Epigallocatechin-3-gallate counters cisplatin toxicity of rat testes

Impact of lisinopril on cisplatin-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and impaired steroidogenesis in rat testis: involvement of Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 and PPARγ signaling

Testicular dysfunction is a significant long-term side effect of the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin (CDDP), primarily due to DNA damage and oxidative stress. Lisinopril (LSP), an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor commonly used for hypertension treatment, has a debated impact on reproductive function. This study investigates, for the first time, the ability of LSP to counteract CDDP-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and steroidogenic disturbances in rat testis. In addition, LSP's effect on testicular Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 and PPARγ signaling is examined. Rats were divided into Control, LSP, CDDP, and LSP + CDDP groups. Rats were treated with 10 mg/kg of LSP orally for 10 days, and blood and testis samples were collected after sacrifice for histopathological, biochemical, and genetic analysis. Our results revealed that LSP administration with CDDP effectively increased luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, and testosterone hormone levels (effect size f = 2.56, 2.32, and 3.02; respectively, and power = 1.00) and upregulated testicular expression of CYP11a1, HSD17B3, and StAR genes. LSP counteracted the histopathological aberrations induced by CDDP. The LSP + CDDP group also showed increased levels of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase (effect size f = 1.72 and power = 0.99) and decreased levels of malondialdehyde (effect size f = 3.07 and power = 1), interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, nuclear factor kappa B, cyclooxygenase-2, and cleaved caspase 3 (effect size f = 4.61 and power = 1). On the molecular level, the LSP + CDDP group showed a reduction in Keap1 protein level but an increase in Nrf2 (effect size f = 5.50 and power = 1), HO-1 (effect size f = 3.66 and power = 1), and PPARγ protein levels, compared to the CDDP group. In conclusion, LSP revealed prominent anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects protecting against CDDP-induced testicular damage. Moreover, it preserved the steroidogenic process and testicular tissue characteristics. LSP modulated the expression of Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 and PPARγ signaling. Therefore, our data presents LSP as a promising candidate for enhancing reproductive health in patients undergoing CDDP treatment.

Rehabilitation of N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide-induced DNA destruction in the testis of adult rats by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and conditional medium

Environmental pollutant acrylamide has toxic effect on human health. Numerous industries such as the paper, and cosmetics, use acrylamide in their manufacturing. In certain foods, acrylamide arises at extremely high temperatures. Mesenchymal stem cells can shield different tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals induced by acrylamide. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy against acrylamide-induced toxicity between adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their conditioned media (CM), evaluating which is more effective. Seventy adult male rats were employed in this study, distributed among 5 groups. The control group consisted of 10 rats, while each of the other four groups comprised 15 rats. The AC group received a daily oral acrylamide (AC) dosage of 3 mg/kg. In the AC + AD-MSCs and AC + AD-MSCs CM groups, after 4 weeks of AC administration, rats were injected with 0.65 × 106 AD-MSCs/0.5 ml PBS and 0.5 ml of AD-MSCs CM, respectively, via the caudal vein, and were observed for 15 days. The recovery group (Rec.), subjected to 4 weeks of AC treatment, and was allowed an additional 15 days for recuperation. The result in AC and Rec. groups revealed elevated DNA damage, P53 protein levels, apoptosis, LPO, and testosterone (free and total). In contrast, the administration of CM and the transplanting of AD-MSCs decreased the levels of these proteins. According to histological analysis, treating testicular cells with AD-MSCs mitigated histopathological lesions, fibrosis, and toxicity caused by AC. The regulation of P53, LPO protein levels, and testosterone levels, supported the function of AD-MSCs in lowering testis DNA damage and apoptosis.

Synergistic protective effects of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol and hydroxytyrosol in male rats against induced heat stress-induced reproduction damage

Testicular heat stress disrupts spermiogenesis and damages testicular tissue. The study aims to assess 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) from olive oil as antioxidants to reduce heat-induced testicular damage. Seven groups of 35 male rats were used. Group I got normal saline. Group 2 had HS (43 °C for 20 min/day) and normal saline for 60 days. Groups 3-7 had HS and DHPG/HT doses (0.5 mg/kg DHPG, 1 mg/kg DHPG, 5 mg/kg HT, 0.5 mg/kg DHPG + 5 mg/kg HT, and 1 mg/kg DHPG + 5 mg/kg HT). The evaluation included tests on testicular tissue, sperm quality, oxidative status, gene activity, and fertility after 60 days. After DHPG and HT treatment, sperm motility, viability, and plasma membrane functionality, as well as levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and Bcl-2 gene expression, and in vivo fertility indexes increased. Meanwhile, abnormal morphology and DNA damage decreased, along with levels of glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 gene expression, compared to the HS group. The study found that DHPG and HT have a more substantial synergistic effect when used together, improving reproductive health.

Protective effect of curcumin on testicular damage caused by carbon tetrachloride exposure in rats

Context Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) is a chemical that is still widely used in industry and has been shown to cause structural defects in rat testicles through oxidative stress. Aims In our study, the effect of curcumin on CCl4 -mediated testicular damage was investigated. Methods Twenty-four adult Wistar albino male rats weighing 300-350g were divided into four groups: control group (olive oil was applied by gavage every consecutive day for 3weeks); curcumin and CCl4 +curcumin groups (200mg/kg curcumin dissolved in olive oil was given by gavage once a day, every consecutive day for 3weeks); and CCl4 and CCl4 +curcumin groups (0.5mL/kg CCl4 was dissolved in olive oil at a ratio of 1/1 and given by i.p. injection every other day for 3weeks). Tissue samples were examined histopathologically, histomorphometrically, immunohistochemically and biochemically. Key results CCl4 disrupted both testicular morphology and testosterone synthesis, whereas curcumin treatment resulted in an improvement in testicular morphology and biochemical parameters, as well as a decrease in caspase-3 and tumour necrosis factor-α expression. Conclusions Curcumin has a protective effect on testicular tissue damage caused by CCl4 with its anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and antioxantioxidant properties. Implications Curcumin can prevent testicular damage due to CCl4 , an environmental pollutant.

Protective effect of dental pulp stem cells' conditioned medium against cisplatin-induced testicular damage in rats

Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapy drug used to treat most solid tumors. However, one of its side effects is testicular toxicity, which can lead to fertility abnormalities. This study investigated the effectiveness of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells conditioned medium (DPSC-CM) on cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity. In this study, 36 eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups equally (n = 12). Group 1 control "CTR", which received normal saline (0.5 ml) intraperitoneally (i.p), group 2 "Cis" which received an intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg), and group 3 "Cis+CM" which received an i.p injection of DPSC-CM (0.5 mg/kg) after cisplatin injection. Biochemical, histomorphometric, and histopathological studies were performed on the testis. Our results exhibited that cis administration led to a decline in total body weight, testis weight, diameter, and volume. A decrease in testosterone and IL-6 serum levels, as well as a decrease in IL-6 and TNFα levels, the activity of catalase and SOD enzymes, and an increase in MDA in testicular tissue were detected. Testicular tissue damage was associated with a significant decrease in tube diameter, germinal epithelium height, number of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells, along with a noticeable increase in basement membrane thickness, and perivascular fibrosis. DMSC-CM improved all the mentioned parameters. Taken together, our results demonstrated that DMSC-CM due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, could be effective in reversing cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity.

Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and/or cadmium chloride oral exposure on testicular morphology, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in rats: Ameliorative role of co-enzyme Q10

Background and objectives

Little is known about the implications of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and cadmium chloride (Cd) co-exposure on the male reproductive system in mammals. As a result, this study researched the effects of oral TiO2NPs and/or Cd exposure on male reproduction and testicular functions. Additionally, a mitigation trial with co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has also been conducted.

Methods

In a 60-day experiment, seven experimental groups, each containing 10 male Sprague Dawley rats, were orally given distilled water (control), corn oil (vehicle control), CoQ10 (10 mg/kg b.wt), TiO2NPs (50 mg/kg b.wt), Cd (5 mg/kg b.wt), TiO2NPs + Cd, and TiO2NPs + Cd + CoQ10. Then, sperm quality, male sex hormones, oxidative stress indications, Ti and Cd testicular residues, testes and accessory gland architecture, and apoptotic and inflammatory markers in rat testes were assessed.

Results

TiO2NPs and/or Cd exposure negatively impacted body weight, weight gain, testicular weights, semen quality, serum reproductive hormones, oxidative stress parameters, and Caspase-3 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) immunoreactions. Histopathological changes were recorded in testicular, seminal vesicle, and prostatic tissues. Yet, co-administration of CoQ10 with TiO2NPs and Cd substantially mitigated these adverse consequences. The most notable aspect is that it effectively lowered testicular tissue Ti and Cd levels. It also improved oxidant status, hormonal profile, and sperm picture. CoQ10 minimized the testicular damage implied by histological examination. Furthermore, CoQ10 significantly diminished TiO2NPs and Cd-induced Caspase-3 and TNF-α immunoexpression in testicular tissue.

Conclusion

As a result, CoQ10 could be utilized as a safe remedy to protect male reproductive physiology from TiO2NPs and Cd damage.

Effects of zingerone on rat induced testicular toxicity by sodium arsenite via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy pathways

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the effects of zingerone (ZNG) treatment on testicular toxicity in rats induced by sodium arsenite (SA).

Materials and Methods

In the study, five groups were formed (n=7) and the experimental groups were designated as follows; Vehicle group, ZNG group, SA group, SA+ZNG 25 group, and SA+ZNG 50 group. While SA was administered orally to rats at 10 mg/kg/bw, ZNG was given to rats orally at 25 and 50 mg/kg/bw doses for 14 days.

Results

As a result of the presented study, an increase was observed in the MDA contents of the testicular tissue of the rats administered SA, while significant decreases were observed in GSH levels, SOD, CAT, and GPx activities. The mRNA transcript levels of the pro-inflammatory genes NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were triggered after SA administration. Additionally, SA administration caused inflammation by increasing RAGE, NLRP3, and JAK-2/STAT3 gene expression. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurred in the testicular tissues of SA-treated rats and thus ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, and GRP78 genes were up-regulated. SA caused apoptosis by up-regulating Bax and Caspase-3 expressions and inhibiting Bcl-2 expression in testicles. SA caused histological irregularities in the testicles, resulting in decreased sperm quality.

Conclusion

ZNG treatment reduced SA-induced oxidative stress, ER stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and histological irregularities in the testicles while increasing sperm quality. As a result, it was observed that ZNG could alleviate the toxicity caused by SA in the testicles.

Gentisic acid ameliorates cisplatin-induced reprotoxicity through suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress and upregulating Nrf2 pathway

Reproductive toxicity is a serious side effect of cisplatin (CP) chemotherapy. Gentisic acid (GTA) is a phenolic acid with strong antioxidant properties. Here, we aimed to determine therapeutic effect of GTA against CP-induced testicular toxicity in rats for the first time. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single dose of CP (5 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) and treated with GTA (1.5 and 3 mg/kg; intraperitoneal; 3 consecutive days). The levels of oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis biomarkers were assessed in the testicular tissue of rats. In addition, how CP affects the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and the effect of GTA on this situation were also addressed in the testicular tissue. CP administration induced histopathological changes in testicular tissue of rats with a significant increase in OS, inflammation, ERS and apoptosis biomarkers and a decrease in antioxidant capacity and Nrf2 expression levels. Administrations of GTA resulted in an amelioration of these altered parameters. These data suggest that GTA may be a potential therapeutic agent against CP-induced testicular toxicity. Activation of the Nrf2 pathway plays a key role of this therapeutic effect of GTA.

Mitigative potential of rhoifolin against cisplatin prompted testicular toxicity: biochemical, spermatogenic and histological based analysis

Rhoifolin (ROF) is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound with diverse pharmacological and therapeutic benefits. The current investigation was designed to evaluate the curative potential of Rhoifolin (ROF) against Cisplatin (CP) induced testicular damage. Mature male albino rats (n = 48) were randomly distributed into 4 equal groups: control, CP (10 mg/kg), CP + ROF (10 mg/kg + 20 mg/kg) and ROF (20 mg/kg) supplemented group. Following 56 days of the trial, biochemical, inflammatory markers, spermatogenic, steroidogenic, hormonal, apoptotic, anti-apoptotic, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. The exposure to CP markedly (p < 0.05) lowered the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes, glutathione reductase (GSR), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) in testicular tissues of male albino rats. Besides the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were considerably augmented in CP exposed rats. The administration of CP also increased the level of inflammatory cytokines i.e. IL-6, TNF-α, 1L-1β and NF-κβ as well as COX-2 activity. Additionally, a notable (p < 0.05) upsurge was observed in dead sperms count, abnormality in the tail, midpiece as well as head of sperms along with a notable decline in sperm motility in CP treated rats. Moreover, the expressions of steroidogenic enzymes were also lowered in CP administered group. The levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and plasma testosterone as well as luteinizing hormone (LH) were decreased in CP treated group. Moreover, the expression of Bax as well as Caspase-3 (apoptotic markers) were increased. On the other hand, Bcl-2 expression (anti-apoptotic marker) was reduced. Furthermore, the histopathological analysis showed that CP considerably (p < 0.05) damaged the testicular tissues. However, the administration of ROF significantly reduced the damaging effects of CP in testicular tissues. The results of our study suggested that ROF can potentially alleviate CP-induced testicular damages due to its androgenic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory as well as anti-apoptotic nature.

Cisplatin-induced azoospermia and testicular damage ameliorated by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

BACKGROUND

The testes are highly susceptible to the adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation at all stages of life. Exposure to these threats mainly occurs during cancer treatment and as an occupational hazard in radiation centers. The present study investigated the regenerative ability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) against the adverse effects of cisplatin on the structure and function of the testes.

METHODS

New Zealand white rabbits (N = 15) were divided into three groups of five: a negative control group (no treatment), a cisplatin group (single dose of cisplatin into each testis followed three days later by a PBS injection), and a cisplatin + ADMSCs group (cisplatin injection followed three days later by an ADMSC injection). On day 45 post-treatment, serum testosterone levels were evaluated, and the testes and epididymis were collected for histology, oxidative stress examination, and epididymal sperm analysis.

RESULTS

Cisplatin caused damage to the testicular tissue and decreased serum testosterone levels, epididymal sperm counts, and oxidants. An antioxidant imbalance was detected due to increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in testicular tissue. The ADMSC-treated group displayed a moderate epididymal sperm count, adequate antioxidant protection, suitable hormone levels, and enhanced testicular tissue morphology.

CONCLUSIONS

ADMSCs treatment repaired damaged testicular tissue, enhanced biochemical parameters, and modified pathological changes caused by cisplatin.

Novel protective effect of diosmin against cisplatin-induced prostate and seminal vesicle damage: Role of oxidative stress and apoptosis

Multiple organ toxicity has been associated with cisplatin (CIS) treatment, limiting its clinical use. The human prostate and seminal vesicles are accessory sex organs with androgen-dependent morphogenesis, growth, and secretion. The present study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the toxic effect of CIS on normal prostate and seminal vesicles in the presence and absence of diosmin (DS). The animals were randomized into 4 groups as follows: control (received vehicle), CIS group (7.5 mg/kg, i.p. on 5th and 12th day), DS group (100 mg/kg, p.o. for 15 days), and DS+CIS group. Histopathological and biochemical analyses were conducted to elucidate the goal of this study. CIS administration significantly induced prostate and seminal vesicle toxicity as evidenced by alteration of serum testosterone, LH, FSH, PSA, steroidogenic HSD17B6 as well as seminal analysis markers. Remarkably, marked histopathological changes in thin and ultrathin structures were observed. Besides, CIS significantly boosted oxidative stress as evidenced by the up-regulation of MDA and down-regulation of TAC. CIS significantly induced tissue apoptosis concomitant with suppression of cellular proliferation and stem cell expression as indicated by up-regulation of activated caspase-3 and Bax expression along with down-regulation of Bcl-2, Ki67, and CD44 expression. Interestingly, DS fixed all disturbances in the prostate and seminal vesicles induced by CIS. Together, CIS could cause prostate and seminal vesicle toxicity by affecting hormonal, steroidogenic, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and proliferation processes, and this effect was reversed by DS administration.

The consequence and mechanism of dietary flavonoids on androgen profiles and disorders amelioration

Androgen is a kind of steroid hormone that plays a vital role in reproductive system and homeostasis of the body. Disrupted androgen balance serves as the causal contributor to a series of physiological disorders and even diseases. Flavonoids, as an extremely frequent family of natural polyphenols, exist widely in plants and foods and have received great attention when considering their inevitable consumption and estrogen-like effects. Mounting evidence illustrates that flavonoids have a propensity to interfere with androgen synthesis and metabolism, and also have a designated improvement effect on androgen disorders. Therefore, flavonoids were divided into six subclasses based on the structural feature in this paper, and the literature about their effects on androgens published in the past ten years was summarized. It could be concluded that flavonoids have the potential to regulate androgen levels and biological effects, mainly by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, androgen synthesis and metabolism, androgen binding with its receptors and membrane receptors, and antioxidant effects. The faced challenges about androgen regulation by flavonoids masterly include target mechanism exploration, individual heterogeneity, food matrixes interaction, and lack of clinical study. This review also provides a scientific basis for nutritional intervention using flavonoids to improve androgen disorder symptoms.

The Mechanistic Perspective of Bilobetin Protective Effects against Cisplatin-Induced Testicular Toxicity: Role of Nrf-2/Keap-1 Signaling, Inflammation and Apoptosis

Cisplatin (CP) is a productive anti-tumor used to treat numerous tumors. However, multiple toxicities discourage prolonged use, especially toxicity on the reproductive system. This experiment was mapped out to determine the potential therapeutic impact of Bilobetin on CP-induced testicular damage. Herein, Bilobetin was isolated from Cycas thouarsii leaves R. Br ethyl acetate fractions for the first time. A single dose of CP (7 mg/kg, IP) was used to evoke testicular toxicity on the third day. Rats were classified into five groups; Normal control, Bilobetin 12 mg/kg, Untreated CP, and CP treated with Bilobetin (6 and 12 mg/kg, respectively) orally daily for ten days. Bilobetin treatment ameliorated testicular injury. In addition, it boosted serum testosterone levels considerably and restored relative testicular weight. Nevertheless, apoptosis biomarkers such as P53, Cytochrome-C, and caspase-3 decreased significantly. Additionally, it enhanced the testes’ antioxidant status via the activation of Nrf-2, inhibition of Keap-1, and significant elevation of SOD activity in addition to a reduction in lipid peroxidation. Histopathologically, Bilobetin preserved testicular architecture and improved testicular immunostaining of Ki67 substantially, showing evidence of testicular regeneration. Bilobetin’s beneficial effects on CP-induced testicular damage are associated with enhanced antioxidant effects, lowered apoptotic signals, and the restoration of testes’ regenerative capability. In addition, Bilobetin may be used in combination with CP in treatment protocols to mitigate CP-induced testicular injury.

Cisplatin-Induced Reproductive Toxicity and Oxidative Stress: Ameliorative Effect of Kinetin

Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent; however, its potential side effects, including gonadotoxicity and infertility, are a critical problem. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced testicular dysfunction. We investigated whether kinetin use at different concentrations could alleviate gonadal injury associated with cisplatin treatment, with an exploration of the involvement of its antioxidant capacity. Kinetin was administered in different doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, alone or along with cisplatin for 10 days. Cisplatin toxicity was induced via a single IP dose of 7 mg/kg on day four. In a dose-dependent manner, concomitant administration of kinetin with cisplatin significantly restored testicular oxidative stress parameters, corrected the distorted sperm quality parameters and histopathological changes, enhanced levels of serum testosterone and testicular StAR protein expression, as well as reduced the up-regulation of testicular TNF-α, IL-1β, Il-6, and caspase-3, caused by cisplatin. It is worth noting that the testicular protective effect of the highest kinetin dose was comparable/more potent and significantly higher than the effects of vitamin C and the lowest kinetin dose, respectively. Overall, these data indicate that kinetin may offer a promising approach for alleviating cisplatin-induced reproductive toxicity and organ damage, via ameliorating oxidative stress and reducing inflammation and apoptosis.

Testicular toxicity of cisplatin in rats: ameliorative effect of lycopene and N-acetylcysteine

Lycopene (LP) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) protective effects were assessed for testicular toxicity mediated by cisplatin (CP) in rats. Forty-nine rats were divided into 7 groups (n = 7); these groups included the control group (saline, PO), LP (10 mg/kg, PO), NAC (150 mg/kg, PO), CP (7.5 mg/kg, IP) on the 27th day of the study, LP + CP, NAC+CP, and LP + NAC + CP. Serum levels of testosterone were decreased following CP injection. Malondialdehyde (MDA) has been increased with considerable glutathione (GSH), and dismutase superoxide (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decline in the testis tissues after CP injection. CP caused severe alterations in testicular tissues and elevated caspase-3 expression. Besides that, LP and/or NAC administration improved CP-induced testicular toxicity and apoptosis, probably via their antioxidant properties.

The Role of ROS as a Double-Edged Sword in (In)Fertility: The Impact of Cancer Treatment

Simple Summary

Tumor cells are highly resistant to oxidative stress, but beyond a certain threshold, it may lead to apoptosis/necrosis. Thus, induced loss of redox balance can be a strategy used in anticancer therapies. However, the effectiveness of drugs contrasts with unknown mechanisms involved in the loss of fertility. Considering that cancer patients’ life expectancy is increasing, it raises concerns about the unknown adverse effects. Therefore, new strategies should be pursued alongside explaining to the patients their options regarding the reproduction side effects.

Abstract

Tumor cells are highly resistant to oxidative stress resulting from the imbalance between high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and insufficient antioxidant defenses. However, when intracellular levels of ROS rise beyond a certain threshold, largely above cancer cells’ capacity to reduce it, they may ultimately lead to apoptosis or necrosis. This is, in fact, one of the molecular mechanisms of anticancer drugs, as most chemotherapeutic treatments alter redox homeostasis by further elevation of intracellular ROS levels or inhibition of antioxidant pathways. In traditional chemotherapy, it is widely accepted that most therapeutic effects are due to ROS-mediated cell damage, but in targeted therapies, ROS-mediated effects are mostly unknown and data are still emerging. The increasing effectiveness of anticancer treatments has raised new challenges, especially in the field of reproduction. With cancer patients’ life expectancy increasing, many aiming to become parents will be confronted with the adverse effects of treatments. Consequently, concerns about the impact of anticancer therapies on reproductive capacity are of particular interest. In this review, we begin with a short introduction on anticancer therapies, then address ROS physiological/pathophysiological roles in both male and female reproductive systems, and finish with ROS-mediated adverse effects of anticancer treatments in reproduction.

Natural products against cisplatin-induced male reproductive toxicity: A comprehensive review

Cisplatin is widely used as one of the most effective anticancer agents in the treatment of some neoplasms. Reproductive toxicity is the most common outcome associated with cisplatin testicular damage. Alternative natural medicines for treating male testicular disorders and infertility have received extensive attention in research. Natural products, medicinal herbs, and their secondary metabolites have been shown as promising agents in the management of testicular damage induced by chemotherapy drugs. This study aimed to review the research related to natural substances that are promising in mitigation of the cisplatin-induced toxicity in the reproductive system. PubMed and Scopus were searched for studies on various natural products for their potential protective property against reproductive toxicity induced by cisplatin from 2000 to 2020. Eligibility was checked based on selection criteria. Fifty-nine articles were included in this review. Mainly in animal studies, several natural agents have positively affected cisplatin-reproductive-toxicity factors, including reactive oxygen species, inflammatory mediators, DNA damage, and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Most of the natural agents were investigated in short-term duration and high doses of cisplatin exposure, considering their antioxidant activity against oxidative stress. Considering antioxidant properties, various natural products might be effective for the management of cisplatin reproductive toxicity. However, long-term recovery of spermatogenesis and management of low-dose-cisplatin toxicity should be considered as well as the bioavailability of these agents before and after treatment with cisplatin without affecting its anticancer activity.

Effects of chemotherapeutic agents on male germ cells and possible ameliorating impact of antioxidants

Treatment of cancer in young adults is associated with several side effects, particularly in the reproductive system. Detrimental effects of chemotherapy on the germ cells depend on many factors including primary semen parameters, the way of drug administration, the kind and dose of chemotherapeutic regimens, and the phase of spermatogenesis during the time of drug administration. Lack of appropriate fertility preservation treatments particularly in the affected children necessitates the introduction of methods to amend the harmful effects of chemotherapeutic agents on male germ cells. Several studies have assessed the toxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents in rodent models and tested a number of antioxidants to evaluate their possible impact on the preservation of sperm cells. In the present manuscript, we describe the effects of the mostly investigated chemotherapeutic drugs in this regard i.e., cisplatin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide. As several in vivo and in vitro studies have shown the impact of antioxidants on chemotherapy-induced damage of sperms, we also describe the protective effects of antioxidants in this regard.

Trans-ferulic acid ameliorates cisplatin-induced testicular damage via suppression of TLR4, P38-MAPK, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways

Testicular damage has been described as a common side effect of cisplatin (CDDP), which limits its clinical uses. Since oxidative injury and inflammatory response are the most pathological impact, estimation of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents like trans-ferulic acid (TFA) could protect against CDDP-induced testicular damage. In the current investigation, rats were assigned into four groups: normal, TFA (50 mg/kg/day, P.O), CDDP (10 mg/kg) as single intraperitoneal (I.P) injection at the end of the 5th day, and TFA+CDDP where TFA was administered 5 days before CDDP injection and 5 days after. Interestingly, TFA significantly restored testosterone levels and abrogated oxidative stress injury. Additionally, TFA effectively suppressed inflammatory cytokines. It also counteracted the inflammation via downregulation of TLR4 and IRF3, P38-MAPK, NF-κB-p65, JAK1, STAT3, ERK1, and ERK2. Besides, TFA can modulate AKT and p-AKT protein expressions. In parallel, TFA mitigated the histopathological aberration of the testis and prevented spermatogenesis disruption. On the other hand, TFA augmented the in vitro CDDP cytotoxicity on Caco-2 and MCF-7 cells. Interestingly, TFA enhanced the cytotoxic effect of CDDP via apoptosis induction in both the early and late stages of apoptosis. Collectively, TFA exhibited a potential protective effect against CDDP-induced testicular injury by inhibiting oxidative stress as well as TLR4/IRF3/INF-γ, P38-MAPK/NF-κB-p65/TNF-α, and JAK1/STAT-3/ERK1/2 inflammatory signaling pathways with enhancing its in vitro cytotoxic activity.

Evaluation of protective effects of gallic acid on cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal damage

Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic drug used to treat many types of tumours. However, it may cause male reproductive toxicity. Gallic acid exhibits beneficial effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor. The current study investigated the beneficial effects of gallic acid against testis and epididymis toxicity induced by cisplatin. Male rats were divided into 4 groups as follows (n = 7): Control, cisplatin (a single dose of 8 mg/kg), Gallic acid (50 mg/kg) and cisplatin +Gallic acid groups. Testis was examined morphometrically by stereological methods. In addition, apoptosis, DNA damage, oxidative stress parameters in testis and testosterone in serum were measured. Epididymis was histopathologically evaluated. As a result, a significant decrease was observed in the number of spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli cells, testicular volume, height of germinal epithelial, Bcl-2 immunopositive cell number, activity of CAT, GSH and SOD enzymes and serum testosterone levels compared with the cisplatin group control group, while a significant increase was observed in the number of Caspase-3, Bax and 8-OHdG immunopositive cells and the MDA levels. However, Gallic acid significantly restored these parameters. Our study reveals that Gallic acid may improve Cisplatin-induced male reproductive toxicity by reducing oxidative stress, suppressing apoptosis and DNA damage and restoring structural and functional deterioration.

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates cisplatin-induced testicular apoptosis via PI3K/Akt/mTOR and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways in rats

Testicular toxicity is an adverse reaction of the effective chemotherapy drug cisplatin (CIS). Our previous study found that grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) had a protective effect on CIS-induced testicular toxicity. However, the protective mechanism of GSPE against CIS-induced testicular toxicity remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether GSPE can reduce CIS-induced testicular toxicity and its potential mechanism in rats. The results showed that GSPE ameliorated CIS-induced the apoptosis of testicular cells and inhibited the protein levels of Bad, Cyt c, caspase-9, caspase-3, caspase-12, GRP78, CHOP, IRE1α, p-IRE1α, XBP-1S, PERK, p-PERK, eIF2α, and p-eIF2α. Besides, GSPE reversed the downregulation of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, and p-mTOR protein expression induced by CIS. These results indicated that GSPE can improve CIS-induced testicular cells apoptosis via activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR and inhibiting Bad/Cyt c/caspase-9/caspase-3 pathways. And GSPE relieved endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis via inhibiting PREK/eIF2α and IRE1α/XBP-1S/caspase-12 pathways. In conclusion, the evidence suggested that GSPE can act as a protective agent against testicular toxicity induced by CIS. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Testicular toxicity was a well-known adverse effect of cisplatin (CIS) in cancer treatment. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) has been reported to serve as one of the most therapeutic potentials agents. In present study, we explored the regulatory effects of GSPE on the apoptosis induced by CIS, which involved testicular apoptosis mechanisms in rats. Our results indicated that CIS caused testicular toxicity via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERS mediated apoptosis pathway in rats. This toxicity was attenuated by GSPE treatment via activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and inhibiting Bad/CytC/caspase-9/caspase-3 as well as PREK/eIF2α, IRE1α/XBP-1S/caspase-12 pathways. Our findings suggest that GSPE may be a novel protective agent against testicular toxicity induced by CIS.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells rescue rat hippocampal cells from aluminum oxide nanoparticle-induced apoptosis via regulation of P53, Aβ, SOX2, OCT4, and CYP2E1

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess a preventive capacity against free radical toxicity in various tissues. The present study aimed to demonstrate the reformative and treatment roles of adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) against severe toxicity in the hippocampal cells of the brain caused by aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3-NPs). Rats were divided into five experimental groups: an untreated control group, a control group receiving NaCl, a group receiving Al2O3-NPs (6 mg/kg) for 20 days, a group that was allowed to recover (R) for 20 days following treatment with Al2O3-NPs, and a Al2O3-NPs + AD-MSCs group, where each rat was injected with 0.8 × 106 AD-MSCs via the caudal vein. Oral administration of Al2O3-NPs increased the protein levels of P53, cleaved caspase-3, CYP2E1, and beta-amyloid (Aβ); contrarily, AD-MSCs transplantation downregulated the levels of these proteins. In addition, the AD-MSCs-treated hippocampal cells were protected from Al2O3-NPs-induced toxicity, as detected by the expression levels of Sox2 and Oct4 that are essential for the maintenance of self-renewal. It was also found that AD-MSCs injection significantly altered the levels of brain total peroxide and monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and MAO-B activities. Histologically, our results indicated that AD-MSCs alleviated the severe damage in the hippocampal cells induced by Al2O3-NPs. Moreover, the role of AD-MSCs in reducing hippocampal cell death was reinforced by the regulation of P53, cleaved caspase-3, Aβ, and CYP2E1 proteins, as well as by the regulation of SOX2 and OCT4 levels and MAO-A and MAO-B activities.

Tranilast abrogates cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal injuries: An insight into its modulatory impact on apoptosis/proliferation

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent whose therapeutic use is greatly limited by the associated organs' toxicity and particularly, testicular toxicity. Cisplatin-induced testicular damage reported being mediated through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Evidence showed that tranilast (TRN) has the ability to restore the oxidative status and modulate TRAIL/caspase-8 signaling. This led us to hypothesize that TRN could abrogate cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal injuries via inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating proliferation and TRAIL/caspase-8/cJNK signaling. Cisplatin injection induced oligospermia and abnormalities in testicular and epididymal structure along with impaired oxidative status. TRN administration (100 or 300 mg/kg) for 7 days post-cisplatin injection preserved spermatogenesis and restored testicular and epididymal architecture, but restoration was more so in TRN300 than TRN100. This was in line with the restoration of balanced oxidative status as indicated by the increased total antioxidant capacity, glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity, and the decreased malondialdehyde content in testes (p < 0.05 vs. cisplatin). TRN increased the cell proliferation revealed by the increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05 vs. cisplatin) whereas only TRN300 decreased testicular cJNK, TRAIL, and caspase-8 expression (p < 0.05 vs. cisplatin). Moreover, TRN dose-dependently inhibited the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB and the cytokine TNF-α expressions in testes. In conclusion, TRN300 was more effective than TRN100 in alleviating cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal injuries and in enhancing spermatogenesis. This curative effect of TRN might be mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory impacts along with its modulatory impact on cJNK/TRAIL/caspase-8 signaling favoring proliferation rather than apoptosis.

Protective effects of green and chemical zinc oxide nanoparticles on testis histology, sperm parameters, oxidative stress markers and androgen production in rats treated with cisplatin

Cancer treatment with cisplatin (CP) is associated with adverse side effects on male reproductive tissues. Although beneficial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in cancer therapy have received considerable attention, data related to the protective effects of green ZnO NPs against CP-induced male reproductive dysfunctions are limited. Forty-five rats were divided into 9 groups including G1 (control), G2 (sham), G3 (ZnO bulk), G4 (green ZnO NPs), G5 (chemical ZnO NPs), G6 (CP), G7 (CP + ZnO bulk), G8 (CP + green ZnO NPs), and G9 (CP + chemical ZnO NPs). CP was administrated (5 mg/kg/week) for 4 weeks, and animals were simultaneously treated with different forms of ZnO (5 mg/kg/day). Testis histology, sperm parameters, oxidative stress markers, testosterone concentration, and expression of genes related in steroidogenesis were analyzed in different experimental groups. Testis tissue damage and epididymal sperm disorders induced by CP attenuated when animals were treated with different forms of ZnO, especially green ZnO NPs. Decreased testosterone concentration and increased MDA level in CP-treated rats were reversed following administration different forms of ZnO, especially green and chemical ZnO NPs. Co-administration of ZnO NPs to CP-treated rats restored the suppressive effects of CP on activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX, CAT) and the transcription of the STAR gene. None of the ZnO forms had a significant regulatory effect on the expression of CYP11A1 in CP-treated rats. The results showed that in most of the evaluated factors, green ZnO NPs showed a greater protective effect than other forms of ZnO.

Tert-butylhydroquinone preserve testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in cisplatin-intoxicated rats by targeting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

Cisplatin (Cis) is an effective chemotherapeutic intervention against many cancer types. However, the oxidative stress-related toxicities associated with cancer cell resistance-induced dose scaling has limited its long-term use. In the present study, we explored the benefits of the antioxidant, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ; 50 mg/kg b.w./day, for 14 days) against Cis single dose injection (7 mg/kg b.w., i.p on Day 8), on testicular toxicity of male Wistar rats. Cis triggered testicular and epididymal oxidative stress, testicular inflammation (upregulated NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels, and downregulated IL-10 mRNA level), increased testicular apoptosis (increased Bax/Bcl2 and caspase-3 mRNA levels) and decreased testicular germ cells proliferation. Further, Cis decreased testicular steroidogenesis (decreased expression of StAR, CYP11A1, 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD mRNA and proteins) and decreased follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels. Cis also decreased sperm count, motility, viability, normal morphology and Johnsen score. However, intervention with tBHQ significantly decreased oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2 gene, suppressed inflammation, apoptosis and increased testicular germ cells proliferation. tBHQ also increased steroidogenesis and improved sperm parameters. Taken together, tBHQ improves steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in Cis-intoxicated rats by improving antioxidant status, dampening inflammation and apoptosis, thus improving the proliferative capacity of spermatogenic cells.

The antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects of eugenol against cisplatin-induced testicular damage in the experimental model

Testicular dysfunction or damage is among the critical side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs like cisplatin. This study was mapped out to assess the possible therapeutic effect of eugenol on cisplatin-induced testicular damage. In this experimental study, a single dose of cisplatin (15 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally. After 72 hr of cisplatin injection, rats were sacrificed and testis tissues were removed. Tissues were examined by biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. While tissue lipid peroxidation product and apoptotic marker levels increased, antioxidant enzyme activities of testis tissue were decreased in the cisplatin group. Additionally, histopathological damage was also determined in testis tissue. Contrary to all these results, the severity of damage in the tissue was reduced histopathologically owing to eugenol treatment. The lipid peroxidation decreased and antioxidant enzyme activities increased in the eugenol treatment group. It has been determined that eugenol has a therapeutic effect on oxidative stress and apoptosis against cisplatin-induced testicular damage.

The protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on testicular oxidative stress in lead-induced toxicity mediated by Cyp19 gene / estradiol level

Exposure to heavy metals contributes to most of the unexplained male infertility. Lead (Pb) is a well- known heavy metal, which disrupt the male reproductive system. This study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic and protective effects of green tea active principle, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), on the lead toxicity-induced infertility in male rats. Male albino rats receiving lead acetate (PbAc, 50 mg/l) once a daily in drinking water showed reduction of spermatozoa count and motility, diminishing the weights of testes, seminal vesicle and epididymis, low level of serum testosterone and 17β-estradiol (E2), and degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules. Additionally, the Pb exposure caused a testicular oxidative stress with a decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) enzymes, a remarkable rising in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as a downregulation in P450 aromatase gene expression (Cyp19) in the rats' testicular tissues. These adverse effects of Pb were ameliorated by EGCG treatment, which increased testosterone, E2 serum level, and aromatase P450 gene expression, and improved testicular architecture and semen picture. Additionally, EGCG decreased the tissue levels of MDA and retained the levels of antioxidative enzymes. In conclusion, EGCG administration can provide a significant protection against testicular toxicity caused by pb, indicating the beneficial roles of EGCG on the male reproductive system.

Candesartan in a rat model of testicular toxicity: New insight on its protective mechanism

IMPACT STATEMENT

Cisplatin is a commonly used drug in the treatment of solid tumors and its application is associated with testicular toxicity. The effect of candesartan in cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity and its fundamental mechanism of action were investigated. Candesartan had certainly repaired the testicular injury and ameliorated both biochemical and histopathological changes. Candesartan mitigated the gonadotoxicity induced by cisplatin via antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions.

Naringenin palliates cisplatin and doxorubicin gonadal toxicity in male rats

Cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (DX) can cause testicular injury by inducing oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, Naringenin (NG) has antioxidant, antinitrative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. This study investigated the potential ability of NG to block gonadotoxicity induced CP and DX in male rats. The rats received one injection of either CP (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or DX (15 mg/kg, i.p.), and treated with NG (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 10 days beginning 6 days prior to CP and DX administration. NG significantly prevented the decreases of serum testosterone and inhibin B in rats received CP and DX. Additionally, NG significantly decreased the elevated testicular malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α/interleukin-10 ratio, and caspase-3 in CP- and DX-treated rats. NG also significantly raised the decreased testicular Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and total antioxidant status in CP- and DX-challenged rats. In addition, NG significantly increased P-glycoprotein level in testes of rats received CP and DX. Moreover, NG significantly decreased the testicular histopathological injury, and immunohistochemical expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase induced by CP and DX in rat testes. It was concluded that NG impeded gonadotoxicity of CP and DX in male rats by mitigating oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

The role of mesenchymal stem cells in chemotherapy-induced gonadotoxicity

Background

The therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity has been reported, however, its efficacy in gonadotoxicity still has not been addressed. Herein, we investigated the effect of BM-MSCs in cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity and its underlying mechanism of action.

Methods

Thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into a control group: injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) intraperitoneal (ip), a cisplatin group: injected with a single dose of 7 mg/kg cisplatin ip to induce gonadotoxicity and a BM-MSCs group: received cisplatin ip followed by BM-MSCs injection 1 day after cisplatin. In testicular tissues, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were assessed. Additionally, gene expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), caspase-3, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were measured. The testicular tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein contents and Bcl-2 associated X protein (BAX) expression were determined. Histopathology of testicular tissues was examined.

Results

Cisplatin injection showed a significant decrease in GSH and SOD testicular levels besides a significant increase of MDA and TNF-α testicular levels and upregulation of testicular gene expressions of iNOS, caspase-3, and p38-MAPK in comparison to the control group. Moreover, a marked increase in BAX protein expression was observed in the cisplatin group when compared with the control one. Histopathological examination exhibited significant seminiferous tubules atrophy in cisplatin-treated rats.

Conclusions

The BM-MSCs injection significantly repaired the testicular injury and improved both biochemical and histopathological changes. The MSCs mitigated the gonadotoxicity induced by cisplatin through antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic mechanisms.

Zatariamultiflora ameliorates cisplatin-induced testicular damage via suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis in a mice model

Objectives

Cisplatin (CP), as an anti-neoplastic drug, causes testicular damage. Zataria multiflora Boiss (ZM), a medicinal plant, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ZM against CP-induced testicular toxicity.

Materials and Methods

In this experimental study, thirty-two adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups. The control group received normal saline with oral gavage during 7 days; ZM group received ZM (200 mg/kg) during 7 days by gavage; CP group received CP (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (IP) in the 5^th day of study; ZM + CP group received ZM during 7 days and CP was injected in 5th day. Sperm parameters, biochemical (MDA, GSH, and PC) levels, serum testosterone levels, and histopathological and immunohistochemical assays of testis were examined one day after the last drug treatment.

Results

CP treatment caused significant damage via changed sperm parameters (sperm motility, count, viability rate, and abnormalities), increased oxidative stress (increased MDA and PC levels, and decreased GSH level), histological changes (degeneration, necrosis, arrest of spermatogenesis, congestion, and decrease in thickness of the germinal epithelium, diameter of seminiferous tubules, and Johnsen's Score), decreased serum testosterone level, and increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. ZM preserved spermatogenesis and mitigated the toxic effects of CP on the testis tissue. In addition, treatment with ZM significantly reduced caspase-3 immunoreactivity.

Conclusion

The findings of this study suggest that ZM as a potential antioxidant compound and due to free radicals scavenging activities has a protective effect against CP-induced testicular toxicity.

Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) extract: Phytochemical profile and modulation of cisplatin-induced liver, renal and testicular toxicity

The aim of our study was to examine the potential ameliorating effect of the methanolic extract of Satureja hortensis L. (summer savory) aerial parts against cisplatin-induced oxidative damage in renal, hepatic, and testicular tissues. S. hortensis methanol extract at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight were orally administered to Wistar rats once daily for 10 days. Toxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg of body weight) on the 5th day of the experiment. Applied treatment with S. hortensis extract restored tissue morphology, ameliorated levels of serum parameters for liver, renal and testes function, tissue oxidative stress parameters, and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio as an indicator of apoptosis in experimental animals caused by application of cisplatin. UHPLC/DAD/HESI-MS/MS analysis revealed that S. hortensis extract was rich in phenolic compounds with rosmarinic acid (24.9 mg/g) as the main compound, followed by caffeic acid (1.28 mg/g) and naringenin (1.06 mg/g). Our findings suggest that S. hortensis may be a valuable source of dietary and pharmacologically important phenolic compounds, especially rosmarinic acid, in pharmaceutical and functional food formulations in order to maintain normal health conditions or as a remedy in various diseases caused by oxidative damage.

Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Olive Leaf Extract on Cisplatin-Induced Testicular Damage in Rats

In the present investigation, the effect of olive leaf extract (OLE) on testicular damage induced in rats by an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP)) at a dose of 5 mg/kg was tested. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, CDDP, OLE, and OLE + CDDP. After 5 days of CDDP treatment, body and testicular weights, histopathological alteration, and serum male sex hormone levels were determined. In addition to the biochemical and immunohistochemical changes in the testes, CDDP caused the disorganization of germinal epithelium and apoptosis by inducing Bax and inhibiting Bcl-2 protein expression. Testicular weights, catalase, serum testosterone, testicular enzymatic (including glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase) along with nonenzymatic (glutathione) antioxidants, and levels of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones were significantly reduced in addition to a significant increase in testicular malondialdehyde and nitrite/nitrate levels when compared with the control group. OLE treatment markedly attenuated both biochemical and histopathological changes. The reproductive beneficial effects of OLE were mediated, at least partly, by inducing the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway.

Acacia hydaspica ethyl acetate extract protects against cisplatin-induced DNA damage, oxidative stress and testicular injuries in adult male rats

Background

Cisplatin (CP), an effective anticancer agent, carries the risk of impairing testicular function leading to infertility. The present study aimed at evaluating the protective effect of A. hydaspica ethyl acetate extract (AHE) against CP-induced oxidative stress and testicular injuries in rats.

Methods

Rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). Group I (control), group II (CP single dose on day 16). Group III received AHE for 21 days. Group IV (CP + AHE; post- treatment group). Group V (AHE + CP; pre-treatment group) and group VI (CP + Sily).

Results

CP treatment reduced serum testosterone (T), LH and FSH, decreased the activity level of antioxidant enzymes while increased the concentration of oxidative stress markers, i.e. thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), H₂O₂ and nitric oxide (NO) along with corresponding DNA damages. Furthermore, CP induced adverse morphological changes in testis of rats including reduced epithelial height and tubular diameter, increased luminal diameter with impaired spermatogenesis. Pre and post-treatment with AHE reduced the side effects of CP in testis tissues through improvement in the reproductive hormonal secretions, enzymatic activities, histological and DNA damage parameters. Pretreatment seems to be more effective and equivalent to silymarin group in reversing the CP deleterious effects as compared to post-treatment.

Conclusion

The results demonstrated that A. hydaspica treatment in CP-induced testicular toxicity augments the antioxidants defense mechanism, reverted the level of fertility hormones, suppressed the histomorphological alterations and DNA damages and thus provides the evidence that it may have a therapeutic role in free radical mediated diseases.