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Reinhardt P, Ellbin S, Carlander A, Hadzibajramovic E, Jonsdottir IH, Lindqvist Bagge A. Is the road to burnout paved with perfectionism? The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in a clinical longitudinal sample of female patients with stress-related exhaustion. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:391-405. [PMID: 37866970 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few studies have investigated the relationship between stress-related mental health problems and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Similarly, little research has focused on the moderating effect of OCPD on recovery in clinical patients with stress-related mental health problems. The general aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of OCPD and the associations between OCPD and level of burnout, anxiety, and depression symptoms, during a 7-years follow-up in a clinical longitudinal sample of female patients with stress-related exhaustion. METHOD The included patients (n = 84) were referred to a specialist outpatient clinic for patients with stress-related exhaustion between 2006 and 2011. Data was collected at the initial examination and during a 7-year treatment follow-up. RESULTS OCPD was the most common personality disorder in the present clinical sample, with 40% of patients fulfilling the criteria. There was a significant association between OCPD and the degree of burnout symptoms as well as the degree of depression, both at baseline and during the 7-year follow-up. No significant association between OCPD and levels of anxiety was observed. CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that there might be an association between OCPD and stress-related exhaustion, including preservation of symptoms over time. OCPD and its related traits, such as perfectionism, may be important factors to consider when constructing effective treatment and rehabilitation plans for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Reinhardt
- The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Ellbin
- The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Carlander
- SOM Institute, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E Hadzibajramovic
- The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingibjörg H Jonsdottir
- The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kızıloğlu M, Kircaburun K, Özsoy E, Griffiths MD. Work Addiction and Its Relation with Dark Personality Traits: A Cross-sectional Study with Private Sector Employees. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPersonality traits have been extensively studied to understand different behavioral addictions. However, less is known about the relationship of employees’ dark personality traits and work addiction. The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations between the Big Five personality traits (i.e., extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness) and dark personality traits (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, sadism, and spitefulness) with work addiction. A total of 514 private sector employees completed a survey that included psychometric assessment tools for the aforementioned variables. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that lower extroversion, lower openness to experience, higher narcissism, and higher spitefulness were positively associated with work addiction among private sector employees. The findings of the present study suggest that dark personality traits should also be taken into account in order to better understand work addiction among employees.
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Hager NM, Judah MR, Milam AL. Loneliness and Depression in College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Role of Boredom and Repetitive Negative Thinking. Int J Cogn Ther 2022; 15:134-152. [PMID: 35432692 PMCID: PMC8990489 DOI: 10.1007/s41811-022-00135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered increased rates of depression, especially among college students. Due to social distancing guidelines, loneliness has been suspected as a prominent factor in depression during the pandemic. Research is needed to identify possible mechanisms through which loneliness conveys risk for pandemic-era depression. Two potential mechanisms are boredom and repetitive negative thinking (RNT). This study examined cross-sectional associations between depression, loneliness, boredom, and RNT in a sample of college students (N = 199) in April 2020 immediately following campus closure. Results showed a serial indirect effect of loneliness on depression through boredom then RNT. Moreover, specific indirect effects of loneliness on depression were found through boredom and RNT, individually. Though limited by the cross-sectional design, these data align with cognitive-behavioral theory and identify boredom and RNT as possible mechanisms of the association between loneliness and depression in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Hager
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA
- Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Norfolk, VA USA
| | | | - Alicia L. Milam
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA
- Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Norfolk, VA USA
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Gulin S, Ellbin S, Jonsdottir IH, Lindqvist Bagge AS. Is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder related to stress-related exhaustion? Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02171. [PMID: 33969937 PMCID: PMC8213937 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recovery from stress-related diagnoses can, in some cases, be long-lasting, and several different factors could be related to such a lengthy recovery. One plausible aspect is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), which has previously been seen to be related to stress-related mental health. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether recovery from exhaustion disorder (ED) is associated with OCPD. METHODS This study includes data from 147 patients (78% women, mean age 52.4 ± 9.8 years) who have been treated for ED. Clinical assessment was performed 7-10 years after first seeking care identifying patients with residual exhaustion. Symptoms of OCPD were concomitantly measured and several aspects of work- and private-related stress exposure. RESULTS The main result of this study is that patients with residual clinical ED report OCPD to a greater extent, compared with patients who no longer fulfill the clinical criteria for ED, 7-10 years after seeking care. Patients with OCPD that have not recovered report "excessive devotion to work" to a higher degree than patients with OCPD that have recovered. CONCLUSION The results indicate that factors related to OCPD may be of clinical importance for the patient's recovery from ED. However, prospective studies should be conducted and studies elucidating whether symptoms of exhaustion among patients with OCPD can be affected by therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gulin
- The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Ellbin
- The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingibjörg H Jonsdottir
- The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kun B, Takacs ZK, Richman MJ, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Work addiction and personality: A meta-analytic study. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:945-966. [PMID: 33361486 PMCID: PMC8969726 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past three decades, research interest in work addiction has increased significantly. Most definitions concerning work addiction have specifically contained personality-related elements. However, the results of empirical studies concerning personality and work addiction are both few and mixed. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of personality in the background of work addiction. METHODS The present study systematically reviewed and empirically carried out a meta-analysis on all the published studies examining the association between personality variables and work addiction (n = 28). RESULTS The results of the meta-analysis indicated that perfectionism, global and performance-based self-esteem, and negative affect had the strongest and most robust associations as personality risk factors of work addiction. Among the Big Five traits, extraversion, conscientiousness, and intellect/imaginations showed positive relationships with work addiction. However, these associations were weak. CONCLUSIONS Based on the meta-analysis, personality appears to explain only a small amount of the variance of work addiction and further studies are needed to assess the interaction between individual and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Kun
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary,Corresponding author.
| | - Zsofia K. Takacs
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd Universtity, Institute of Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mara J. Richman
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary,Endeavor Psychology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
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Spagnoli P, Haynes NJ, Kovalchuk LS, Clark MA, Buono C, Balducci C. Workload, Workaholism, and Job Performance: Uncovering Their Complex Relationship. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186536. [PMID: 32911764 PMCID: PMC7557789 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to test how workload, via workaholism, impacts job performance along with the complex interplay of perfectionistic concerns and work engagement in this mediated relationship. A two-wave, first and second stage dual-moderated mediation model was tested in an SEM framework. Results based on a sample of 208 workers revealed a complex and nuanced relationship among the studied constructs, such that the simple mediation model was not significant, but the indirect effect was negative, nonsignificant, or positive conditional on both moderators. The results offer interesting theoretical and practical implications for future studies to be conducted in this area of research. In particular, lower levels of perfectionistic concerns were associated with a positive relationship between workload and workaholism, and lower levels of work engagement were related to a negative link between workaholism and job performance. Findings suggest work engagement should be monitored and promoted by managers, especially when workload, and consequently, the possible risk of workaholism, cannot be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Spagnoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (P.S.); (L.S.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Nicholas J. Haynes
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(706)-542-2174
| | - Liliya Scafuri Kovalchuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (P.S.); (L.S.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Malissa A. Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Carmela Buono
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (P.S.); (L.S.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Cristian Balducci
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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Endriulaitienė A, Morkevičiūtė M. The Unintended Effect of Perceived Transformational Leadership Style on Workaholism: The Mediating Role of Work Motivation. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 154:446-465. [DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2020.1776203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Reiner SM, Balkin RS, Gotham KR, Hunter Q, Juhnke GA, Davis RJ. Assessing Life Balance and Work Addiction in High‐Pressure, High‐Demand Careers. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Summer M. Reiner
- Department of Counselor Education, The College at Brockport, State University of New York
| | - Richard S. Balkin
- Department of Leadership and Counselor Education, The University of Mississippi
| | - Kerry R. Gotham
- Alumni Engagement, The College at Brockport, State University of New York
| | - Quentin Hunter
- School of Professional Counseling, Lindsey Wilson College
| | | | - R. J. Davis
- Department of Counseling, Special Education, and Diversity, University of Houston–Clear Lake
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Malivoire BL, Kuo JR, Antony MM. An examination of emotion dysregulation in maladaptive perfectionism. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 71:39-50. [PMID: 31078057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive perfectionism has been shown to be associated with undesirable outcomes, such as elevated negative emotions and psychopathological traits. Perhaps unsurprisingly, there is preliminary evidence that maladaptive perfectionism is also related to emotion dysregulation. However, the nature of emotion dysregulation in perfectionism has not been characterized. In this review, Gross and Jazaieri's (2014) clinically-informed framework of emotion dysregulation is used to review the evidence of emotion dysregulation in maladaptive perfectionism. Specifically, this paper reviews evidence of problematic emotional experiences and unhelpful emotion regulation strategies in maladaptive perfectionism and discusses how poor emotional awareness and emotion regulation goals may also contribute to emotion dysregulation. A conceptual model of these components of emotion dysregulation in maladaptive perfectionism is proposed in which heightened negative affect in response to threatened perfectionistic standards is posited to be at the core of emotion dysregulation, and implicit and explicit unhelpful emotion regulation strategies and poor emotion regulation goals are suggested to contribute to further dysregulation and elevated negative affect. Clinical implications, limitations in the extant research, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailee L Malivoire
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Janice R Kuo
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Martin M Antony
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
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11
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Morkevičiūtė M, Endriulaitienė A, Jočienė E. Do dimensions of transformational leadership have an effect on workaholism? BALTIC JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/bjm-06-2018-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between dimensions of the perceived transformational leadership style and the employees’ workaholism.
Design/methodology/approach
The quantitative approach with a cross-sectional research design was adopted in the present study. The study involved 250 employees working in different Lithuanian organisations. The perceived transformational leadership style was assessed with the help of the Transformational Leadership Inventory (Podsakoff et al., 1990). The ten-item Dutch Work Addiction Scale developed by Schaufeli et al. (2009) was used for measuring workaholism.
Findings
The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the perceived high expectations of the manager, employees’ excessive work and general workaholism. The perceived individualised support was negatively related to the employees’ excessive, compulsive work and general workaholism. It was also found that high performance expectations could predict the employees’ greater excessive work and general workaholism. Moreover, a higher level of individualised support appears to be the most important factor decreasing the employees’ excessive work and proneness to general workaholism. It was further found that the probability of higher levels of workaholism was stronger among the middle managers than among the non-executive employees.
Originality/value
This study contributes to limited empirical research into the negative effect of the transformational leadership style in determining the employees’ health-damaging work behaviour.
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Abstract
This commentary addresses Griffiths et al. (2018)'s sixth myth about work addiction. We agree that work addiction could also be spread in the school context, although we propose that problematic overstudying may be more similar to an obsession than to an addiction toward the study. We refer to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria related to the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the substance-use disorder, presenting some theoretical considerations related to the similarities and differences between problematic overstudying and these two diagnoses. Finally, we focus on the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. We conclude that problematic overstudying might better be conceptualized as an OCD-related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yura Loscalzo
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Corresponding author: Yura Loscalzo; Department of Health Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12 – Padiglione 26, Florence 50135, Italy; Phone: +39 055 2755071; Fax: +39 055 2755390; E-mail:
| | - Marco Giannini
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Workaholism is a behavioral addiction that, while widely studied, is still lacking a definition shared by the scientific community. The aim of this theoretical paper is to propose a new model that is at the same time comprehensive and easy to test, with an approach based on a critical analysis of the literature. We give particular attention to reviews of literature and theoretical and empirical papers published since 2011, because even the most recent reviews do not fully encompass the last few years. We proposed a comprehensive model, which defines workaholism as a clinical condition that is characterized by both externalizing (i.e., addiction) and internalizing (i.e., obsessive-compulsive) symptoms and by low levels of work engagement; from this there arises the distinction between disengaged and engaged workaholics (i.e., a less impairing subtype of workaholism). Finally, we propose DSM-like criteria for workaholism and a research agenda for future studies.
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14
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Wagner ME, Causey-Upton R. Perfectionism in occupational science students: occupational therapy implications. IRISH JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/ijot-06-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to categorize perfectionism and determine how perfectionism impacts the occupations and perceived health of students in a Bachelor of Science in Occupational Science program.
Design/methodology/approach
A descriptive study with a survey component was conducted. Participants were categorized as perfectionists or non-perfectionists using the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R). Time logs were collected to compare categories of time-use between groups over a one-week period. An online survey was conducted with a sub-sample of the perfectionists.
Findings
More students were categorized as perfectionists (N = 41) than non-perfectionists (N = 3). Both groups spent similar amounts of time engaged in productive, pleasurable and restorative occupations. Some perfectionists reported that perfectionism supported health, but others reported negative impacts on well-being.
Research limitations/implications
This study included a small sample size limited to one Occupational Science program in the USA.
Originality/value
Results demonstrated positive and negative health impacts because of perfectionism. The majority of participants were identified as perfectionists; rigorous academic programs may attract students with perfectionistic qualities. Findings are relevant for Occupational Therapy, as these students will become future occupational therapists after completing a Master’s program in Occupational Therapy and may be susceptible to negative outcomes associated with perfectionism such as workaholism and poor health.
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Personnalité et activisme professionnel. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sandrin E, Gillet N. Le workaholisme et l’engagement dans les études : des mécanismes explicatifs dans les relations entre la frustration des besoins psychologiques et le mal-être des étudiants. PRAT PSYCHOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prps.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Mazzetti G, Biolcati R, Guglielmi D, Vallesi C, Schaufeli WB. Individual Characteristics Influencing Physicians' Perceptions of Job Demands and Control: The Role of Affectivity, Work Engagement and Workaholism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060567. [PMID: 27275828 PMCID: PMC4924024 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The first purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of individual characteristics, i.e., positive and negative affectivity, in explaining the different perception of job control and job demands in a particularly demanding environment such as the healthcare setting. In addition, we aimed to explore the mediational role of work engagement and workaholism using the Job Demands-Resources Model as a theoretical framework. Data were collected using a sample of 269 Italian head physicians working in nine general hospitals. To test our hypotheses, the collected data were analyzed with structural equation modeling. Moreover, Sobel Test and bootstrapping were employed to assess the mediating hypotheses. Our results indicated that positive affectivity is related to work engagement, which, in its turn, showed a positive association with job control. In addition, workaholism mediated the relationship between negative affectivity and job demands. All in all, this study represents a first attempt to explore the role of trait affectivity as a dispositional characteristic able to foster the level of work engagement and workaholism exhibited by employees and, in turn, to increase the perceived levels of job control and job demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Mazzetti
- Department of Educational Science, University of Bologna, Via Filippo Re, 6-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roberta Biolcati
- Department of Educational Science, University of Bologna, Via Filippo Re, 6-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Dina Guglielmi
- Department of Educational Science, University of Bologna, Via Filippo Re, 6-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Caryn Vallesi
- Department of Educational Science, University of Bologna, Via Filippo Re, 6-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Wilmar B Schaufeli
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Vodanovich SJ, Watt JD. Self-Report Measures of Boredom: An Updated Review of the Literature. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 150:196-228. [PMID: 26646053 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2015.1074531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed review of the psychometric measures of boredom was published approximately 12 years ago (Vodanovich, 2003). Since that time, numerous studies have been conducted on existing scales, and new measures of boredom have been developed. Given these assessment advancements, an updated review of self-report boredom scales is warranted. The primary focus of the current review is research published since 2003, and it includes a total of 16 boredom scales. The measures reviewed consist of two trait assessments (Boredom Proneness Scale, Boredom Susceptibility subscale of the Sensation Seeking Scale), five context-specific trait boredom scales (Boredom Coping Scale, Leisure Boredom Scale, Free Time Boredom Scale, Sexual Boredom Scale, Relational Boredom Scale), three assessments of state boredom (Multidimensional State Boredom Scale, State Boredom Measure, Boredom Experience Scale), and six context-specific state boredom measures-Lee's Job Boredom Scale, Dutch Boredom Scale, Boredom Coping Scale (Academic), the Boredom subscale of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire, Academic Boredom Scale, Precursors to Boredom Scale. In addition to providing a review of these measures, a brief critique of each scale is included, as well as suggestions for needed research focus.
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