1
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Kassa J, Zdarova Karasova J. Combination of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists increases survival rate in soman-poisoned mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:590-595. [PMID: 37051629 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents pose a global threat to both military personnel and civilian population, because of their high acute toxicity and insufficient medical countermeasures. Commonly used drugs could ameliorate the intoxication and overall medical outcomes. In this study, we tested the drugs able to alleviate the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (donepezil, huperzine A, memantine) or Parkinson's disease (procyclidine). They were administered to mice before soman intoxication in terms of their: i) protection potential against soman toxicity and ii) influence on post-exposure therapy consisting of atropine and asoxime (also known as oxime HI-6). Their pretreatment effect was not significant, when administered alone, but in combination (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor such as denepezil or huperzine A with NMDA antagonist such as memantine or procyclidine) they lowered the soman toxicity more than twice. These combinations also positively influenced the efficacy of post-exposure treatment in a similar fashion; the combinations increased the therapeutic effectiveness of antidotal treatment. In conclusion, the most effective combination - huperzine A and procyclidine - lowered the toxicity three times and improved the post-exposure therapy efficacy more than six times. These results are unprecedented in the published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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2
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Karasova JZ, Kassa J, Hepnarova V, Pejchal J, Junova L, Andrys R, Malinak D, Bzonek P, Kohoutova Z, Musilek K. Toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and effectiveness of the ortho-chlorinated bispyridinium oxime, K870. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113236. [PMID: 35738326 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxime reactivators are causal antidotes for organophosphate intoxication. Herein, the toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and reactivation effectiveness of o-chlorinated bispyridinium oxime K870 are reported. Oxime K870 was found to have a safe profile at a dose of 30 mg/kg in rats. It exhibited rapid absorption and renal clearance similar to those of other charged oximes after intramuscular administration. Its isoxazole-pyridinium degradation product was identified in vivo. Although it showed some improvement in brain targeting, it was nevertheless rapidly effluxed from the central nervous system. Its reactivation effectiveness was evaluated in rats and mice intoxicated with sarin, tabun, VX, and paraoxon and compared with pralidoxime and asoxime. K870 was found to be less effective in reversing tabun poisoning compared to its parent unchlorinated oxime K203. However, K870 efficiently reactivated blood acetylcholinesterase for all tested organophosphates in rats. In addition, K870 significantly protected against intoxication by all tested organophosphates in mice. For these reasons, oxime K870 seems to have a broader reactivation spectrum against multiple organophosphates. It seems important to properly modulate the oximate forming properties (pKa) to obtain more versatile oxime reactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Junova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bzonek
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kohoutova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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3
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ. Memantine and Its Combination with Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Pharmacological Pretreatment of Soman Poisoning in Mice. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1487-1494. [PMID: 34292503 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents pose a real threat to both the military and civil populations, but the current treatment of the poisoning is unsatisfactory. Thus, we studied the efficacy of prophylactic use of memantine alone or in combination with clinically used reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (pyridostigmine, donepezil, rivastigmine) against soman. In addition, we tested their influence on post-exposure therapy consisting of atropine and asoxime. Pyridostigmine alone failed to decrease the acute toxicity of soman. But all clinically used acetylcholinesterase inhibitors administered alone reduced the acute toxicity, with donepezil showing the best efficacy. The combination of memantine with reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors attenuated soman acute toxicity significantly. The pretreatment administered alone or in combinations influenced the efficacy of post-exposure treatment in a similar fashion: (i) pyridostigmine or memantine alone did not affect the antidotal treatment, (ii) centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors alone increased the antidotal treatment slightly, (iii) combination of memantine with reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors increased the antidotal treatment more markedly. In conclusion, memantine alone failed to decrease the acute toxicity of soman or increase post-exposure antidotal treatment efficacy. The combination of memantine with donepezil significantly increased post-exposure effectiveness (together 5.12, pretreatment alone 1.72). Both drugs, when applied together, mitigate soman toxicity and boost post-exposure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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4
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Bajgar J, Kuca K, Kassa J. Inhibition of cholinesterases following percutaneous intoxication with V agents in rats. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1564773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bajgar
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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5
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Kassa J, Timperley CM, Bird M, Green AC, Tattersall JEH. Influence of experimental end point on the therapeutic efficacy of the antinicotinic compounds MB408, MB442 and MB444 in treating nerve agent poisoned mice - a comparison with oxime-based treatment. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:703-710. [PMID: 32878547 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1817218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment of acute poisoning by nerve agents is generally assessed by the evaluation of LD50 values of nerve agents over 24 h following poisoning without or with a single administration of antidotal treatment. In this study, LD50 values of four nerve agents (sarin, soman, tabun and cyclosarin) for non-treated and treated poisoning were evaluated in mice for two experimental end points - 6 h and 24 h. While the efficacy of atropine or oxime-based antidotal treatment was the same regardless of the experimental end point, the therapeutic efficacy of all three newly developed bispyridinium non-oxime compounds (MB408, MB442, and MB444) was mostly slightly higher at the 6 h end point compared to the 24 h end point, although the therapeutic efficacy of MB compounds was not superior to oxime-based antidotal treatment. These results contrast with a study in guinea-pigs using a structurally-related compound, MB327, which showed a striking increase in protection at 6 h compared to 24 h. It is suggested that the disparity may be due to pharmacokinetic differences between the two animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Bird
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - A Christopher Green
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - John E H Tattersall
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Kassa J, Stetina R. The evaluation of oxidative damage of DNA after poisoning with nerve agents. J Appl Biomed 2019; 17:225-230. [PMID: 34907721 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2019.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The potency of three nerve agents (sarin, soman, tabun) to induce oxidative damage of DNA in lymphocytes, liver and brain during lethal or sublethal poisoning was investigated. The single strand breaks or oxidative base DNA damage was evaluated with the help of Comet assay and a specific enzyme able to detect oxidative bases of DNA (endonuclease III). While sarin and soman administered at sublethal doses corresponding to 50% of their LD50 values were not able to induce oxidative damage of DNA, their lethal dose (LD50) induced the significant increase of the number of oxidative bases in DNA of hepatocytes. In addition, tabun administered at lethal dose (LD50) induced significant increase of the number of single strand breaks and oxidative bases of DNA in glial cells isolated from pontomedullar brain region. Thus, some nerve agents were able to induce oxidative damage in the peripheral as well as central compartment but only in the case of severe poisoning caused by lethal doses of nerve agents. This non-cholinergic effect of nerve agents has probably consequences with nerve agents-induced hypoxic status during acute cholinergic crisis and it can contribute to their long-term toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- University of Defence in Brno, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Stetina
- University of Defence in Brno, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Zdarova Karasova J, Hepnarova V, Andrys R, Lisa M, Jost P, Muckova L, Pejchal J, Herman D, Jun D, Kassa J, Kuca K. Encapsulation of oxime K027 into cucurbit[7]uril: In vivo evaluation of safety, absorption, brain distribution and reactivation effectiveness. Toxicol Lett 2019; 320:64-72. [PMID: 31794810 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxime-based acetylcholinesterase reactivators (briefly oximes) regenerate organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase and restore its function. Poor blood-brain-barrier passage and fast elimination from blood limit their actual use in treatment of patients exposed to organophosphates. Previous in vitro results implicated further testing of cucurbit[7]uril as a delivery vehicle for bisquaternary oximes. The present paper focuses on cell toxicity, in vivo safety and influence of cucurbit[7]uril on oxime pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Neither the K027 nor the complex caused any cell toxicity, changes in blood biochemistry or hepato- or nephrotoxicity in tested concentrations. The encapsulation of K027 increased and accelerated the blood-brain-barrier penetration. The peripheral oxime exposure also increased, supporting the suggestion that cucurbit[7]uril protects the circulating oxime from rapid renal clearance. Contrary to the comparable in vitro reactivation power of K027 and the encapsulated K027, we failed to confirm this in vivo. In theory, this might result from the non-specific binding of molecules to the cucurbit[7]uril or the interaction of K027 with cucurbit[7]uril being too strong for acetylcholinesterase reactivation. Precise explanation requires additional in silico, in vitro and also in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Lisa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jost
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Herman
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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8
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Bajgar J, Kassa J, Kucera T, Musilek K, Jun D, Kuca K. Some Possibilities to Study New Prophylactics against Nerve Agents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:970-979. [PMID: 30827238 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190301112530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents belong to the most dangerous chemical warfare agents and can be/were misused by terrorists. Effective prophylaxis and treatment is necessary to diminish their effect. General principles of prophylaxis are summarized (protection against acetylcholinesterase inhibition, detoxification, treatment "in advance" and use of different drugs). They are based on the knowledge of mechanism of action of nerve agents. Among different examinations, it is necessary to test prophylactic effectivity in vivo and compare the results with protection in vitro. Chemical and biological approaches to the development of new prophylactics would be applied simultaneously during this research. Though the number of possible prophylactics is relatively high, the only four drugs were introduced into military medical practice. At present, pyridostigmine seems to be common prophylactic antidote; prophylactics panpal (tablets with pyridostigmine, trihexyphenidyl and benactyzine), transant (transdermal patch containing HI-6) are other means introduced into different armies as prophylactics. Scavenger commercionally available is Protexia®. Future development will be focused on scavengers, and on other drugs either reversible cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., huperzine A, gallantamine, physostigmine, acridine derivatives) or other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bajgar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - J Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - T Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - K Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - D Jun
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - K Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Timperley CM, Bird M, Williams RL, Green AC, Tattersall JEH. Some benefit from non-oximes MB408, MB442 and MB444 in combination with the oximes HI-6 or obidoxime and atropine in antidoting sarin or cyclosarin poisoned mice. Toxicology 2018; 408:95-100. [PMID: 30005893 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of three newly developed bispyridinium non-oxime compounds (MB408, MB442, and MB444) on the therapeutic efficacy of a standard antidotal treatment (atropine in combination with the oxime HI-6 or obidoxime) of acute poisoning by two nerve agents (sarin and cyclosarin) in mice was studied. The therapeutic efficacy of atropine in combination with an oxime with or without one of the bispyridinium non-oximes was evaluated by determination of the 24 h LD50 values of the nerve agents studied and by measurement of the survival time after supralethal poisoning. Addition of all tested non-oximes increased the therapeutic efficacy of atropine in combination with an oxime against sarin poisoning; however, the differences were not significant. The non-oximes also positively influenced the number of surviving mice 6 h after supralethal poisoning with sarin. In the case of cyclosarin, they were also slightly beneficial in the treatment of acute poisoning. The higher dose of MB444 was able to significantly increase the therapeutic efficacy of standard antidotal treatment of poisoning with cyclosarin. The benefit of each bispyridinium non-oxime compound itself was obviously dose-dependent. In summary, the addition of MB compounds to the standard antidotal treatment of acute nerve agent poisoning was beneficial for the antidotal treatment of sarin or cyclosarin poisoning, although their benefit at 24 h after poisoning was not significant, with the exception of the higher dose of MB444 against cyclosarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Christopher M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Bird
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Williams
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - A Christopher Green
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - John E H Tattersall
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
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Richterova M, Stetina R, Jost P, Svobodova H, Rehacek V, Kassa J. Inter strand crosslinks in DNA induced in vivo by percutaneous application of sulphur mustard to rats and mice. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2018; 832-833:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Caisberger F, Pejchal J, Misik J, Kassa J, Valis M, Kuca K. The benefit of combinations of oximes for the ability of antidotal treatment to counteract sarin-induced brain damage in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:35. [PMID: 29954446 PMCID: PMC6022407 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study was to compare the ability of two combinations of oximes (HI-6 + trimedoxime and HI-6 + K203) with atropine to counteract acute sarin-induced brain damage with the efficacy of antidotal treatment involving single oxime (HI-6) and atropin using in vivo methods. Methods Brain damage and neuroprotective effects of antidotal treatment were evaluated in rats poisoned with sarin at a sublethal dose (108 μg/kg i.m.; 90% LD50) using histopathological, Fluoro-Jade B and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis 24 h after sarin administration. Results Both combinations of oximes reduce the number of rats that died before the end of experiment compared to non-treated sarin poisoning and sarin poisoning treated with HI-6 and atropine. In the case of treatment of sarin poisoning with HI-6 in combination with K203, all rats survived till the end of experiment. HI-6 with atropine was able to reduce sarin-induced brain damage, however, both combinations were slightly more effective. Conclusions The oxime HI-6 in combination with K203 and atropine seems to be the most effective. Thus, both tested oxime combinations bring a small benefit in elimination of acute sarin-induced brain damage compared to single oxime antidotal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Caisberger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Misik
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. .,Biomedical Research Center, Uiversity Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Misik J, Nepovimova E, Pejchal J, Kassa J, Korabecny J, Soukup O. Cholinesterase Inhibitor 6-Chlorotacrine - In Vivo Toxicological Profile and Behavioural Effects. Curr Alzheimer Res 2018; 15:552-560. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205015666171212105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
6-chlorotacrine is a cholinesterase inhibitor showing good inhibitory potential, even better than parent compound tacrine, in vitro. Despite tacrine scaffold is broadly used for design and synthesis of novel compounds with anti-Alzheimer's potential, no in vivo effects have been investigated so far. Thus, basic toxicological and behavioural evaluation has been carried out throughout this study.
Methods:
Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and median lethal dose (LD50) were assessed in BALB/c mice and Wistar rats. Behavioural effects were observed in rats performing the multiple T-maze test, the water maze test and the step-through passive avoidance test. All outcomes were compared with the effects of parent compound - tacrine.
Results:
The toxicity of 6-chlorotacrine was increased compared to tacrine with MTD 6.0/5.0 mg.kg-1
(i.m., male/female mice), 6.0/5.0 mg.kg-1 (i.p., male/female rats) and LD50 9.0 mg.kg-1 (male rats). At
MTD doses, no histopathological changes and blood biochemistry abnormalities were observed except
decreased plasma creatinine levels. 6-chlorotacrine showed good effects in the reversal of quinuclidinyl
benzilate-induced amnesia. Best results were achieved at the dose of 1.8 mg.kg-1 (20% LD50) in the water
maze test; the pro-cognitive effect was stronger than that of tacrine (5.2 mg.kg-1, 20% LD50). Other
doses tested (0.9 mg.kg-1 and 2.7 mg.kg-1) showed similar effects as tacrine in the water maze, multiple
T-maze and passive avoidance test.
Conclusion:
Observed effects predetermined 6-chlorotacrine as a potent parent compound for the synthesis
of novel multifactorial drugs intended to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Even though 6-
chlorotacrine showed in vivo beneficial effect with no signs of toxicity, further tests on the field of biochemistry
and pharmacology are essential to disclose the exact mechanism of action, safety evaluation
and the metabolic fate of the compound after the repeated administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Misik
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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13
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Kuca K, Karasova JZ, Soukup O, Kassa J, Novotna E, Sepsova V, Horova A, Pejchal J, Hrabinova M, Vodakova E, Jun D, Nepovimova E, Valis M, Musilek K. Development of small bisquaternary cholinesterase inhibitors as drugs for pre-treatment of nerve agent poisonings. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:505-512. [PMID: 29563775 PMCID: PMC5849933 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s133038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Intoxication by nerve agents could be prevented by using small acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (eg, pyridostigmine) for potentially exposed personnel. However, the serious side effects of currently used drugs led to research of novel potent molecules for prophylaxis of organophosphorus intoxication. Methods The molecular design, molecular docking, chemical synthesis, in vitro methods (enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, and nicotinic receptors modulation), and in vivo methods (acute toxicity and prophylactic effect) were used to study bispyridinium, bisquinolinium, bisisoquinolinium, and pyridinium-quinolinium/isoquinolinium molecules presented in this study. Results The studied molecules showed non-competitive inhibitory ability towards human acetylcholinesterase in vitro that was further confirmed by molecular modelling studies. Several compounds were selected for further studies. First, their cytotoxicity, nicotinic receptors modulation, and acute toxicity (lethal dose for 50% of laboratory animals [LD50]; mice and rats) were tested to evaluate their safety with promising results. Furthermore, their blood levels were measured to select the appropriate time for prophylactic administration. Finally, the protective ratio of selected compounds against soman-induced toxicity was determined when selected compounds were found similarly potent or only slightly better to standard pyridostigmine. Conclusion The presented small bisquaternary molecules did not show overall benefit in prophylaxis of soman-induced in vivo toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Eva Novotna
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Anna Horova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Eva Vodakova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
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14
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Kassa J, Timperley CM, Bird M, Williams RL, Green AC, Tattersall JEH. Evaluation of the Influence of Three Newly Developed Bispyridinium Anti-nicotinic Compounds (MB408, MB442, MB444) on the Efficacy of Antidotal Treatment of Nerve Agent Poisoning in Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:429-435. [PMID: 29117635 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of three newly developed bispyridinium antinicotinic compounds (the non-oximes MB408, MB442 and MB444) on the therapeutic efficacy of a standard antidotal treatment (atropine in combination with an oxime) of acute poisoning by the organophosphorus nerve agents tabun and soman was studied in mice. The therapeutic efficacy of atropine in combination with an oxime with or without one of the bispyridinium non-oximes was evaluated by determination of the LD50 values of the nerve agents and measurement of the survival time after supralethal poisoning. Addition of all the tested non-oximes increased significantly the therapeutic efficacy of atropine in combination with an oxime against tabun poisoning. They also positively influenced the number of surviving mice 6 hr after supralethal poisoning with tabun. However, they were only slightly effective for the treatment of soman poisoning. The benefit of the tested bispyridinium non-oximes was dose-dependent. To conclude, the addition of bispyridinium non-oximes to the standard antidotal treatment of acute poisoning with tabun was beneficial regardless of the chosen non-oxime, but only slightly beneficial in the case of soman poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Mike Bird
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Rebecca L Williams
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - A Christopher Green
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - John E H Tattersall
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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15
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Kassa J, Misik J, Hatlapatkova J, Zdarova Karasova J. A comparison of neuroprotective efficacy of two novel reactivators of acetylcholinesterase called K920 and K923 with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:236-243. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1275907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Misik
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hatlapatkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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16
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Horova A, Musilek K. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two novel bispyridinium oximes (K305, K307) with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats and mice. J Appl Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
Russian VX ( O-isobutyl- S-(2-diethylaminoethyl)methylphosphonothioate) is the structural analogue of VX agent. It differs from VX agent ( O-ethyl- S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate) by two alkyl groups. The potency of currently available oximes (pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6) to reactivate Russian VX–inhibited acetylcholinesterase and to eliminate Russian VX–induced acute toxic effects was evaluated using in vivo methods. In vivo determined percentage of reactivation of Russian VX–inhibited blood and brain acetylcholinesterase in poisoned rats shows that HI-6 seems to be the most efficacious reactivator of Russian VX–inhibited acetylcholinesterase among currently used oximes in the peripheral compartment, whereas no difference between reactivating efficacy of all tested oximes was observed in the central compartment. The oxime HI-6 was also found to be the most efficacious oxime in the elimination of acute lethal toxic effects in Russian VX–poisoned mice among all studied oximes. Thus, the oxime HI-6 seems to be the most suitable oxime for the antidotal treatment of acute poisonings with Russian VX as in the case of VX, sarin, cyclosarin, and soman poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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18
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Cabal J, Kassa J, Severa J. A comparison of the decontamination efficacy of foam-making blends based on cationic and nonionic tensides against organophosphorus compounds determinedin vitro and in vivo. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 22:507-14. [PMID: 14580011 DOI: 10.1191/0960327103ht377oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ability of foam-making blends to decontaminate the skin exposed to organophosphorus compounds was tested. The appropriate composition and rheological features (stability, grade of foaming) of tested blends were evaluated by in vitro methods and their ability to remove the contaminants from hard surface and to transform the contaminants into nontoxic compounds was evaluated byin vivo methods. The blends containing cationic and nonionic tensides as well as alkalized hydrogen peroxide seem to be the most efficacious to decontaminate the skin exposed to organophosphorus compounds according to the literature data. The composition of tested blends was optimized because particular components often have antagonistic effects. Cationic tensides support the reactivity of the blend and control the grade of foaming. Nonionic tensides control the stability of the foams but also react as retardants of the reactivity of the foams. Hydrogen peroxide is a real reacting component when it is transformed into hydrogen peroxide anion. It also acts as buffer if pH is higher than 11. Our in vivo results confirm that Desam OX (34 and 68%) and the foam-making blend containing benzalkonium chloride / Althosan MB (8%), Slovasol 2510 (2%) and hydrogen peroxide (3%) alkalized at pH 12 seem to be the most efficacious to remove contaminants (soman, VX) from the skin and transform them into nontoxic compounds. Therefore they could be used for primary decontamination of chemical casualties contaminated with nerve agents in the field condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cabal
- Purkynĕ Military Medical Academy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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19
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Kassa J, Pohanka M, Timperley CM, Bird M, Green AC, Tattersall JEH. Evaluation of the benefit of the bispyridinium compound MB327 for the antidotal treatment of nerve agent-poisoned mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:334-9. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1162249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Misik J, Korabecny J, Nepovimova E, Kracmarova A, Kassa J. Effects of novel tacrine-related cholinesterase inhibitors in the reversal of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate-induced cognitive deficit in rats —Is there a potential for Alzheimer’s disease treatment? Neurosci Lett 2016; 612:261-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Misik J, Korabecny J, Nepovimova E, Cabelova P, Kassa J. The effects of novel 7-MEOTA-donepezil like hybrids and N-alkylated tacrine analogues in the treatment of quinuclidinyl benzilate-induced behavioural deficits in rats performing the multiple T-maze test. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 159:547-53. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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22
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Nepovimova E, Korabecny J, Dolezal R, Babkova K, Ondrejicek A, Jun D, Sepsova V, Horova A, Hrabinova M, Soukup O, Bukum N, Jost P, Muckova L, Kassa J, Malinak D, Andrs M, Kuca K. Tacrine–Trolox Hybrids: A Novel Class of Centrally Active, Nonhepatotoxic Multi-Target-Directed Ligands Exerting Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities with Low In Vivo Toxicity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8985-9003. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Nepovimova
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Intensive Medicine and Forensic Studies; Department of Physiology
and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Babkova
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Ondrejicek
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy
in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Horova
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Neslihan Bukum
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jost
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Intensive Medicine and Forensic Studies; Department of Physiology
and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Andrs
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department
of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Horova A, Musilek K. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two novel bispyridinium oximes (K920, K923) with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats and mice. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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24
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Matouskova L, Horova A, Musilek K. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two novel bispyridinium oximes (K727, K733) with the oxime HI-6 and obidoxime in sarin-poisoned rats and mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:229-33. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1036333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Kassa J, Misik J, Zdarova Karasova J. Neuroprotective efficacy of newly developed oximes in comparison with currently available oximes in tabun-poisoned rats. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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26
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Tumova M, Horova A, Musilek K. A Comparison of the Reactivating and Therapeutic Efficacy of Two Newly Developed Oximes (K727 and K733) with Oxime K203 and Trimedoxime in Tabun-Poisoned Rats and Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:367-71. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Martina Tumova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Anna Horova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Tumova M. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two novel oximes K378 and K458 with currently available oximes in rats and mice poisoned with sarin. J Appl Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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28
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Kassa J, Korabecny J, Sepsova V, Tumova M. The Evaluation of Prophylactic Efficacy of Newly Developed Reversible Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase in Soman-Poisoned Mice - A Comparison with Commonly Used Pyridostigmine. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:571-6. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Department of Toxicology; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Martina Tumova
- Department of Toxicology; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
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Misik J, Vanek J, Musilek K, Kassa J. Cholinergic antagonist 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate – Impact on learning and memory in Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 266:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Tumova M, Musilek K, Horova A. The evaluation of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two novel oximes (K361 and K378) in comparison with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats and mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013; 24:173-8. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2013.871766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Kassa J, Misik J, Karasova JZ. Evaluation of the Potency of Two Novel Bispyridinium Oximes (K456, K458) in Comparison with Oxime K203 and Trimedoxime to Counteract Tabun-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:201-8. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove; Czech Republic
| | - Jan Misik
- Department of Toxicology; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove; Czech Republic
| | - Jana Z. Karasova
- Department of Public Health; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove; Czech Republic
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32
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Musilek K, Horova A. The evaluation of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of three novel bispyridinium oximes (K454, K456, K458) in comparison with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats and mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 23:94-8. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.720304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Petroianu GA, Hasan MY, Nurulain SM, Nagelkerke N, Kassa J, Kuca K. New K-Oximes (K-27 and K-48) in Comparison with Obidoxime (LuH-6), HI-6, Trimedoxime (TMB-4), and Pralidoxime (2-PAM): Survival in Rats Exposed IP to the Organophosphate Paraoxon. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 17:401-8. [PMID: 20020943 DOI: 10.1080/15376510601131362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Oximes are cholinesterase reactivators used in organophosphorus compound poisoning. The purpose of the study was to compare the protective effect of the K-oximes (K-27 and K-48) in male rats with that of obidoxime (LuH-6), trimedoxime (TMB-4), and HI-6, using paraoxon (POX) as a cholinesterase inhibitor. Pralidoxime (2-PAM) was also retested. Seven groups of six rats each were used. Group 1 (G(1)) received 1 mumol/rat POX ( approximately LD(75)), the other groups (G(2-7)) received 1 mumol/rat POX + one of the six reactivators. The animals were monitored for 48 h and time of mortality was recorded. The procedure was repeated seven times. Subsequently, experiments as described were repeated using 10 and 15 mumol/rat POX. Mortality data were compared and hazards ratios (relative risks) ranked with the Cox proportional hazards model using the POX dose and group (reactivator) as time-independent covariables. K-27 followed by K-48 were the most potent reactivators. K-27 was statistically significantly superior to all other reactivators except K-48. The relative risk of death estimated by Cox analysis in K-27- and K-48-treated animals when compared with untreated animals, adjusted for the POX dose, was 0.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15 to 0.31) and 0.26 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.37), respectively. We concluded that in the animal model used K-27 and K-48 are superior to older oximes in their ability to protect from paraoxon effects. They should be tested further using methyl- and propyl-organophosphates as toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Petroianu
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain-United Arab Emirates
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Kassa J, Misik J, Karasova JZ. A comparison of the potency of a novel bispyridinium oxime K203 and currently available oximes (obidoxime, HI-6) to counteract the acute neurotoxicity of sarin in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 111:333-8. [PMID: 22536919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of a newly developed oxime K203 and currently available oximes (obidoxime, HI-6) in combination with atropine in rats poisoned with sarin were studied. The sarin-induced neurotoxicity was monitored using a functional observatory battery at 2 hr after sarin challenge. The results indicate that the potency of a novel bispyridinium oxime K203 to counteract sarin-induced neurotoxicity is relatively low and roughly corresponds to the neuroprotective efficacy of obidoxime. Among tested oximes, the oxime HI-6 seems to be significanlty more efficacious to counteract acute neurotoxicity of sarin than commonly used obidoxime and a newly developed oxime K203. Thus, the oxime K203 does not provide any beneficial effect for the antidotal treatment of acute poisoning with sarin in comparison with the oxime HI-6 that should be considered to be the best oxime for antidotal treatment of acute sarin poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Kassa J, Zdarova Karasova J, Sepsova V. A comparison of the reactivating efficacy of a novel bispyridinium oxime K203 with currently available oximes in VX agent-poisoned rats. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:753-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.681652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Military Health Sciences,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Sepsova V, Caisberger F, Bajgar J. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of chosen combinations of oximes with individual oximes against VX in rats and mice. Int J Toxicol 2012; 30:562-7. [PMID: 22013137 DOI: 10.1177/1091581811415294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of 2 combinations of oximes (HI-6 + trimedoxime and HI-6 + K203) to reactivate VX-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and reduce acute toxicity of VX was compared with the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment involving a single oxime (HI-6, trimedoxime, K203) in rats and mice. Our results showed that the reactivating efficacy of both combinations of oximes studied in rats is significantly higher than the reactivating efficacy of all individual oximes in diaphragm and roughly corresponds to the most effective individual oxime in blood and brain. Both combinations of oximes were found to be more effective in the reduction of acute lethal toxicity of VX in mice than the antidotal treatment involving the most efficacious individual oxime although the difference is not significant. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that the antidotal treatment involving the chosen combinations of oximes brings benefit for the reactivation of VX-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in rats and for the antidotal treatment of VX-induced acute poisoning in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Kassa J, Musilek K, Zdarova Karasova J, Kuca K, Bajgar J. Two Possibilities How to Increase the Efficacy of Antidotal Treatment of Nerve agent Poisonings. Mini Rev Med Chem 2012; 12:24-34. [DOI: 10.2174/138955712798869011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kassa J, Kunesova G. The benefit of combination of oximes for the neuroprotective efficacy of antidotal treatment of sarin-poisoned rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 22:260-7. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.640717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kassa J, Musilek K, Koomlova M, Bajgar J. A Comparison of the Efficacy of Newly Developed Reversible Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase with Commonly Used Pyridostigmine as Pharmacological Pre-Treatment of Soman-Poisoned Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 110:322-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bajgar J, Hajek P, Kassa J, Slizova D, Krs O, Karasova JZ, Fusek J, Capek L, Voicu VA. Combined approach to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activity changes in the rat brain following tabun intoxication and its treatment. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 22:60-6. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.596231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kassa J, Zdarova Karasova J, Sepsova V, Kunesova G, Caisberger F, Pohanka M, Bajgar J. The ability of combinations of oximes to increase the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment of sarin poisoning in rats and mice. Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zdarova Karasova J, Pohanka M, Pavlík M, Kassa J, Musilek K, Zemek F, Kuca K. Distribution study of acetylcholinesterase reactivators after application of therapeutic doses in guinea pigs. Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Tesarova S. A comparison of the neuroprotective efficacy of individual oxime (HI-6) and combinations of oximes (HI-6+trimedoxime, HI-6+K203) in soman-poisoned rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:233-9. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.510525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bajgar J, Hajek P, Zdarova JK, Kassa J, Paseka A, Slizova D, Krs O, Kuca K, Jun D, Fusek J, Capek L. A comparison of tabun-inhibited rat brain acetylcholinesterase reactivation by three oximes (HI-6, obidoxime, and K048) in vivo detected by biochemical and histochemical techniques. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 25:790-7. [PMID: 21054236 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903433373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tabun belongs to the most toxic nerve agents. Its mechanism of action is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition at the peripheral and central nervous systems. Therapeutic countermeasures comprise administration of atropine with cholinesterase reactivators able to reactivate the inhibited enzyme. Reactivation of AChE is determined mostly biochemically without specification of different brain structures. Histochemical determination allows a fine search for different structures but is performed mostly without quantitative evaluation. In rats intoxicated with tabun and treated with a combination of atropine and HI-6, obidoxime, or new oxime K048, AChE activities in different brain structures were determined using biochemical and quantitative histochemical methods. Inhibition of AChE following untreated tabun intoxication was different in the various brain structures, having the highest degree in the frontal cortex and reticular formation and lowest in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra. Treatment resulted in an increase of AChE activity detected by both methods. The highest increase was observed in the frontal cortex. This reactivation was increased in the order HI-6 < K048 < obidoxime; however, this order was not uniform for all brain parts studied. A correlation between AChE activity detected by histochemical and biochemical methods was demonstrated. The results suggest that for the mechanism of action of the nerve agent tabun, reactivation in various parts of the brain is not of the same physiological importance. AChE activity in the pontomedullar area and frontal cortex seems to be the most important for the therapeutic effect of the reactivators. HI-6 was not a good reactivator for the treatment of tabun intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bajgar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Sepsova V, Caisberger F. The benefit of combinations of oximes for the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment of sarin poisoning in rats and mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:30-4. [PMID: 21235715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the combinations of oximes on the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treament of acute sarin poisoning was evaluated in this study. The ability of two combinations of oximes (HI-6 + trimedoxime and HI-6 + K203) to reactivate sarin-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and reduce acute toxicity of sarin was compared with the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment involving single oxime (HI-6, trimedoxime, K203) using in vivo methods. Studies determining percentage of reactivation of sarin-inhibited blood and tissue acetylcholinesterase in poisoned rats showed that the reactivating efficacy of the combination of oximes involving HI-6 and K203 is slightly higher than the reactivating efficacy of the most effective individual oxime in diaphragm and brain but the difference between them is not significant. The ability of combination of oximes involving HI-6 and trimedoxime to reactivate sarin-inhibited acetylcholinesterase roughly corresponds to the reactivating effects of the most effective individual oxime in blood as well as tissues. Moreover, both combinations of oximes were found to be as efficacious in the reduction of acute lethal toxic effects in sarin-poisoned mice as the most effective individual oxime. A comparison of reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of individual oximes showed that the oxime HI-6 is markedly more effective than the oxime K203 and trimedoxime. Based on the obtained data, we conclude that the antidotal treatment involving chosen combinations of oximes does not significantly influence the ability of the most effective individual oxime (HI-6) to reactivate sarin-inhibited rat acetylcholinesterase and to reduce acute toxicity of sarin in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Pohanka M, Pikula J, Kuca K, Kassa J. Biochemical insight into soman intoxication and treatment with atropine, HI-6, trimedoxime, and K203 in a rat model. BRATISL MED J 2011; 112:539-544. [PMID: 21954536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present experiment is based on biochemical assessment of nerve agent soman intoxication and atropine, respectively atropine and HI-6, trimedoxime or K203 treatment in rats. BACKGROUND Nerve agents are toxic substances irreversibly inhibiting enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Treatment is typically based on application of atropine and oxime reactivator. Atropine is able to protect overstimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Application of oxime reactivator enable return of AChE activity and full suppression of intoxication. METHODS In a total, fifteen biochemical markers were assayed in plasma or blood of intoxicated animals. 42 rats were divided into 7 groups each 6 individuals. The first group was exposed to atropine; the second group was exposed to one LD50 of soman and atropine. The groups 3-5 were exposed in a same way as the second group and were treated with oxime reactivators: HI-6 (group 3), trimedoxime (4) and K203 (5). The sixth group was control treated with saline solution only. The last (seventh) group was intoxicated with soman only. RESULTS The most striking shifts were found for blood acetylcholinesterase and plasma creatinine, glucose, inorganic phosphate as well as uric acid. Lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase assays were useless due to soman interference. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that treatment was able to protect poisoned animals from metabolic disorder represented by hyperglycemia and nephropathy represented by hyperuricemia and elevated creatinine. Soman exposure and treatment with the oxime reactivators and/or atropine contains quite complex and still not well understood side mechanisms (Tab. 2, Fig. 1, Ref. 25).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Pavlikova R, Musilek K, Kuca K, Bajgar J, Jung YS. A comparison of reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of bispyridinium acetylcholinesterase reactivator KR-22934 with the oxime K203 and commonly used oximes (obidoxime, trimedoxime, HI-6) in tabun-poisoned rats and mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 21:241-5. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.538750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Kuca K, Musilek K. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of newly developed oximes (K347, K628) with commonly used oximes (obidoxime, HI-6) against tabun in rats and mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 33:227-32. [PMID: 20429807 DOI: 10.3109/01480540903483409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The potency of newly developed reactivators of nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (K347, K628) in reactivating tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and reducing tabun-induced lethal toxic effects was compared with currently available oximes (obidoxime, the oxime HI-6), using in vivo methods. Studies that determined the percentage of reactivation of tabun-inhibited blood and tissue acetycholinesterase in poisoned rats showed that the reactivating efficacy of both newly developed oximes is comparable with the oxime HI-6, but it is significantly lower than the reactivating effects of obidoxime. The monopyridinium oxime, K347, was also found to be able to reduce lethal toxic effects in tabun-poisoned mice, while the therapeutic efficacy of another newly developed bispyridinium oxime, K628, was negligible. The therapeutic efficacy of K347 was higher than the potency of the oxime, HI-6, but it was lower than the therapeutic effects of obidoxime. Thus, the reactivating and therapeutic potency of both newly developed oximes (K347, K628) was not more effective then currently available oximes, and therefore, they are not suitable for the replacement of commonly used oximes (especially obidoxime) for the treatment of acute tabun poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Cabal J, Bajgar J, Kassa J. Evaluation of flow injection analysis for determination of cholinesterase activities in biological material. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:225-8. [PMID: 20188079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The method for automatic continual monitoring of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in biological material is described. It is based on flexible system of plastic pipes mixing samples of biological material with reagents for enzyme determination; reaction product penetrates through the semipermeable membrane and it is spectrophotometrically determined (Ellman's method). It consists of sampling (either in vitro or in vivo), adding the substrate and flowing to dialyzer; reaction product (thiocholine) is dialyzed and mixed with 5,5'-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) transported to flow spectrophotometer. Flowing of all materials is realised using peristaltic pump. The method was validated: time for optimal hydratation of the cellophane membrane; type of the membrane; type of dialyzer; conditions for optimal permeation of reaction components; optimization of substrate and DTNB concentrations (linear dependence); efficacy of peristaltic pump; calibration of analytes after permeation through the membrane; excluding of the blood permeation through the membrane. Some examples of the evaluation of the effects of AChE inhibitors are described. It was demonstrated very good uniformity of peaks representing the enzyme activity (good reproducibility); time dependence of AChE inhibition caused by VX in vitro in the rat blood allowing to determine the half life of inhibition and thus, bimolecular rate constants of inhibition; reactivation of inhibited AChE by some reactivators, and continual monitoring of the activity in the whole blood in vivo in intact and VX-intoxicated rats. The method is simple and not expensive, allowing automatic determination of AChE activity in discrete or continual samples in vitro or in vivo. It will be evaluated for further research of cholinesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Cabal
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Tesarova S, Kuca K, Musilek K. A comparison of the ability of newly-developed bispyridinium oxime K203 and currently available oximes (trimedoxime, obidoxime, HI-6) to counteract the acute neurotoxicity of soman in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:445-51. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.497975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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