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Duarte JAP, Ribeiro AKN, de Carvalho P, Bortolini JC, Ostroski IC. Emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment: phytoplankton structure in the presence of sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:46604-46617. [PMID: 36719587 PMCID: PMC9888349 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals from anthropogenic activities such as domestic sewage, pesticide leaching, and improper chemical disposal have caused groundwater contamination. The presence of these emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment can change water quality and biota composition. Thus, this study investigates the effect of two emerging contaminants, anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) and antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX), on the aquatic environment, evaluating the phytoplankton community structure. A microcosm experiment was conducted with 16 sampling units, each one with 500 mL of water sample containing phytoplankton exposed to these drugs at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg L-1). The experiment lasted 15 days, and samples were collected on days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 14 to evaluate the phytoplankton community, the concentrations of the drugs, and the nutrients in the samples. Six phytoplankton groups were identified, and diatoms and green algae were the most diverse and abundant groups. For the entire community, we identified differences between the days of the experiment, varying in the diversity and density of organisms, but not between the concentrations of the two drugs. Evaluating the groups separately, we identified differences in the abundance of cyanobacteria for the treatment with diclofenac and desmids for the treatment with sulfamethoxazole. We demonstrated that the presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater ecosystems can somehow affect the phytoplankton community, especially the diversity and abundance of cyanobacteria and desmids. Therefore, our study indicates the importance of evaluating the presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater ecosystems and their influence on aquatic organisms, as well as pharmaceuticals may be changing the structure of the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Priscilla de Carvalho
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
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Ali I, Barros de Souza A, De Laet S, Van Eyck K, Dewil R. Anodic oxidation of sulfamethoxazole paired to cathodic hydrogen peroxide production. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:137984. [PMID: 36720407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A double chamber electrochemical system is developed consisting of a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a graphite cathode, which not only degrades sulfamethoxazole (SMX) but also simultaneously generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The degradation of SMX is carried out by (in)direct oxidation at the BDD anode and H2O2 is produced by two electron oxygen (O2) reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode. The effect of different parameters on the kinetics of both mechanisms was investigated. The performance of the system at the optimized conditions (pH 3, 0.05 M Na2SO4 as electrolyte, and 10 mA as applied current) showed that after 180 min of electrolysis, SMX was almost fully degraded (95% removal and ∼90% COD reduction) as well as about 535 μM H2O2 was accumulated. With the help of LC-MS, five intermediates formed during SMX electrolysis were properly identified and a degradation pathway was proposed. This study advocates methods for improving the effectiveness of energy use in advanced wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izba Ali
- InOpSys - Mobiele Waterzuivering voor Chemie en Farma, Zandvoortstraat 12a, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | | | - Steven De Laet
- InOpSys - Mobiele Waterzuivering voor Chemie en Farma, Zandvoortstraat 12a, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Kwinten Van Eyck
- InOpSys - Mobiele Waterzuivering voor Chemie en Farma, Zandvoortstraat 12a, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Raf Dewil
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium; University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom.
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Liu YJ, Hu CY, Lo SL. Comparison of the degradation of multiple amine-containing pharmaceuticals during electroindirect oxidation and electrochlorination processes in continuous system. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117517. [PMID: 34391021 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of pharmaceuticals by electrochemical oxidation (EO) in simulated wastewater containing multiple pharmaceuticals was compared between batch and continuous reactors. Despite the excellent efficiencies achieved in batch experiments, the practical/large-scale applications of EO-degrading amine-containing pharmaceuticals has not yet been accomplished. This paper presents the results of continuous experiments with one of the most promising electrochemical configurations of Pt/Ti electrodes before proceeding to application. In the continuous electrooxidation system (without chloride), direct oxidation on the electrode surface and oxidation by hydroxyl radicals were the main pathways. Due to their short lifespans, the radicals could not be transferred to the bulk solution, and the removal of pharmaceuticals followed the order of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) > paracetamol (PAR) > diclofenac (DIC). In the electrochlorination system (with chloride), oxidation by residual chlorine was the main pathway. The removal of pharmaceuticals followed the order of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) > diclofenac (DIC) > paracetamol (PAR). High SMX removal was realized because of the high reaction rate of SMX with free chlorine. Among the pharmaceuticals, PAR had the lowest removal because it is a neutral species with a low mass transfer rate without the attraction of electrostatic force. These results are consistent with the predictions from our previous batch-scale study, which showed that the reaction rate of dissociated compounds could be increased by the addition of electrostatic force. Furthermore, multiple coexisting pharmaceuticals, such as SMX and PAR or DIC, may form dimers that can be transferred to complex structures and cause higher toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Liu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 10673, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Hu
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu-Xing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 10673, Taiwan; Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Recent Trends in Pharmaceuticals Removal from Water Using Electrochemical Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8080085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the research on the environmental applications of electrochemistry to remove recalcitrant and priority pollutants and, in particular, drugs from the aqueous phase has increased dramatically. This literature review summarizes the applications of electrochemical oxidation in recent years to decompose pharmaceuticals that are often detected in environmental samples such as carbamazapine, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, etc. Similar to most physicochemical processes, efficiency depends on many operating parameters, while the combination with either biological or other physicochemical methods seems particularly attractive. In addition, various strategies such as using three-dimensional electrodes or the electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide have been proposed to overcome the disadvantages of electrochemical oxidation. Finally, some guidelines are proposed for future research into the applications of environmental electrochemistry for the degradation of xenobiotic compounds and micropollutants from environmental matrices. The main goal of the present review paper is to facilitate future researchers to design their experiments concerning the electrochemical oxidation processes for the degradation of micropollutants/emerging contaminants, especially, some specific drugs considering, also, the existing limitations of each process.
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Ghodake GS, Shinde SK, Saratale GD, Saratale RG, Kim M, Jee SC, Kim DY, Sung JS, Kadam AA. α-Cellulose Fibers of Paper-Waste Origin Surface-Modified with Fe 3O 4 and Thiolated-Chitosan for Efficacious Immobilization of Laccase. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:581. [PMID: 33672000 PMCID: PMC7919293 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of waste-paper-biomass for extraction of important α-cellulose biopolymer, and modification of extracted α-cellulose for application in enzyme immobilization can be extremely vital for green circular bio-economy. Thus, in this study, α-cellulose fibers were super-magnetized (Fe3O4), grafted with chitosan (CTNs), and thiol (-SH) modified for laccase immobilization. The developed material was characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), HR-TEM energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HR-TEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses. Laccase immobilized on α-Cellulose-Fe3O4-CTNs (α-Cellulose-Fe3O4-CTNs-Laccase) gave significant activity recovery (99.16%) and laccase loading potential (169.36 mg/g). The α-Cellulose-Fe3O4-CTNs-Laccase displayed excellent stabilities for temperature, pH, and storage time. The α-Cellulose-Fe3O4-CTNs-Laccase applied in repeated cycles shown remarkable consistency of activity retention for 10 cycles. After the 10th cycle, α-Cellulose-Fe3O4-CTNs possessed 80.65% relative activity. Furthermore, α-Cellulose-Fe3O4-CTNs-Laccase shown excellent degradation of pharmaceutical contaminant sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The SMX degradation by α-Cellulose-Fe3O4-CTNs-Laccase was found optimum at incubation time (20 h), pH (3), temperatures (30 °C), and shaking conditions (200 rpm). Finally, α-Cellulose-Fe3O4-CTNs-Laccase gave repeated degradation of SMX. Thus, this study presents a novel, waste-derived, highly capable, and super-magnetic nanocomposite for enzyme immobilization applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan S. Ghodake
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido, Seoul 10326, Korea; (G.S.G.); (S.K.S.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Surendra K. Shinde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido, Seoul 10326, Korea; (G.S.G.); (S.K.S.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Ganesh D. Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul 10326, Korea;
| | - Rijuta G. Saratale
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul 10326, Korea;
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido, Seoul 10326, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (J.-S.S.)
| | - Seung-Cheol Jee
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido, Seoul 10326, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (J.-S.S.)
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido, Seoul 10326, Korea; (G.S.G.); (S.K.S.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido, Seoul 10326, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (J.-S.S.)
| | - Avinash A. Kadam
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul 10326, Korea;
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Fernández-Aguirre MG, Berenguer R, Beaumont S, Nuez M, La Rosa-Toro A, Peralta-Hernández JM, Morallón E. The generation of hydroxyl radicals and electro-oxidation of diclofenac on Pt-doped SnO2–Sb electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Recent Trends in Removal Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products by Electrochemical Oxidation and Combined Systems. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to various potential toxicological threats to living organisms even at low concentrations, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in natural water are seen as an emerging environmental issue. The low efficiency of removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products by conventional wastewater treatment plants calls for more efficient technology. Research on advanced oxidation processes has recently become a hot topic as it has been shown that these technologies can effectively oxidize most organic contaminants to inorganic carbon through mineralization. Among the advanced oxidation processes, the electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and, in general, electrochemical oxidation or anodic oxidation have shown good prospects at the lab-scale for the elimination of contamination caused by the presence of residual pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aqueous systems. This paper reviewed the effectiveness of electrochemical oxidation in removing pharmaceuticals and personal care products from liquid solutions, alone or in combination with other treatment processes, in the last 10 years. Reactor designs and configurations, electrode materials, operational factors (initial concentration, supporting electrolytes, current density, temperature, pH, stirring rate, electrode spacing, and fluid velocity) were also investigated.
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Castañeda-Juárez M, Martínez-Miranda V, Almazán-Sánchez PT, Linares-Hernández I, Santoyo-Tepole F, Vázquez-Mejía G. Synthesis of TiO2 catalysts doped with Cu, Fe, and Fe/Cu supported on clinoptilolite zeolite by an electrochemical-thermal method for the degradation of diclofenac by heterogeneous photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu Y, Si B, Zhao C, Jin F, Zheng H, Wang Z. Degradation of emerging contaminants by Co (III) ions in situ generated on anode surface in aqueous solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:543-553. [PMID: 30660911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt ion is an environmental contaminant in general. But interestingly, it can also be used to degrade some refractory organic contaminants in water by mediated electrochemical oxidation process (MEOP) based on Co (III). MEOP is a very promising technology, and it can recycling use the mediator ions, Co (III), to degrade refractory organic contaminants in water. However, previous studies for this technology mainly conducted in strong acidic medium, the oxidation ability of this process for emerging contaminants near neutral pH condition was still unclear. Therefore, this study evaluated the emerging contaminants removal and mineralization efficiency of the MEOP-Co (III) around neutral pH, and investigated systematically the influence of series of operating parameters, including initial Co (II) concentration, current density, initial pH, electrolyte, and anions. Results from these studies indicated that the MEOP-Co (III) had a fairly good contaminants removal and mineralization ability for sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, carbamazepine, diclofenac, and phenol at neutral pH. Besides, no radical was detected in MEOP-Co (III), and the main oxidizing substance was Co (III) ions, which was generated on anode surface. The addition of CO32-/HCO3- could weaken the oxidation ability of MEOP-Co (III), while Cl- and PO43- could enhance the system's oxidation ability. Moreover, a reasonable energy consumption was achieved in MEOP-Co (III), and the highest electric energy per order (EE/O) value was 2.4 kWh·m-3 in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Bin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China; Henan Urban Planning Institute and Corporation, Henan 450000, PR China
| | - Chun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China; College of Water & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, PR China.
| | - Fan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Huaili Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China; College of Water & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, PR China.
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Murillo-Sierra JC, Sirés I, Brillas E, Ruiz-Ruiz EJ, Hernández-Ramírez A. Advanced oxidation of real sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim formulations using different anodes and electrolytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:225-233. [PMID: 29102867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A commercial sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim formulation has been degraded in 0.050 M Na2SO4 at pH 3.0 by electrochemical oxidation with electrogenerated H2O2 (EO-H2O2), electro-Fenton (EF), photoelectro-Fenton with a 6-W UVA lamp (PEF) and solar photoelectro-Fenton (SPEF). The tests were performed in an undivided cell with an IrO2-based, Pt or boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and an air-diffusion cathode for H2O2 electrogeneration. The anode material had little effect on the accumulated H2O2 concentration. Both drugs always obeyed a pseudo-first-order decay with low apparent rate constant in EO-H2O2. Much higher values were found in EF, PEF and SPEF, showing no difference because the main oxidant was always OH formed from Fenton's reaction between H2O2 and added Fe2+. The solution mineralization increased in the sequence EO-H2O2 < EF < PEF < SPEF regardless of the anode. The IrO2-based and Pt anodes behaved similarly but BDD was always more powerful. In SPEF, similar mineralization profiles were found for all anodes because of the rapid removal of photoactive intermediates by sunlight. About 87% mineralization was obtained as maximum for the powerful SPEF with BDD anode. Addition of Cl- enhanced the decay of both drugs due to their quicker reaction with generated active chlorine, but the formation of persistent chloroderivatives decelerated the mineralization process. Final carboxylic acids like oxalic and oxamic were detected, yielding Fe(III) complexes that remained stable in EF with BDD but were rapidly photolyzed in SPEF with BDD, explaining its superior mineralization ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Murillo-Sierra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Edgar J Ruiz-Ruiz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Aracely Hernández-Ramírez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Vilar DS, Carvalho GO, Pupo MM, Aguiar MM, Torres NH, Américo JH, Cavalcanti EB, Eguiluz KI, Salazar-Banda GR, Leite MS, Ferreira LF. Vinasse degradation using Pleurotus sajor-caju in a combined biological – Electrochemical oxidation treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hu S, Hu H, Li W, Ke Y, Li M, Zhao Y. Enhanced sulfamethoxazole degradation in soil by immobilized sulfamethoxazole-degrading microbes on bagasse. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in the environment is becoming a serious problem because of its toxicity and high risk to human health and microbial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbing Hu
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
| | - Huimin Hu
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
| | - Yaoyi Ke
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
| | - Minghua Li
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
| | - Yuechun Zhao
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
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