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Sari MF, Esen F, Cetin B. Concentration levels, spatial variations and exchanges of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ambient air, surface water and sediment in Bursa, Türkiye. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163224. [PMID: 37019236 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ambient air, surface water and sediment samples were simultaneously collected and analyzed for PCBs to investigate their levels, spatial variations and exchanges between these three compartments at different sampling sites for 12 months in Bursa, Türkiye. During the sampling period, a total of 41 PCB concentrations were determined in the ambient air, surface water (dissolved and particle phase) and sediment. Thus, 945.9 ± 491.6 pg/m3 (average ± STD), 53.8 ± 54.7 ng/L, 92.8 ± 59.3 ng/L and 71.4 ± 38.7 ng/g, respectively. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the ambient air and in water particulate phase were measured at the industrial/agricultural sampling site (1308.6 ± 252.1 pg/m3 and 168.7 ± 21.2 ng/L, respectively), ∼ 4-10 times higher than background sites; while the highest concentrations in the sediment and dissolved phase were measured at the urban/agricultural sampling sites (163.8 ± 27.0 ng/L and 145.7 ± 15.3 ng/g, respectively), ∼ 5-20 times higher than background sites. PCB transitions between ambient air-surface water (fA/fW) and surface water-sediment (fW/fS) were investigated by fugacity ratio calculations. According to the fugacity ratios obtained, volatilization from the surface water to the ambient air was observed at all sampling sites (98.7 % of fA/fW ratios are <1.0). Additionally, it has been determined that there is a transport from the surface water to the sediment (100.0 % of fW/fS ratios are higher than 1.0). The flux values in ambient air-surface water and surface water-sediment environments ranged from -1.2 to 1770.6 pg/m2-day and from -225.9 to 0.001 pg/m2-day, respectively. The highest flux values were measured for PCBs with low chlorine content (Mono-, Di-Cl PCBs), while the lowest flux values were measured for the high chlorine content PCBs (Octa-, Nona- and Deca-Cl PCBs). As it was determined in this study that surface waters contaminated by PCBs have the potential to pollute both air and sediments, it will be important to take measures to protect surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ferhat Sari
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilufer, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Esen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilufer, Bursa, Türkiye.
| | - Banu Cetin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
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Iwegbue CMA, Bebenimibo E, Tesi GO, Egobueze FE, Martincigh BS. Spatial characteristics and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in surficial sediments around crude oil production facilities in the Escravos River Basin, Niger Delta, Nigeria. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 159:111462. [PMID: 32777544 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of 28 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, including 12 dioxin-like PCBs and 7 indicator PCBs, were determined in sediments around oil production facilities in the Escravos River Basin of the Niger Delta in Nigeria. The aim was to describe the spatial patterns, sources, and ecosystem risks associated with exposure to PCBs in sediments of this river basin. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the concentrations of PCBs in the sediments. The Ʃ28 PCB concentrations in sediments from the Escravos River Basin ranged between 226 and 31,900 ng g-1 with a median concentration of 2300 ng g-1. The results indicated that sediments around crude oil production facilities, such as, wellheads, flow stations, and truck lines, had significantly higher levels of Ʃ28 PCBs (p < 0.05) than those collected near residential communities within the river basin. The median concentrations of PCB homologues in sediments from this river basin followed the sequence: hexaPCBs > penta-PCBs > tetra-PCBs > hepta-PCBs > tri-PCBs > di-PCBs > deca-PCBs > octa-PCBs > nona-PCBs. The risk assessment of PCBs in sediments from this river basin suggest very high potential risks for both organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernest Bebenimibo
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Francis E Egobueze
- Environment Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Rumueme, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Demirtepe H, Imamoglu I. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in treatment plant sludge: Implications on sludge management. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:606-615. [PMID: 30665090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Past usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) in commercial products resulted in their continuous emission from sources. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are the main sinks resulting from their industrial and domestic usage as well as atmospheric deposition. This preliminary study examined levels of PBDEs and HBCDD in urban and industrial WWTP sludge samples for the first time from Turkey. PBDE concentrations (sum of 26 congeners) of eight samples collected from four WWTPs were between 300 and 655 ng g-1 dw and 67-2.5*107 ng g-1 dw, and HBCDD concentrations (sum of α-, β-, and γ- diastereoisomers) ranged 75-616 ng g-1 dw and 13-416 ng g-1 dw, for urban and industrial WWTP samples, respectively. Although PBDEs have never been produced in Turkey, the highest PBDE concentration in sewage sludge worldwide was identified in one of the WWTPs. PBDE and HBCDD levels in other sludge samples were comparable to those reported in the literature. Application of a chemical mass balance model (CMB) suggested: (i) the main source of PBDEs as deca-BDE mixture; (ii) influence of a background air PBDE profile for one of the industrial WWTPs, having low contamination; (iii) indoor dust PBDE contamination as another source for urban WWTPs. The preliminary results for BFR levels in Turkey were discussed in terms of sludge disposal methods used worldwide, and the need for regulatory limits for BFRs in sludge management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Demirtepe
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ipek Imamoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Sevin S, Kuzukiran O, Yurdakok-Dikmen B, Tutun H, Aydin FG, Filazi A. Selected persistent organic pollutants levels in the Ankara River by months. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:705. [PMID: 30411164 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are banned in almost all countries due to their adverse health effects while they are still present in the environment due to their persistence. As the dissipation and the emission factors of POPs change by temperature and other environmental factors current study aimed to determine selected POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water and sediment samples collected from 12 stations located in Ankara River, Turkey, for 12 months. C-18 solid-phase extraction technique was used to extract organic pollutants and the analysis were performed using a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. DDE was the most frequently detected contaminant in water samples. Even though no PCB residues were present in water samples, PCB101 was the most common contaminant in sediment. Although both matrices had the least load of pollutants in winter, there was an increase in presence and concentration of pollutants from late spring to autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Sevin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kuzukiran
- Etlik Veterinary Control Central Research Institute, 06020, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hidayet Tutun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15500, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Farah Gonul Aydin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Filazi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey.
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Baqar M, Sadef Y, Ahmad SR, Mahmood A, Qadir A, Aslam I, Li J, Zhang G. Occurrence, ecological risk assessment, and spatio-temporal variation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and sediments along River Ravi and its northern tributaries, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27913-27930. [PMID: 28988301 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment, spatio-temporal variation, and source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied in surface sediments and water from River Ravi and its three northern tributaries (Nullah Deg, Nullah Basantar, and Nullah Bein) in Pakistan. In total, 35 PCB congeners were analyzed along 27 sampling stations in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The ∑35PCB concentration ranged from 1.06 to 95.76 ng/g (dw) in sediments and 1.94 to 11.66 ng/L in water samples, with hexa-CBs and tetra-CBs as most dominant homologs in sediments and water matrixes, respectively. The ∑8DL-PCB levels were 0.33-22.13 ng/g (dw) and 0.16-1.95 ng/L in sediments and water samples, respectively. The WHO-toxic equivalent values were ranged from 1.18 × 10-6 to 0.012 ng/L and 1.8 × 10-6 to 0.031 ng/g in water and sediments matrixes, respectively. The ecological risk assessment indicates considerable potential ecological risk during pre-monsoon season ([Formula: see text] = 95.17) and moderate potential ecological risk during post-monsoon season ([Formula: see text] = 49.11). The industrial and urban releases were recognized as key ongoing sources for high PCB levels in environment. Therefore, we recommend more freshwater ecological studies to be conducted in the study area and firm regulatory initiatives are required to be taken in debt to the Stockholm Convention, 2001 to cop up with PCB contamination on emergency basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Baqar
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Yumna Sadef
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Rabodonirina S, Net S, Ouddane B, Merhaby D, Dumoulin D, Popescu T, Ravelonandro P. Distribution of persistent organic pollutants (PAHs, Me-PAHs, PCBs) in dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases in freshwater systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:38-48. [PMID: 26142749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of three groups of hazardous organic contaminants (PCBs, PAHs, Me-PAHs) in fifteen watercourses and rivers located in highly urbanized and industrialized zones was studied. The distribution of 62 organic contaminants was determined in three matrices: in the dissolved phase, associated with suspended solid matter (SSM) and in sediment. Their distributions in the aquatic environment depend strongly on their physicochemical properties. Low molecular weight PAHs were predominant in the dissolved phase while those with high molecular weight accumulated preferentially in SSM and sediments. Among the 28 PCBs congeners, only PCB153 was detected. The results showed that the contamination of these areas originated mainly from combustion processes. The three the most polluted sites identified are surrounded by big cities. Ecotoxicological assessment based on the international Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) showed that the toxic effects of the sediment in these watercourses and rivers occurred due to high levels of hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanah Rabodonirina
- Université de Lille, LASIR-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, Bat. C8, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Antananarivo, Unité de Recherche en Génie des Procédés et Génie de l'Environnement (URGPGE), BP 906-101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Sopheak Net
- Université de Lille, LASIR-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, Bat. C8, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Baghdad Ouddane
- Université de Lille, LASIR-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, Bat. C8, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Dima Merhaby
- Université de Lille, LASIR-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, Bat. C8, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Université Libanaise, Faculté de santé publique section III, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (L.S.E.E), Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - David Dumoulin
- Université de Lille, LASIR-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, Bat. C8, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Tudor Popescu
- Université de Lille, LASIR-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, Bat. C8, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Université d'Etat de Moldavie, Faculté de Biologie et de l'Ecologie, Laboratoire Algologie, MD-2009, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Pierre Ravelonandro
- Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Antananarivo, Unité de Recherche en Génie des Procédés et Génie de l'Environnement (URGPGE), BP 906-101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Su G, Liu Y, Huang L, Lu H, Liu S, Li L, Zheng M. Synthesis of hierarchical Mg-doped Fe3O4 micro/nano materials for the decomposition of hexachlorobenzene. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 99:216-223. [PMID: 24290299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An ethylene-glycol (EG) mediated self-assembly process was firstly developed to synthesize micrometer-sized nanostructured Mg-doped Fe3O4 composite oxides to decompose hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at 300°C. The synthesized samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The morphology and composition of the composite oxide precursor were regulated by the molar ratio of the magnesium acetate and ferric nitrate as the reactants. Calcination of the precursor particles, prepared with different molar ratio of the metal salts, under a reducing nitrogen atmosphere, generated three kinds of Mg doped Fe3O4 composite oxide micro/nano materials. Their reactivity toward HCB decomposition was likely influenced by the material morphology and content of Mg dopants. Ball-like MgFe2O4-Fe3O4 composite oxide micro/nano material showed superior HCB dechlorination efficiencies when compared with pure Fe3O4 micro/nano material, prepared under similar experimental conditions, thus highlighting the benefits of doping Mg into Fe3O4 matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yexuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Linyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Liewu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Karakas F, Gedik K, Imamoglu I. Apportionment of PCB sources near a transformer maintenance and repair facility in Ankara, Turkey. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 91:141-147. [PMID: 23719777 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and major sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were evaluated in the sediments from a special environmental protection area located near a transformer maintenance and repair facility (TMRF) in Ankara, Turkey. ∑PCB concentrations analyzed on Aroclor and congener basis (seven indicator congeners) ranged from 0.1 to 84.2 and 0.1 to 21.7 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Results show that higher total PCB concentrations were localized around one of the drainage channels of the TMRF. Identity and contribution of PCB sources were predicted using a chemical mass balance (CMB) based receptor model. The CMB model typically identified Aroclor 1260, the PCB mixture frequently used in transformers, as the major PCB source confirming the effect of the TMRF on the area. Poor prediction of some sample congener profiles suggest presence of environmental degradation mechanisms such as volatilization and differential solubilization of lower chlorinated congeners from sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Karakas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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