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Guthrie B, Rogers G, Livingstone S, Morales DR, Donnan P, Davis S, Youn JH, Hainsworth R, Thompson A, Payne K. The implications of competing risks and direct treatment disutility in cardiovascular disease and osteoporotic fracture: risk prediction and cost effectiveness analysis. HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE DELIVERY RESEARCH 2024; 12:1-275. [PMID: 38420962 DOI: 10.3310/kltr7714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Clinical guidelines commonly recommend preventative treatments for people above a risk threshold. Therefore, decision-makers must have faith in risk prediction tools and model-based cost-effectiveness analyses for people at different levels of risk. Two problems that arise are inadequate handling of competing risks of death and failing to account for direct treatment disutility (i.e. the hassle of taking treatments). We explored these issues using two case studies: primary prevention of cardiovascular disease using statins and osteoporotic fracture using bisphosphonates. Objectives Externally validate three risk prediction tools [QRISK®3, QRISK®-Lifetime, QFracture-2012 (ClinRisk Ltd, Leeds, UK)]; derive and internally validate new risk prediction tools for cardiovascular disease [competing mortality risk model with Charlson Comorbidity Index (CRISK-CCI)] and fracture (CFracture), accounting for competing-cause death; quantify direct treatment disutility for statins and bisphosphonates; and examine the effect of competing risks and direct treatment disutility on the cost-effectiveness of preventative treatments. Design, participants, main outcome measures, data sources Discrimination and calibration of risk prediction models (Clinical Practice Research Datalink participants: aged 25-84 years for cardiovascular disease and aged 30-99 years for fractures); direct treatment disutility was elicited in online stated-preference surveys (people with/people without experience of statins/bisphosphonates); costs and quality-adjusted life-years were determined from decision-analytic modelling (updated models used in National Institute for Health and Care Excellence decision-making). Results CRISK-CCI has excellent discrimination, similar to that of QRISK3 (Harrell's c = 0.864 vs. 0.865, respectively, for women; and 0.819 vs. 0.834, respectively, for men). CRISK-CCI has systematically better calibration, although both models overpredict in high-risk subgroups. People recommended for treatment (10-year risk of ≥ 10%) are younger when using QRISK-Lifetime than when using QRISK3, and have fewer observed events in a 10-year follow-up (4.0% vs. 11.9%, respectively, for women; and 4.3% vs. 10.8%, respectively, for men). QFracture-2012 underpredicts fractures, owing to under-ascertainment of events in its derivation. However, there is major overprediction among people aged 85-99 years and/or with multiple long-term conditions. CFracture is better calibrated, although it also overpredicts among older people. In a time trade-off exercise (n = 879), statins exhibited direct treatment disutility of 0.034; for bisphosphonates, it was greater, at 0.067. Inconvenience also influenced preferences in best-worst scaling (n = 631). Updated cost-effectiveness analysis generates more quality-adjusted life-years among people with below-average cardiovascular risk and fewer among people with above-average risk. If people experience disutility when taking statins, the cardiovascular risk threshold at which benefits outweigh harms rises with age (≥ 8% 10-year risk at 40 years of age; ≥ 38% 10-year risk at 80 years of age). Assuming that everyone experiences population-average direct treatment disutility with oral bisphosphonates, treatment is net harmful at all levels of risk. Limitations Treating data as missing at random is a strong assumption in risk prediction model derivation. Disentangling the effect of statins from secular trends in cardiovascular disease in the previous two decades is challenging. Validating lifetime risk prediction is impossible without using very historical data. Respondents to our stated-preference survey may not be representative of the population. There is no consensus on which direct treatment disutilities should be used for cost-effectiveness analyses. Not all the inputs to the cost-effectiveness models could be updated. Conclusions Ignoring competing mortality in risk prediction overestimates the risk of cardiovascular events and fracture, especially among older people and those with multimorbidity. Adjustment for competing risk does not meaningfully alter cost-effectiveness of these preventative interventions, but direct treatment disutility is measurable and has the potential to alter the balance of benefits and harms. We argue that this is best addressed in individual-level shared decision-making. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42021249959. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: 15/12/22) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 4. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Guthrie
- Advanced Care Research Centre, Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gabriel Rogers
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shona Livingstone
- Population Health and Genomics Division, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Daniel R Morales
- Population Health and Genomics Division, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Peter Donnan
- Population Health and Genomics Division, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sarah Davis
- School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Rob Hainsworth
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander Thompson
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Katherine Payne
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Kiflen M, Le A, Mao S, Lali R, Narula S, Xie F, Paré G. Cost-Effectiveness of Polygenic Risk Scores to Guide Statin Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2022; 15:e003423. [PMID: 35904973 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.121.003423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading causes of death despite effective therapies and result in unnecessary morbidity and mortality throughout the world. We aimed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of polygenic risk scores (PRS) to guide statin therapy for Canadians with intermediate CVD risk and model its economic outlook. METHODS This cost-utility analysis was conducted using UK Biobank prospective cohort study participants, with recruitment from 2006 to 2010, and at least 10 years of follow-up. We included nonrelated white British-descent participants (n=96 116) at intermediate CVD risk with no prior lipid lowering medication or statin-indicated conditions. A coronary artery disease PRS was used to inform decision to use statins. The effects of statin therapy with and without PRS, as well as CVD events were modelled to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio from a Canadian public health care perspective. We discounted future costs and quality-adjusted life-years by 1.5% annually. RESULTS The optimal economic strategy was when intermediate risk individuals with a PRS in the top 70% are eligible for statins while the lowest 1% are excluded. Base-case analysis at a genotyping cost of $70 produced an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $172 906 (143 685 USD) per quality-adjusted life-year. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the intervention has approximately a 50% probability of being cost-effective at $179 100 (148 749 USD) per quality-adjusted life-year. At a $0 genotyping cost, representing individuals with existing genotyping information, PRS-guided strategies dominated standard care when 12% of the lowest PRS individuals were withheld from statins. With improved PRS predictive performance and lower genotyping costs, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio demonstrates possible cost-effectiveness under thresholds of $150 000 and possibly $50 000 per quality-adjusted life-year. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that using PRS alongside existing guidelines might be cost-effective for CVD. Stronger predictiveness combined with decreased cost of PRS could further improve cost-effectiveness, providing an economic basis for its inclusion into clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Kiflen
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (M.K.).,Population Health Research Institute (M.K., A.L., S.M., R.L., S.N., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann Le
- Population Health Research Institute (M.K., A.L., S.M., R.L., S.N., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Sciences (A.L.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shihong Mao
- Population Health Research Institute (M.K., A.L., S.M., R.L., S.N., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ricky Lali
- Population Health Research Institute (M.K., A.L., S.M., R.L., S.N., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (R.L., S.N., F.X., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sukrit Narula
- Population Health Research Institute (M.K., A.L., S.M., R.L., S.N., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT (S.N.)
| | - Feng Xie
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (R.L., S.N., F.X., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute (M.K., A.L., S.M., R.L., S.N., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (R.L., S.N., F.X., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Thrombosis & Atherosclerosis Research Institute (G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (G.P.)
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Hastings K, Marquina C, Morton J, Abushanab D, Berkovic D, Talic S, Zomer E, Liew D, Ademi Z. Projected New-Onset Cardiovascular Disease by Socioeconomic Group in Australia. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2022; 40:449-460. [PMID: 35037191 PMCID: PMC8761535 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-021-01127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic status has an important effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data on the economic implications of CVD by socioeconomic status are needed to inform healthcare planning. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to project new-onset CVD and related health economic outcomes in Australia by socioeconomic status from 2021 to 2030. METHODS A dynamic population model was built to project annual new-onset CVD by socioeconomic quintile in Australians aged 40-79 years from 2021 to 2030. Cardiovascular risk was estimated using the Pooled Cohort Equation (PCE) from Australian-specific data, stratified for each socioeconomic quintile. The model projected years of life lived, quality- adjusted life-years (QALYs), acute healthcare medical costs, and productivity losses due to new-onset CVD. All outcomes were discounted by 5% annually. RESULTS PCE estimates showed that 8.4% of people in the most disadvantaged quintile were at high risk of CVD, compared with 3.7% in the least disadvantaged quintile (p < 0.001). From 2021 to 2030, the model projected 32% more cardiovascular events in the most disadvantaged quintile compared with the least disadvantaged (127,070 in SE 1 vs. 96,222 in SE 5). Acute healthcare costs in the most disadvantaged quintile were Australian dollars (AU$) 183 million higher than the least disadvantaged, and the difference in productivity costs was AU$959 million. Removing the equity gap (by applying the cardiovascular risk from the least disadvantaged quintile to the whole population) would prevent 114,822 cardiovascular events and save AU$704 million of healthcare costs and AU$3844 million of lost earnings over the next 10 years. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the pressing need to implement primary prevention interventions to reduce cardiovascular health inequity. This model provides a platform to incorporate socioeconomic status into health economic models by estimating which interventions are likely to yield more benefits in each socioeconomic quintile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Hastings
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Clara Marquina
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Jedidiah Morton
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Diabetes and Population Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dina Abushanab
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | | | - Stella Talic
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Ella Zomer
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Zanfina Ademi
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Li KC, Huang L, Tian M, Di Tanna GL, Yu J, Zhang X, Yin X, Liu Y, Hao Z, Zhou B, Feng X, Li Z, Zhang J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang R, Yu Y, Li N, Yan LL, Labarthe DR, Elliott P, Wu Y, Neal B, Lung T, Si L. Cost-effectiveness of a Household Salt Substitution Intervention: Findings From 20,995 Participants of the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS). Circulation 2022; 145:1534-1541. [PMID: 35311346 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.059573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:: The Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS) ─ a five-year cluster randomized controlled trial, demonstrated that replacing regular salt with a reduced-sodium added-potassium salt substitute reduced the risks of stroke, major adverse cardiovascular events and premature death among individuals with prior stroke or uncontrolled high blood pressure living in rural China. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness profile of the intervention. Methods: A within-trial economic evaluation of SSaSS was conducted from the perspective of the healthcare system and consumers. The primary health outcome assessed was stroke and we also quantified effects on quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Healthcare costs were identified from participant health insurance records and the literature. All costs (Chinese Yuan - CNY ¥) and QALYs were discounted at 5% per annum. Incremental costs, stroke events averted, and QALYs gained were estimated using bivariate multilevel models. Results: Mean follow-up of the 20,995 participants was 4.7 years. Over this period, replacing regular salt with salt substitute reduced the risk of stroke by 14% (rate ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.77 to 0.96; p=0.006) and the salt substitute group had on average 0.054 more QALYs per person. The average costs (CNY ¥1,538 for the intervention group and CNY ¥1,649 for the control group) were lower in the salt substitute group (CNY ¥110 less). The intervention was dominant (better outcomes at lower cost) for prevention of stroke as well as for QALYs gained. Sensitivity analyses showed that these conclusions were robust, except when the price of salt substitute was increased to the median and highest market prices identified in China. The salt substitute intervention had a 95.0% probability of being cost-saving, and a greater than 99.9% probability of being cost-effective. Conclusions: Replacing regular salt with salt substitute was a cost-saving intervention for the prevention of stroke and improvement of quality of life amongst the SSaSS participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Chun Li
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Liping Huang
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maoyi Tian
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gian Luca Di Tanna
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jie Yu
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Yin
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yishu Liu
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhixin Hao
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | | | - Zhifang Li
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Center for Disease Control of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jixin Sun
- Center for Disease Control of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | - Yi Zhao
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ruijuan Zhang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Nicole Li
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lijing L Yan
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Global Health Research Centre, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | | | - Paul Elliott
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Lung
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lei Si
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Shaheen FAM, Meunier A, Altowaijri A, Faadhel TA, Al-Abdulkarim H, AlGabash A, Floros L. Cost Consequence Analysis of the Management of Hyperkalemia by Patiromer and Optimization of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Saudi Arabia. SAUDI JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES AND TRANSPLANTATION 2022; 33:S39-S52. [PMID: 37102523 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.374381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) have been shown to improve outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients but are associated with an increased risk of hyperkalemia in this vulnerable population. Hyperkalemia often leads to patients' downtitrating or discontinuing RAASi which can result in sub-optimal health outcomes. The objective is to evaluate the cost and health benefits of maintaining normokalemia using patiromer, an oral potassium binder while optimizing RAASi therapy in CKD patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The medium-to long-term costs and health outcomes of patients with CKD stage 3-4 and raised serum potassium levels (≥5.5 mmol/L) at baseline were estimated, from a Saudi Arabia payer perspective, using a Markov state-transition model simulating the natural progression of CKD depending on patients' serum potassium level and usage of RAASi at different dosages. The analysis demonstrated that appropriate management of hyperkalemia, enabling optimization of RAASi, leads to cost and health benefits. The cost of patiromer is offset by 68% due to a reduction in management costs associated with CKD progression, hyperkalemia-related hospitalization, and cardiovascular (CV) events. Over a 10-year time horizon, a pool of 300 patients treated with patiromer experience increased life-expectancy [+3.78 life-years (LYs)] and slower disease progression, with decreased time spent in end-stage renal disease (-9.59 LYs). Patiromer may deliver value to both CKD patients and payers in Saudi Arabia, leading to better health outcomes for the former and reduced cost of management of CKD progression and CV events at low additional costs for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Talal Al Faadhel
- Division of Nephrology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana Al-Abdulkarim
- Drug Policy and Economics Center, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Rivolo S, Di Fusco M, Polanco C, Kang A, Dhanda D, Savone M, Skandamis A, Kongnakorn T, Soto J. Cost-effectiveness analysis of apixaban versus vitamin K antagonists for antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation after acute coronary syndrome or percutaneous coronary intervention in Spain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259251. [PMID: 34767564 PMCID: PMC8589164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE AUGUSTUS trial demonstrated that, for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), an antithrombotic regimen with apixaban and P2Y12 resulted in less bleeding, fewer hospitalizations, and similar ischemic events than regimens including a vitamin K antagonist (VKA), aspirin, or both. This study objective was to evaluate long-term health and economic outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of apixaban over VKA, as a treatment option for patients with AF having ACS/PCI. METHODS A lifetime Markov cohort model was developed comparing apixaban versus VKA across multiple treatment strategies (triple [with P2Y12 + aspirin] or dual [with P2Y12] therapy followed by monotherapy [apixaban or VKA]; triple followed by dual and then monotherapy; dual followed by monotherapy). The model adopted the Spanish healthcare perspective, with a 3-month cycle length and costs and health outcomes discounted at 3%. RESULTS Treatment with apixaban resulted in total cost savings of €883 and higher life years (LYs) and quality-adjusted LYs (QALYs) per patient than VKA (net difference, LYs: 0.13; QALYs: 0.11). Bleeding and ischemic events (per 100 patients) were lower with apixaban than VKA (net difference, -13.9 and -1.8, respectively). Incremental net monetary benefit for apixaban was €3,041, using a willingness-to-pay threshold of €20,000 per QALY. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, apixaban was dominant in the majority of simulations (92.6%), providing additional QALYs at lower costs than VKA. CONCLUSIONS Apixaban was a dominant treatment strategy than VKA from both the Spanish payer's and societal perspectives, regardless of treatment strategy considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amiee Kang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Devender Dhanda
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mirko Savone
- Pfizer Inc, New York, New York, United States of America
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Marquina C, Talic S, Vargas-Torres S, Petrova M, Abushanab D, Owen A, Lybrand S, Thomson D, Liew D, Zomer E, Ademi Z. Future burden of cardiovascular disease in Australia: impact on health and economic outcomes between 2020 and 2029. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 29:1212-1219. [PMID: 33686414 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the health and economic burden of new and established cardiovascular disease from 2020 to 2029 in Australia. METHODS AND RESULTS A two-stage multistate dynamic model was developed to predict the burden of the incident and prevalent cardiovascular disease, for Australians 40-90 years old from 2020 to 2029. The model captured morbidity, mortality, years of life lived, quality-adjusted life years, healthcare costs, and productivity losses. Cardiovascular risk for the primary prevention population was derived using Australian demographic data and the Pooled Cohort Equation. Risk for the secondary prevention population was derived from the REACH registry. Input data for costs and utilities were extracted from published sources. All outcomes were annually discounted by 5%. A number of sensitivity analyses were undertaken to test the robustness of the study. Between 2020 and 2029, the model estimates 377 754 fatal and 991 375 non-fatal cardiovascular events. By 2029, 1 061 756 Australians will have prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD). The population accrued 8 815 271 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 8 805 083-8 841 432] years of life lived with CVD and 5 876 975 (5 551 484-6 226 045) QALYs. The total healthcare costs of CVD were projected to exceed Australian dollars (AUD) 61.89 (61.79-88.66) billion, and productivity losses will account for AUD 78.75 (49.40-295.25) billion, driving the total cost to surpass AUD 140.65 (123.13-370.23) billion. CONCLUSION Cardiovascular disease in Australia has substantial impacts in terms of morbidity, mortality, and lost revenue to the healthcare system and the society. Our modelling provides important information for decision making in relation to the future burden of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marquina
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Stella Talic
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Sandra Vargas-Torres
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Marjana Petrova
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Dina Abushanab
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alice Owen
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Sean Lybrand
- External Access Engagement, Value Access and Policy, Amgen Europe GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Thomson
- Policy and Advocay, Amgen Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Ella Zomer
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Zanfina Ademi
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia
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