palamar
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda B. Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- NDEWS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bruce A. Goldberger
- Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - David J. Grundy
- Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Safety (RMPDS) A Division of Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Janetta L. Iwanicki
- Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Safety (RMPDS) A Division of Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Ciccarone
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Rhed BD, Harding RW, Marks C, Wagner KT, Fiuty P, Page K, Wagner KD. Patterns of and Rationale for the Co-use of Methamphetamine and Opioids: Findings From Qualitative Interviews in New Mexico and Nevada. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:824940. [PMID: 35418887 PMCID: PMC8995976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.824940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methamphetamine use and methamphetamine-involved deaths have increased dramatically since 2015, and opioid-related deaths now frequently involve methamphetamine. Nevada and New Mexico are states with elevated rates of opioid and methamphetamine use. In this paper, we report results from a qualitative analysis that examined patterns of methamphetamine and opioid co-use over participants' lifespan, factors that influence those patterns, and implications for health outcomes among users. Methods Project AMPED was a multisite, mixed-methods study of methamphetamine use in Northern New Mexico and Northern Nevada. Between December 2019 and May 2020, qualitative interview participants were asked to describe their patterns of and reasons for co-administration of opioids and methamphetamine. Results We interviewed 21 people who reported using methamphetamine in the past 3 months. Four primary patterns of methamphetamine and opioid co-use were identified: [1] using both methamphetamine and heroin, either simultaneously or sequentially (n = 12), [2] using methamphetamine along with methadone (n = 4), [3] using prescription opioids and methamphetamine (n = 1), and [4] using only methamphetamine (n = 4). Among those who used methamphetamine and heroin simultaneously or sequentially, motivations drew from a desire to enhance the effect of one drug or another, to feel the "up and down" of the "perfect ratio" of a goofball, or to mitigate unwanted effects of one or the other. Among those who used methamphetamine and methadone, motivations focused on alleviating the sedative effects of methadone. Conclusion To address the emergent trend of increasing methamphetamine-related deaths, researchers, health care professionals, and community health workers must acknowledge the decision-making processes behind co-use of opioids and methamphetamine, including the perceived benefits and harms of co-use. There is an urgent need to address underlying issues associated with drug use-related harms, and to design interventions and models of treatment that holistically address participants' concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany D Rhed
- Division of Social Behavioral Health and Health Administration and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Robert W Harding
- Division of Social Behavioral Health and Health Administration and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Charles Marks
- Division of Social Behavioral Health and Health Administration and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Katherine T Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Phillip Fiuty
- Santa Fe Mountain Center, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Kimberly Page
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Karla D Wagner
- Division of Social Behavioral Health and Health Administration and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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20
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Lay knowledge and practices of methamphetamine use to manage opioid-related overdose risks. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 99:103463. [PMID: 34619443 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Methamphetamine use has increased among individuals with opioid use disorder. The key aims of this study are to detail and contextualise lay knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to methamphetamine use in relation to opioid overdose risks in an area dominated by non-pharmaceutical fentanyl-type drugs (NPF). METHODS The study recruited 41 individuals in Dayton, Ohio, who reported past 30-day use of methamphetamine and heroin/fentanyl. Interviews included structured and qualitative questions. Urine toxicology analysis was conducted to identify NPFs and other drugs. Open-ended interview sections were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed qualitatively using NVivo. RESULTS The mean age was 38.3 years, 51% were female, and 100% non-Hispanic white. Participants described an exceedingly unpredictable local opioid market that became saturated with NPFs. The sample tested positive for 10 NPFs, including fentanyl (100%), acetyl fentanyl (61%), tetrahydrofuran fentanyl (29%), and carfentanil (12%). Most participants believed that methamphetamine could help prevent and/or reverse an opioid-related overdose. Nearly half had personally used it to help manage overdose risks related to NPF. These beliefs were embedded in a lay understanding of how methamphetamine works to stimulate the cardiovascular system. They were acted upon in the context of last resort situations that were determined by a lack of immediate access to naloxone, ambiguities surrounding overdose symptomatology, and easy access to plentiful and inexpensive methamphetamine. CONCLUSION Lay efforts to rely on methamphetamine to manage NPF-related overdose risks highlight the need for a continuing expansion of take-home-naloxone programs and implementation of other novel harm reduction approaches in communities affected by NPFs.
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Gainer DM, Nahhas RW, Vanderhoof T, Silverstein SM, Wright MD, Vanderhoof SO, Miller SC. Exploring the Interactions between Non-Medical Methamphetamine Use and Prescribed Buprenorphine or Naltrexone in Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Retention. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:2160-2170. [PMID: 34538204 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1975747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to examine the impact of methamphetamine use on opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment retention in patients prescribed either buprenorphine/buprenorphine-naloxone (BUP-NX) or naltrexone/extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX), while also exploring the role of other risk factors that may modify the impact of methamphetamine use. METHODS We conducted an exploratory retrospective study examining OUD treatment retention in 127 patients in Ohio (USA). Patients were prescribed either BUP-NX or naltrexone/XR-NTX. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to compare time to dropout of treatment between patients positive and negative on screening for methamphetamines at intake, estimate the association between other risk factors and time to dropout, and test interactions between risk factors and methamphetamine status. RESULTS Among patients prescribed naltrexone/XR-NTX, those positive for methamphetamines had almost three times the risk of treatment dropout (AHR = 2.89, 95% CI =1.11, 7.07), significantly greater (interaction p = .039) than the methamphetamine effect among those prescribed BUP-NX (AHR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.51, 1.65). Early in treatment, being prescribed BUP-NX was strongly associated with a greater risk of treatment dropout (at baseline: AHR = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.33, 7.15), regardless of baseline methamphetamine use status. However, this effect decreased with time and shifted to greater risk of dropout among those prescribed naltrexone/XR-NTX (non-proportional hazard; interaction with time AHR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.49, 0.86), with the shift occurring sooner among those positive for methamphetamine at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Additional support should be provided to patients who use methamphetamines prior to starting OUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Gainer
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA.,Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramzi W Nahhas
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA.,Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Tyler Vanderhoof
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sydney M Silverstein
- Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA.,Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark D Wright
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Shannon C Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA.,Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA.,Mental Health Care Line, Dayton VA Medical Center/Middletown CBOC, Middletown, Ohio, USA
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