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Mousavi SM, Pouramini Z, Babapoor A, Binazadeh M, Rahmanian V, Gholami A, Omidfar N, Althomali RH, Chiang WH, Rahman MM. Photocatalysis air purification systems for coronavirus removal: Current technologies and future trends. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141525. [PMID: 38395369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution causes extreme toxicological repercussions for human health and ecology. The management of airborne bacteria and viruses has become an essential goal of air quality control. Existing pathogens in the air, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, can have severe effects on human health. The photocatalysis process is one of the favorable approaches for eliminating them. The oxidative nature of semiconductor-based photocatalysts can be used to fight viral activation as a green, sustainable, and promising approach with significant promise for environmental clean-up. The photocatalysts show wonderful performance under moderate conditions while generating negligible by-products. Airborne viruses can be inactivated by various photocatalytic processes, such as chemical oxidation, toxicity due to the metal ions released from photocatalysts composed of metals, and morphological damage to viruses. This review paper provides a thorough and evaluative analysis of current information on using photocatalytic oxidation to deactivate viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Zahra Pouramini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aziz Babapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Binazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Mollasadra Street, 71345, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Vahid Rahmanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Drummondville, QC, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, 71439-14693, Iran
| | - Navid Omidfar
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, 71439-14693, Iran
| | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Art and Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al-Dawasir, 11991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, P.O.Box 80203, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Heffron J, Samsami M, Juedemann S, Lavin J, Tavakoli Nick S, Kieke BA, Mayer BK. Mitigation of viruses of concern and bacteriophage surrogates via common unit processes for water reuse: A meta-analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121242. [PMID: 38342066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Water reuse is a growing global reality. In regulating water reuse, viruses have come to the fore as key pathogens due to high shedding rates, low infectious doses, and resilience to traditional wastewater treatments. To demonstrate the high log reductions required by emerging water reuse regulations, cost and practicality necessitate surrogates for viruses for use as challenge organisms in unit process evaluation and monitoring. Bacteriophage surrogates that are mitigated to the same or lesser extent than viruses of concern are routinely used for individual unit process testing. However, the behavior of these surrogates over a multi-barrier treatment train typical of water reuse has not been well-established. Toward this aim, we performed a meta-analysis of log reductions of common bacteriophage surrogates for five treatment processes typical of water reuse treatment trains: advanced oxidation processes, chlorination, membrane filtration, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Robust linear regression was applied to identify a range of doses consistent with a given log reduction of bacteriophages and viruses of concern for each treatment process. The results were used to determine relative conservatism of surrogates. We found that no one bacteriophage was a representative or conservative surrogate for viruses of concern across all multi-barrier treatments (encompassing multiple mechanisms of virus mitigation). Rather, a suite of bacteriophage surrogates provides both a representative range of inactivation and information about the effectiveness of individual processes within a treatment train. Based on the abundance of available data and diversity of virus treatability using these five key water reuse treatment processes, bacteriophages MS2, phiX174, and Qbeta were recommended as a core suite of surrogates for virus challenge testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Heffron
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
| | - Maryam Samsami
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Samantha Juedemann
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Jennifer Lavin
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Burney A Kieke
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, 1000 N Oak Ave., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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Hindi SS, Sabir JSM, Dawoud UM, Ismail IM, Asiry KA, Mirdad ZM, Abo-Elyousr KA, Shiboob MH, Gabal MA, Albureikan MOI, Alanazi RA, Ibrahim OHM. Nanocellulose-Based Passivated-Carbon Quantum Dots (P-CQDs) for Antimicrobial Applications: A Practical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2660. [PMID: 37376306 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Passivated-carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs) have been attracting great interest as an antimicrobial therapy tool due to their bright fluorescence, lack of toxicity, eco-friendly nature, simple synthetic schemes, and possession of photocatalytic functions comparable to those present in traditional nanometric semiconductors. Besides synthetic precursors, CQDs can be synthesized from a plethora of natural resources including microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). Converting MCC into NCC is performed chemically via the top-down route, while synthesizing CODs from NCC can be performed via the bottom-up route. Due to the good surface charge status with the NCC precursor, we focused in this review on synthesizing CQDs from nanocelluloses (MCC and NCC) since they could become a potential source for fabricating carbon quantum dots that are affected by pyrolysis temperature. There are several P-CQDs synthesized with a wide spectrum of featured properties, namely functionalized carbon quantum dots (F-CQDs) and passivated carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs). There are two different important P-CQDs, namely 2,2'-ethylenedioxy-bis-ethylamine (EDA-CQDs) and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA-CQDs), that have achieved desirable results in the antiviral therapy field. Since NoV is the most common dangerous cause of nonbacterial, acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, this review deals with NoV in detail. The surficial charge status (SCS) of the P-CQDs plays an important role in their interactions with NoVs. The EDA-CQDs were found to be more effective than EPA-CQDs in inhibiting the NoV binding. This difference may be attributed to their SCS as well as the virus surface. EDA-CQDs with surficial terminal amino (-NH2) groups are positively charged at physiological pH (-NH3+), whereas EPA-CQDs with surficial terminal methyl groups (-CH3) are not charged. Since the NoV particles are negatively charged, they are attracted to the positively charged EDA-CQDs, resulting in enhancing the P-CQDs concentration around the virus particles. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were found to be comparable to the P-CQDs in the non-specific binding with NoV capsid proteins, through complementary charges, π-π stacking, and/or hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif S Hindi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uthman M Dawoud
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal M Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Asiry
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zohair M Mirdad
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal A Abo-Elyousr
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Shiboob
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Gabal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Othman I Albureikan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan A Alanazi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer H M Ibrahim
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Hadinejad F, Morad H, Jahanshahi M, Zarrabi A, Pazoki-Toroudi H, Mostafavi E. A Novel Vision of Reinforcing Nanofibrous Masks with Metal Nanoparticles: Antiviral Mechanisms Investigation. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1-45. [PMID: 37361103 PMCID: PMC10088653 DOI: 10.1007/s42765-023-00275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of spreading viral respiratory disease, especially in case of a pandemic such as coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), has been proved impossible without considering obligatory face mask-wearing protocols for both healthy and contaminated populations. The widespread application of face masks for long hours and almost everywhere increases the risks of bacterial growth in the warm and humid environment inside the mask. On the other hand, in the absence of antiviral agents on the surface of the mask, the virus may have a chance to stay alive and be carried to different places or even put the wearers at risk of contamination when touching or disposing the masks. In this article, the antiviral activity and mechanism of action of some of the potent metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in the role of promising virucidal agents have been reviewed, and incorporation of them in an electrospun nanofibrous structure has been considered an applicable method for the fabrication of innovative respiratory protecting materials with upgraded safety levels. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Farinaz Hadinejad
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noushirvani University of Technology, Babol, 4714873113 Iran
| | - Hamed Morad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1475886973 Iran
- Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar, 4691710001 Iran
| | - Mohsen Jahanshahi
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noushirvani University of Technology, Babol, 4714873113 Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396 Turkey
| | - Hamidreza Pazoki-Toroudi
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535 Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535 Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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5
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Dhabarde N, Khaiboullina S, Uppal T, Adhikari K, Verma SC, Subramanian VR. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses Aided by Photocatalytic One-Dimensional Titania Nanotube Films as a Self-Disinfecting Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50463-50474. [PMID: 36335476 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and its variants that continue to emerge have necessitated the implementation of effective disinfection strategies. Developing self-disinfecting surfaces can be a potential route for reducing fomite transmissions of infectious viruses. We show the effectiveness of TiO2 nanotubes (T_NTs) on photocatalytic inactivation of human coronavirus, HCoV-OC43, as well as SARS-CoV-2. T_NTs were synthesized by the anodization process, and their impact on photocatalytic inactivation was evaluated by the detection of residual viral genome copies (quantitative real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and infectious viruses (infectivity assays). T_NTs with different structural morphologies, wall thicknesses, diameters, and lengths were prepared by varying the time and applied potential during anodization. The virucidal efficacy was tested under different UV-C exposure times to understand the photocatalytic reaction's kinetics. We showed that the T_NT presence boosts the inactivation process and demonstrated complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 as well as HCoV-OC43 within 30 s of UV-C illumination. The remarkable cyclic stability of these T_NTs was revealed through a reusability experiment. The spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses have been reported to correlate and quantify the effects of the physical features of T_NT with photoactivity. We anticipate that the proposed one-dimensional T_NT will be applicable for studying the surface inactivation of other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 variants due to similarities in their genomic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Dhabarde
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Nevada, LME 309, MS 388, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Timsy Uppal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Kabita Adhikari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Vaidyanathan Ravi Subramanian
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Nevada, LME 309, MS 388, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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6
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Baek KH, Jang D, Kim T, Ryoo S, Yang JY, Park JS, Kim E, Lee S. Polyimide Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge for Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 Trapped in a Polypropylene Melt-Blown Filter. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:8127-8135. [PMID: 37552736 PMCID: PMC9612591 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) was used to inactivate the infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) trapped in a polypropylene (PP) melt-blown filter. We used a dielectric barrier made of polyimide films with hexagonal holes through which air flowed. In a cylindrical wind tunnel, the SDBD device supplied reactive oxygen species such as ozone to the SARS-CoV-2 trapped in the PP filter. A plaque assay showed that SDBD at an ozone concentration of approximately 51.6 ppm and exposure time of 30 min induced more than 99.78% reduction for filter-adhered SARS-CoV-2. A carbon catalyst after SDBD effectively reduced ozone exhaust below 0.05 ppm. The combination of SDBD, PP filter, and catalyst could be a promising way to decrease the risk of secondary infection due to indoor air purifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Ho Baek
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea
Institute of Materials Science, Changwon51508,
Korea
| | - Donghwan Jang
- Clinical Research Centre, Masan National
Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon51755, Korea
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Clinical Research Centre, Masan National
Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon51755, Korea
| | - Sungweon Ryoo
- Clinical Research Centre, Masan National
Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon51755, Korea
| | - Jun-Yeong Yang
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea
Institute of Materials Science, Changwon51508,
Korea
| | - Jun Soon Park
- VALS Innovation, 255
Horyeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul06653, Korea
| | - Eunggon Kim
- VALS Innovation, 255
Horyeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul06653, Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea
Institute of Materials Science, Changwon51508,
Korea
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7
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Hydrophobic cellulose-based and non-woven fabrics coated with mesoporous TiO2 and their virucidal properties under indoor light. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [PMCID: PMC8717712 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral hydrophobic cellulose-based cotton or non-woven fabrics containing mesoporous TiO2 particles were developed for potential use in healthcare and in other contaminated environments. Hydrosols made with the sol-gel method using two different amounts of the Ti precursor were applied to cotton and non-woven fabrics and their virucidal effect on Murine Coronavirus (MHV-3) and Human Adenovirus (HAdV-5) was evaluated under indoor light irradiation. The results show 90% reduction of HAdV-5 and up to 99% of MHV-3 in non-woven fabric, and 90% reduction of MHV-3 and no reduction of HAdV-5 in cotton fabric. The antiviral activity was related to the properties of the TiO2 powders and coatings characterized by BET surface area, DRX, DLS, FTIR, DRS, SEM, TEM and water contact angle. The hydrophobic characteristic of the treated fabrics and the high surface area of the TiO2 particles favor interaction with the virus, especially MHV-3. These results demonstrate that non-woven fabric and cotton, coated with TiO2, can be highly effective in preventing contamination with MHV-3 and HAdV-5 viruses, particularly for applications in healthcare indoor environments.
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A Review of the Use of Semiconductors as Catalysts in the Photocatalytic Inactivation of Microorganisms. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obtaining clean and high-quality water free of pathogenic microorganisms is a worldwide challenge. Various techniques have been investigated for achieving an effective removal or inactivation of these pathogenic microorganisms. One of those promising techniques is photocatalysis. In recent years, photocatalytic processes used semiconductors as photocatalysts. They were widely studied as a green and safe technology for water disinfection due to their high efficiency, being non-toxic and inexpensive, and their ability to disinfect a wide range of microorganisms under UV or visible light. In this review, we summarized the inactivation mechanisms of different waterborne pathogenic microorganisms by semiconductor photocatalysts. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of semiconductors photocatalysts, especially titanium dioxide, under visible light is limited and hence needs further improvements. Several strategies have been studied to improve their efficiencies which are briefly discussed in this review. With the developing of nanotechnology, doping with nanomaterials can increase and promote the semiconductor’s photocatalytic efficiency, which can enhance the deactivation or damage of a large number of waterborne pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we present an overview of antimicrobial effects for a wide range of nano-photocatalysts, including titanium dioxide-based, other metal-containing, and metal-free photocatalysts. Promising future directions and challenges for materials research in photocatalytic water disinfection are also concluded in this review.
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Eloffy MG, El-Sherif DM, Abouzid M, Elkodous MA, El-nakhas HS, Sadek RF, Ghorab MA, Al-Anazi A, El-Sayyad GS. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2021; 11:1-25. [DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Since the beginning of the third Millennium, specifically during the last 18 years, three outbreaks of diseases have been recorded caused by coronaviruses (CoVs). The latest outbreak of these diseases was Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic. For this reason, current efforts of the environmental, epidemiology scientists, engineers, and water sector professionals are ongoing to detect CoV in environmental components, especially water, and assess the relative risk of exposure to these systems and any measures needed to protect the public health, workers, and public, in general. This review presents a brief overview of CoV in water, wastewater, and surface water based on a literature search providing different solutions to keep water protected from CoV. Membrane techniques are very attractive solutions for virus elimination in water. In addition, another essential solution is nanotechnology and its applications in the detection and protection of human and water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Eloffy
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Dina M. El-Sherif
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abouzid
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , 6 Święcickiego Street , 60-781 Poznan , Poland
| | - Mohamed Abd Elkodous
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi , Aichi 441-8580 , Japan
| | | | - Rawia F. Sadek
- Chemical Maintenance Unit, Experimental Training Research Reactor Number two (ETRR-2), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
- Drug Radiation Research Department, Drug Microbiology Laboratory, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , P.O. Box 13759 , Nasr City, Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ghorab
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP), Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) , Washington , DC , USA
- Department of Animal Science, Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (IIT), Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI 48824 , USA
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Anazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering King Saud University (KSU) , P.O. Box 800 , Riyadh 11421 , Saudi
| | - Gharieb S. El-Sayyad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University , New Galala city , Suez , Egypt
- Drug Radiation Research Department, Drug Microbiology Laboratory, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , P.O. Box 29 , Nasr City, Cairo , Egypt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College (MTC), Egyptian Armed Forces , Cairo , Egypt
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10
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Influence of the Metabolic Activity of Microorganisms on Disinfection Efficiency of the Visible Light and P25 TiO2 Photocatalyst. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial photocatalytic properties of UV light activated TiO2 powder are well-known and have been demonstrated with various pollutants and pathogens. However, traditionally observed photocatalytic activity of visible light activated pristine TiO2 is insignificant but there are a few studies which have reported that under some specific conditions commercially available TiO2 powder could at least partially disinfect microorganisms even under visible light. To better understand this phenomenon, in the current study we focused on bacteria response to the treatment by visible light and P25 TiO2 powder. More specifically, we analyzed the relationship between the bacteria viability, outer membrane permeability, metabolism, and its capacity to generate intracellular reactive oxygen species. During the study we assayed the viability of treated bacteria by the spread plate technique and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction method. Changes in bacterial outer membrane permeability were determined by measuring the fluorescence of N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN). To detect intracellular reactive oxygen species formation, the fluorescence of dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was assayed. Results of our study indicated that TiO2 and wide spectrum visible light irradiation damaged the integrity of the outer membrane and caused oxidative stress in the metabolizing bacteria. When favorable conditions were created, these effects added up and unexpectedly high bacterial inactivation was achieved.
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11
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Wang D, Mueses MA, Márquez JAC, Machuca-Martínez F, Grčić I, Peralta Muniz Moreira R, Li Puma G. Engineering and modeling perspectives on photocatalytic reactors for water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117421. [PMID: 34390948 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The debate on whether photocatalysis can reach full maturity at commercial level as an effective and economical process for treatment and purification of water and wastewater has recently intensified. Despite a bloom of scientific investigations in the last 30 years, particularly with regards to innovative photocatalytic materials, photocatalysis has so far seen a few industrial applications. Regardless of the points of view, it has been realized that research on reactor design and modeling are now equally urgent to match the extensive research carried out on innovative photocatalytic materials. In reality, the development of photocatalytic reactors has advanced steadily in terms of modeling and reactor design over the last two decades, though this topic has captured a smaller specialized audience. In this critical review, we introduce the latest developments on photocatalytic reactors for water treatment from an engineering perspective. The focus is on the modeling and design of photocatalytic reactors for water treatment at pilot- or at greater scale. Photocatalytic reactors utilizing both natural sunlight and UV irradiation sources are comprehensively discussed. The most promising photoreactor designs and models are examined giving key design guidelines. Other engineering considerations, such as operation, cost analysis, patents, and several industrial applications of photocatalytic reactors for water treatment are also presented. The dissemination of key photocatalytic reactor design principles among the scientific community and the water industry is currently one of the greatest obstacles in translating PWT research into widespread real-world application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Miguel Angel Mueses
- Photocatalysis & Solar Photoreactors Engineering, Modeling & Application of AOPs, Chemical Engineering Program, Universidad de Cartagena, Zip code 1382-Postal 195, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - José Angel Colina Márquez
- Photocatalysis & Solar Photoreactors Engineering, Modeling & Application of AOPs, Chemical Engineering Program, Universidad de Cartagena, Zip code 1382-Postal 195, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - Ivana Grčić
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Department for Environmental Engineering, University of Zagreb, Hallerova aleja 7, Varaždin HR-42000, Croatia
| | - Rodrigo Peralta Muniz Moreira
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Li Puma
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
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12
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Homaeigohar S, Liu Q, Kordbacheh D. Biomedical Applications of Antiviral Nanohybrid Materials Relating to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Other Viral Crises. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2833. [PMID: 34451371 PMCID: PMC8401873 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven a global research to uncover novel, effective therapeutical and diagnosis approaches. In addition, control of spread of infection has been targeted through development of preventive tools and measures. In this regard, nanomaterials, particularly, those combining two or even several constituting materials possessing dissimilar physicochemical (or even biological) properties, i.e., nanohybrid materials play a significant role. Nanoparticulate nanohybrids have gained a widespread reputation for prevention of viral crises, thanks to their promising antimicrobial properties as well as their potential to act as a carrier for vaccines. On the other hand, they can perform well as a photo-driven killer for viruses when they release reactive oxygen species (ROS) or photothermally damage the virus membrane. The nanofibers can also play a crucial protective role when integrated into face masks and personal protective equipment, particularly as hybridized with antiviral nanoparticles. In this draft, we review the antiviral nanohybrids that could potentially be applied to control, diagnose, and treat the consequences of COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the short age of this health problem, trivially the relevant technologies are not that many and are handful. Therefore, still progressing, older technologies with antiviral potential are also included and discussed. To conclude, nanohybrid nanomaterials with their high engineering potential and ability to inactivate pathogens including viruses will contribute decisively to the future of nanomedicine tackling the current and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Homaeigohar
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK;
| | - Qiqi Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Danial Kordbacheh
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK;
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13
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Almáši M. A review on state of art and perspectives of Metal-Organic frameworks (MOFs) in the fight against coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. J COORD CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2021.1965130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Almáši
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, Košice, 041 54, Slovak Republic
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14
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Bakhteeva I, Medvedeva I, Zhakov S, Byzov I, Filinkova M, Uimin M, Murzakaev A. Magnetic separation of water suspensions containing TiO2 photocatalytic nanoparticles. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Poormohammadi A, Bashirian S, Rahmani AR, Azarian G, Mehri F. Are photocatalytic processes effective for removal of airborne viruses from indoor air? A narrative review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43007-43020. [PMID: 34128162 PMCID: PMC8203310 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of methods have been applied in indoor air to reduce the microbial load and reduce the transmission rate of acute respiratory diseases to personnel in healthcare sittings. In recent months, with the occurrence of COVID-19 pandemic, the role of portable ventilation systems in reducing the load of virus in indoor air has received much attention. The present study delineates a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the available photocatalysis technologies that have been applied for inactivating and removing airborne viruses. The detection methods for identifying viral particles in air and the main mechanisms involving in virus inactivation during photocatalysis are described and discussed. The photocatalytic processes could effectively decrease the load of viruses in indoor air. However, a constant viral model may not be generalizable to other airborne viruses. In photocatalytic processes, temperature and humidity play a distinct role in the inactivation of viruses through changing photocatalytic rate. The main mechanisms for inactivation of airborne viruses in the photocatalytic processes included chemical oxidation by the reactive oxygen species (ROS), the toxicity of metal ions released from metal-containing photocatalysts, and morphological damage of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Poormohammadi
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Bashirian
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Sciences & Technology Research Institute, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Rahmani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Azarian
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Freshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Health Sciences & Technology Research Institute, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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16
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Redfern J, Ratova M, Dean AP, Pritchett J, Grao M, Verran J, Kelly P. Visible light photocatalytic bismuth oxide coatings are effective at suppressing aquatic cyanobacteria and degrading free-floating genomic DNA. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 104:128-136. [PMID: 33985716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Access to safe drinking water free from microbial pollution is an issue of global concern. The use of photocatalytic thin films in water treatment has focused on titanium dioxide, which requires UV-activation, proving a potential barrier to upscaling and implementation in the real world. Visible-light-activated photocatalytic thin films, such as bismuth oxide, have recently been shown to have antimicrobial properties. However, more understanding of the photocatalytic effect on the microbial population in water is required. Glass beads coated with bismuth oxide were incubated with either Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena sp. or free-floating genomic DNA. The presence of bismuth oxide-coated glass beads was able to rapidly stop a population of cyanobacteria from increasing. The coated beads were also able to degrade genomic DNA. Leachate from the beads showed no increase in toxicity against human liver cells. This data demonstrates the efficacy of bismuth oxide-coated glass beads for controlling potentially dangerous cyanobacterial populations, whilst potentially reducing the amount of free-floating genomic DNA (an essential issue in the face of antimicrobial resistance) - all of which should be essential considerations in emerging water treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Redfern
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Marina Ratova
- Surface Engineering Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Andrew P Dean
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - James Pritchett
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Matthieu Grao
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Joanna Verran
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Peter Kelly
- Surface Engineering Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
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17
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Shukla BK, Tyagi H, Bhandari H, Garg S. Nanotechnology-Based Approach to Combat Pandemic COVID 19: A Review. MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA 2021; 397:2000336. [PMID: 34511843 PMCID: PMC8420461 DOI: 10.1002/masy.202000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of a novel Corona virus (COVID 19) originated on December 19 from China. The city of Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province, China, is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness known as COVID 19 and it has been rapidly spread across the world claiming millions of lives. The sudden outbreak of novel Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV), is a big concern for their speedy mitigation using the predictable treatment and creating its approach around the world. Researchers and doctors are in search of rapid diagnosis kit, drugs, and viral-resistant personal protective equipment (PPE) to clinical diagnosis, medication, and prevent the spread of COVID 19. A rational approach with adaptability and broad viewpoint to challenge the growing pain could be overcome by the application of appropriate technology. The nanotechnology-based approach can significantly serve the purpose of the current pandemic situation of COVID 19. But same time implementation of innovative and creative nanotech approach, there is a decisive need for the full knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Moreover, to defeat COVID 19, particularly nanotech-based system with their viral inhibitory properties to increase the effective nanotech approach is essential. In this scenario, this review aims to summarize the past, present, and future of nanotech-based systems that can be used to treat COVID 19, highlighting Nano-based compounds. Lastly, the potential application of the different category of Inorganic Nanomaterials/Inorganic organic conjugate /hybrid system and their practical applicability as suitable means for inspiring against COVID 19 has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Shukla
- Department of ChemistryAmity Institute of Applied SciencesAmity UniversitySector‐125NoidaUttar Pradesh201313India
| | - Himanshi Tyagi
- Department of ChemistryAmity Institute of Applied SciencesAmity UniversitySector‐125NoidaUttar Pradesh201313India
| | - Hema Bhandari
- Department of ChemistryMaitreyi CollegeUniversity of DelhiDelhi110021India
| | - Seema Garg
- Department of ChemistryAmity Institute of Applied SciencesAmity UniversitySector‐125NoidaUttar Pradesh201313India
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18
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Nanotechnology-based approaches for emerging and re-emerging viruses: Special emphasis on COVID-19. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104908. [PMID: 33932543 PMCID: PMC8079947 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the major concern of emerging and re-emerging viral diseases has become an increasingly important area of public health concern, and it is of significance to anticipate future pandemic that would inevitably threaten human lives. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly emerged virus that causes mild to severe pneumonia. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) became a very much concerned issue worldwide after its super-spread across the globe and emerging viral diseases have not got specific and reliable diagnostic and treatments. As the COVID-19 pandemic brings about a massive life-loss across the globe, there is an unmet need to discover a promising and typically effective diagnosis and treatment to prevent super-spreading and mortality from being decreased or even eliminated. This study was carried out to overview nanotechnology-based diagnostic and treatment approaches for emerging and re-emerging viruses with the current treatment of the disease and shed light on nanotechnology's remarkable potential to provide more effective treatment and prevention to a special focus on recently emerged coronavirus.
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19
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Jastrzębska AM, Vasilchenko AS. Smart and Sustainable Nanotechnological Solutions in a Battle against COVID-19 and Beyond: A Critical Review. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:601-622. [PMID: 34192094 PMCID: PMC7805306 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The variety of available biocidal features make nanomaterials promising for fighting infections. To effectively battle COVID-19, categorized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), materials scientists and biotechnologists need to combine their knowledge to develop efficient antiviral nanomaterials. By design, nanostructured materials (spherical, two-dimensional, hybrid) can express a diverse bioactivity and unique combination of specific, nonspecific, and mixed mechanisms of antiviral action. It can be related to the material's specific features and their multiple functionalization strategies. This is a complex guiding approach in which an interaction target is constantly moving and quickly changing. On the other hand, in such a rush, sustainability may be put aside. Therefore, to elucidate the most promising nanotechnological solutions, we critically review available data within the frame of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other types of viruses. We highlight solutions that are, or could be, more sustainable and less toxic. In this regard, reduction of the number of synthetic routes, organic solvents, byproducts, and residues is highly recommended. Such efficient, green solutions may be further used for the prevention of virion-host interactions, treatment of the already developed infection, reducing inflammation, and finally, protecting healthcare professionals with masks, fabrics, equipment, and in other associated areas. Further translation into the market needs putting on the fast track with respect to principles of green chemistry, feasibility, safety, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M. Jastrzębska
- Warsaw
University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexey S. Vasilchenko
- Institute
of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia
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20
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Moon EW, Lee HW, Rok JH, Ha JH. Photocatalytic inactivation of viral particles of human norovirus by Cu-doped TiO 2 non-woven fabric under UVA-LED wavelengths. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141574. [PMID: 32814207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-doped TiO2 photocatalysis are recognized as effective materials for eliminating human norovirus (HuNoVs). In recent years, the airborne transmission of viral particles of HuNoVs has been a cause for concern. In this study, we evaluated the virucidal effects of a Cu/TiO2 non-woven fabric (NWF) on viral particles of HuNoV genogroup II genotype 4 (HuNoV GII.4) under an ultraviolet A light-emitting diode (UVA-LED) source. For the optimized parameters, a multivariate statistical analysis using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) technique combined with the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied. The experimental results showed that the Cu/TiO2-based NWF degraded HuNoV viral particles in the air samples. The BBD-based RSM indicated that the optimum treatment conditions for inactivating the HuNoV GII.4 droplets with the Cu/TiO2 NWF were a 1:7.7 ratio of Cu:TiO2 and the use of a 373-nm UVA-LED source for 48.08 min. The optimal conditions for the photocatalytic efficacy in HuNoV GII.4 of Cu/TiO2 NWF were verified experimentally, giving a value of 2.89 ± 0.11 log10 genomic copies, which was the same as the predicted value (2.91611) within experimental uncertainty. This result adequately validated the predicted model and confirmed that viral particles of HuNoVs could efficiently be disinfected using Cu/TiO2 NWF stimulated by UVA-LED light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Woo Moon
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Lee
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Rok
- PREPOLL Co., Ltd., 74, Daejeodongseo-ro 229beonga-gil, Gangseo-gu, Busan 46719, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyoung Ha
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Tabish TA, Hamblin MR. Multivalent nanomedicines to treat COVID-19: A slow train coming. NANO TODAY 2020; 35:100962. [PMID: 32922510 PMCID: PMC7473256 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The high transmission rate and serious consequences of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic make it challenging and urgent to identify viral pathogens and understand their intrinsic resistance mechanisms, to pave the way for new approaches to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Multivalent interactions are responsible for performing a broad range of biological functions in normal cells, such as cell-cell communication and adhesion. Multivalency underlies the reversibility of ligand-receptor interactions during infections. Previous studies into multivalent nanomedicines used against viruses, have revealed their ability, not only to probe the molecular processes of viral infections, but also to target pathogen-host cell binding with minimal collateral damage to normal cells. Nanomedicines are comparable in size to viruses and to cell receptor complexes (that mediate viral uptake), and can function as safe and accurate armoured vehicles to facilitate the transport of anti-viral drugs. Multivalent nanomedicines can be designed to avoid binding to extracellular serum proteins, and ultimately lead to destruction of the viruses. This brief perspective highlights the potential of innovative smart and safe multivalent nanomedicines that could target multiple viral factors involved in infections at cellular levels. For instance it is possible to target viral spike protein mediated entry pathways, as well as viral replication and cell lysis. Nanomedicine-based approaches could open new opportunities for anti-coronavirus therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer A Tabish
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
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22
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Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms can spread throughout the world population, as the current COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically demonstrated. In this scenario, a protection against pathogens and other microorganisms can come from the use of photoactive materials as antimicrobial agents able to hinder, or at least limit, their spreading by means of photocatalytically assisted processes activated by light—possibly sunlight—promoting the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill microorganisms in different matrices such as water or different surfaces without affecting human health. In this review, we focus the attention on TiO2 nanoparticle-based antimicrobial materials, intending to provide an overview of the most promising synthetic techniques, toward possible large-scale production, critically review the capability of such materials to promote pathogen (i.e., bacteria, virus, and fungi) inactivation, and, finally, take a look at selected technological applications.
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23
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Gray HE, Powell T, Choi S, Smith DS, Parker WJ. Organic phosphorus removal using an integrated advanced oxidation-ultrafiltration process. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 182:115968. [PMID: 32622127 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-reactive phosphorus (nRP) contains condensed phosphates and organic phosphorus (OP) species that are recalcitrant in secondary wastewater treatment and tend to remain in final effluents. To meet ultra-low effluent P discharge limits, persistent nRP must be removed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) which couples TiO2/UV photolysis with ultrafiltration to oxidize and remove nRP species. Initial tests utilized OP model compounds, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and aminoethylphosphonate (AEP), in a binary mixture to evaluate AOP treatment and to elucidate possible mechanisms of phosphorus removal. The results were consistent with a model of preferential ATP binding to the TiO2 surface compared to AEP. On UV light exposure, AEP was removed from solution due to the photooxidation of ATP freeing up binding sites for AEP adsorption and subsequent oxidation. Orthophosphate released during AOP treatment was retained on the TiO2 solids. The AOP was applied to three municipal wastewaters and one automotive industry effluent for P removal. In all cases, phosphorus removal was found to occur through filtration, surface complexation and UV oxidation. Total phosphorus removal efficiencies between 90 and 97% were observed for the municipal wastewater effluents and 44% removal was observed in the industrial effluent after treatment using AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Gray
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Suyoung Choi
- Republic of Korea (ROK) Army, Gyeryong, South Chungcheong, South Korea
| | - D Scott Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, N2L 3C5, ON, Canada
| | - Wayne J Parker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
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24
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Photocatalysis for Air Treatment Processes: Current Technologies and Future Applications for the Removal of Organic Pollutants and Viruses. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis for air treatment or photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is a relatively new technology which requires titanium dioxide (TiO2) and a source of light (Visible or near-UV) to degrade pollutants contained in air streams. Present approaches for the photodegradation of indoor pollutants in air streams aim to eliminate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and viruses, which are both toxic and harmful to human health. Photocatalysis for air treatment is an inexpensive and innovative green process. Additionally, it is a technology with a reduced environmental footprint when compared to other conventional air treatments which demand significant energy, require the disposal of used materials, and release CO2 and other greenhouse gases to the environment. This review discusses the most current and relevant information on photocatalysis for air treatment. This article also provides a critical review of (1) the most commonly used TiO2-based semiconductors, (2) the experimental syntheses and the various photocatalytic organic species degradation conversions, (3) the developed kinetics and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and (4) the proposed Quantum Yields (QYs) and Photocatalytic Thermodynamic Efficiency Factors (PTEFs). Furthermore, this article contains important information on significant factors affecting the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, such as reactor designs and type of photoreactor irradiation. Overall, this review describes state-of-the-art photocatalysis for air treatment to eliminate harmful indoor organic molecules, reviewing as well the potential applications for the inactivation of SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) viruses.
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25
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Kerry RG, Malik S, Redda YT, Sahoo S, Patra JK, Majhi S. Nano-based approach to combat emerging viral (NIPAH virus) infection. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2019; 18:196-220. [PMID: 30904587 PMCID: PMC7106268 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of new virus and their heterogeneity are growing at an alarming rate. Sudden outburst of Nipah virus (NiV) has raised serious question about their instant management using conventional medication and diagnostic measures. A coherent strategy with versatility and comprehensive perspective to confront the rising distress could perhaps be effectuated by implementation of nanotechnology. But in concurrent to resourceful and precise execution of nano-based medication, there is an ultimate need of concrete understanding of the NIV pathogenesis. Moreover, to amplify the effectiveness of nano-based approach in a conquest against NiV, a list of developed nanosystem with antiviral activity is also a prerequisite. Therefore the present review provides a meticulous cognizance of cellular and molecular pathogenesis of NiV. Conventional as well several nano-based diagnosis experimentations against viruses have been discussed. Lastly, potential efficacy of different forms of nano-based systems as convenient means to shield mankind against NiV has also been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rout George Kerry
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Malik
- Departmentof Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | | | - Sabuj Sahoo
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanatan Majhi
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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26
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Mayer BK, Johnson C, Yang Y, Wellenstein N, Maher E, McNamara PJ. From micro to macro-contaminants: The impact of low-energy titanium dioxide photocatalysis followed by filtration on the mitigation of drinking water organics. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:111-121. [PMID: 30414543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated strategies targeting macro- and micro-organic contaminant mitigation using low-energy titanium dioxide photocatalysis. Energy inputs of 1, 2, and 5 kWh m-3 resulted in incomplete oxidation of macro-organic natural organic matter, signified by greater reductions of UV254 and specific ultraviolet UV absorbance (SUVA) in comparison to dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The rate of UV254 removal was 3 orders of magnitude greater than the rate of DOC degradation. Incomplete oxidation improved operation of downstream filtration processes. Photocatalysis at 2 kWh m-3 increased the bed life of downstream granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration by 340% relative to direct filtration pretreatment. Likewise, photocatalysis operated ahead of microfiltration decreased fouling, resulting in longer filter run times. Using 2 kWh m-3 photocatalysis increased filter run time by 36 times in comparison to direct filtration. Furthermore, levels of DOC and UV254 in the membrane permeate improved (with no change in removal across the membrane) using low-energy photocatalysis pretreatments. While high-energy UV inputs provided high levels of removal of the estrogenic micro-organics estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethynlestradiol (EE2), low-energy photocatalysis did not enhance removal of estrogens beyond levels achieved by photolysis alone. In the cases of E1 and E3, the addition of TiO2 as a photocatalyst reduced degradation rates of estrogens compared to UV photolysis. Overall, process electrical energy per order magnitude reductions (EEOs) greatly improved using photocatalysis, versus photolysis, for the macro-organics DOC, UV254, and SUVA; however, energy required for removal of estrogens was similar between photolysis and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, USA.
| | - Carlan Johnson
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, USA
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, USA
| | - Nicole Wellenstein
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, USA
| | - Emily Maher
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, USA
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, USA
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De Vietro N, Tursi A, Beneduci A, Chidichimo F, Milella A, Fracassi F, Chatzisymeon E, Chidichimo G. Photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli bacteria in water using low pressure plasma deposited TiO2 cellulose fabric. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2248-2258. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00050j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fabrics obtained from cellulose spinning were coated with TiO2 film, through the low pressure plasma sputtering technique, in order to get antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta De Vietro
- Institute of Nanotechnology (Nanotec)
- National Research Council (CNR)
- 70126 Bari
- Italy
| | - Antonio Tursi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies
- University of Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (Cs)
- Italy
- School of Engineering
| | - Amerigo Beneduci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies
- University of Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (Cs)
- Italy
| | - Francesco Chidichimo
- Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- University of Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS)
- Italy
| | - Antonella Milella
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”
- 70126 Bari
- Italy
| | | | - Efthalia Chatzisymeon
- School of Engineering
- Institute for Infrastructure and Environment
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3JL
- UK
| | - Giuseppe Chidichimo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies
- University of Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (Cs)
- Italy
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28
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Sahu SP, Cates SL, Kim HI, Kim JH, Cates EL. The Myth of Visible Light Photocatalysis Using Lanthanide Upconversion Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2973-2980. [PMID: 29405068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Upconversion luminescence is a nonlinear optical process achieved by certain engineered materials, which allows conversion of low energy photons into higher energy photons. Of particular relevance to environmental technology, lanthanide-based upconversion phosphors have appeared in dozens of publications as a tool for achieving visible light activation of wide-band gap semiconductor photocatalysts, such as TiO2, for degradation of water contaminants. Supposedly, the phosphor particles act to convert sub-band gap energy photons (e.g., solar visible light) into higher energy ultraviolet photons, thus driving catalytic aqueous contaminant degradation. Herein, however, we reexamined the photophysical properties of the popular visible-to-UV converters Y2SiO5:Pr3+ and Y3Al5O12:Er3+, and found that their efficiencies are not nearly high enough to induce catalytic degradations under the reported excitation conditions. Furthermore, our experiments indicate that the false narrative of visible-to-UV upconversion-sensitized photocatalysis likely arose due to coincidental enhancements of dye degradation via direct electron injection that occur in the presence of dielectric-semiconductor (phosphor-catalyst) interfaces. These effects were unrelated to upconversion and only occurred for dye solutions illuminated within the chromophore absorption bands. We conclude that upconversion using Pr3+ or Er3+-activated systems is not a technologically appealing mechanism for visible light photocatalysis, and provide experimental guidelines for avoiding future misinterpretation of these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant P Sahu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Stephanie L Cates
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Hyoung-Il Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Ezra L Cates
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
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29
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30
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Syngouna VI, Chrysikopoulos CV. Inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the presence of quartz sand with and without ambient light. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 497:117-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Singh L, Kruger HG, Maguire GE, Govender T, Parboosing R. The role of nanotechnology in the treatment of viral infections. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2017; 4:105-131. [PMID: 28748089 PMCID: PMC5507392 DOI: 10.1177/2049936117713593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with viruses in particular making global impact on healthcare and socioeconomic development. In addition, the rapid development of drug resistance to currently available therapies and adverse side effects due to prolonged use is a serious public health concern. The development of novel treatment strategies is therefore required. The interaction of nanostructures with microorganisms is fast-revolutionizing the biomedical field by offering advantages in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Nanoparticles offer unique physical properties that have associated benefits for drug delivery. These are predominantly due to the particle size (which affects bioavailability and circulation time), large surface area to volume ratio (enhanced solubility compared to larger particles), tunable surface charge of the particle with the possibility of encapsulation, and large drug payloads that can be accommodated. These properties, which are unlike bulk materials of the same compositions, make nanoparticulate drug delivery systems ideal candidates to explore in order to achieve and/or improve therapeutic effects. This review presents a broad overview of the application of nanosized materials for the treatment of common viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Singh
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glenn E.M. Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Raveen Parboosing
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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32
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Laxma Reddy PV, Kavitha B, Kumar Reddy PA, Kim KH. TiO 2-based photocatalytic disinfection of microbes in aqueous media: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:296-303. [PMID: 28126690 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The TiO2 based photocatalyst has great potential for the disinfection/inactivation of harmful pathogens (such as E.coli in aqueous media) along with its well-known usefulness on various chemical pollutants. The disinfection property of TiO2 is primarily attributed to surface generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as free metal ions formation. Furthermore, its disinfection capacity and overall performance can be significantly improved through modifications of the TiO2 material. In this review, we provide a brief survey on the effect of various TiO2 materials in the disinfection of a wide range of environmentally harmful microbial pathogens (e.g., bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses) in aqueous media. The influencing factors (such as reactor design, water chemistry, and TiO2 modifications) of such processes are discussed along with the mechanisms of such disinfection. It is believed that the combined application of disinfection and decontamination will greatly enhance the utilization of TiO2 photocatalyst as a potential alternative to conventional methods of water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Venkata Laxma Reddy
- Program in Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 799038, USA
| | - Beluri Kavitha
- Department of Pharmacology, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr. NTRUHS, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh 520008, India
| | - Police Anil Kumar Reddy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
This study reported the first assessment of carbon dots’ (CDots) antiviral activity to human norovirus virus-like-particles (VLPs), GI.1 and GII.4 VLPs. CDots with different surface passivation molecules, 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) (EDA)-CDots and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA)-CDots, were synthesized and evaluated. The results indicated both EDA- and EPA- CDots were highly effective to inhibit both strains of VLPs’ bindings to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) receptors on human cells at CDots concentration of 5 µg/mL, with EDA-CDots achieving 100% inhibition and EPA CDots achieving 85–99% inhibition. At low CDots concentration (2 µg/mL), positively charged EDA-CDots exhibited higher inhibitory effect (~82%) than non-charged EPA-CDots (~60%), suggesting the surface charge status of CDots played a role in the interactions between CDots and the negatively charged VLPs. Both types of CDots also exhibited inhibitory effect on VLP’s binding to their respective antibodies, but much less effective than those to HBGA binding. After CDots treatments, VLPs remained intact, and no degradation was observed on VLPs’ capsid proteins. Taken together, the observed antiviral effects of CDots on noroviruses were mainly through the effective inhibition of VLPs’ binding to HBGA receptors and moderate inhibition of VLPs’ binding to their antibodies, without affecting the integrity of viral capsid protein and the viral particle.
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Priyanka KP, Harikumar VS, Balakrishna KM, Varghese T. Inhibitory effect of TiO 2 NPs on symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant roots. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 11:66-70. [PMID: 28476964 PMCID: PMC8676128 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While nanoparticles (NPs) are known to exhibit antimicrobial properties, their effects on symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in plant roots has to be carefully examined as NPs particularly of titanium dioxide (TiO2) reach plant roots through varied sources such as fertilisers, plant protection products and other nanoproducts. The objective of the present study is to assess the effect of TiO2 NPs on the symbiotic behaviour of AMF colonising rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Using sol-gel method, TiO2 NPs with three different sizes were successfully synthesised employing doping. Characterisation of the prepared material was done by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The synthesised materials were applied at 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg plant-1 to the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal rice plants maintained in pots. The study revealed that the prepared NPs had an inhibitory effect on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant roots. Development of AMF structures such as vesicles and arbuscules was significantly reduced in TiO2-doped NPs with a relatively more inhibition in 2% TiO2-doped NPs. Among the concentrations of TiO2 NPs applied to different treatments, %F was significantly (P < 0.001) affected at medium to higher levels of application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Variampally Sankar Harikumar
- Department of Post Graduate Studies & Research in Botany, Sanatana Dharma College (University of Kerala), Alappuzha 688 003, Kerala, India
| | | | - Thomas Varghese
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Research Centre (NSRC), Nirmala College (Mahatma Gandhi University), Muvattupuzha 686 661, Kerala, India.
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35
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Ramesh T, Nayak B, Amirbahman A, Tripp CP, Mukhopadhyay S. Application of ultraviolet light assisted titanium dioxide photocatalysis for food safety: A review. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Tseng CC, Tsai YH, Hu A, Liou JW, Chang KC, Chang HH. Altered susceptibility to the bactericidal effect of photocatalytic oxidation by TiO2 is related to colistin resistance development in Acinetobacter baumannii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8549-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Bogdan J, Zarzyńska J, Pławińska-Czarnak J. Comparison of Infectious Agents Susceptibility to Photocatalytic Effects of Nanosized Titanium and Zinc Oxides: A Practical Approach. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:1023. [PMID: 26239879 PMCID: PMC4523504 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology contributes towards a more effective eradication of pathogens that have emerged in hospitals, veterinary clinics, and food processing plants and that are resistant to traditional drugs or disinfectants. Since new methods of pathogens eradication must be invented and implemented, nanotechnology seems to have become the response to that acute need. A remarkable achievement in this field of science was the creation of self-disinfecting surfaces that base on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Thus, the phenomenon of photocatalysis was practically applied. Among the AOPs that have been most studied in respect of their ability to eradicate viruses, prions, bacteria, yeasts, and molds, there are the processes of TiO2/UV and ZnO/UV. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) act as photocatalysts, after they have been powdered to nanoparticles. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an agent that determines their excitation. Methods using photocatalytic properties of nanosized TiO2 and ZnO prove to be highly efficient in inactivation of infectious agents. Therefore, they are being applied on a growing scale. AOP-based disinfection is regarded as a very promising tool that might help overcome problems in food hygiene and public health protection. The susceptibility of infectious agents to photocatalylic processes can be generally arranged in the following order: viruses > prions > Gram-negative bacteria > Gram-positive bacteria > yeasts > molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Bogdan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Zarzyńska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Pławińska-Czarnak
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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38
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Mayer BK, Yang Y, Gerrity DW, Abbaszadegan M. The Impact of Capsid Proteins on Virus Removal and Inactivation During Water Treatment Processes. Microbiol Insights 2015; 8:15-28. [PMID: 26604779 PMCID: PMC4639511 DOI: 10.4137/mbi.s31441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of the amino acid composition of protein capsids on virus inactivation using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and titanium dioxide photocatalysis, and physical removal via enhanced coagulation using ferric chloride. Although genomic damage is likely more extensive than protein damage for viruses treated using UV, proteins are still substantially degraded. All amino acids demonstrated significant correlations with UV susceptibility. The hydroxyl radicals produced during photocatalysis are considered nonspecific, but they likely cause greater overall damage to virus capsid proteins relative to the genome. Oxidizing chemicals, including hydroxyl radicals, preferentially degrade amino acids over nucleotides, and the amino acid tyrosine appears to strongly influence virus inactivation. Capsid composition did not correlate strongly to virus removal during physicochemical treatment, nor did virus size. Isoelectric point may play a role in virus removal, but additional factors are likely to contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Yang
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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39
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Guo B, Pasco EV, Xagoraraki I, Tarabara VV. Virus removal and inactivation in a hybrid microfiltration–UV process with a photocatalytic membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Gerba CP, Abd-Elmaksoud S, Newick H, El-Esnawy NA, Barakat A, Ghanem H. Assessment of coliphage surrogates for testing drinking water treatment devices. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:27-31. [PMID: 25399400 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Test protocols have been developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to test water treatment devices/systems that are used at the individual and home levels to ensure the removal of waterborne viruses. The goal of this study was to assess if coliphage surrogates could be used in this testing in place of the currently required use of animal or human enteric viruses. Five different coliphages (MS-2, PRD1, ΦX-174, Qβ, and fr) were compared to the removal of poliovirus type 1 (LSc-2ab) by eight different water treatment devices/systems using a general case and a challenge case (high organic load, dissolved solids, and turbidity) test water as defined by the USEPA. The performance of the units was rated as a pass/fail based on a 4 log removal/inactivation of the viruses. In all cases, a failure or a pass of the units/system for poliovirus also corresponded to a pass/fail by all of the coliphages. In summary, in using pass/fail criteria as recommended under USEPA guidelines for testing water treatment device/systems, the use of coliphages should be considered as an alternative to reduce cost and time of testing such devices/systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,
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41
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Zhao JH, Chen W, Zhao Y, Liu C, Liu R. UV/TiO2 photocatalytic disinfection of carbon-bacteria complexes in activated carbon-filtered water: Laboratory and pilot-scale investigation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:1274-1281. [PMID: 26301854 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1055155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of carbon-bacteria complexes in activated carbon filtered water has posed a public health problem regarding the biological safety of drinking water. The application of combined process of ultraviolet radiation and nanostructure titanium dioxide (UV/TiO2) photocatalysis for the disinfection of carbon-bacteria complexes were assessed in this study. Results showed that a 1.07 Lg disinfection rate can be achieved using a UV dose of 20 mJ cm(-2), while the optimal UV intensity was 0.01 mW cm(-2). Particle sizes ≥8 μm decreased the disinfection efficiency, whereas variation in particle number in activated carbon-filtered water did not significantly affect the disinfection efficiency. Photoreactivation ratio was reduced from 12.07% to 1.69% when the UV dose was increased from 5 mJ cm(-2) to 20 mJ cm(-2). Laboratory and on-site pilot-scale experiments have demonstrated that UV/TiO2 photocatalytic disinfection technology is capable of controlling the risk posed by carbon-bacteria complexes and securing drinking water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hui Zhao
- a College of Environment, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , P.R. China
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42
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Ryu H, Cashdollar JL, Fout GS, Schrantz KA, Hayes S. Applicability of integrated cell culture quantitative PCR (ICC-qPCR) for the detection of infectious adenovirus type 2 in UV disinfection studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:777-87. [PMID: 26030683 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1019795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Practical difficulties of the traditional adenovirus infectivity assay such as intensive labor requirements and longer turnaround period limit the direct use of adenovirus as a testing microorganism for systematic, comprehensive disinfection studies. In this study, we attempted to validate the applicability of integrated cell culture quantitative PCR (ICC-qPCR) as an alternative to the traditional cell culture method with human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV2) in a low-pressure UV disinfection study and to further optimize the procedures of ICC-qPCR for 24-well plate format. The relatively high stability of the hexon gene of HAdV2 was observed after exposure to UV radiation, resulting in a maximum gene copy reduction of 0.5 log10 at 280 mJ cm(-2). Two-day post-inoculation incubation period and a maximum spiking level of 10(5) MPN mL(-1) were selected as optimum conditions of ICC-qPCR with the tested HAdV2. An approximate 1:1 correlation of virus quantities by the traditional and ICC-qPCR cell culture based methods suggested that ICC-qPCR is a satisfactory alternative for practical application in HAdV2 disinfection studies. ICC-qPCR results, coupled with a first-order kinetic model (i.e., the inactivation rate constant of 0.0232 cm(2) mJ(-1)), showed that an UV dose of 172 mJ cm(-2) achieved a 4-log inactivation credit for HAdV2. This estimate is comparable to other studies with HAdV2 and other adenovirus respiratory types. The newly optimized ICC-qPCR shows much promise for further study on its applicability of other slow replicating viruses in disinfection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodon Ryu
- a Pegasus Technical Services , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
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43
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Mayer BK, Daugherty E, Abbaszadegan M. Disinfection byproduct formation resulting from settled, filtered, and finished water treated by titanium dioxide photocatalysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:72-78. [PMID: 24972073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated strategies targeting disinfection byproduct (DBP) mitigation using TiO2 photocatalysis with varying influent water quality. A Purifics Photo-CAT Lab reactor was used to assess total trihalomethane (TTHM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) formation as a function of photocatalytic treatment using water from a conventional coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation process, granular activated carbon filtration, and a DBP hot spot in the water distribution system. Regardless of influent water quality, photocatalysis reduced DBP precursors; however, low-energy limited photocatalysis (<5 kW h m(-3)), exacerbated the production of TTHMs and HAA5s beyond initial levels. Accordingly, limited photocatalysis is not a suitable option when TTHMs and HAA5s are a concern, regardless of the level of pretreatment. Limited photocatalysis yields incomplete oxidation, wherein larger, more aromatic, humic organic compounds are broken into smaller molecular weight, less aromatic, and less humic moieties, which have considerable potential to produce DBPs. More complete mineralization of DBP precursors is obtained using extended photocatalysis (80-160 kW h m(-3)), which substantially decreases DBP precursors as well as TTHM and HAA5 concentrations. In order to balance DBP mitigation, energy, and chemical usage, targeted use of TiO2 photocatalysis is necessary in a water treatment train (e.g., extended photocatalysis at a distribution system hot spot, where the volumetrically high energy requirements may be justifiable).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Mayer
- Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, United States
| | - Erin Daugherty
- Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875306, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States
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44
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Li G, Liu X, Zhang H, Wong PK, An T, Zhou W, Li B, Zhao H. Adenovirus inactivation by in situ photocatalytically and photoelectrocatalytically generated halogen viricides. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2014; 253:538-543. [PMID: 32288623 PMCID: PMC7108339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates and compares the virucidal performances of photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) treatments in the presence and absence of halides, such as Br- and Cl-, under comparable experimental conditions. The results confirm that the PC virucidal efficiency can be enhanced in the presence of low halide concentrations (e.g., X = Br- or Cl-) and further enhanced by applying potential bias onto the photoanode in a PEC system. The PEC treatment in the presence of 1.0 mM Br (PEC-Br) shows the highest virucidal efficiency, enabling complete inactivation of a ∼1000 TCID50 replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus (RDRADS) population within 31.7 s. The superior virucidal performances of PEC-X treatments can be attributed to the increased production of active oxygen species and additional viricides resulting from the PEC halide oxidation, as well as prolonged lifetime of photoholes (h+ ) for direct inactivation. The findings of this work confirm that new forms of active species generated in situ via a PC or PEC process are effective for viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Haimin Zhang
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Po-Keung Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Taicheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Experiment Medical Research Centre and Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes of The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510182, China
- Corresponding authors. Address: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China. Tel.: +86 20 85291501; fax: +86 20 85290706 (T. An). Tel.: +61 7 555 2 8261; fax: +61 7 5552 8067 (H. Zhao).
| | - Wenqu Zhou
- Experiment Medical Research Centre and Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes of The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Bing Li
- Experiment Medical Research Centre and Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes of The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
- Corresponding authors. Address: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China. Tel.: +86 20 85291501; fax: +86 20 85290706 (T. An). Tel.: +61 7 555 2 8261; fax: +61 7 5552 8067 (H. Zhao).
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Nieto-Juarez JI, Kohn T. Virus removal and inactivation by iron (hydr)oxide-mediated Fenton-like processes under sunlight and in the dark. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 12:1596-605. [PMID: 23698031 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp25314g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional disinfection methods to control microbial water quality, yet little is known about the fate of viruses in AOPs. In this study, we investigated the fate of MS2 coliphage in AOPs that rely on heterogeneous Fenton-like processes catalyzed by iron (hydr)oxide particles. Both physical removal of viruses from solution via adsorption onto particles as well as true inactivation were considered. Virus fate was studied in batch reactors at circumneutral pH, containing 200 mg L(-1) of four different commercial iron (hydr)oxide particles of similar mesh sizes: hematite (α-Fe2O3), goethite (α-FeOOH), magnetite (Fe3O4) and amorphous iron(iii) hydroxide (Fe(OH)3). The effect of adsorption and sunlight exposure on the survival of MS2 was considered. On a mass basis, all particles exhibited a similar virus adsorption capacity, whereas the rate of adsorption followed the order FeOOH > Fe2O3 > Fe3O4 ≈ Fe(OH)3. This adsorption behavior could not be explained by electrostatic considerations; instead, adsorption must be governed by other factors, such as hydrophobic interactions or van der Waals forces. Adsorption to three of the particles investigated (α-FeOOH, Fe3O4, Fe(OH)3) caused virus inactivation of 7%, 22%, and 14%, respectively. Exposure of particle-adsorbed viruses to sunlight and H2O2 resulted in efficient additional inactivation, whereas inactivation was negligible for suspended viruses. The observed first-order inactivation rate constants were 6.6 × 10(-2), 8.7 × 10(-2), 0.55 and 1.5 min(-1) for α-FeOOH, α-Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and Fe(OH)3 respectively. In the absence of sunlight or H2O2, no inactivation was observed beyond that caused by adsorption alone, except for Fe3O4, which caused virus inactivation via a dark Fenton-like process. Overall our results demonstrate that heterogeneous Fenton-like processes can both physically remove viruses from water as well as inactivate them via adsorption and via a particle-mediated (photo-)Fenton-like process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I Nieto-Juarez
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Chang BYS, Huang NM, An'amt MN, Marlinda AR, Norazriena Y, Muhamad MR, Harrison I, Lim HN, Chia CH. Facile hydrothermal preparation of titanium dioxide decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3379-87. [PMID: 22848166 PMCID: PMC3405890 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple single-stage approach, based on the hydrothermal technique, has been introduced to synthesize reduced graphene oxide/titanium dioxide nanocomposites. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles are formed at the same time as the graphene oxide is reduced to graphene. The triethanolamine used in the process has two roles. It acts as a reducing agent for the graphene oxide as well as a capping agent, allowing the formation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution (~20 nm). Transmission electron micrographs show that the nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the reduced graphene oxide nanosheet. Thermogravimetric analysis shows the nanocomposites have an enhanced thermal stability over the original components. The potential applications for this technology were demonstrated by the use of a reduced graphene oxide/titanium dioxide nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode, which enhanced the electrochemical performance compared to a conventional glassy carbon electrode when interacting with mercury(II) ions in potassium chloride electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Yea Sze Chang
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Center, Physics Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
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Nakano R, Ishiguro H, Yao Y, Kajioka J, Fujishima A, Sunada K, Minoshima M, Hashimoto K, Kubota Y. Photocatalytic inactivation of influenza virus by titanium dioxide thin film. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1293-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp05414k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Foster HA, Ditta IB, Varghese S, Steele A. Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1847-68. [PMID: 21523480 PMCID: PMC7079867 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide are well known and have many applications including the removal of organic contaminants and production of self-cleaning glass. There is an increasing interest in the application of the photocatalytic properties of TiO(2) for disinfection of surfaces, air and water. Reviews of the applications of photocatalysis in disinfection (Gamage and Zhang 2010; Chong et al., Wat Res 44(10):2997-3027, 2010) and of modelling of TiO(2) action have recently been published (Dalrymple et al. , Appl Catal B 98(1-2):27-38, 2010). In this review, we give an overview of the effects of photoactivated TiO(2) on microorganisms. The activity has been shown to be capable of killing a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, filamentous and unicellular fungi, algae, protozoa, mammalian viruses and bacteriophage. Resting stages, particularly bacterial endospores, fungal spores and protozoan cysts, are generally more resistant than the vegetative forms, possibly due to the increased cell wall thickness. The killing mechanism involves degradation of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane due to the production of reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. This initially leads to leakage of cellular contents then cell lysis and may be followed by complete mineralisation of the organism. Killing is most efficient when there is close contact between the organisms and the TiO(2) catalyst. The killing activity is enhanced by the presence of other antimicrobial agents such as Cu and Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard A Foster
- Centre for Parasitology and Disease Research, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
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