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Osama HM, Khadrawy SM, El-Nahass ES, Othman SI, Mohamed HM. Eltroxin and Hesperidin mitigate testicular and renal damage in hypothyroid rats: amelioration of oxidative stress through PPARγ and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:19. [PMID: 38745206 PMCID: PMC11092223 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate growth, development and function of different tissues. Hypothyroidism is a common clinical disorder characterized by deficiency in THs and adversely affects the development and functions of several organs. This work aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of eltroxin (ELT), a hypothyroidism medication, and hesperidin (HSP), a flavonoid, against testicular and renal toxicity in hypothyroid rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups and treated orally for 12 weeks. Group I (control), group II (hypothyroidism) received 20 mg/kg carbimazole (CBZ), group III received CBZ and 0.045 mg/kg ELT, and group IV received CBZ and 200 mg/kg HSP. RESULTS CBZ administration induced biochemical and histopathological changes in testis and kidney. Co-administration of ELT or HSP significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated THs, reduced urea and creatinine while raised follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone in serum. Testicular and renal malondialdehyde level as a lipid peroxidation indicator, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased while glutathione content, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-s-transferase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. The histopathological changes were also diminished. Decreased mRNA and protein expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ) in hypothyroid rats were up-regulated after ELT or HSP treatment. CONCLUSIONS ELT and HSP showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against CBZ-induced testicular and renal toxicity, and these effects may be promoted via activating Nrf2/HO-1 and PPARγ signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel M Osama
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sally M Khadrawy
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - El-Shaymaa El-Nahass
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sarah I Othman
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. BOX 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa M Mohamed
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Zhang Z, Xu W, Zheng Y, Chen C, Kang X, Chen D, Cheng F, Wang X. Causal relationship between psoriasis vulgaris and dementia: Insights from Mendelian randomization analysis. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14984. [PMID: 37997526 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Many clinical studies have demonstrated a correlation between psoriasis vulgaris and dementia, yet this correlation remains controversial. Our study employed the Mendelian randomization (MR) method to investigate the causal relationship between psoriasis vulgaris and dementia. Data were obtained from the summary statistics of the genome-wide association studies from IEU-OpenGWAS project database. In univariate Mendelian randomization (UVMR) analysis, psoriasis vulgaris was used as exposure. Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) served as the outcomes. In multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis, VaD served as the outcome. The first MVMR analysis used psoriasis vulgaris, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and platelet count (PLT) as exposures. The second MVMR analysis used psoriasis vulgaris, vitamin D level and 25 hydroxyvitamin D level as exposures. The main analysis employed the inverse variance weighted method, and the outcomes were evaluated by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). In UVMR analysis, the results depicted that psoriasis vulgaris was associated with VaD (OR: 0.903, 95% CI: 0.818-0.996, p = 0.041). The results revealed insignificant associations between psoriasis vulgaris and other dementia types. After adjusting the effects of MPV, PDW and PLT in MVMR analysis, the association between psoriasis vulgaris and VaD was no longer significant (p = 0.164). Similarly, after adjusting the effects of vitamin D level and 25 hydroxyvitamin D level in MVMR analysis, the association between psoriasis vulgaris and VaD was also no longer significant (p = 0.533). Our study suggests that psoriasis vulgaris may potentially decrease VaD incidence. However, the causal association between psoriasis vulgaris and VaD may be impeded by platelet-related indices, vitamin D level and 25 hydroxyvitamin D level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiu Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiao Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Congai Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Kang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Jafni S, Sathya S, Arunkumar M, Kiruthiga C, Jeyakumar M, Murugesh E, Devi KP. Hesperidin Methyl Chalcone reduces extracellular Aβ (25-35) peptide aggregation and fibrillation and also protects Neuro 2a cells from Aβ (25-35) induced neuronal dysfunction. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 96:117536. [PMID: 38016411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the neuroprotective potential of Hesperidin Methyl Chalcone (HMC) against the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ(25-35) peptide. HMC demonstrated higher free-radical scavenging activity than Hesperidin in initial cell-free studies. Investigations using the fluorescent dye thioflavin T with Aβ(25-35) peptide showed that HMC has the ability to combat extracellular amyloid aggregation by possessing anti-aggregation property against oligomers and by disaggregating mature fibrils. Also, the results of the molecular simulation studies show that HMC ameliorated oligomer formation. Further, the anti-Alzheimer's property of HMC was investigated in in vitro cell conditions by pre-treating the neuro 2a (N2a) cells with HMC before inducing Aβ(25-35) toxicity. The findings demonstrate that HMC increased cell viability, reduced oxidative stress, prevented macromolecular damage, allayed mitochondrial dysfunction, and exhibited anticholinesterase activity. HMC also reduced Aβ induced neuronal cell death by modulating caspase-3 activity, Bax expression and Bcl2 overexpression, demonstrating that HMC pre-treatment reduced mitochondrial damage and intrinsic apoptosis induced by Aβ(25-35).In silico evaluation against potential AD targets reveal that HMC could be a potent inhibitor of BACE-1, inhibiting the formation of toxic Aβ peptides. Overall, the findings imply that the neuroprotective efficacy of HMC has high prospects for addressing a variety of pathogenic consequences caused by amyloid beta in AD situations and alleviating cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Jafni
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sethuraman Sathya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Malaisamy Arunkumar
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Mahalingam Jeyakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Easwaran Murugesh
- Research Scientist, Bioinformatics Centre, GRC - Ganga Hospital, Coimbatore, India
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Wang J, Liu Y, Wu Y, Yang K, Yang K, Yan L, Feng L. Anti-inflammatory effects of icariin in the acute and chronic phases of the mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176141. [PMID: 37866741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia made a significant contribution in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Icariin (ICA), a bioactive ingredient isolated from Epimedium, has been shown to present both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was to explore the potential therapeutic effects of icariin on mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy and its underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. To this end, we firstly measured the serum concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and found that patients with a higher seizure frequency showed correspondingly higher inflammatory reaction. Mouse pharmacokinetic study, transmembrane transportation assay, and cell viability assay collectively demonstrated that ICA was able to cross the blood-brain barrier and has good biocompatibility. The acute and chronic epilepsy models were next established in a pilocarpine mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Icariin has been identified that it could cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the hippocampus to exhibit therapeutic effects. ICA treatment dramatically promoted microglial polarization to the M2 phenotype in epilepsy mice both in the acute and chronic phases. Reduced release of M1-associated proinflammatory factors, such as IL-1β and IL-6, corroborates the altered glial cell polarization. Furthermore, ICA alleviated seizure intensity and mortality in acute phase epileptic mice. Models in the chronic group also showed improved general condition, cognition ability, and memory function after ICA treatment. Taken together, our research strongly suggested that icariin has the potential to treat epilepsy via inhibiting neuroinflammation by promoting microglial polarization to the M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yunyi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yuanxia Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Kaiyi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Luzhe Yan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (Jiangxi Branch), Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, China.
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张 竞, 何 静, 米 晓, 许 贤, 田 英, 燕 茹. [High homocysteine level promotes autophagy and apoptosis of mouse hippocampal HT22 cells through the Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2023; 43:1796-1803. [PMID: 37933657 PMCID: PMC10630217 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2023.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of neuronal injury caused by hyperhomocysteinemia. METHODS Mouse hippocampal HT22 cells were treated with homocysteine (Hcy, 100 μmol/L), Hcy+folic acid+vitamin B12 (100+fv group) or folic acid+vitamin B12 (0+fv group), and the changes in cell autophagy and apoptosis were detected using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and flow cytometry. The expressions of Hes1, Hes5, Notch1, Jagged1, Bcl-2, Bax, P62 and LC3 in the treated cells were detected with Western blotting and real-time PCR. RESULTS Treatment with Hcy for 48 h significantly increased the number of dead cells in HT22 cell cultures. Flow cytometry showed that the percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in cells treated with Hcy alone than in other treatment groups (P<0.05). TEM revealed obvious mitochondrial swelling and vacuolation and increased autophagy in Hcy-treated cells. Western blotting showed that the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was significantly higher in Hcy-treated cells than in the blank control cells and cells in 100+fv group (P<0.05). The Hcy-treated cells showed a significantly lower relative expression of P62 than the blank control cells (P<0.05), a higher LC3II/LC3I ratio than the cells in the blank control and 100+fv groups (P<0.05), and lower expressions of HES1, HES5, Notch1 and Jagged1 proteins than the blank control cells (P<0.05). Interference with Hes1 siRNA significantly lowered the expression levels of Hes1 and Jagged1 without obviously affecting Notch1 expression in HT22 cells (P>0.05). CONCLUSION High Hcy levels promote autophagy and apoptosis and down-regulate Hes1 and Jagged1 expressions in HT22 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- 竞文 张
- 宁夏医科大学基础医学院//国家卫生健康委员会代谢性心血管疾病研究重点实验室, 宁夏 银川 750004School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, University, Yinchuan 750004, China Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - 静 何
- 宁夏医科大学总医院, 宁夏 银川 750004General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - 晓娟 米
- 宁夏医科大学基础医学院//国家卫生健康委员会代谢性心血管疾病研究重点实验室, 宁夏 银川 750004School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, University, Yinchuan 750004, China Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - 贤瑞 许
- 宁夏医科大学总医院, 宁夏 银川 750004General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - 英 田
- 宁夏医科大学基础医学院//国家卫生健康委员会代谢性心血管疾病研究重点实验室, 宁夏 银川 750004School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, University, Yinchuan 750004, China Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - 茹 燕
- 宁夏医科大学总医院, 宁夏 银川 750004General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Eid A, Ghaleb SS, Zaki A, Ibrahim M, Farghali AA, Ali LE, Abdelgawad MA, Ghoneim MM, Al-Serwi RH, Hassan RM, Ahmad M. Hesperidin Attenuates Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats by Regulating Nrf-2/TNF-α Signaling Pathway, the Suppression of Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37584-37591. [PMID: 37841165 PMCID: PMC10568688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are widely utilized and consumed mainly as food additives. Oxidative stress is considered to be the basic effect of TiO2NPs through biological interactions. Hesperidin (HSP) is a bioflavonoid (flavanone glycoside) with lipid-lowering, inflammation, oxidative stress suppression, antihypertensive, cancer-fighting, and antiedema effects. Objective: This study was to investigate the possible protective influences of HSP of subchronic oral TiO2NP exposure on the brains of rats, including neurotransmitters, oxidative stress/antioxidant parameters, inflammatory markers, and histological changes in the brains of adult male albino rats. Methodology: The experiment was executed on 80 albino rats. The animals were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. The first group served as a control; the second group was treated with oral doses of HSP (100 mg/kg Bw daily); the third group received TiO2NPs (200 mg/kg Bw orally daily); and the fourth group was treated with TiO2NPs and an oral dose of HSP daily for 8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis. Neurotransmitters, oxidative stress biomarker levels, and inflammatory markers were measured in brain homogenates. Histological examination of the brain was performed through H&E staining. Results: Coadministration of hesperidin with TiO2NPs orally for 8 weeks decreased the levels of MDA, TNF-α, AChE, and dopamine in brain homogenates, which were increased in the TiO2NP group. It increased the other oxidative biomarkers (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and Nrf-2 expression levels. Brain histological sections of the TiO2NP-treated group show degeneration, necrosis, congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration that decreased markedly in the coadministration of hesperidin with the TiO2NP group. Conclusion: Hesperidin cotreatment offers significant protection against TiO2NP-induced oxidative stress and biochemical and histological alteration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Eid
- Forensic
Medicine and Clinical Toxicology department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Sherien S. Ghaleb
- Forensic
Medicine and Clinical Toxicology department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11511, Egypt
| | - Amr Zaki
- Forensic
Medicine and Clinical Toxicology department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ibrahim
- Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Farghali
- Materials
Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies
for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa E. Ali
- Forensic
Medicine and Clinical Toxicology department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department
of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Hamed Al-Serwi
- Department
of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Randa M. Hassan
- Cytology
and Histology department, faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Manar Ahmad
- Forensic
Medicine and Clinical Toxicology department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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Naewla S, Prajit R, Sritawan N, Suwannakot K, Sirichoat A, Aranarochana A, Wigmore P, Welbat JU. Hesperidin ameliorates impairment in hippocampal neural stem cells related to apoptosis induced by methotrexate in adult rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115329. [PMID: 37597319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a process of generating neural stem cells (NSCs) as functional neurons can be decreased after chemotherapy treatments. Methotrexate (MTX) is a folate antagonist that is used for cancer treatment but has negative effects, including oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis and cognitive impairments. Hesperidin (Hsd), a flavonoid found in citrus fruits, has antioxidant and neuroprotection properties. This study investigated whether Hsd could attenuate impairments of hippocampal neural stem cells related to apoptosis induced by MTX. Spraque-Dawley rats (n = 24) were divided into 4 groups: (1) Vehicle group received propylene glycol (21 days) and 0.9% normal saline (day 8 and 15), (2) Hsd group received 100 mg/kg (21 days), (3) MTX group received 75 mg/kg (days 8 and 15) and (4) MTX+Hsd group received MTX, 75 mg/kg (day 8 and 15) and Hsd 100 mg/kg (21 days). Our results showed that MTX decreased hippocampal neural stem cells including SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) and nestin. MTX diminished vascular related (VR) Ki-67 positive cells in the hippocampus but not non-vascular related (NVR) Ki-67. Additionally, MTX reduced SOX2, nestin, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and B-cell lymphoma-2 family of proteins (Bcl-2), whereas Bax and caspase-3 were enhanced in the hippocampal tissues. Interestingly, co-treatment with Hsd and MTX revealed upregulation of SOX2, nestin and VR Ki-67 positive cells as well as elevated SOX2, nestin, PSD-95 and Bcl-2 proteins. Moreover, receiving both Hsd and MTX significantly suppressed increased Bax and caspase-3. These results confirm that Hsd can ameliorate MTX-induced impairments of hippocampal NSC proliferation and neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salinee Naewla
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ram Prajit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nataya Sritawan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kornrawee Suwannakot
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand; Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Sirichoat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anusara Aranarochana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Peter Wigmore
- Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jariya Umka Welbat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Neurogenesis Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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The young fruit of Citrus aurantium L. or Citrus sinensis Osbeck as a natural health food: A deep insight into the scientific evidence of its health benefits. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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Bellavite P. Neuroprotective Potentials of Flavonoids: Experimental Studies and Mechanisms of Action. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020280. [PMID: 36829840 PMCID: PMC9951959 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly those related to aging, are on the rise, but drug therapies are rarely curative. Functional disorders and the organic degeneration of nervous tissue often have complex causes, in which phenomena of oxidative stress, inflammation and cytotoxicity are intertwined. For these reasons, the search for natural substances that can slow down or counteract these pathologies has increased rapidly over the last two decades. In this paper, studies on the neuroprotective effects of flavonoids (especially the two most widely used, hesperidin and quercetin) on animal models of depression, neurotoxicity, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease are reviewed. The literature on these topics amounts to a few hundred publications on in vitro and in vivo models (notably in rodents) and provides us with a very detailed picture of the action mechanisms and targets of these substances. These include the decrease in enzymes that produce reactive oxygen and ferroptosis, the inhibition of mono-amine oxidases, the stimulation of the Nrf2/ARE system, the induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor production and, in the case of AD, the prevention of amyloid-beta aggregation. The inhibition of neuroinflammatory processes has been documented as a decrease in cytokine formation (mainly TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) by microglia and astrocytes, by modulating a number of regulatory proteins such as Nf-kB and NLRP3/inflammasome. Although clinical trials on humans are still scarce, preclinical studies allow us to consider hesperidin, quercetin, and other flavonoids as very interesting and safe dietary molecules to be further investigated as complementary treatments in order to prevent neurodegenerative diseases or to moderate their deleterious effects.
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Biological Evaluation of Valeriana Extracts from Argentina with Potent Cholinesterase Inhibition for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Their Comorbidities-The Case of Valeriana carnosa Sm. (Caprifoliaceae) Studied in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010129. [PMID: 36678626 PMCID: PMC9861714 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder whose pathophysiology includes the abnormal accumulation of proteins (e.g., β-amyloid), oxidative stress, and alterations in neurotransmitter levels, mainly acetylcholine. Here we present a comparative study of the effect of extracts obtained from endemic Argentinian species of valerians, namely V. carnosa Sm., V. clarionifolia Phil. and V. macrorhiza Poepp. ex DC from Patagonia and V. ferax (Griseb.) Höck and V. effusa Griseb., on different AD-related biological targets. Of these anxiolytic, sedative and sleep-inducing valerians, V. carnosa proved the most promising and was assayed in vivo. All valerians inhibited acetylcholinesterase (IC50 between 1.08-12.69 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 between 0.0019-1.46 mg/mL). They also inhibited the aggregation of β-amyloid peptide, were able to chelate Fe2+ ions, and exhibited a direct relationship between antioxidant capacity and phenolic content. Moreover, V. carnosa was able to inhibit human monoamine oxidase A (IC50: 0.286 mg/mL (0.213-0.384)). A daily intake of aqueous V. carnosa extract by male Swiss mice (50 and 150 mg/kg/day) resulted in anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behavior and improved spatial memory. In addition, decreased AChE activity and oxidative stress markers were observed in treated mouse brains. Our studies contribute to the development of indigenous herbal medicines as therapeutic agents for AD.
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A Narrative Review of the Effects of Citrus Peels and Extracts on Human Brain Health and Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091847. [PMID: 35565814 PMCID: PMC9103913 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy increases, age-associated diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) become a major health problem. The onset of AD involves neurological dysfunction due to amyloid-β accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in the brain. In addition, lifestyle-related diseases-such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, and vascular dysfunction-increase the risk of developing dementia. The world population ages, prompting the development of new strategies to maintain brain health and prevent the onset of dementia in older and preclinical patients. Citrus fruits are abundant polymethoxylated flavone and flavanone sources. Preclinical studies reported that these compounds have neuroprotective effects in models of dementia such as AD. Interestingly, clinical and epidemiological studies appear to support preclinical evidence and show improved cognitive function and reduced associated disease risk in healthy individuals and/or patients. This review summarizes the recent evidence of the beneficial effects of citrus peels and extracts on human cognition and related functions.
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D’Amico R, Cordaro M, Fusco R, Peritore AF, Genovese T, Gugliandolo E, Crupi R, Mandalari G, Caccamo D, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Siracusa R, Impellizzeri D. Consumption of Cashew ( Anacardium occidentale L.) Nuts Counteracts Oxidative Stress and Tissue Inflammation in Mild Hyperhomocysteinemia in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:1474. [PMID: 35406088 PMCID: PMC9002620 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a methionine metabolism problem that causes a variety of inflammatory illnesses. Oxidative stress is among the processes thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of the damage produced by HHcy. HHcy is likely to involve the dysfunction of several organs, such as the kidney, liver, or gut, which are currently poorly understood. Nuts are regarded as an important part of a balanced diet since they include protein, good fatty acids, and critical nutrients. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of cashew nuts in HHcy induced by oral methionine administration for 30 days, and to examine the possible pathways involved. In HHcy rats, cashew nuts (100 mg/kg orally, daily) were able to counteract clinical biochemical changes, oxidative and nitrosative stress, reduced antioxidant enzyme levels, lipid peroxidation, proinflammatory cytokine release, histological tissue injuries, and apoptosis in the kidney, colon, and liver, possibly by the modulation of the antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 NRF-2 and inflammatory nuclear factor NF-kB pathways. Thus, the results suggest that the consumption of cashew nuts may be beneficial for the treatment of inflammatory conditions associated with HHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (T.G.); (G.M.); (R.S.); (D.I.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (D.C.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (T.G.); (G.M.); (R.S.); (D.I.)
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (T.G.); (G.M.); (R.S.); (D.I.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (T.G.); (G.M.); (R.S.); (D.I.)
| | - Daniela Caccamo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (D.C.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (T.G.); (G.M.); (R.S.); (D.I.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (T.G.); (G.M.); (R.S.); (D.I.)
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (A.F.P.); (T.G.); (G.M.); (R.S.); (D.I.)
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Friedrich RP, Cicha I, Tietze R, Unterweger H, Lyer S, Janko C, Alexiou C. Intranasal delivery of nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:71-76. [PMID: 34984917 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstr 10a, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstr 10a, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Rainer Tietze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstr 10a, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Harald Unterweger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstr 10a, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Stefan Lyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstr 10a, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Christina Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstr 10a, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstr 10a, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
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14
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Khodir SA, Faried MA, Abd-Elhafiz HI, Sweed EM. Sitagliptin Attenuates the Cognitive Deficits in L-Methionine-Induced Vascular Dementia in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7222590. [PMID: 35265716 PMCID: PMC8898801 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7222590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most prevalent type of dementia characterized by progressive cognitive deficits and is a major risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. This study is aimed at determining the potential neuroprotective effect of sitagliptin (STG) on cognitive deficits in L-methionine-induced VaD in rats and the possible underlying mechanisms. 30 adult male Wistar albino rats were divided equally (n = 10) into three groups: control, VaD, and VaD + STG groups. The cognitive performance of the animals was conducted by open field, elevated plus maze, Y-maze, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. Serum homocysteine, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, total cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were assessed together with hippocampal MDA, SOD, and BDNF. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments of the thoracic aorta and hippocampus (CA1 region) were also performed. Chronic L-methionine administration impaired memory and learning and induced anxiety. On the other hand, STG protected against cognitive deficits through improving oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory mediators, lipid profiles, and hippocampus level of BDNF as well as decreasing caspase-3 and GFAP and increasing Ki-67 immunoreactions in the hippocampus. Also, STG improved the endothelial dysfunction via upregulation of aortic eNOS immunoreaction. STG improved the cognitive deficits of L-methionine-induced VaD by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and neurotrophic effects. These findings suggest that STG may be a promising future agent for protection against VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan A. Khodir
- 1Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Manar A. Faried
- 2Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Huda I. Abd-Elhafiz
- 3Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Sweed
- 3Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
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15
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Koklesova L, Mazurakova A, Samec M, Biringer K, Samuel SM, Büsselberg D, Kubatka P, Golubnitschaja O. Homocysteine metabolism as the target for predictive medical approach, disease prevention, prognosis, and treatments tailored to the person. EPMA J 2021; 12:477-505. [PMID: 34786033 PMCID: PMC8581606 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism is crucial for regulating methionine availability, protein homeostasis, and DNA-methylation presenting, therefore, key pathways in post-genomic and epigenetic regulation mechanisms. Consequently, impaired Hcy metabolism leading to elevated concentrations of Hcy in the blood plasma (hyperhomocysteinemia) is linked to the overproduction of free radicals, induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairments, systemic inflammation and increased risks of eye disorders, coronary artery diseases, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, thrombotic events, cancer development and progression, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disorders, pregnancy complications, delayed healing processes, and poor COVID-19 outcomes, among others. This review focuses on the homocysteine metabolism impairments relevant for various pathological conditions. Innovative strategies in the framework of 3P medicine consider Hcy metabolic pathways as the specific target for in vitro diagnostics, predictive medical approaches, cost-effective preventive measures, and optimized treatments tailored to the individualized patient profiles in primary, secondary, and tertiary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Koklesova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alena Mazurakova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marek Samec
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Biringer
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive, Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Nieraad H, Pannwitz N, de Bruin N, Geisslinger G, Till U. Hyperhomocysteinemia: Metabolic Role and Animal Studies with a Focus on Cognitive Performance and Decline-A Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1546. [PMID: 34680179 PMCID: PMC8533891 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in the one-carbon metabolism are often indicated by altered levels of the endogenous amino acid homocysteine (HCys), which is additionally discussed to causally contribute to diverse pathologies. In the first part of the present review, we profoundly and critically discuss the metabolic role and pathomechanisms of HCys, as well as its potential impact on different human disorders. The use of adequate animal models can aid in unravelling the complex pathological processes underlying the role of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCys). Therefore, in the second part, we systematically searched PubMed/Medline for animal studies regarding HHCys and focused on the potential impact on cognitive performance and decline. The majority of reviewed studies reported a significant effect of HHCys on the investigated behavioral outcomes. Despite of persistent controversial discussions about equivocal findings, especially in clinical studies, the present evaluation of preclinical evidence indicates a causal link between HHCys and cognition-related- especially dementia-like disorders, and points out the further urge for large-scale, well-designed clinical studies in order to elucidate the normalization of HCys levels as a potential preventative or therapeutic approach in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Nieraad
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.P.); (N.d.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Nina Pannwitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.P.); (N.d.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Natasja de Bruin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.P.); (N.d.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.P.); (N.d.B.); (G.G.)
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uwe Till
- Former Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Nonnenplan 2, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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17
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Ishola IO, Ben-Azu B, Adebayo OA, Ajayi AM, Omorodion IL, Edje KE, Adeyemi OO. Prevention and reversal of ketamine-induced experimental psychosis in mice by the neuroactive flavonoid, hesperidin: The role of oxidative and cholinergic mechanisms. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:239-251. [PMID: 34653559 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, prevailing evidence have identified cholinergic and oxidative pathways as important therapeutic targets for abating ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behavior. Thus, this study evaluated the ability of hesperidin, a naturally occurring antioxidant and neuroprotective flavonoid, to prevent and reverse ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors and changes in cholinergic, oxidative and nitrergic status in mice. Forty-eight male Swiss mice were allotted into the preventive and reversal studies with 4 groups (n = 6) each. In the preventive study, groups 1 and 2 received vehicle (10 mL/kg/p.o./day), while groups 3 and 4 had hesperidin (100 mg/kg/p.o./day) for 14 days, but ketamine (20 mg/kg/i.p./day) was concurrently given to groups 2 and 4 from days 8-14. In the reversal study, groups 1 and 3 received vehicle, groups 2 and 4 were pretreated with ketamine for 14 days. Nevertheless, groups 3 and 4 additionally received hesperidin from days 8-14. Thereafter, schizophrenia-like behavior from exploratory activity, open-field (positive symptoms), Y-maze (cognitive symptoms) and social interaction (negative symptoms) tests were evaluated. Brain levels of oxidative/nitrergic (glutathione, superoxide-dismutase, malondialdehyde and nitrite levels) and cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase activity) markers were measured in the prefrontal-cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Hesperidin prevents and reverses ketamine-induced hyperactivities, social withdrawal and cognitive impairment. Also, hesperidin prevented and reversed ketamine-induced decrease in glutathione and superoxide-dismutase levels in the prefrontal-cortical, striatal and hippocampal brain regions in mice. Consequently, hesperidin attenuated ketamine-induced increase in malondialdehyde, nitrite levels and acetylcholinesterase activities in the prefrontal-cortex, striatum and hippocampus, respectively. The study showed that hesperidin prevents and reverses ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behavior through inhibition of oxidative/nitrergic stress and acetylcholinesterase activity in mice brains. Therefore, these findings suggest that hesperidin dietary supplementation could provide natural nutritional intervention to protect against epigenetic-induced mental ill-health like schizophrenia, and thus serve as an important agent for nutritional psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail O Ishola
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwatosin A Adebayo
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Abayomi M Ajayi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Iziegbe Lisa Omorodion
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kesiena Emmanuel Edje
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | - Olufunmilayo O Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
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Agrawal PK, Agrawal C, Blunden G. Pharmacological Significance of Hesperidin and Hesperetin, Two Citrus Flavonoids, as Promising Antiviral Compounds for Prophylaxis Against and Combating COVID-19. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211042540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hesperidin and hesperetin are flavonoids that are abundantly present as constituents of citrus fruits. These compounds have attracted attention as several computational methods, mostly docking studies, have shown that hesperidin may bind to multiple regions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (spike protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and proteases). Hesperidin has a low binding energy, both with the SARS-CoV-2 “spike” protein responsible for internalization, and also with the “PLpro” and “Mpro” responsible for transforming the early proteins of the virus into the complex responsible for viral replication. This suggests that these flavonoids could act as prophylactic agents by blocking several mechanisms of viral infection and replication, and thus helping the host cell to resist viral attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerald Blunden
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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19
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Yan J, Nie Y, Luo M, Chen Z, He B. Natural Compounds: A Potential Treatment for Alcoholic Liver Disease? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:694475. [PMID: 34290612 PMCID: PMC8287649 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.694475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake is a direct cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). ALD usually manifests as fatty liver in the initial stage and then develops into alcoholic hepatitis (ASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. Severe alcoholism induces extensive hepatocyte death, liver failure, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently, there are few effective clinical means to treat ALD, except for abstinence. Natural compounds are a class of compounds extracted from herbs with an explicit chemical structure. Several natural compounds, such as silymarin, quercetin, hesperidin, and berberine, have been shown to have curative effects on ALD without side effects. In this review, we pay particular attention to natural compounds and developing clinical drugs based on natural compounds for ALD, with the aim of providing a potential treatment for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunmeng Nie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beihui He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Jiang Q, Wang L, Si X, Tian JL, Zhang Y, Gui HL, Li B, Tan DH. Current progress on the mechanisms of hyperhomocysteinemia-induced vascular injury and use of natural polyphenol compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 905:174168. [PMID: 33984300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common diseases in the elderly population, and its incidence has rapidly increased with the prolongation of life expectancy. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, and damage to vascular function plays an initial role in its pathogenesis. This review presents the latest knowledge on the mechanisms of vascular injury caused by hyperhomocysteinemia, including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein N-homocysteinization, and epigenetic modification, and discusses the therapeutic targets of natural polyphenols. Studies have shown that natural polyphenols in plants can reduce homocysteine levels and regulate DNA methylation by acting on oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related signaling pathways, thus improving hyperhomocysteinemia-induced vascular injury. Natural polyphenols obtained via daily diet are safer and have more practical significance in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases than traditional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Xu Si
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
| | - Jin-Long Tian
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
| | - Hai-Long Gui
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
| | - De-Hong Tan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
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Deng X, Teng J, Nong X, Yu B, Tang L, Liang J, Zou Z, Liu Q, Zhou L, Li Q, Zhao L. Characteristics of TCM Constitution and Related Biomarkers for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1115-1124. [PMID: 33907404 PMCID: PMC8068505 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s290692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of Alzheimer's disease is on the rise, early detection of cognitive impairment of the elderly is very important. In traditional Chinese medicine, constitution is related to the susceptibility of the human body to diseases. Based on the theory of constitution of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the human population can be classified into 9 constitutions. However, little is known about the characteristics of medical constitution and related biomarkers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS We measured the TCM Constitution of 214 subjects by using the Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire (CCMQ). MMSE and MoCA were used to assess cognitive function. The subjects were divided into mild cognitive impairment group (MCI, n = 152) and normal control group (NC, n = 62). The levels of serum Hcy and serum/urine 8-iso-PGF 2α were determined. RESULTS 1) It was found that there was a significant difference in constitution types between MCI and NC. There were significant differences in MMSE and MoCA score, serum Hcy and serum/urine 8-iso-PGF 2a levels between the two groups. 2) In logistic regression analysis, the variables with statistical significance were TCM Constitution of Yang-Deficient, Phlegm-Dampness, Blood-Stasis and abnormal increase of Hcy (OR>1). 3) The MoCA scores had a positive correlation with the MMSE. A statistically significant inverse association was found between serum Hcy, blood and urine 8-iso-PGF 2a and scores of cognitive assessment in MCI. CONCLUSION Constitution types (Yang-Deficient, Phlegm-Dampness and Blood-Stasis) and abnormal serum Hcy elevation can be used as risk factors for MCI. MoCA scores can serve to detect MCI at early stage. Serum/urine 8-iso-PGF 2α has a certain relationship with MCI. Higher levels of serum/urine 8-iso-PGF 2α are more likely to be associated with MCI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Deng
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Teng
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiucheng Nong
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bihan Yu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liying Tang
- The Xinhu Outpatient Clinic of the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuocheng Zou
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- The Xinhu Outpatient Clinic of the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Medical Examination Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qirong Li
- Renai Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, People’s Republic of China
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Noshy PA, Azouz RA. Neuroprotective effect of hesperidin against emamectin benzoate-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 86:106981. [PMID: 33838246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emamectin Benzoate (EMB) is an avermectin insecticide widely used in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Hesperidin (HSP) is a flavanone glycoside predominantly found in citrus fruits and has various beneficial health effects. The current research was conducted to study the neurobehavioral toxic effects of EMB in rats and also to evaluate the protective effect of HSP against these toxic effects. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control group, EMB group, HSP group, and EMB + HSP group. EMB (8.8. mg/kg) and/or HSP (100 mg/kg) were administered daily by gavage for 8 weeks. The behavioral assessment demonstrated the adverse effects of EMB on the behavioral, motor, and cognitive brain functions. Exposure to EMB also decreased the activity of antioxidants (catalase and reduced glutathione) and increased the malondialdehyde level in nervous tissue. Moreover, EMB increased the level of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in rats' brains. On the other hand, concurrent administration of HSP ameliorated the toxic effects of EMB as indicated by improvements in neural functions and reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. The study concluded that exposure to EMB induces toxic effects in the brain of rats and that HSP has a protective effect against these toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Noshy
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rehab A Azouz
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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23
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Wang T, Zheng L, Zhang W. Hesperidin alleviates bupivacaine anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells by regulating apoptosis and oxidative damage. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22787. [PMID: 33830595 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Local anesthetic with bupivacaine (BV) administration may cause severe neurotoxicity and neurological complications in developing neurons. Any substances that can mitigate the toxic effects of BV are of great importance in surgical procedures and pain management. The present study attempted to investigate if hesperidin (HN) could inhibit or prevent BV-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Exposure of BV at 5 mM resulted in a significant decrease of cell viability and a remarkable increase of lactate dehydrogenase release via the induction of apoptosis and production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased Bcl-2 protein expression, as well as increased expression of cytoplasmic cytochrome c, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 protein was also observed in BV-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, BV stimulation impaired the balance of oxidation-reduction and inflammation system, as evidenced by the increased malondialdehyde content, decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and reduced level of reduced glutathione, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. However, these iatrogenic changes were all reversed by the HN (5, 10, and 20 μM) supplement for 48 h in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, HN can protect SH-SY5Y cells against BV-stimulated neurotoxicity via the inhibition of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation response. The present findings suggested that HN may be an effective alternative agent to inhibit or prevent BV-induced neurotoxicity in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Anesthesiology Department, Shanxi People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lina Zheng
- Anesthesiology Department, Shanxi People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Anesthesiology Department, Shanxi People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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24
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Pontifex MG, Malik MMAH, Connell E, Müller M, Vauzour D. Citrus Polyphenols in Brain Health and Disease: Current Perspectives. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:640648. [PMID: 33679318 PMCID: PMC7933480 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.640648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to essential micronutrients such as vitamin C, citrus fruits represent a considerably rich source of non-essential bioactive compounds, in particular flavanones which form a sub-set of the flavonoid group. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective potential of citrus flavonoids and have highlighted both the well-established (anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties), and newly emerging (influence upon blood-brain barrier function/integrity) mechanistic actions by which these neurological effects are mediated. Encouragingly, results from human studies, although limited in number, appear to support this preclinical basis, with improvements in cognitive performance and disease risk observed across healthy and disease states. Therefore, citrus fruits - both as whole fruit and 100% juices - should be encouraged within the diet for their potential neurological benefit. In addition, there should be further exploration of citrus polyphenols to establish therapeutic efficacy, particularly in the context of well-designed human interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Pontifex
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad M A H Malik
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Connell
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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25
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Prasanna P, Upadhyay A. Flavonoid-Based Nanomedicines in Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics: Promises Made, a Long Way To Go. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:74-95. [PMID: 33615162 PMCID: PMC7887745 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the continuous decline of the cognitive abilities manifested due to the accumulation of large aggregates of amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42), the formation of neurofibrillary tangles of hyper-phosphorylated forms of microtubule-associated tau protein, which may lead to many alterations at the cellular and systemic level. The current therapeutic strategies primarily focus on alleviating pathological symptoms rather than providing a possible cure. AD is one of the highly studied but least understood neurological problems and remains an unresolved condition of human brain degeneration. Over the years, multiple naturally derived small molecules, including plant products, microbial isolates, and some metabolic byproducts, have been projected as supplements reducing the risk or possible treatment of the disease. However, unfortunately, none has met the expected success. One major challenge for most medications is their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In past decades, nanotechnology-based interventions have offered an alternative platform to address the problem of the successful delivery of the drugs to the specific targets. Interestingly, the exciting interface of natural products and nanomedicine is delivering promising results in AD treatment. The potential applications of flavonoids, the plant-derived compounds best known for their antioxidant activities, and their amalgamation with nanomedicinal approaches may lead to highly effective therapeutic strategies for treating well-known neurodegenerative diseases. In the present review, we explore the possibilities and recent developments on an exciting combination of flavonoids and nanoparticles in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- Department
of Biotechnology, National Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India 844102
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindari, Kishangarh Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 305817
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26
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Jin H, Zhao Z, Lan Q, Zhou H, Mai Z, Wang Y, Ding X, Zhang W, Pi J, Evans CE, Liu X. Nasal Delivery of Hesperidin/Chitosan Nanoparticles Suppresses Cytokine Storm Syndrome in a Mouse Model of Acute Lung Injury. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:592238. [PMID: 33584267 PMCID: PMC7873598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.592238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine storm or cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) is associated with high mortality in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), for example following sepsis or infectious diseases including COVID-19. However, there are no effective treatments for CSS-associated ALI or ALI/ARDS. Thus, there remains an urgent need to develop effective drugs and therapeutic strategies against CSS and ALI/ARDS. Nasal and inhaled drug delivery methods represent a promising strategy in the treatment of inflammatory lung disease as a result of their ability to improve drug delivery to lungs. Improving the nasal mucosa absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs with poor mucosa bioavailability to a therapeutically effective level is another promising strategy in the fight against ALI/ARDS. Here, chitosan nanoparticles loaded with hesperidin (HPD/NPs) were developed for nasal delivery of the anti-inflammatory HPD compound to inflammatory lungs. In vitro and in vivo, HPD/NPs exhibited enhanced cellular uptake in the inflammatory microenvironment compared with free HPD. In a mouse model of inflammatory lung disease, the HPD/NPs markedly inhibited lung injury as evidenced by reduced inflammatory cytokine levels and suppressed vascular permeability compared with free HPD. Collectively, our study demonstrates that nasal delivery of HPD/NPs suppresses CSS and ALI/ARDS in a murine model of inflammatory lung disease, and that nanoparticle-based treatment strategies with anti-inflammatory effects could be used to reduce CSS and ALI in patients with inflammatory lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zuguo Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Qian Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Haotong Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zesen Mai
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaowen Ding
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Colin E Evans
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xinguang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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27
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Karim N, Shishir MRI, Gowd V, Chen W. Hesperidin-An Emerging Bioactive Compound against Metabolic Diseases and Its Potential Biosynthesis Pathway in Microorganism. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1858312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naymul Karim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammad Rezaul Islam Shishir
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vemana Gowd
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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28
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Alzoubi KH, Aburashed ZO, Mayyas F. Edaravone protects from memory impairment induced by chronic L-methionine administration. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1221-1228. [PMID: 31989235 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a well-known cause of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Increased oxidative stress in the brain has a major possible role in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced pathogenesis. Edaravone is a potent free radical scavenger that has a neuroprotective effect against memory impairment in several experimental models. The current study investigated the possible protective effect of edaravone in L-methionine-induced vascular dementia in a rat model. L-methionine was given (1.7 mg/kg/day) through oral gavage, while edaravone was given (6 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally. The administration of methionine and edaravone started concomitantly and continued for a total of 9 weeks. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the radial arm water maze (RAWM). Changes in the oxidative stress-related biomarkers in the hippocampus were assessed using enzymatic assays. Chronic L-methionine administration resulted in short-term and long-term memory impairment, whereas edaravone prevented such effect. Furthermore, edaravone ameliorated L-methionine induced decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase as well as the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG ratio). Edaravone also prevented increase in the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) secondary to chronic L-methionine administration. In conclusion, the current study suggests that memory impairment and oxidative stress secondary to chronic L-methionine administration can be prevented by edaravone, probably via enhancing antioxidant mechanisms in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Zainah O Aburashed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Fadia Mayyas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Ocimum Sanctum Linn: A Potential Adjunct Therapy for Hyperhomocysteinemia-Induced Vascular Dementia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32468480 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32633-3_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is well recognized as the second most familiar form of dementia in the aged population. The present study is aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ethanolic extract of leaves of Ocimum sanctum (EEOS) against hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)-induced vascular dementia (VaD) in Wistar rats. HHcy was induced by administering L-methionine (1.7 g/kg, p.o) for 4 weeks. Donepezil (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) and EEOS (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered from the 14th day of L-methionine treatment. The behavioral impairment caused due to HHcy in rats was assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze tests using a video tracking system. Biochemical estimations and aortic ring assay were also performed followed by a molecular docking analysis of active chemical constituents present in the leaves of Ocimum sanctum Linn. In this study, the EEOS treatment in hyperhomocysteinemic rats has showed significant improvement in spatial learning and working memory performance. The EEOS treatment further increased nitric oxide bioavailability and significantly altered all serum and brain biochemical parameters in a dose-dependent manner. The docking analysis revealed that among all the phytoconstituents of Ocimum sanctum compound (IX), molludistin has showed good inhibitory activity against S-adenosyl homocysteine, thus preventing homocysteine formation and may be responsible for potential effects of EEOS against HHcy-induced VaD. From our results, we conclude that EEOS can be used as a promising adjunct therapy for treatment of HHcy-induced VaD and oxidative stress.
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Tabeshpour J, Hosseinzadeh H, Hashemzaei M, Karimi G. A review of the hepatoprotective effects of hesperidin, a flavanon glycoside in citrus fruits, against natural and chemical toxicities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:305-317. [PMID: 32277430 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver is the most important and functional organ in the body to metabolize and detoxify endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. The major goal of the present narrative review is to assess the hepatoprotective properties of hesperidin against a variety of natural and chemical hepatotoxins via different mechanisms. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Scientific databases such as Scopus, Medline, Web of Science and Google scholar were thoroughly searched, based on different keywords. RESULTS A variety of natural hepatotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide, concanavalin A and microcystins, and chemical hepatotoxins such as ethanol, acrylamide and carbon tetrachloride have been shown to damage hepatocytes as well as other liver cells. In addition to hepatocytes, ethanol can also damage liver hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells. In this regard, the flavanone hesperidin, occur in the rind of citrus fruits, had been demonstrated to possess widespread pharmacological properties. Hesperidin exerts its hepatoprotective properties via different mechanisms including elevation in the activities of nuclear factor-like 2/antioxidant response element and heme oxygenase 1 as well as the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of high-mobility group box 1 protein, inhibitor of kappa B protein-alpha, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and C-reactive protein are some other important hesperidin-derived hepatoprotective mechanisms. CONCLUSION Based on several research papers, it could be concluded that hesperidin is able to protect against liver damage from inflammation and/or oxidative stress-mediated natural and chemical toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Tabeshpour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 1365-91775, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 1365-91775, Mashhad, Iran.
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Synaptic remodeling and reduced expression of the transcription factors, HES1 and HES5, in the cortex neurons of cognitively impaired hyperhomocysteinemic mice. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152953. [PMID: 32345540 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. The synaptic ultrastructure and the expression of hairy enhancer of split (HES) genes are involved in cognitive impairment induced by HHcy, but their precise role remains unclear. The present study aimed to measure synaptic remodeling and the expression of HES1 and HES5 in the cortex neurons of mice with HHcy to clarify their role in cognitive impairment. Mild HHcy was induced in ApoE-/- mice receiving a high-methionine diet. The correct response percentage, latency, and distance traveled in the mice with HHcy decreased compared with those of non-HHcy control mice (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the neuronal counts and the mean optical density of Nissl bodies in the frontal cortex of HHcy and non-HHcy mice. Increased apoptosis rates and numbers of autophagosomes were observed in the HHcy mice by TUNEL staining and electron microscopy, respectively, compared to those in the control group (P < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the area of postsynaptic density and size variation of synaptic vesicles in the HHcy group compared to that in the control (P < 0.05). Decreased expression of HES1 and HES5 was observed by western blotting and immunostaining in the HHcy group compared to that in the control (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggest that increased autophagy, apoptosis, synaptic remodeling, and downregulation of hes1 and hes5 are involved in the cognitive impairment induced by hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Kai-Xin-San, a Chinese Herbal Decoction, Accelerates the Degradation of β-Amyloid by Enhancing the Expression of Neprilysin in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3862342. [PMID: 32148540 PMCID: PMC7054802 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3862342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of Kai-Xin-San (KXS, a famous Chinese herbal decoction used to treat amnesia) on the degradation of Aβ and further elucidate the mechanism of KXS on Aβ-induced memory dysfunction. After pretreatment with KXS (1.08 g/kg/day) for two weeks, Aβ42 (2 μL, 200 μM) was injected into rat hippocampus to induce cognitive dysfunction. Morris water maze (MWM) test was developed to evaluate cognitive performance in rats. Hippocampal neurons were observed by histological staining using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) methods. Levels of exogenous Aβ42, which was injected into the hippocampus, were continually measured through a special Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kit to observe the catabolic process of Aβ in the brain. Similarly, Aβ degradation in PC12 cells was also investigated using the ELISA kit. The expressions of Aβ degeneration enzymes, including neprilysin (NEP), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE), were detected by western blotting to elucidate Aβ reduction mechanism. Our results showed that KXS prevented Aβ42-induced cognitive impairment and attenuated hippocampus neuronal damage caused by Aβ42. Moreover, KXS could accelerate Aβ42 degradation in Aβ42 injected rats. Furthermore, NEP, an Aβ degradation enzyme, was increased in the hippocampus while ECE and ACE, other two Aβ-degrading enzymes, were not changed. KXS accelerated Aβ degradation in PC12 cells. Our findings revealed that KXS facilitated the degradation of Aβ42 by increasing the expression of NEP in rat hippocampus. By reducing the Aβ burdens, KXS protected hippocampal neurons, leading to the improvement of cognitive function in rats.
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Helmy HS, Senousy MA, El-Sahar AE, Sayed RH, Saad MA, Elbaz EM. Aberrations of miR-126-3p, miR-181a and sirtuin1 network mediate Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced testicular damage in rats: The protective role of hesperidin. Toxicology 2020; 433-434:152406. [PMID: 32050098 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, oxidative stress was implicated in the environmental contaminant Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced testicular toxicity, however the mechanism is unclear. We investigated the role of oxidative stress-responsive microRNAs in DEHP-induced aberrations and the protective effect of the citrus flavonoid, hesperidin (HSP). Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups as vehicle-treated control, DEHP-alone group (500 mg/kg/day) for 30 days, and HSP (25 or 50 mg/kg) for 60 days; testicular damage was triggered by oral administration of DEHP (500 mg/kg/day) after thirty days of oral administration of HSP (25 or 50 mg/kg). DEHP administration reduced testis weight coefficient, serum testosterone, testicular 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and antioxidant enzyme activities, and elevated serum fatty acid-binding protein-9, testicular malondialdehyde, and Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Aberrant testicular miR-126-3p and miR-181a expression was observed, along with decreased expression of sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and its targets; nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor2, haeme oxygenase-1, and superoxide dismutase2. HSP administration significantly ameliorated these changes and restored testicular function in a dose-dependent manner. We highlight a novel role of oxidative stress-miR-126/miR-181a-SIRT1 network in mediating DEHP-induced changes which were reversed by the antioxidant HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatullah S Helmy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Senousy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman E El-Sahar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhammed A Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman M Elbaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Chen M, Zhou C, Xu H, Zhang T, Wu B. Chronopharmacological targeting of Rev-erbα by puerarin alleviates hyperhomocysteinemia in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109936. [PMID: 32006903 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with poor health, including cardiovascular and brain diseases. Puerarin, initially isolated from Puerariae radix, has been shown to possess anti-hyperhomocysteinemia effect. However, the mechanism of puerarin action remains unknown. Here, we uncovered that puerarin targeted the circadian clock protein Rev-erbα to alleviate hyperhomocysteinemia in mice in a circadian time-dependent manner. We first identified puerarin as an antagonist of Rev-erbα based on luciferase reporter, Gal4 co-transfection and target gene expression assays. Consistent with an antagonistic effect, puerarin induced mRNA and protein expressions of Bhmt, Cbs and Cth (three enzymes involved in homocysteine catabolism and known targets of Rev-erbα) in Hepa-1c1c7 cells. These induction effects of puerarin were lost in Rev-erbα-deficient cells. Furthermore, puerarin dose-dependently alleviated methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in mice as evidenced by decreased levels of total homocysteine and triglyceride. This was accompanied by increased expressions of Bhmt, Cbs and Cth in the liver. Moreover, puerarin dosed at ZT10 generated stronger pharmacological effects than drug dosed at ZT22 consistent with diurnally rhythmic expression of Rev-erbα (a high expression at ZT10 and a low expression at ZT22). In conclusion, puerarin targets Rev-erbα to alleviate hyperhomocysteinemia in mice in a circadian time-dependent manner. The finding of a circadian gene as drug target encourages chronotherapeutic practices on puerarin and related medications for optimized efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, Yichun University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haiman Xu
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Research Center for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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In Silico and In Vivo Studies on Quercetin as Potential Anti-Parkinson Agent. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1195:1-11. [PMID: 32468451 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32633-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among older individuals. Several researchers have suggested that iron chelators which cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) might have clinical efficacy in treating PD. Therefore, efforts are made not only in order to improve the effect of L-dopa but also to introduce drugs which provide anti-parkinsonian and neuroprotective effects. In this study, quercetin, a flavonoid, exhibited noticeable neuroprotective effects via iron induced-oxidative stress-dependent apoptotic pathways. Our results suggested that quercetin significantly decreased the catalepsy and exhibited neuroprotective effects in rotenone-induced Parkinson. A model of rotenone-induced Parkinsonism in rats produced the decrease in glutathione, SOD, catalase, and serum iron concentration and the increase in H2O2 and lipid peroxidation activity. Quercetin efficiently halted the deleterious toxic effects of L-dopa, revealing normalization of catalepsy and rotarod score, in addition to amelioration of neurochemical parameters, indicating benefit of both symptomatic and neuroprotective therapies. In silico molecular docking studies have also shown that quercetin could be an ideal potential drug target for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and human catechol-O-methyltransferase. In conclusion, quercetin possesses strong iron-chelating abilities and could be recommended as a disease-modifying therapy when administered in combination with L-dopa, early on in the course of Parkinson's disease.
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Godos J, Vitale M, Micek A, Ray S, Martini D, Del Rio D, Riccardi G, Galvano F, Grosso G. Dietary Polyphenol Intake, Blood Pressure, and Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060152. [PMID: 31159186 PMCID: PMC6616647 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary polyphenols, including flavonoids, have been the focus of major recent attentions due to their wide content in a variety of foods commonly consumed and the findings from numerous studies showing evidence of an association with positive outcomes on human health. Methods: A systematic search using electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE was performed to retrieve English language studies published from the earliest indexing year of each database to April 2019, reporting on the association between dietary flavonoids intake and hypertension. Results: The search strategy resulted in the final selection of 20 studies including 15 cross-sectional investigations and 7 prospective cohorts (1 study reported on 3 prospective cohorts). 5 prospective cohorts, comprising 200,256 individuals and 45,732 cases of hypertension were included in the quantitative analysis. Analysis by extreme quantiles of intake of flavonoid showed a non-significant association with decreased risk of hypertension (RR (risk ratio): 0.96, 95% CI (confidence interval): 0.89, 1.03). Taking into consideration individual flavonoid subclasses, dietary anthocyanins intake was associated with 8% reduction in risk of hypertension, when comparing highest vs. lowest exposure (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.97). Conclusions: Further studies are needed to strengthen the retrieved association between anthocyanins consumption and decreased risk of hypertension and clarify whether total flavonoids or rather individual subclasses may exert beneficial effects on blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Godos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
- NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK; Wolfson College at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9BB, UK; Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health at Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Marilena Vitale
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Agnieszka Micek
- Department of Nursing Management and Epidemiology Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Sumantra Ray
- NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK; Wolfson College at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9BB, UK; Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health at Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition Research Unit, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK.
| | - Daniela Martini
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK; Wolfson College at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9BB, UK; Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health at Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
- NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK; Wolfson College at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9BB, UK; Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health at Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
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Attenuation of hyperhomocysteinemia induced vascular dementia by sodium orthovanadate perhaps via PTP1B: Pertinent downstream outcomes. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Man MQ, Yang B, Elias PM. Benefits of Hesperidin for Cutaneous Functions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:2676307. [PMID: 31061668 PMCID: PMC6466919 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2676307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hesperidin is a bioflavonoid, with high concentration in citrus fruits. In addition to its well-known benefits for cardiovascular function, type II diabetes, and anti-inflammation, recent studies have demonstrated multiple benefits of hesperidin for cutaneous functions, including wound healing, UV protection, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, antiskin cancer, and skin lightening. In addition, hesperidin enhances epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis in both normal young and aged skin. The mechanisms by which hesperidin benefits cutaneous functions are attributable to its antioxidant properties, inhibition of MAPK-dependent signaling pathways, and stimulation of epidermal proliferation, differentiation, and lipid production. Because of its low cost, wide availability, and superior safety, hesperidin could prove useful for the management of a variety of cutaneous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Bhattacharjee M, Perumal E. Potential plant-derived catecholaminergic activity enhancers for neuropharmacological approaches: A review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 55:148-164. [PMID: 30668425 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catecholamines (CAs) have been reported to be involved in numerous functions including central nervous system. CA release from the intra neuronal storage vesicles aid in the therapy of various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders where the catecholaminergic neurotransmission is compromised. Bioavailability of CA at the synapse can be increased through stimulated neurotransmitter release, monoamine oxidase and CA reuptake inhibition. Plant based galenicals are reported to have similar CA enhancement activities and have been used for the management of neurological disorders. AIM To review evidence-based literature with plant extracts, bioactive compounds, and composite extracts that modulate central catecholaminergic system, thereby enhancing CA activity for beneficial neurological effect. METHODS Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were used to search scientific contributions until January 2018, using relevant keywords. Literature focusing plant-derived CA enhancing compounds, extracts and/or composite extracts were identified and summarized. In all cases, dose, route of administration, the model system and type of extract were accounted. RESULTS A total of 49 plant extracts, 31 compounds and 16 herbal formulations have shown CA activity enhancement. Stimulated CA release from the storage vesicles, monoamine oxidase and CA reuptake inhibition were the major mechanisms involved in the increase of CA bioavailability by these phytoconstituents. CONCLUSION This review provides an overview on the phytoconstituents with CA enhancement property that have been used for neuropsychiatric disorders. Such herbal remedies will provide an avenue for cost effective and easily available medication which have holistic approach towards disease management. There is also scope for alternate medicines or prototype drug development utilizing these phytomedicines for treating neurodegenerative diseases. However, hurdles are to be met for analyzing the mode and mechanism of action associated with these phytomedicines and their proper scientific documentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Bhattacharjee
- Defence Research and Development Organisation - Bharathiar University Center for Life Sciences (DRDO-BU CLS), Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Defence Research and Development Organisation - Bharathiar University Center for Life Sciences (DRDO-BU CLS), Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India; Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India.
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40
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Hajialyani M, Hosein Farzaei M, Echeverría J, Nabavi SM, Uriarte E, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Hesperidin as a Neuroprotective Agent: A Review of Animal and Clinical Evidence. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030648. [PMID: 30759833 PMCID: PMC6384806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection is the preservation of function and networks of neural tissues from damages caused by various agents, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside, is a natural phenolic compound with a wide range of biological effects. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that hesperidin possesses inhibitory effect against development of neurodegenerative diseases. Our review discusses neuropharmacological mechanisms for preventive and therapeutic effects of hesperidin in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, the review examines clinical evidence confirming its neuroprotective function. Various cellular and animal models specific to neurodegenerative diseases have been conducted to evaluate the underlying neuropharmacological mechanisms of hesperidin. Neuroprotective potential of this flavonoid is mediated by improvement of neural growth factors and endogenous antioxidant defense functions, diminishing neuro-inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. Despite the various preclinical studies on the role of hesperidin in the neurodegenerative diseases, less is known about its definite effect on humans. A limited number of clinical trials showed that hesperidin-enriched dietary supplements can significantly improve cerebral blood flow, cognition, and memory performance. Further clinical trials are also required for confirming neuroprotective efficacy of this natural flavonoid and evaluating its safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Hajialyani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6718874414, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6718874414, Iran.
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6718874414, Iran.
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran.
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile.
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Nagula RL, Wairkar S. Recent advances in topical delivery of flavonoids: A review. J Control Release 2019; 296:190-201. [PMID: 30682442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are one of the vital classes of bioactive chemicals, abundantly found in plants. These are natural polyphenolic compounds derived from plant metabolites. Their lipophilic nature and poor solubility lead to variable and limited oral bioavailability. The substantial pharmacological properties of flavonoids include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, photoprotective, depigmentation, anti-aging which are very promising in the treatment of several skin disorders. Thus, various topical delivery systems of flavonoids have been extensively studied. Mostly, colloidal carriers of flavonoids were reported which are very efficient for topical route with good encapsulation potential, reduced toxicity, and overcome the limitations of conventional dosage forms. This review focuses on various formulations aspects, in vitro characterization and in vivo studies of different classes of flavonoids administered by topical route. Although flavonoids offer tremendous potential in healing the skin conditions categorically, its clinical translation needs in depth safety and efficacy data, meeting established regulatory standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika L Nagula
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India.
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Afolabi OK, Wusu AD, Ugbaja R, Fatoki JO. Aluminium phosphide-induced testicular toxicity through oxidative stress in Wistar rats: Ameliorative role of hesperidin. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318812794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate aluminium phosphide (ALP)-induced testicular toxicity, including its effects on sperm parameters and histological alterations in Wistar rats, and the possible protective role of hesperidin (HSD). Oral administration of ALP at 1.15 mg/kg body weight (1/10 LD50) for 30 days resulted in a significant increase in testicular malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides, and oxidized protein levels. These indicators of oxidative stress were accompanied by decreased activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, followed by a drastic reduction in the non-enzymatic antioxidant indices of glutathione and total antioxidant capacity when compared to control. Furthermore, ALP treatment produced a marked reduction in sperm count, motility and viability while increasing abnormal sperm morphology and adverse histopathological changes in testis. Co-administration with HSD significantly ameliorated ALP-induced testicular damage by suppressing oxidative stress indices and enhancing antioxidant status while also improving the sperm parameters and histological alterations in ALP-treated rats. The results of the present study indicated that testicular toxic effects of ALP are due to oxidative imbalance and that HSD could be a potential therapeutic agent against ALP-induced testicular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Kayode Afolabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Adedoja Dorcas Wusu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Regina Ugbaja
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - John Olabode Fatoki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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Mahomoodally MF, Atalay A, Nancy Picot MC, Bender O, Celebi E, Mollica A, Zengin G. Chemical, biological and molecular modelling analyses to probe into the pharmacological potential of Antidesma madagascariense Lam.: A multifunctional agent for developing novel therapeutic formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:425-435. [PMID: 30216791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antidesma madagascariense Lam. (AM), an indigenous medicinal plant to the Mascarene Islands, is used for the treatment of several diseases. We endeavoured to validate its use via evaluating the kinetics of inhibition of crude aqueous extract (CAE) and crude methanol extract (CME) of AM against key metabolic enzymes (pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase [CEase], acetylcholinesterase [AChE], and urease). In vitro antiglycation, antioxidant, cytotoxicity using iCELLigence real time cell analysis system and WST-1 methods, were used. LC-ESI-MS/MS was employed to determine the phenolic composition of the extracts and interaction of selected compounds to the studied enzymes was determined using in silico docking. AChE was inhibited by the CME of AM and CEase by the CAE. Both extracts were active inhibitors of urease and pancreatic lipase. Hyperoside (271.97 μg/g extract), present in large amount in the CME, docked to the enzymatic pocket of urease and CEase. The extracts showed competitive and mixed inhibition of urease and pancreatic lipase, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the CME (6.61 μg GAE/mg crude extract) was higher compared to CAE (2.20 μg GAE/mg crude extract). AM extracts were significantly (p < 0.05) less potent than aminoguanidine in preventing advanced glycation end products formation. Toxicological screening revealed that both extracts were non-toxic on HEK-293 cells. AM crude extracts at concentrations ranging from 78 to 312 μg/ml did not cause a visible change in cell morphology compared to control. This study supports the safe use of AM as a biomedicine for the management and/or treatment of common non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arzu Atalay
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marie Carene Nancy Picot
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Onur Bender
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evrim Celebi
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
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Boyina HK, Jerald MK, Bharatraj DK, Diwan PV. Influence of fisetin combined with hesperidin on chronic mild hyperhomocysteinemia induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress in wistar rats. PHARMANUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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FRANKE SILVIAI, MOLZ PATRÍCIA, MAI CAMILA, ELLWANGER JOELH, ZENKNER FERNANDAF, HORTA JORGEA, PRÁ DANIEL. Influence of hesperidin and vitamin C on glycemic parameters, lipid profile, and DNA damage in rats treated with sucrose overload. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:2203-2210. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SILVIA I.R. FRANKE
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - PATRÍCIA MOLZ
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - CAMILA MAI
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - JORGE A. HORTA
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - DANIEL PRÁ
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
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Fu Y, Wang X, Kong W. Hyperhomocysteinaemia and vascular injury: advances in mechanisms and drug targets. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:1173-1189. [PMID: 28836260 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine is a sulphur-containing non-proteinogenic amino acid. Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy), the pathogenic elevation of plasma homocysteine as a result of an imbalance of its metabolism, is an independent risk factor for various vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular calcification and aneurysm. Treatments aimed at lowering plasma homocysteine via dietary supplementation with folic acids and vitamin B are more effective in preventing vascular disease where the population has a normally low folate consumption than in areas with higher dietary folate. To date, the mechanisms of HHcy-induced vascular injury are not fully understood. HHcy increases oxidative stress and its downstream signalling pathways, resulting in vascular inflammation. HHcy also causes vascular injury via endoplasmic reticulum stress. Moreover, HHcy up-regulates pathogenic genes and down-regulates protective genes via DNA demethylation and methylation respectively. Homocysteinylation of proteins induced by homocysteine also contributes to vascular injury by modulating intracellular redox state and altering protein function. Furthermore, HHcy-induced vascular injury leads to neuronal damage and disease. Also, an HHcy-activated sympathetic system and HHcy-injured adipose tissue also cause vascular injury, thus demonstrating the interactions between the organs injured by HHcy. Here, we have summarized the recent developments in the mechanisms of HHcy-induced vascular injury, which are further considered as potential therapeutic targets in this condition. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Camps-Bossacoma M, Franch À, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Influence of Hesperidin on the Systemic and Intestinal Rat Immune Response. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060580. [PMID: 28587283 PMCID: PMC5490559 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols, widely found in edible plants, influence the immune system. Nevertheless, the immunomodulatory properties of hesperidin, the predominant flavanone in oranges, have not been deeply studied. To establish the effect of hesperidin on in vivo immune response, two different conditions of immune system stimulations in Lewis rats were applied. In the first experimental design, rats were intraperitoneally immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) plus Bordetella pertussis toxin and alum as the adjuvants, and orally given 100 or 200 mg/kg hesperidin. In the second experimental design, rats were orally sensitized with OVA together with cholera toxin and fed a diet containing 0.5% hesperidin. In the first approach, hesperidin administration changed mesenteric lymph node lymphocyte (MLNL) composition, increasing the TCRαβ+ cell percentage and decreasing that of B lymphocytes. Furthermore, hesperidin enhanced the interferon (IFN)-γ production in stimulated MLNL. In the second approach, hesperidin intake modified the lymphocyte composition in the intestinal epithelium (TCRγδ+ cells) and the lamina propria (TCRγδ+, CD45RA+, natural killer, natural killer T, TCRαβ+CD4+, and TCRαβ+CD8+ cells). Nevertheless, hesperidin did not modify the level of serum anti-OVA antibodies in either study. In conclusion, hesperidin does possess immunoregulatory properties in the intestinal immune response, but this effect is not able to influence the synthesis of specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Camps-Bossacoma
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Àngels Franch
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Margarida Castell
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
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