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Kajiita RM, Kang’ethe SM. The Pandemics of Mass Destruction: A Comparative Analysis of HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus (COVID-19). J Multidiscip Healthc 2024; 17:889-899. [PMID: 38445068 PMCID: PMC10913803 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s440243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Historically, humanity has suffered and endured deadly pandemics of varying mortality rates. Irrefutably, research shows that the outbreak of pandemics is flooded by mythical and fallacious information among the public, hence stifling the prevention, treatment, and management of diseases. This paper focused on comparing selected aspects of the two pandemics, that is, HIV/AIDS and Coronavirus. This comparative analysis is important for drawing informative lessons for effective response and management of pandemics in the future. Through a literature review analysis, the paper established that both pandemics have more similarities than distinctions. The etiology and epidemiology of the diseases assume a similar cascading trajectory; the public health information about the diseases is characterized by myths, conspiracy theories, illusions, and delusions from the public. The myths associated with pandemics prevail around causation, disease transmission, and cure. The pandemics present economic paradoxes, though arguably the negatives outdo the positives. There is a need for the governments and international health custodians to be richly prepared for the pandemics in the future. This implies having special budgetary allocations for possible pandemic outbreaks, investing in vaccine development and disease surveillance, and training and skilling personnel in all social-health-related sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mutemi Kajiita
- Department of Social Work; Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
| | - Simon Murote Kang’ethe
- Department of Social Work; Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
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2
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Jere J, Ruark A, Bidwell JT, Butterfield RM, Neilands TB, Weiser SD, Mulauzi N, Mkandawire J, Conroy AA. "High blood pressure comes from thinking too much": Understandings of illness among couples living with cardiometabolic disorders and HIV in Malawi. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296473. [PMID: 38153924 PMCID: PMC10754453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disorders (CMD) such as hypertension and diabetes are increasingly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, placing people living with HIV at risk for cardiovascular disease and threatening the success of HIV care. Spouses are often the primary caregivers for people living with CMD, and understanding patients' and partners' conceptions of CMD could inform care. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 couples having a partner living with HIV and either hypertension or diabetes. Couples were recruited from HIV clinics in Malawi and were interviewed on beliefs around symptoms, causation, prevention, and treatment for CMD. Data were analyzed at the individual and dyadic levels using framework analysis and Kleinman's theory of explanatory models as a lens. On average, participants were 51 years old and married for 21 years. Approximately 57%, 14%, and 80% had hypertension, diabetes, and HIV. Couples endorsed a combination of biomedical explanatory models (beliefs around physical and mental health) and traditional explanatory models (beliefs around religion and natural remedies), although tended to emphasize the biomedical model. Half of couples believed stress was the main cause of hypertension. For diabetes, diet was believed to be a common cause. In terms of prevention, dietary changes and physical activity were most frequently mentioned. For disease management, medication adherence and diet modifications were emphasized, with some couples also supporting herbal remedies, stress reduction, and faith in God as strategies. Participants were generally more concerned about CMD than HIV due to poor access to CMD medications and beliefs that CMD could lead to sudden death. Within couples, partners often held many of the same beliefs but diverged around which etiological or preventive factors were most important (e.g., stress versus diet) and the best diet for CMD. Health education programs should involve primary partners to build knowledge of CMD and address overlap with HIV, and reinforce accurate information on lifestyle factors for the prevention and treatment of CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Jere
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Allison Ruark
- Wheaton College, Biological and Health Sciences, Wheaton, IL, United States of America
| | - Julie T. Bidwell
- Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Rita M. Butterfield
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Torsten B. Neilands
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sheri D. Weiser
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Amy A. Conroy
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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3
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Razzak MA, Islam MN, Aadeeb MS, Tasnim T. Digital health interventions for cervical cancer care: A systematic review and future research opportunities. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296015. [PMID: 38100494 PMCID: PMC10723694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is a malignancy among women worldwide, which is responsible for innumerable deaths every year. The primary objective of this review study is to offer a comprehensive and synthesized overview of the existing literature concerning digital interventions in cervical cancer care. As such, we aim to uncover prevalent research gaps and highlight prospective avenues for future investigations. METHODS This study adopted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology where a total of 26 articles were reviewed from an initial set of 1110 articles following an inclusion-exclusion criterion. RESULTS The review highlights a deficiency in existing studies that address awareness dissemination, screening facilitation, and treatment provision for cervical cancer. The review also reveals future research opportunities like explore innovative approaches using emerging technologies to enhance awareness campaigns and treatment accessibility, consider diverse study contexts, develop sophisticated machine learning models for screening, incorporate additional features in machine learning research, investigate the impact of treatments across different stages of cervical cancer, and create more user-friendly applications for cervical cancer care. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study can contribute to mitigating the adverse effects of cervical cancer and improving patient outcomes. It also highlights the untapped potential of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, which could significantly impact our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdur Razzak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Nazrul Islam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shadman Aadeeb
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasfia Tasnim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Galvin M, Coetzee L, Leshabana P, Masebe N, Lebepe S, Moolla A, Tarullo AR, Rockers PC, Evans D. Perceptions of HIV and Mental Illness as "Western" or "Traditional" Illnesses: A Cross-Sectional Study from Limpopo Province, South Africa. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3068420. [PMID: 37461552 PMCID: PMC10350218 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3068420/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Although Western biomedical treatment has dramatically increased across sub-Saharan African health systems, traditional medicine as a form of healing and beliefs in supernatural powers as explanations for disease remain prevalent. Research in this region has identified HIV in particular as a disease located within both the traditional African and Western medical paradigms, whilst mental illness is ascribed to primarily supernatural causes. Within this context, this study sought to understand and explore the perceptions of HIV and mental illness among a population of rural women in Limpopo, South Africa. 82 in-depth interviews were conducted between January and December, 2022. Interviews were transcribed and translated into English. Data were managed using NVivo 11 software and thematically analyzed. The majority of participants identified HIV as a Western illness requiring biomedical treatment with causation largely attributed to biological mechanisms. A traditional form of HIV only cured using traditional treatments was also denoted. Unlike for HIV, the majority of respondents felt that there was no biological or behavioral cause for mental illness but rather the illness was conceptualized supernaturally thus likely impacting patient care pathways. Further research to study HIV and mental health perceptions among a larger sample in different regions of sub-Saharan Africa is warranted.
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Lee JA, Schafer MH. Social network characteristics and HIV testing among older adults in South Africa. AGEING & SOCIETY 2023; 43:499-515. [PMID: 36875285 PMCID: PMC9983780 DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x21000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Drawing from theory and research on the role of social networks in promoting or undermining preventative public health measures, this article considers how structural, compositional and functional aspects of older adults' close social networks are associated with HIV testing in the context of rural South Africa. Analyses use data from the population-based Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa (HAALSI) - a sample of rural adults age 40+ (N = 4,660). Results from multiple logistic regression show older South African adults with larger, more heavily non-kin and more literate networks were most likely to report testing for HIV. People whose network members provided frequent information were also most likely to be tested, though interaction effects indicate that this pattern is primarily found among those with highly literate networks. Taken together, the findings reinforce a key insight from social capital perspectives: network resourcefulness - literacy in particular - is crucial for promoting preventative health practice. The synergy between network literacy and informational support reveals the complex interplay between network characteristics in shaping health-seeking behaviour. Continued research is needed on the connection between networks and HIV testing among sub-Saharan older adults, as this population is not currently well served by many public health efforts in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A. Lee
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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6
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Pan SW, Fairley CK, Chow EPF, Zhang Y, Tieosapjaroen W, Lee D, Ong JJ. Supernatural beliefs, religious affiliations, and HIV testing among recently arrived Asian-born men who have sex with men in Australia. AIDS Care 2023:1-6. [PMID: 36821649 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2179012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
HIV testing rates among recently arrived (≤5 years) Asian-born men who have sex with men (MSM) in Australia remain suboptimal. Research indicates that belief in supernatural determinants of health (supernatural beliefs) may be an important barrier to greater HIV test uptake. We examined potential associations between supernatural beliefs and HIV testing among recently arrived Asian-born MSM in Australia. In 2019, an online survey was completed by 186 self-identified MSM born in Asia, and who arrived in Australia within the past five years and were never diagnosed with HIV. Supernatural belief was measured as the extent to which one felt that health was influenced by supernatural forces. Measures of association were estimated with multiple logistic regression. Participants with supernatural beliefs were significantly less likely to have tested for HIV in the past year. The adjusted predicted probability of not testing for HIV in the past year was 44.8% among those who held supernatural beliefs (95% CI: 30.5-59.2%), but only 5.2% among those who did not hold supernatural beliefs (95% CI: 1.9-8.6%). Religious affiliation was not significantly associated with testing for HIV. Supernatural beliefs may be an important but underappreciated barrier to HIV testing among recently arrived Asian-born MSM in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Pan
- Department of Public Health, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric P F Chow
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Warittha Tieosapjaroen
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Lee
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason J Ong
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Kyei JJ. Unravelling the Ghanaian “pull him/her down (PhD) syndrome” of malicious envy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aps.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Joana Kyei
- Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration Achimota Ghana
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Nyashanu M, Ganga G, Chenneville T. Exploring the Impact of Religion, Superstition, and Professional Cultural Competence on Access to HIV and Mental Health Treatment Among Black Sub-Sahara African Communities in the English City of Birmingham. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:252-268. [PMID: 34085190 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
HIV and mental health are sensitive subjects among Black Sub-Saharan African (BSSA) communities despite the disproportionate impact of HIV among this population and high comorbidity between HIV and mental disorders. This study explored the impact of religion, superstition, and professional cultural competence on access to HIV and mental health services among BSSA communities in the English city of Birmingham. Researchers utilised explorative qualitative methods. Specifically, 12 focus groups were conducted followed by a semi-structured interview with a member from each focus group. Data were analysed using a thematic approach guided by the four phases of the silences framework. Results suggest that religion, superstition, and professional cultural competence affect access to HIV and mental health services among BSSA communities. Findings indicate a need to educate religious leaders on the impact of HIV and mental health stigma as well as a need for cultural competence training among health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Nyashanu
- Department of Nursing, Public Health and Allied Professionals, University of Nottingham Trent, Nottingham, UK
| | - Griffin Ganga
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
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Opoku MP, Agyei-Okyere E, Nketsia W, Torgbenu EL, Kumi EO. Perceived self-efficacy of students and its influence on attitudes and knowledge about HIV/AIDS in Ghana. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 37:755-769. [PMID: 34697830 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) and its accompanying acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have long been a public health threat due to the high death toll and the various effects on individuals and societies. Unfortunately, in developing countries such as Ghana, persons living with HIV/AIDS are victims of discrimination and rejection and are often excluded from social activities. Consequently, there is a need for mitigation strategies aimed at reducing the spread of the disease. Indeed, in human society, beliefs are fundamental to understanding people's intentions towards a given phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to assess students' perceived self-efficacy, attitude towards and knowledge about HIV/AIDS. In this study, Bandura's self-efficacy theory was used as a framework to assess the relationship between students' perceived self-efficacy, attitude towards and knowledge about HIV/AIDS. A total of 342 students of at least 15 years old were recruited from junior and senior high schools and a public university to complete two scales: the general self-efficacy and attitude and knowledge about HIV/AIDS scales. While there was a positive correlation among self-efficacy, attitude and knowledge, attitude and knowledge combined to predict self-efficacy. The limitations of the study, recommendations for future research and policy implications are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Peprah Opoku
- Special Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Elvis Agyei-Okyere
- Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | - William Nketsia
- School of Education, University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric Lawer Torgbenu
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Health and Applied Sciences, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Opoku Kumi
- Special Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Addae EA, Tang L. How Can I Feel Safe at Home? Adolescents' Experiences of Family Violence in Ghana. Front Public Health 2021; 9:672061. [PMID: 34307278 PMCID: PMC8295647 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.672061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the implementation of various national legal frameworks and global policies such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child to combat violence against young people, family violence against young people is prevalent, especially in WHO African region. Although, research on child maltreatment, specifically, for young children has received considerable attention in Ghana recently, there is little research on adolescents' experiences of such family violence. In this paper, we report the experiences and perceptions of adolescents with respect to family violence they had suffered or witnessed, and analyze the socio-ecological factors and power dynamics at home that contribute to such violence. The study employs a qualitative approach and the data comprise focus group discussion with 56 adolescents from 14 schools in seven districts of Ghana. The findings show that several adolescents in Ghana feel unsafe at home. They experience physical, psychological, and sexual violence as well as exposure to intimate partner violence, exploitation, and neglect. These violent acts were severe, with dire consequences such as permanent impairment and suicide. Perpetrators include all types of carers. The violent acts are often surreptitious and poly-victimization is common. The results also reveal that three main socio-ecological factors perpetuate and legitimize family violence: patriarchy, the normalization of corporal punishment as a method of child discipline, and superstitious beliefs about health. In general, carers demonstrate their superiority and control over the adolescents in an authoritarian manner, thereby, making the adolescents powerless. Implications of the study for policy and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn Tang
- Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Li H. Confidence Charms: How Superstition Influences Overconfidence Bias in Han and the Qiang Ethnic Minority Chinese. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 155:473-488. [PMID: 33983873 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2021.1902918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The overconfidence effect is a cognitive bias in which individuals' subjective confidence in their judgements is greater than their actual performance. Extending beyond a range of contributing factors in the emergence of the overconfidence bias, the present research examines whether superstition, an under-explored yet important factor, can influence people's perceived level of confidence. Drawing on previous findings regarding the consequences of superstitions, we propose that activating the good-luck-related superstitions can increase overconfidence in one's judgment. Specifically, Experiments 1 and 2 show that Chinese Han student and non-student participants, who were activated by different types of superstitions, displayed a higher level of overconfidence than those in the absence of superstition. Experiment 3 fully replicated the causal effect of superstition beliefs on the heightened overconfidence bias in a traditional population of Chinese Qiang people. Moreover, Experiments 1 through 3 consistently show that self-efficacy mediates the relationship between superstition and overconfidence. Taken together, these findings suggest that superstition strengthens people's belief in their own performance ability, which in turn boosts overconfidence.
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Moodley J, Constant D, Mwaka AD, Scott SE, Walter FM. Mapping awareness of breast and cervical cancer risk factors, symptoms and lay beliefs in Uganda and South Africa. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240788. [PMID: 33091035 PMCID: PMC7580973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast and cervical cancer are leading causes of cancer burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We measured breast and cervical cancer symptom and risk factor awareness and lay beliefs in Uganda and South Africa (SA). Methods Between August and December 2018 we conducted a cross-sectional survey of women ≥18 years in one urban and one rural site per country. Households were selected using systematic random sampling, then one woman per household randomly selected to participate. Data were collected by interviewers using electronic tablets customised with the locally validated African Women Awareness of Cancer (AWACAN) tool. This has unprompted questions (testing recall) followed by prompted questions (testing recognition) on risk factor, symptom awareness and lay beliefs for breast and cervical cancer. Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the association between socio-demographic variables and outcomes. Poisson regression with robust variance was conducted to identify independent socio-demographic predictors. Results Of the 1758 women interviewed, 90.8% had heard of breast and 89.4% of cervical cancer. 8.7% recalled at least one breast risk factor and 38.1% recalled at least one cervical cancer risk factor. 78.0% and 57.7% recalled at least one breast/cervical cancer symptom respectively. Recognition of risk factors and symptoms was higher than recall. Many women were unaware that HPV, HIV, and not being screened were cervical cancer risk factors (23.7%, 46.8%, 26.5% respectively). In SA, urban compared to rural women had significantly higher symptom and risk factor awareness for both cancers. In Uganda married women/living with a partner had higher awareness of breast cancer risk factors and cervical cancer symptoms compared to women not living with a partner. Women mentioned several lay beliefs (e.g. putting money in their bra as a breast cancer risk factor). Conclusion We identified gaps in breast and cervical cancer symptom and risk factor awareness. Our results provide direction for locally targeted cancer awareness intervention programs and serve as a baseline measure against which to evaluate interventions in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Moodley
- Women’s Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cancer Research Initiative, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Gynaecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - D. Constant
- Cancer Research Initiative, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A. D. Mwaka
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - S. E. Scott
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - F. M. Walter
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Seid A, Ahmed M. What are the Determinants of Misconception About HIV Transmission Among Ever-Married Women in Ethiopia? HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2020; 12:441-448. [PMID: 32982471 PMCID: PMC7509327 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s274650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Misconceptions are a major barrier to managing and stopping the spread of AIDS, and they cause a negative attitude towards people stricken by this serious disease that might result in grave harm to their physical and emotional spirit. This study aimed to identify determinants about misconceptions of HIV transmission among Ethiopian married women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data set. The samples were selected using a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 24. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of misconception about HIV transmission. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and P-value <0.05 were considered to declare a statistically significant association. Results Of the samples of 8893 reproductive-age women, 34%, 18.5%, and 14.5% of women believed that mosquito bites, food sharing with an individual who is HIV seropositive, and witchcraft or supernatural means, respectively, were responsible for the acquisition of HIV/AIDS. Women residing in rural areas (AOR=1.52; 95% CI=1.13-2.0), did not attend education (AOR=2.36; 95% CI=1.3-4.23), attended primary education (AOR=1.8; 95% CI=1.03-3.21), unemployed (AOR=1.17; 95% CI=1.04-1.37), and had no media access (AOR= 1.34; 95% CI=1.14-1.58) were positively associated with the misconception that mosquito bites can transmit HIV. Conclusion Misconceptions are highly prevalent and increase the likelihood of the HIV epidemic in Ethiopia. This research revealed that women residing in a rural area, who did not have education, did not have access to media, who were catholic and Muslim religion followers, had not ever been tested for HIV, and unemployed women were strongly associated with a misconception about HIV transmission. Therefore, interventional health education programs should be taken into account to eradicate misconceptions about HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu Seid
- Department of Midwifery, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Ahmed
- Department of Public Health, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
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Antwi W, Reeves P, Ferris C, Aziato L. Behavioural beliefs of Ghanaian radiographers and reporting of child physical abuse. Radiography (Lond) 2019; 25:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Lu J, Luo M, Yee AZH, Sheldenkar A, Lau J, Lwin MO. Do superstitious beliefs affect influenza vaccine uptake through shaping health beliefs? Vaccine 2019; 37:1046-1052. [PMID: 30683509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the impact of superstitious beliefs on influenza vaccine uptake and investigated the role of health beliefs as underlying psychological mechanisms. It is hypothesized that superstitious beliefs predict greater perceived risks in influenza and vaccines, which in turn affect influenza vaccine uptake. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of Singaporeans and Singapore Permanent Residents aged between 21 and 70 (N = 668) was conducted using computer-assisted telephone interviews. The survey covered beliefs in superstition, health beliefs in influenza and vaccines, and influenza vaccine uptake intention and behavior using the Health Belief Model. Path analysis was adopted to examine the hypothesized model. RESULTS Approximately 60% of the sample had never obtained influenza vaccination. The path analysis found that superstitious beliefs significantly predicted higher perceived barriers and lower perceived benefits of vaccines, which in turn predicted a lower intention to take influenza vaccine in the next year and/or a lower probability of ever taking influenza vaccine. In contrast, superstitious beliefs predicted higher perceived susceptibility and severity of influenza that in turn predicted higher influenza vaccine uptake intention and/or probability. Examining demographic variables and past experience on influenza as control and confounding factors did not significantly affect the results. CONCLUSION The findings imply that beliefs in superstitions can have mixed effects on vaccine uptake and intention through shaping beliefs of the disease and vaccines. Significant implications in health education and persuasion on vaccine uptake are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Lu
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Meiyin Luo
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Andrew Zi Han Yee
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Anita Sheldenkar
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jerrald Lau
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - May Oo Lwin
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Balogun F, Omotade O. "She must have been sleeping around"…: Contextual interpretations of cervical cancer and views regarding HPV vaccination for adolescents in selected communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203950. [PMID: 30222762 PMCID: PMC6141096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines for adolescents are pivotal in the control of cervical cancer, the commonest women specific malignancy in sub-Saharan Africa. Knowledge about cervical cancer have been reported to be low in Africa but expressed acceptability for HPV vaccines have been high. The reason for this mismatch is not clear. An understanding of the interpretation of cervical cancer and views about HPV vaccine are important as they can affect actual decision making regarding adolescents’ uptake of HPV vaccine. This study explored contextual interpretations of stakeholders regarding cervical cancer and HPV vaccines for adolescents in five selected communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods Qualitative data were collected through twenty focus group discussions among parents of adolescents, religious and traditional leaders, school teachers and adolescents; and four key informant interviews with the identified traditional healers in the selected communities. Constant comparison analysis was done after transcription. Results Almost every group had at least one person who had seen a cervical cancer patient. Cervical cancer was widely viewed as being caused by promiscuity of women while older participants believed that the alteration of lifestyle by civilization was a major contributory factor. There was also a general notion that it was due to a curse. The role of HPV was generally not known. Most participants were favourable towards HPV immunization for adolescents but traditional healers and some religious leaders were not. The high cost of the vaccines and possibility of side effects where the main concerns about the introduction of HPV vaccine. Decision to take the vaccine rest with the fathers whose views were heavily influenced by traditional and religious leaders. Conclusions Awareness about cervical cancer may not be as low as earlier reported and there were many misconceptions about cervical cancer in the study communities. It is important to address these misconceptions to ensure successful introduction of HPV vaccine for adolescents in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folusho Balogun
- Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Olayemi Omotade
- Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Mullens AB, Kelly J, Debattista J, Phillips TM, Gu Z, Siggins F. Exploring HIV risks, testing and prevention among sub-Saharan African community members in Australia. Int J Equity Health 2018; 17:62. [PMID: 29784050 PMCID: PMC5963033 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-018-0772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Significant health disparities persist regarding new and late Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) diagnoses among sub-Saharan African (SSA) communities in Australia. Personal/cultural beliefs and practices influence HIV (risk, prevention, testing) within Australia and during visits to home countries. Method A community forum was conducted involving 23 male and female adult African community workers, members and leaders, and health workers; facilitated by cultural workers and an experienced clinician/researcher. The forum comprised small/large group discussions regarding HIV risk/prevention (responses transcribed verbatim; utilising thematic analysis). Results Stigma, denial, social norms, tradition and culture permeated perceptions/beliefs regarding HIV testing, prevention and transmission among African Australians, particularly regarding return travel to home countries. Conclusions International travel as a risk factor for HIV acquisition requires further examination, as does the role of the doctor in HIV testing and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). Further assessment of PrEP as an appropriate/feasible intervention is needed, with careful attention regarding negative community perceptions and potential impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Mullens
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich Campus, 11 Salisbury Road, Ipswich, Qld 4305, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Kelly
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich Campus, 11 Salisbury Road, Ipswich, Qld 4305, Australia
| | - Joseph Debattista
- Queensland Health, Metro North Public Health Unit, Bryden Street, Windsor, Qld 4030, Australia
| | - Tania M Phillips
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich Campus, 11 Salisbury Road, Ipswich, Qld 4305, Australia
| | - Zhihong Gu
- Ethnic Communities Council of Queensland, PO Box 5916, West End, Qld 4101, Australia
| | - Fungisai Siggins
- Kalpa purru Wirranjarlki, Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation, 1 Irvine Street, PO Box 40, Tennant Creek, NT, 0861, Australia
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18
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Dapaah JM, Spronk R. When the clinic becomes a home. Successful VCT and ART services in a stressful environment. SAHARA J 2017; 13:142-51. [PMID: 27598327 PMCID: PMC5642429 DOI: 10.1080/17290376.2016.1222301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the upscaling of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-poor countries, many HIV-positive persons in Ghana have been accessing treatment in hospitals. Prevalence is relatively low compared to other African countries, 1.30%. HIV/AIDS remains heavily stigmatised in Ghana, which influences the provision and use of ART. This article investigates how HIV-positive persons accessing care and treatment go about their everyday lives in the ART clinic and how they have eventually come to see the clinic as a safe place that they call ‘home’. The study took place in two Ghanaian hospitals in the Ashanti Region which in 2013 had the country’s highest HIV prevalence rate of 1.30% [Ghana Health Service [GHS]/National AIDS Control Programme [NACP] (2013). 2013 HIV Sentinel Survey Report, Accra, Ghana]. It was conducted through ethnographic research, with data gathered in the two facilities through participant observation, conversations and in-depth interviews. It took place over a period of 15 months, between 2007 and 2010. In all, 24 health workers and 22 clients were interviewed in depth, while informal conversations were held with many others. The findings show that clients have adopted the clinic as a second home and used it to carry out various activities in order to avoid identification and stigmatisation as People Living with AIDS (PLWA). The most dramatic outcome was that, contrary to Ghanaian norms and values, people turned to non-kin for assistance. Accordingly, fellow clients and health personnel, rather than relatives, have become their ‘therapy management group’ [Janzen, J. M. (1987). Therapy Management: Concept, Reality, Process. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 1(1), 68–84]. The clients have thus created a fictive family within the clinic – made up of health workers (as ‘parents’), the clients themselves (as ‘children’) and the peer educators (as ‘aunts’ and ‘uncles’). In the face of persistent stigma associated with HIV infection in Ghana, the use of the clinic as a ‘home’ has on the one hand helped those receiving treatment to maintain their position, respect and reputation within their families and community, while on the other it prevents PLWA from disclosing. The study concludes that compassion is an important element in the professionalisation of healthcare workers in low-prevalence countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mensah Dapaah
- a is a lecturer at the Sociology and Social Work Department , Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi , Ghana
| | - Rachel Spronk
- b is assistant professor at the Sociology and Anthropology Department , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Appiah AB, Tenkorang EY, Maticka-Tyndale E. Modeling Beliefs, Attitudes, and Intentions of Condom Use Among Secondary School Students in Kenya. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:1949-1960. [PMID: 28451836 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As in other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, youth in Kenya report low rates of condom use. Although several studies have explored reasons for the low condom use among Kenyan youth, not many have established linkages between lack of use and normative beliefs and attitudes around condoms. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this article examined whether beliefs and attitudes around condoms influenced intentions and actual condom use. Data for the study were restricted to 1453 sexually active youth during the last school break. Path analysis was used to examine the relationship between the TPB constructs and condom use among Kenyan youth. Results indicated a direct relationship between attitudes and condom use for male respondents and an indirect relationship between these two variables for females. Both males and females who expressed greater intentions to use condoms were significantly more likely to report they used condoms consistently. Also, male and female youth with higher perceived behavioral control were significantly more likely to have used condoms consistently. Males with friends who used condoms were significantly more likely to use condoms consistently. The findings suggest the importance of examining young people's attitudes toward condoms-in particular, those deeply rooted in misconceptions that serve to discourage safer sexual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Appiah
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Eric Y Tenkorang
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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20
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Teye-Kwadjo E, Kagee A, Swart H. Predicting the Intention to Use Condoms and Actual Condom Use Behaviour: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study in Ghana. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2017; 9:81-105. [PMID: 27925435 PMCID: PMC5659181 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing cross-sectional research shows that the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is robust in predicting intentions to use condoms and condom use behaviour. Yet, little is known about the TPB's utility in explaining intentions to use condoms and condom use behaviour over time. METHODS This study used a longitudinal design and latent variable structural equation modelling to test the longitudinal relationships postulated by the TPB. School-going youths in Ghana provided data on attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, intentions, and behaviour regarding condom use at three time points, spaced approximately three months apart. RESULTS As predicted by the TPB, the results showed that attitudes were significantly positively associated with intentions to use condoms over time. Contrary to the TPB, subjective norms were not significantly associated with intentions to use condoms over time. Perceived control did not predict intentions to use condoms over time. Moreover, intentions to use condoms were not significantly associated with self-reported condom use over time. CONCLUSION These results suggest that school-going youths in Ghana may benefit from sex education programmes that focus on within-subject attitude formation and activation. The theoretical and methodological implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Teye-Kwadjo
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 84, Legon, Accra-Ghana. Telephone: (+233) 0544655650
| | - Ashraf Kagee
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. Telephone: (+27) 218083461
| | - Hermann Swart
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. Telephone: (+27) 218089061
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Mambet Doue C, Roussiau N. The Role of Mediators in the Indirect Effects of Religiosity on Therapeutic Compliance in African Migrant HIV-Positive Patients. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2016; 55:1850-1863. [PMID: 26531838 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-015-0155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the indirect effects of religiosity (practice and belief) on therapeutic compliance in 81 HIV-positive patients who are migrants from sub-Saharan Africa (23 men and 58 women). Using analyses of mediation and standard multiple regression, including a resampling procedure by bootstrapping, the role of these mediators (magical-religious beliefs and nonuse of toxic substances) was tested. The results show that, through magical-religious beliefs, religiosity has a negative indirect effect, while with the nonuse of toxic substances, religious practice has a positive indirect effect. Beyond religiosity, the role of mediators is highlighted in the interaction with therapeutic compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Mambet Doue
- Laboratory of Psychology of Pays de la Loire (EA 4638), Department of Psychology, University of Nantes, Chemin de la Censive du Tertre, BP 81227, 44312, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | - Nicolas Roussiau
- Laboratory of Psychology of Pays de la Loire (EA 4638), Department of Psychology, University of Nantes, Chemin de la Censive du Tertre, BP 81227, 44312, Nantes Cedex 3, France
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22
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Lasser J, Gottlieb MC. Facilitating Informed Consent: A Multicultural Perspective. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2016.1174121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Use of HIV and HSV-2 biomarkers in sub-saharan adolescent prevention research: a comparison of two approaches. J Prim Prev 2014; 35:181-91. [PMID: 24682861 PMCID: PMC3996329 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-014-0343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Self-report of sexual behavior among adolescents is notoriously inconsistent, yet such measures are commonly used as outcomes for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention intervention trials. There has been a growing interest in the use of HIV and other sexually transmitted disease biomarkers as more valid measures of intervention impact in high HIV prevalence areas, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. We examine the challenges, benefits, and feasibility of including HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) biomarker data, with details about different data collection and disclosure methods from two adolescent prevention trials in Kenya and Zimbabwe. In Kenya, whole blood samples were collected using venipuncture; adult guardians were present during biomarker procedures and test results were disclosed to participants and their guardians. In contrast, in Zimbabwe, samples were collected using finger pricks for dried blood spots (DBS); guardians were not present during biomarker procedures, and results were not disclosed to participants and/or their guardians. In both countries, prevalence in the study samples was low. Although the standard of care for testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections includes disclosure in the presence of a guardian for adolescents under age 18, we conclude that more research about the risks and benefits of disclosure to adolescents in the context of a clinical trial is needed. Notably, current serological diagnosis for HSV-2 has a low positive predictive value when prevalence is low, resulting in an unacceptable proportion of false positives and serious concerns about disclosing test results to adolescents within a trial. We also conclude that the DBS approach is more convenient and efficient than venipuncture for field research, although both approaches are feasible. Manufacturer validation studies using DBS for HSV-2, however, are needed for widespread use.
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Tenkorang EY. Perceived vulnerability and HIV testing among youth in Cape Town, South Africa. Health Promot Int 2014; 31:270-9. [PMID: 25524472 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dau113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of perceived vulnerability to risk-reducing behaviors, including HIV testing, is fairly established, especially among youth in sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, the majority of studies that examined this important relationship used cross-sectional data that inherently assume that perceived vulnerability does not change. While these studies have been useful, the assumption of perceived vulnerability as time invariant is a major flaw and has largely limited the practical usefulness of this variable in AIDS prevention and programing. Using longitudinal data and applying random-effects logit models, this study makes a major contribution to scholarship by examining if changes in perceived vulnerability associate with a change to test for HIV among 857 young people in Cape Town, South Africa. Results show that female youth who changed their risk perceptions were more likely to also change to test for HIV, but the effects were completely attenuated after controlling for theoretically relevant variables. No significant relationships were observed for males. Also, females who were virgins at wave 2 but had sex between waves were significantly more likely to have changed to test for HIV. Of most importance was that sexual behavior eliminated the effects of change in risk perceptions suggesting that a change in perception may have occurred as a result of changes in sexual behavior. AIDS prevention programs must pay particular attention to helping youth become aware of their vulnerability to HIV risks, especially as these have implications for risk-reducing behaviors, especially for females who are burdened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Tenkorang
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies on associations between marriage and HIV infection among women in sub-Saharan Africa are generally inconclusive. Not enough is known about HIV risks among divorced and widowed women. This study examined the relationship between marital status and HIV infection among women in seven sub-Saharan African countries. METHODS Retrospective data from the Demographic and Health Surveys were combined with HIV biomarker data from the AIDS Indicator Survey (AIS) for analysis. Random-effects complementary log-log models were applied to examine the relationship between marital status and HIV risks controlling for theoretically relevant covariates. FINDINGS Compared to never-married women, widowed women were significantly more likely to be HIV positive. Similarly, married women were more likely to be infected with HIV, compared to never-married women in Lesotho and Zimbabwe. In Tanzania and Zimbabwe, divorced women had higher risks of HIV infection, compared to never-married women. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that specific HIV programs be directed at vulnerable women, in particular those widowed. Similar programs are needed for both poorer and wealthier women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Tenkorang
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7
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Tenkorang EY, Maticka-Tyndale E. Individual- and school-level correlates of HIV testing among secondary school students in Kenya. Stud Fam Plann 2013; 44:169-87. [PMID: 23720001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2013.00351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The policy framework guiding Kenya's response to the AIDS epidemic identifies voluntary counseling and testing as crucial to risk reduction and HIV-preventive activities. Yet in Kenya, as in most sub-Saharan countries, voluntary testing rates are low, especially among young people. Using hierarchical linear models, we identify both individual- and teacher/school-level factors that affect voluntary HIV testing among secondary school students in Kenya. Results indicate that adolescents are more likely to test for HIV serostatus when they are knowledgeable about testing, have been involved in HIV/AIDS activities in primary school, have been provided with HIV information in secondary school, perceive themselves as at high risk of contracting HIV or know of someone infected with or who has died from HIV/AIDS, and have ever engaged in sexual intercourse. Barriers include fear of going to testing centers and being perceived as HIV-positive. Teacher/school-level characteristics are relevant for explaining rates of HIV testing, especially among girls. To encourage testing, policymakers should attend to teacher/school-level factors as well as individual characteristics of students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Tenkorang
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Liu D, Dong SP, Gao GM, Fan MY, Zhang ZJ, Fang PQ. The study of KBP of road construction workers of highway AIDS prevention project before and after intervention. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2013; 6:817-22. [PMID: 23870472 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To get scientific basis for further health education through the research of the road construction workers' KBP before and after the interventions of highway AIDS prevention project. METHODS Multi-stage random sampling method was employeed to select workers of 8 sites from 14 sites along highway to investigate their AIDS knowledge, belief and performance (KBP) before and after highway AIDS prevention project. RESULTS Over 90% of the investigated workers had ever heard about AIDS, and the non-skilled workers of lower educational level improved more after intervention. The correct answer rate of the three transmitting ways of AIDS of drivers which is the focused group of highway before and after intervention had the obvious statistical significance (P<0.05), and the other group's correct answer rates also had improved after intervention. Most people's understanding of preventing AIDS through correct use of condoms when having sex had a statistically significant difference(P<0.05) after prevention. The rates of using condoms of foremen and skilled workers when having sex with commercial sex worker/casual partner increased after intervention. CONCLUSIONS The health education of HIV among the road construction workers is effective and further health education of HIV prevention should be carried out among the road construction workers to improve their knowledge and awareness of avoiding the high-risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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Mkandawire P, Luginaah I, Dixon J, Armah F, Arku G. Circumcision status and time to first sex among never-married young men in Malawi: evidence from the demographic and health survey. AIDS Behav 2013; 17:2123-35. [PMID: 23474595 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-013-0444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the association between circumcision status and the timing of first sexual intercourse among adolescents in Malawi. Results of survival models applied to nationally representative sample of never-married young men aged between 15 and 24 obtained from the Demographic and Health Survey data show that being circumcised is associated with earlier initiation of sexual activity in Malawi. Young men who reported being circumcised experienced their first sexual intercourse earlier in life than their uncircumcised counterparts. Although the introduction of theoretically relevant knowledge, socio-cultural, demographic, and socioeconomic variables in the multivariate models attenuated the association between circumcision and earlier sexual initiation, the relationship nonetheless remained robust. The study concludes by discussing the implications of these findings and suggests relevant policy recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mkandawire
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Mkandawire P, Tenkorang E, Luginaah IN. Orphan status and time to first sex among adolescents in northern Malawi. AIDS Behav 2013; 17:939-50. [PMID: 22223299 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-011-0120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of orphanhood status on the timing of first sexual intercourse among youth in Malawi. Log-normal models were applied to survey data collected between May and August 2009 from 1,214 adolescents aged 12-18 in Mzuzu, Northern Malawi. Results of this study show that orphanhood is a significant predictor of age at first sex. Male double orphans experienced first sexual intercourse earlier than their male non-orphan peers. Similarly, female maternal and paternal orphans had their sexual debut faster than their non-orphan counterparts. The introduction of social support variables accounted for the orphanhood disadvantage. These findings suggest that in order to delay sexual initiation and reduce HIV risk among orphans in Malawi, policy efforts should focus on enhancing factual knowledge about HIV/AIDS, household food security, social support, and other measures that will strengthen existing social support networks and connectedness of surviving family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mkandawire
- Social Science Centre 1424, Department of Geography, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada.
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Tenkorang EY. Myths and misconceptions about HIV transmission in Ghana: what are the drivers? CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2012; 15:296-310. [PMID: 23240740 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2012.752107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical and social cognitive models driving HIV preventive activities in sub-Saharan Africa are mostly premised on factual and accurate knowledge of the disease. While knowledge about HIV exists in most parts of Africa, there is widespread belief in myths that often contradict and undermine preventive efforts. Using the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey and applying logit models, we examined what influences belief in myths and misconceptions surrounding HIV transmission among Ghanaian men and women. Results indicate that respondents with high knowledge of how HIV may be transmitted had lower odds of endorsing myths about the disease. Compared to the less educated and poorer Ghanaians, educated and wealthier Ghanaians were less likely to endorse myths about HIV. Also, compared to the Akan people, respondents identifying with other ethnic groups were significantly less likely to endorse myths. The findings suggest that policy makers provide accurate information about how the disease is spread to counter myths surrounding HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Tenkorang
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
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