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Macedo PE, Batista JES, Souza LR, Dafre AL, Farina M, Kuca K, Posser T, Pinto PM, Boldo JT, Franco JL. Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for screening acetylcholinesterase reactivators. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024:1-20. [PMID: 39292449 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2401382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The widely used insecticide chlorpyrifos (CP) is known to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity attributed to result in various neurological disorders and acetylcholine-dependent organ functions including heart, skeletal muscle, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous systems. Enzyme reactivators, such as oximes, are known to restore AChE activity and mitigate adverse effects. The identification of compounds that reactivate AChE constitute agents with important therapeutic beneficial effects in cases of pesticide poisoning. However, the screening of novel drugs using traditional models may raise ethical concerns. This study aimed to investigate the potential of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for screening AChE reactivators, with a focus on organophosphate poisoning. The efficacy of several oximes, including pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime, methoxime, HI-6, K027, and K048, against CP-induced AChE activity inhibition in D. melanogaster was determined in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments. Molecular docking studies indicated a strong interaction between studied oximes and the active-site gorge of AChE. Data showed that selected oximes (100 μM) are effective in the reactivation of AChE inhibited by CP (10 μM) in vitro. Finally, in vivo investigations demonstrated that selected oximes, pralidoxime and K048 (1.5 ppm), reversed the locomotor deficits, inhibition of AChE activity as well as lowered the mortality rates induced by CP (0.75 ppm). Our findings contribute to utilization of D. melanogaster as a robust model for determination of actions of identified new AChE inhibitory agents with more effective therapeutic properties that those currently in use in the clinical practice in treatment of AChE associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Echeverria Macedo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Raspanti Souza
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Thais Posser
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Juliano Tomazzoni Boldo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
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2
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Grigorev V, Tinkov O, Grigoreva L, Rasdolsky A. Structural fractal analysis of the active sites of acetylcholinesterase from various organisms. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 116:108265. [PMID: 35816907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the object of many studies due to the fact that it plays an important role in the vital activity of organisms. In particular, when new AChE inhibitors are developed, much attention is paid to the specificity of their action. One of the approaches used to study the specificity is to compare AChE taken from various organisms. In this work, crystallographic data are used to investigate the active sites of AChE (ASAs) in the free (uncomplexed) state for the following five organisms: Homo sapiens (HS), Mus musculus (MM), Torpedo californica (TC), Electrophorus electricus (EE), and Drosophila melanogaster (DM). The structural fractal analysis (SFA) proposed by us earlier is used as a research method. This method is based on the calculation and comparison of the fractal dimensions of molecular structures. SFA demonstrates that there are no significant structural differences between the active sites of human AChE and other AChEs. However, differences are found for the MM/EE pair. Further analysis of individual AARs has revealed two different areas of active sites. Ser203, Trp236, Phe338, and Tyr341 are found to belong to a variable region, and the remaining AARs belong to a conservative region of the ASAs. The fraction of "variability" is low, 0.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veniamin Grigorev
- Department of Computer-aided Molecular Design, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severniy proezd 1, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia.
| | - Oleg Tinkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Transnistrian State University, October 25 Str. 128, 3300, Tiraspol, Transdniestria, Republic of Moldova
| | - Ludmila Grigoreva
- Department of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1/51, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Rasdolsky
- Department of Computer-aided Molecular Design, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severniy proezd 1, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia
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3
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Khalidi SAM, Sabullah MK, Sani SA, Shukor MYA, Basirun AA, Gafar AA, Jaafar ‘INM, Nordin N. Acetylcholine Receptor-based Biosensor Derived from Asian
Swamp Eel, Monopterus Albus for Heavy Metals Biomonitoring. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 28. [DOI: 10.47836/pjst.28.s2.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase-based biosensor well known as a sensitive method to detect the existence of harmful dissolved compounds in any type of water source, especially the river. This alternative biosensor can be used to determine the level of pollution of the water in a short period of time as well as to evaluate the low cost and simple service. The aim of this study was to exceed the effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase source extracted from the brain tissue of Asian swamp eel; Monopterus albus as a potential environmental biosensor. Purified acetylcholinesterase exposed to a different type of metal ions and mercury showed the highest percentage of inhibition at 62.9% followed by chromium at 59.22% while silver, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, zinc a¬¬nd lead at not more than 50% (approximately 37-50%). Metal ions such as mercury, zinc, chromium and copper showed exponential decay type inhibition curves with calculated half maximal inhibitory concentration; IC50 in the ascending sensitivity order 0.005, 0.595, 0.687 and 1.329 mgL-1, respectively. Field trial works exhibited that the acetylcholinesterase was applicable in sensing heavy metals pollution from the river which closed to the industrial and agricultural sites at near real-time and verified using ICP-OES. This study proves the potential use of acetylcholinesterase sourced from M. albus as a biomonitoring tool to assess the contamination level of the river.
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Bharate SB, Chao CK, Thompson CM. Comparison of the reactivation rates of acetylcholinesterase modified by structurally different organophosphates using novel pyridinium oximes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 71:103218. [PMID: 31302432 PMCID: PMC6736693 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel panel of oximes were synthesized, which have displayed varying degree of reactivation ability towards different organophosphorus (OP) modified cholinesterases. In the present article, we report a comparative reactivation profile of a series of quaternary pyridinium-oximes for electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EEAChE) inhibited by the organophosphorus (OP) inhibitors methyl paraoxon (MePOX), ethyl paraoxon (POX; paraoxon) and diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) that are distinguishable as dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl and diisopropoxyphosphoryl AChE-OP-adducts. Most of the 59-oximes tested led to faster and more extensive reactivation of MePOX- and POX-inhibited EEAChE as compared to DFP-modified EEAChE. All were effective reactivators of three OP-modified EEAChE conjugates showing 18-21% reactivation for DFP-inhibited AChE and ≥45% reactivation for MePOX- and POX-inhibited EEAChE. Oximes 7 and 8 showed kr values better than pralidoxime (1) for DFP-inhibited EEAChE. Reactivation rates determined at different inhibition times showed no significant change in kr values during 0-90 min incubation with three OPs. However, a 34-72% decrease in kr for MePOX and POX and > 95% decrease in kr for DFP-inhibited EEAChE was observed after 24 h of OP-exposure (aging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Charles M Thompson
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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Kuca K, Musilek K, Jun D, Nepovimova E, Soukup O, Korabecny J, França TCC, de Castro AA, Krejcar O, da Cunha EFF, Ramalho TC. Oxime K074 – in vitro and in silico reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by nerve agents and pesticides. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1485702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos C. C. França
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ondrej Krejcar
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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6
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Kuca K, Musilek K, Jun D, Zdarova-Karasova J, Nepovimova E, Soukup O, Hrabinova M, Mikler J, Franca TCC, Da Cunha EFF, De Castro AA, Valis M, Ramalho TC. A newly developed oxime K203 is the most effective reactivator of tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:8. [PMID: 29467029 PMCID: PMC5822599 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on in vitro and in vivo rat experiments, the newly developed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator, K203, appears to be much more effective in the treatment of tabun poisonings than currently fielded oximes. METHODS To determine if this reactivating efficacy would extend to humans, studies were conducted in vitro using human brain homogenate as the source of AChE. The efficacy of K203 was compared with commercially available oximes; pralidoxime, obidoxime and asoxime (HI-6). RESULTS Reactivation studies showed that K203 was the most effective reactivator with a second order kinetic constant (kr) of 2142 min- 1. M- 1, which was 51 times higher than that obtained for obidoxime (kr = 42 min- 1. M- 1). Both pralidoxime and asoxime (HI-6) failed to significantly reactivate tabun-inhibited human AChE. DISCUSSION According to these results and previous studies, using K203, it appears that oxime K203 is the most effective reactivator of tabun-inhibited cholinesterase in several species including humans and should be considered as a possible medical countermeasure to tabun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova-Karasova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - John Mikler
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Department of National Defence, Suffield, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil
| | | | | | - Martin Valis
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras/MG, Brazil
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7
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Abou-Donia MB, Siracuse B, Gupta N, Sobel Sokol A. Sarin (GB, O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate) neurotoxicity: critical review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:845-875. [PMID: 27705071 PMCID: PMC5764759 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1220916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sarin (GB, O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate) is a potent organophosphorus (OP) nerve agent that inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) irreversibly. The subsequent build-up of acetylcholine (ACh) in the central nervous system (CNS) provokes seizures and, at sufficient doses, centrally-mediated respiratory arrest. Accumulation of ACh at peripheral autonomic synapses leads to peripheral signs of intoxication and overstimulation of the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, which is described as "cholinergic crisis" (i.e. diarrhea, sweating, salivation, miosis, bronchoconstriction). Exposure to high doses of sarin can result in tremors, seizures, and hypothermia. More seriously, build-up of ACh at neuromuscular junctions also can cause paralysis and ultimately peripherally-mediated respiratory arrest which can lead to death via respiratory failure. In addition to its primary action on the cholinergic system, sarin possesses other indirect effects. These involve the activation of several neurotransmitters including gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and the alteration of other signaling systems such as ion channels, cell adhesion molecules, and inflammatory regulators. Sarin exposure is associated with symptoms of organophosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) and organophosphate-induced chronic neurotoxicity (OPICN). Moreover, sarin has been involved in toxic and immunotoxic effects as well as organophosphate-induced endocrine disruption (OPIED). The standard treatment for sarin-like nerve agent exposure is post-exposure injection of atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, accompanied by an oxime, an AChE reactivator, and diazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B Abou-Donia
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Briana Siracuse
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Natasha Gupta
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Ashly Sobel Sokol
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
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8
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Hayat NM, Shamaan NA, Sabullah MK, Shukor MY, Syed MA, Khalid A, Dahalan FA, Ahmad SA. The use of Lates calcarifer as a biomarker for heavy metals detection. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-015-0501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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The value of novel oximes for treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus compounds. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:249-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Structural requirements for effective oximes – Evaluation of kinetic in vitro data with phosphylated human AChE and structurally different oximes. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:125-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Holas O, Musilek K, Pohanka M, Kuca K. The progress in the cholinesterase quantification methods. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:1207-23. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.729037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Kassa J, Zdarova Karasova J, Sepsova V. A comparison of the reactivating efficacy of a novel bispyridinium oxime K203 with currently available oximes in VX agent-poisoned rats. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:753-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.681652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Military Health Sciences,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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13
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Bajgar J. Optimal choice of acetylcholinesterase reactivators for antidotal treatment of nerve agent intoxication. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2011; 53:207-11. [PMID: 21400978 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The studies dealing with mechanism of organophosphates (OP)/nerve agent action, prophylaxis and treatment of intoxications is a very hot topic at present. Though the research is very intensive, unfortunately, up to now, there is not universal or significantly better reactivator sufficiently effective against all nerve agents/OP when compared with presently available oximes (pralidoxime, methoxime, obidoxime, trimedoxime, HI-6). The use of the most effective reactivator (HI-6) using simple type of autoinjector (e.g. ComboPen) is strictly limited because of decomposition of HI-6 in solution. Thanks to better solubility it is clear that another salt of HI-6 (dimethanesulfonate, HI-6 DMS) is more convenient for the use as antidote against nerve agents in the autoinjector than HI-6 chloride (Cl). It was clearly demonstrated that reactivation potency of HI-6 DMS in comparison with HI-6 Cl in vivo was the same and bioavailability of HI-6 DMS is better than that of HI-6 Cl. Three chambered autoinjector allows administration of all three antidotes (atropine, reactivator, diazepam) simultaneously. Moreover, the content of chambers can be changed according to proposed requirements. Possible way to solve the problem of universal reactivator could be the use of two reactivators. Three chambered autoinjector is an ideal device for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Bajgar
- Department of Toxicology, University of Defence in Brno, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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14
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Kuča K, Musílek K, Jun D, Pohanka M, Žďárová Karasová J, Novotný L, Musilová L. Could oxime HI-6 really be considered as "broad-spectrum" antidote? J Appl Biomed 2009. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2009.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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15
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Bharate SB, Guo L, Reeves TE, Cerasoli DM, Thompson CM. New series of monoquaternary pyridinium oximes: Synthesis and reactivation potency for paraoxon-inhibited electric eel and recombinant human acetylcholinesterase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5101-4. [PMID: 19640713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a series of monoquaternary pyridinium oximes bearing either a heterocyclic side chain or a functionalized aliphatic side chain and the corresponding in vitro evaluation for reactivation of paraoxon-inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EeAChE) and recombinant human acetylcholinesterase (rHuAChE) are reported. Several newly synthesized compounds efficiently reactivated inhibited EeAChE, but were poor reactivators of inhibited rHuAChE. Compounds bearing a thiophene ring in the side chain (20, 23, 26 and 29) showed better reactivation (24-37% for EeAChE and 5-9% for rHuAChE) compared to compounds with furan and isoxazole heterocycles (0-8% for EeAChE and 2-3% for rHuAChE) at 10(-5)M. The N-pyridyl-CH(2)COOH analog 8 reactivated EeAChE (36%) and rHuAChE (15%) at 10(-4)M with a k(r) value better than 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM) for rHuAChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- NIH COBRE Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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16
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Pohanka M, Jun D, Kuca K. In vitro reactivation of trichlorfon-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase using HI-6, obidoxime, pralidoxime and K048. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:680-3. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802328315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Center of Advanced Studies, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Center of Biological Defence, Central Military Institute of Health, Techonin, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Center of Advanced Studies, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Center of Biological Defence, Central Military Institute of Health, Techonin, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Center of Advanced Studies, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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17
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Kuca K, Cabal J, Jung YS, Musilek K, Soukup O, Jun D, Pohanka M, Musilova L, Karasová J, Novotný L, Hrabinova M. Reactivation of human brain homogenate cholinesterases inhibited by Tabun using newly developed oximes K117 and K127. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 105:207-10. [PMID: 19473310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Newly developed acetylcholinesterase reactivators K117 [1,5-bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-oxapentane dichloride] and K127 [(1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-5-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-3-oxapentane dibromide)] were tested for their potency to reactivate tabun-inhibited human brain cholinesterases. Pralidoxime and trimedoxime were chosen as standard reference reactivators. Human tissue was used, as that was closer on the real treatment of human beings. As a result, oxime K127 was found as the best tested reactivator according to the constant k(r), characterizing the overall reactivation process. On the contrary, the maximal reactivation ability expressed as percentage of reactivation was the best for trimedoxime. This differences were caused as a result of using the enzyme from different species. Due to this, experiments on human tissue should be conducted after in vitro and in vivo tests on animals to eliminate such important failures of promising oximes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Pohanka M, Jun D, Kuca K. Photometric microplate assay for estimation of the efficacy of paraoxon-inhibited acetylcholinesterase reactivation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:781-4. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360701811023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Centre of Biological Defence, Central Military Institute of Health, Techonin, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Medicine, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Medicine, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kuca K, Cabal J, Jun D, Hrabinova M. Potency of Five Structurally Different Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators to Reactivate Human Brain Cholinesterases Inhibited by Cyclosarin. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008; 45:512-5. [PMID: 17503257 DOI: 10.1080/15563650701354234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) reactivators are used as a part of the antidotal therapy of organophosphorus pesticide and nerve agent intoxications. Cyclosarin is one member of the nerve agent family. In this article, we compared the reactivation potency of five structurally different AChE reactivators (pralidoxime, trimedoxime, methoxime, HS-6, and BI-6) to reactivate cyclosarin-inhibited cholinesterases of human brain. The results demonstrate that the bisquaternary monooxime reactivator BI-6 seems to be the most potent reactivator of cyclosarin-inhibited cholinesterases. Moreover, according to the results, we can describe basic structural requirements, which are necessary for the efficacious reactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove.,Czech Republic.
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Kuca K, Cabal J, Jun D, Bajgar J, Hrabinova M. Potency of new structurally different oximes to reactivate cyclosarin-inhibited human brain acetylcholinesterases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:663-6. [PMID: 17252938 DOI: 10.1080/14756360600850916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidotes currently used for organophosphorus pesticide and nerve agent intoxications consist of anticholinergics (atropine mainly) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) reactivators called oximes. Owing to the wide-spread of these toxic compounds worldwide, development of antidotes in the case of first aid is needed. To select the most promising AChE reactivators is a very time consuming process, which is necessary before approval of these compounds to be used as human antidotes. Because of ethical reasons, many developing experiments have been conducted on laboratory animals. However, these results often could not be transferred directly to human. Here, we have tested five newly developed AChE reactivators--K027, K033, K048, K074 and K075, which showed promising reactivation activity on rodents, as reactivators of inhibited human brain cholinesterases. For this purpose, cyclosarin was used as member of the nerve agent family. Oxime HI-6 and pralidoxime were used as AChE reactivator standards. Two AChE reactivators, K027 and K033, achieved comparable reactivation potency as HI-6. Moreover, oxime K033 reached its maximal reactivation potency at the lowest concentration which could be attained in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Wiesner J, Kriz Z, Kuca K, Jun D, Koca J. Acetylcholinesterases – the structural similarities and differences. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 22:417-24. [PMID: 17847707 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701421294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a widely spread enzyme playing a very important role in nerve signal transmission. As AChE controls key processes, its inhibition leads to the very fast death of an organism, including humans. However, when this feature is to be used for killing of unwanted organisms (i.e. mosquitoes), one is faced with the question - how much do AChEs differ between species and what are the differences? Here, a theoretical point of view was utilized to identify the structural basis for such differences. The various primary and tertiary alignments show that AChEs are very evolutionary conserved enzymes and this fact could lead to difficulties, for example, in the search for inhibitors specific for a particular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Wiesner
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Amperometric Biosensors for Real Time Assays of Organophosphates. SENSORS 2008; 8:5303-5312. [PMID: 27873815 PMCID: PMC3705505 DOI: 10.3390/s8095303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immobilized in gelatin was used to develop an assay for the organophosphate paraoxon. The more traditional manner employing preincubation was used for comparison between measurement procedures, although the aim of the study was to examine the performance of the biosensor for real time monitoring of organophosphates. The biosensor was immersed in a reaction chamber and paraoxon was injected inside. We were able to detect 200 pg of paraoxon within one minute or 2.5 ppb when the biosensor was preincubed in the sample solution for 15 minutes. The practical impact and expectations are discussed.
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Kuca K, Cabal J, Jun D, Koleckar V. In Vitro Comparison of Two Most Promising H-Oximes (HI-6 and HLö-7) and Currently Commercially Available Reactivators Pralidoxime and Obidoxime in Reactivation of Cyclosarin-Inhibited Human Cholinesterases. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:329-33. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510701380323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kuca K, Jun D, Cabal J, Musilova L. Bisquaternary Oximes as Reactivators of Tabun-Inhibited Human Brain Cholinesterases: An in vitro Study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101:25-8. [PMID: 17577312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intoxications caused by tabun nerve agent are generally very hard to treat by convential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators. Due to this, new AChE reactivators are still developed. In this study, we have tested three new promising bisquaternary AChE reactivators: K027, K033 and K048. These reactivators were previously tested on rat brain homogenate. To mimic reality, we studied the potency of these new oximes to reactivate tabun-inhibited human brain cholinesterases. As is evident from the results, reactivator K048 (reactivation 40%) surpassed all reactivators tested in this study [including the most promising ones, namely trimedoxime (37%) and obidoxime (33%)]. Moreover, if compared to our previous results from rat brain studies, species differences were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Structure—activity relationships for in vitro oxime reactivation of chlorpyrifos-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11696-007-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganophosphorus pesticides parathion, chlorpyrifos, and malathion inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) via phosphorylation of its active site. AChE reactivators and anticholinergics are compounds used as antidotes in the case of intoxication by these AChE inhibitors. In this work, chlorpyrifos, a representative member of this pesticide family, was used to inhibit the AChE activity of rat brain. The effect of twenty-one structurally different AChE reactivators was tested in vitro and subsequently, the relationship between their chemical structure and biological activity was outlined.
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Dorandeu F, Mikler JR, Thiermann H, Tenn C, Davidson C, Sawyer TW, Lallement G, Worek F. Swine models in the design of more effective medical countermeasures against organophosphorus poisoning. Toxicology 2006; 233:128-44. [PMID: 17092624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the three most commonly used large mammal species in the safety assessment of drugs remain the dog, the macaque and the marmoset, swine, especially minipigs, have also been widely used over the years in many toxicological studies. Swine present a number of interesting biological and physiological characteristics. Similarities in skin properties with humans have led to extensive in vitro and in vivo studies. There is a specific interest in cardiovascular research, as well as in anaesthesiology and critical care medicine due to common features of swine and human physiology. Although knowledge of swine brain structure and functions remains incomplete, data does exist. The multiple blood sampling that is necessary in pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies are possible, as well as multiparametric monitoring and interventions with equipment used in human clinical settings. Practicality (handling), scientific (stress reduction) and ethical (invasive monitoring) reasons have led research teams to incorporate anaesthesia into their paradigms which makes the analysis of data increasingly difficult. Although not substantiated by scientific data, the swine appears to have an intermediate position in the scale of public perception between non-human primates and animals commonly referred to as pets (i.e. dogs and cats) and rodents. The benefits of the swine model justify the use of these animals in the design of more effective medical countermeasures against known chemical warfare agents (nerve agents, vesicants and lung damaging agents). Exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides represents a severe health issue in developing countries, while OP intoxication with the more lethal military nerve agents is not only of military concern but also a terrorist threat. Tailoring therapeutic regimens to the reality of OP poisoning is of the utmost importance when little experimental data and sparse human clinical data are available in the decision making process. We will present some of the advantages and disadvantages of the swine model in OP countermeasures elaborating on two examples. First, we will present the issues related to the use of anaesthesia during experimental OP poisoning and second we will show how results from experiments with swine can be integrated into a kinetic-based dynamic model to evaluate oxime efficacy. A better knowledge of OP poisoning in swine (comparative toxicokinetics, pharmacokinetics and biochemistry) is definitely necessary before accepting it as a first choice non-rodent model. However, there exists a large amount of data in the model on anaesthesia and different types of shock favouring their use for evaluation of complex situations such as the anaesthesia of OP poisoned patients and combined injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dorandeu
- Département de Toxicologie, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 Avenue des Maquis du Gresivaudan, BP 87, F-38702 La Tronche Cedex, France.
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Lundy PM, Raveh L, Amitai G. Development of the Bisquaternary Oxime HI-6 Toward Clinical Use in the Treatment of Organophosphate Nerve Agent Poisoning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 25:231-43. [PMID: 17288495 DOI: 10.2165/00139709-200625040-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The traditional therapeutic treatment of organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor (nerve agents) poisoning consists of co-treatment with an antimuscarinic (atropine) and a reactivator of inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which contains a nucleophilic oxime function. Two oximes are presently widely available for clinical use, pralidoxime and obidoxime (toxogonin), but both offer little protection against important nerve agent threats. This has highlighted the real need for the development and availability of more effective oximes for human use, a search that has been going on for up to 30 years. However, despite the demonstration of more effective and safe oximes in animal experiments, no additional oximes have been licensed for human use. HI-6, (1-[[[4(aminocarbonyl)-pyridinio]methoxy]methyl]-2(hydroxyimino)pyridinium dichloride; CAS 34433-31-3) has been studied intensively and has been proved effective in a variety of species including non-human primates and appears from clinical experience to be safe in humans. These studies have led to the fielding of HI-6 for use against nerve agents by the militaries of the Czech republic, Sweden, Canada and under certain circumstances the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Nevertheless HI-6 has not been granted a license for clinical use, must be used only under restricted guidelines and is not available for civilian use as far as is known. This article will highlight those factors relating to HI-6 that pertain to the licensing of new compounds of this type, including the mechanism of action, the clinical and pre-clinical demonstration of safety and its efficacy against a variety of nerve agents particularly in non-human primates, since no relevant human population exists. This article also contains important data on the use of HI-6 in baboons, which has not been available previously. The article also discusses the possibility of successful therapy with HI-6 against poisoning in humans relative to doses used in non-human primates and relative to its ability to reactivate inhibited human AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Lundy
- Therapeutic Response, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
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