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Magli E, Perissutti E, Santagada V, Caliendo G, Corvino A, Esposito G, Esposito G, Fiorino F, Migliaccio M, Scognamiglio A, Severino B, Sparaco R, Frecentese F. H 2S Donors and Their Use in Medicinal Chemistry. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1899. [PMID: 34944543 PMCID: PMC8699746 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a ubiquitous gaseous signaling molecule that has an important role in many physiological and pathological processes in mammalian tissues, with the same importance as two others endogenous gasotransmitters such as NO (nitric oxide) and CO (carbon monoxide). Endogenous H2S is involved in a broad gamut of processes in mammalian tissues including inflammation, vascular tone, hypertension, gastric mucosal integrity, neuromodulation, and defense mechanisms against viral infections as well as SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results suggest that the modulation of H2S levels has a potential therapeutic value. Consequently, synthetic H2S-releasing agents represent not only important research tools, but also potent therapeutic agents. This review has been designed in order to summarize the currently available H2S donors; furthermore, herein we discuss their preparation, the H2S-releasing mechanisms, and their -biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Frecentese
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.M.); (E.P.); (V.S.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (G.E.); (G.E.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (B.S.); (R.S.)
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2
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Coleman S, Yihdego Y, Sherrard-Smith E, Thomas CS, Dengela D, Oxborough RM, Dadzie SK, Boakye D, Gyamfi F, Obiri-Danso K, Johns B, Siems LV, Lucas B, Tongren JE, Zigirumugabe S, Dery D, Fornadel C, George K, Belemvire A, Carlson J, Irish SR, Armistead JS, Seyoum A. Partial indoor residual spraying with pirimiphos-methyl as an effective and cost-saving measure for the control of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in northern Ghana. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18055. [PMID: 34508114 PMCID: PMC8433436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The scale up of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide treated nets have contributed significantly to global reductions in malaria prevalence over the last two decades. However, widespread pyrethroid resistance has necessitated the use of new and more expensive insecticides for IRS. Partial IRS with pirimiphos-methyl in experimental huts and houses in a village-wide trial was evaluated against Anopheles gambiae s.l. in northern Ghana. Four different scenarios in which either only the top or bottom half of the walls of experimental huts were sprayed, with or without also spraying the ceiling were compared. Mortality of An. gambiae s.l. on partially sprayed walls was compared with the standard procedures in which all walls and ceiling surfaces are sprayed. A small-scale trial was then conducted to assess the effectiveness, feasibility, and cost of spraying only the upper walls and ceiling as compared to full IRS and no spraying in northern Ghana. Human landing catches were conducted to estimate entomological indices and determine the effectiveness of partial IRS. An established transmission dynamics model was parameterized by an analysis of the experimental hut data and used to predict the epidemiological impact and cost effectiveness of partial IRS for malaria control in northern Ghana. In the experimental huts, partial IRS of the top (IRR 0.89, p = 0.13) or bottom (IRR 0.90, p = 0.15) half of walls and the ceiling was not significantly less effective than full IRS in terms of mosquito mortality. In the village trial, the annual entomological inoculation rate was higher for the unsprayed control (217 infective bites/person/year (ib/p/yr)) compared with the fully and partially sprayed sites, with 28 and 38 ib/p/yr, respectively. The transmission model predicts that the efficacy of partial IRS against all-age prevalence of malaria after six months would be broadly equivalent to a full IRS campaign in which 40% reduction is expected relative to no spray campaign. At scale, partial IRS in northern Ghana would have resulted in a 33% cost savings ($496,426) that would enable spraying of 36,000 additional rooms. These findings suggest that partial IRS is an effective, feasible, and cost saving approach to IRS that could be adopted to sustain and expand implementation of this key malaria control intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Coleman
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Plot 11 Waterson Road, Fuo, Tamale, Ghana.
| | - Yemane Yihdego
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Ellie Sherrard-Smith
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Churcher S Thomas
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dereje Dengela
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Richard M Oxborough
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Samuel K Dadzie
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Daniel Boakye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Frank Gyamfi
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Plot 11 Waterson Road, Fuo, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Obiri-Danso
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ben Johns
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Lilly V Siems
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Bradford Lucas
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Jon Eric Tongren
- US. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sixte Zigirumugabe
- US. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dominic Dery
- US. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christen Fornadel
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kristen George
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Allison Belemvire
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jenny Carlson
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Seth R Irish
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer S Armistead
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aklilu Seyoum
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
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Vaamonde-García C, Burguera EF, Vela-Anero Á, Hermida-Gómez T, Filgueira-Fernández P, Fernández-Rodríguez JA, Meijide-Faílde R, Blanco FJ. Intraarticular Administration Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on an In Vivo Rat Model of Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197421. [PMID: 33050005 PMCID: PMC7582513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular chronic disease. However, its current treatment is limited and mostly symptomatic. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gas with recognized physiological activities. The purpose here was to evaluate the effects of the intraarticular administration of a slow-releasing H2S compound (GYY-4137) on an OA experimental model. OA was induced in Wistar rats by the transection of medial collateral ligament and the removal of the medial meniscus of the left joint. The animals were randomized into three groups: non-treated and intraarticularly injected with saline or GYY-4137. Joint destabilization induced articular thickening (≈5% increment), the loss of joint mobility and flexion (≈12-degree angle), and increased levels of pain (≈1.5 points on a scale of 0 to 3). Animals treated with GYY-4137 presented improved motor function of the joint, as well as lower pain levels (≈75% recovery). We also observed that cartilage deterioration was attenuated in the GYY-4137 group (≈30% compared with the saline group). Likewise, these animals showed a reduced presence of pro-inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and metalloproteinase-13) and lower oxidative damage in the cartilage. The increment of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) levels and Nrf-2-regulated gene expression (≈30%) in the GYY-4137 group seem to be underlying its chondroprotective effects. Our results suggest the beneficial impact of the intraarticular administration of H2S on experimental OA, showing a reduced cartilage destruction and oxidative damage, and supporting the use of slow H2S-producing molecules as a complementary treatment in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vaamonde-García
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de A Coruña, Agrupación Estratégica CICA- INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Campus Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.V.-G.); (Á.V.-A.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (E.F.B.); (T.H.-G.); (P.F.-F.)
| | - Elena F. Burguera
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (E.F.B.); (T.H.-G.); (P.F.-F.)
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Vela-Anero
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de A Coruña, Agrupación Estratégica CICA- INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Campus Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.V.-G.); (Á.V.-A.)
| | - Tamara Hermida-Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (E.F.B.); (T.H.-G.); (P.F.-F.)
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificación Filgueira-Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (E.F.B.); (T.H.-G.); (P.F.-F.)
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer A. Fernández-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Envejecimiento e Inflamación, Agrupación Estratégica CICA- INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Rosa Meijide-Faílde
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de A Coruña, Agrupación Estratégica CICA- INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Campus Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.V.-G.); (Á.V.-A.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.-F.); (F.J.B.); Tel.: +34-981167000 (ext. 5855) (R.M.-F.); +34-981176399 (F.J.B.)
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (E.F.B.); (T.H.-G.); (P.F.-F.)
- Grupo de Investigación de Reumatología y Salud (GIR), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Fisioterapia, Agrupación Estrategica CICA-INIBIC, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.M.-F.); (F.J.B.); Tel.: +34-981167000 (ext. 5855) (R.M.-F.); +34-981176399 (F.J.B.)
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Carvalho RKD, Rodrigues TC, Júnior WD, Mota GMP, Andersen ML, Mazaro E Costa R. Short- and long-term exposure to methamidophos impairs spermatogenesis in mice. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:357-364. [PMID: 32405287 PMCID: PMC7218378 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Methamidophos (MET) is a pesticide that has toxic properties, including effects on fertility. This study aimed to assess the joint action of treatment time and exposure to methamidophos on the male reproductive system. MET was orally administered to adult male Swiss mice at a dose of 0.004 mg.kg−1 for 15 and 50 consecutive days. The following parameters were evaluated: weight of reproductive organs, spermatogenesis, sperm and Sertoli cell count, daily sperm production and sperm transit time. Short-term exposure to methamidophos induced a decrease in epididymal weight. The frequency of stages V–VI of spermatogenesis increased and the frequency of stage IX decreased. In the epididymis, sperm transit time (caput/corpus) was reduced and the relative sperm number (cauda) increased. Long-term exposure induced an increase in the frequencies of stages I–IV and V-VI and decreased the stages VII-VIII and IX. The number of Sertoli cells with evident nucleoli was reduced in both exposures. These results confirm the reproductive toxicity of MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Karine de Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Reproduction, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thamyres Cunha Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Reproduction, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Walter Dias Júnior
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Ceres, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Monica Levy Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Mazaro E Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Reproduction, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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5
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Abong'o B, Gimnig JE, Torr SJ, Longman B, Omoke D, Muchoki M, Ter Kuile F, Ochomo E, Munga S, Samuels AM, Njagi K, Maas J, Perry RT, Fornadel C, Donnelly MJ, Oxborough RM. Impact of indoor residual spraying with pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic 300CS) on entomological indicators of transmission and malaria case burden in Migori County, western Kenya. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4518. [PMID: 32161302 PMCID: PMC7066154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides is a major vector control strategy for malaria prevention. We evaluated the impact of a single round of IRS with the organophosphate, pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic 300CS), on entomological and parasitological parameters of malaria in Migori County, western Kenya in 2017, in an area where primary vectors are resistant to pyrethroids but susceptible to the IRS compound. Entomological monitoring was conducted by indoor CDC light trap, pyrethrum spray catches (PSC) and human landing collection (HLC) before and after IRS. The residual effect of the insecticide was assessed monthly by exposing susceptible An. gambiae s.s. Kisumu strain to sprayed surfaces in cone assays and measuring mortality at 24 hours. Malaria case burden data were extracted from laboratory records of four health facilities within the sprayed area and two adjacent unsprayed areas. IRS was associated with reductions in An. funestus numbers in the intervention areas compared to non-intervention areas by 88% with light traps (risk ratio [RR] 0.12, 95% CI 0.07-0.21, p < 0.001) and 93% with PSC collections (RR = 0.07, 0.03-0.17, p < 0.001). The corresponding reductions in the numbers of An. arabiensis collected by PSC were 69% in the intervention compared to the non-intervention areas (RR = 0.31, 0.14-0.68, p = 0.006), but there was no significant difference with light traps (RR = 0.45, 0.21-0.96, p = 0.05). Before IRS, An. funestus accounted for over 80% of Anopheles mosquitoes collected by light trap and PSC in all sites. After IRS, An. arabiensis accounted for 86% of Anopheles collected by PSC and 66% by CDC light trap in the sprayed sites while the proportion in non-intervention sites remained unchanged. No sporozoite infections were detected in intervention areas after IRS and biting rates by An. funestus were reduced to near zero. Anopheles funestus and An. arabiensis were fully susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl and resistant to pyrethroids. The residual effect of Actellic 300CS lasted ten months on mud and concrete walls. Malaria case counts among febrile patients within IRS areas was lower post- compared to pre-IRS by 44%, 65% and 47% in Rongo, Uriri and Nyatike health facilities respectively. A single application of IRS with Actellic 300CS in Migori County provided ten months protection and resulted in the near elimination of the primary malaria vector An. funestus and a corresponding reduction of malaria case count among out-patients. The impact was less on An. arabiensis, most likely due to their exophilic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Abong'o
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Project, White House, Milimani, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya.
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - John E Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Stephen J Torr
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Bradley Longman
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Project, White House, Milimani, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Diana Omoke
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Project, White House, Milimani, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Margaret Muchoki
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Project, White House, Milimani, Ojijo Oteko Road, P.O. Box 895-40123, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Feiko Ter Kuile
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Stephen Munga
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Aaron M Samuels
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Kiambo Njagi
- Kenya National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), Ministry of Health, PO Box 19982, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, 00202, Kenya
| | - James Maas
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Robert T Perry
- The United States Presidents Malaria Initiative (PMI), US Embassy Nairobi, United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christen Fornadel
- The United States Presidents Malaria Initiative (PMI), US Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Richard M Oxborough
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates 6130 Executive Blv, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
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Ögüt S, Asgarpour H, Sekkin S. The Protective Effect of Rosewater against DNA Damages and Oxidant and Antioxidant Parameters of Rats Exposed to Chlorpyrifos Ethyl. P R Health Sci J 2019; 38:113-117. [PMID: 31260556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine both the protective effect of rose water (RW) against DNA damage in the tissues of rats exposed to chlorpyrifos-ethyl (CPE) and RW's effect on the oxidant and antioxidant levels in the blood serum and brain tissues of those same rats. METHODS In this experimental study, 32 mature male wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups: group I, control; group II, CPE; group III, RW; and group IV, CPE+RW. The parameters of DNA tail intensity and DNA tail moment were analysed in blood samples by comet assay. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in brain tissues were examined. In blood serum, the levels of melatonin (MT) from 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) were determined. RESULTS In the CPE+RW group, the MDA and 3-NT levels in the brain tissues were significantly reduced (p<0.001), while the MT, GST, and CAT levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) compared to those of the CPE group. When the control and RW groups were compared, the CAT, GST, and MT levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in the RW group, while the MDA and 3-NT levels were significantly lower (p<0.001). CONCLUSION In rats, RW had positive effects on oxidant damage created by CPE. Both the DNA tail intensity and DNA tail moment in the CPE group were significantly higher (P<0.001) compared to those measures for the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Ögüt
- Associate Professor, Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Health Science Faculty, Adnan Menderes University. Aydın/Turkey
| | - Hossein Asgarpour
- Assistant Professor, Department of Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Çanakale Onsekiz Mart University
| | - Selim Sekkin
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Adnan Menderes University. Aydın/Turkey
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7
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Yao J, Zhu YC, Adamczyk J, Luttrell R. Influences of acephate and mixtures with other commonly used pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera) survival and detoxification enzyme activities. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 209:9-17. [PMID: 29563044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acephate (organophosphate) is frequently used to control piercing/sucking insects in field crops in southern United States, which may pose a risk to honey bees. In this study, toxicity of acephate (formulation Bracket®97) was examined in honey bees through feeding treatments with sublethal (pollen residue level: 0.168 mg/L) and median-lethal (LC50: 6.97 mg/L) concentrations. Results indicated that adult bees treated with acephate at residue concentration did not show significant increase in mortality, but esterase activity was significantly suppressed. Similarly, bees treated with binary mixtures of acephate with six formulated pesticides (all at residue dose) consistently showed lower esterase activity and body weight. Clothianidin, λ-cyhalothrin, oxamyl, tetraconazole, and chlorpyrifos may interact with acephate significantly to reduce body weight in treated bees. The dose response data (LC50: 6.97 mg/L) revealed a relatively higher tolerance to acephate in Stoneville bee population (USA) than populations elsewhere, although in general the population is still very sensitive to the organophosphate. In addition to killing 50% of the treated bees acephate (6.97 mg/L) inhibited 79.9%, 20.4%, and 29.4% of esterase, Glutathione S-transferase (GST), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, respectively, in survivors after feeding treatment for 48 h. However, P450 activity was elevated 20% in bees exposed to acephate for 48 h. Even though feeding on sublethal acephate did not kill honey bees directly, chronic toxicity to honey bee was noticeable in body weight loss and esterase suppression, and its potential risk of synergistic interactions with other formulated pesticides should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiu Yao
- USDA-ARS, Southern Insect Management Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Yu Cheng Zhu
- USDA-ARS, Southern Insect Management Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - John Adamczyk
- USDA-ARS, Southern Horticultural Research Unit, Poplarville, MS 38470, USA
| | - Randall Luttrell
- USDA-ARS, Southern Insect Management Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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Mashauri FM, Manjurano A, Kinung’hi S, Martine J, Lyimo E, Kishamawe C, Ndege C, Ramsan MM, Chan A, Mwalimu CD, Changalucha J, Magesa S. Indoor residual spraying with micro-encapsulated pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic® 300CS) against malaria vectors in the Lake Victoria basin, Tanzania. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176982. [PMID: 28489935 PMCID: PMC5425192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The indoor residual spraying programme for malaria vectors control was implemented in four districts of the Lake Victoria basin of Tanzania namely Ukerewe, Sengerema, Rorya andSerengeti. Entomological monitoring activities were implemented in one sentinel village in each district to evaluate the efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl 300 CS sprayed on different wall surfaces and its impact against malaria vectors post-IRS intervention. Methods The residual decay rate of p-methyl 300 CS applied at a target dosage of 1g a.i./m2 on thesprayed wall surfaces was monitored for a period of 43 weeks post-IRSusing the WHO cone wall bioassay method. The bioassays were performed by exposing 2–5 days old unfed susceptible female Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Kisumu strain) to sprayed wall surfaces for a period of 30 minutes. In each sentinel village, mosquito collection was carried out by trained community mosquito collectors. Monthly mosquito collections were carried out from 6.00pm to 6.00am using CDC light traps and clay pot methods for indoors host seekingand outdoors resting mosquitoes respectively. Six traps (2 CDC light traps and 4 clay pots) were set per sentinel village per night for28 consecutive days in a moon. PCR and ELISA were used for mosquito species identification and sporozoite detection, respectively. Results Based on the WHOPES recommendation, insecticides should have a minimum efficacy of ≥ 80% mosquito mortality at 24 hours post exposure on the sprayed wall surfaces to be considered effective. In this study, p-methyl 300 CS was demonstrated to have a long residual efficacy of 21–43 weeks post-IRS on mud, cement, painted and wood wall surfaces. Numberof anopheline mosquitoes decreased post-IRS interventions in all sentinel villages. The highest numbers ofanopheline mosquitoes were collected in November-December, 38–43 weeks post-IRS. A total of 270 female anopheline mosquitoes were analyzed by PCR; out of which 236 (87.4%) were An. gambiae s.l. and 34 (12.6%) were An. funestus group. Of the 236 An. gambiae s.l.identified 12.6% (n = 34) were An. gambiae s.s. and 68.6% (n = 162) were An. arabiensis. Ofthe 34 An. funestus group indentified 91.2% (n = 31) were An. parensis and 8.8% (n = 3) were An. rivulorum. The overall Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rate was 0.7% (n = 2,098). Conclusions Pirimiphos-methyl 300 CS was found to be effective for IRS in the Lake Victoria basin,Tanzania. P-methyl 300 CShas a long residual efficacy on sprayed wall surfaces and therefore it is effective in controlling principal malaria vectors of An. gambiae s.l and An. funestus which rest on wall surfaces after and before feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M. Mashauri
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Safari Kinung’hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jackline Martine
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Eric Lyimo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Coleman Kishamawe
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Chacha Ndege
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mahdi M. Ramsan
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
| | - Adeline Chan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Charles D. Mwalimu
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
| | - John Changalucha
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Magesa
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
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9
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Eraslan G, Kanbur M, Siliğ Y, Karabacak M, Soyer Sarica Z, Şahin S. The acute and chronic toxic effect of cypermethrin, propetamphos, and their combinations in rats. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:1415-1429. [PMID: 25926273 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the acute and chronic toxic effects of cypermethrin, propetamphos, and combined cypermethrin and propetamphos. Four groups, each comprising 10 animals, were established for the acute (a) and chronic (b) toxicity trials, and in total, 80 male Wistar albino rats were used. In the acute toxicity trial, the first group was maintained for control purposes, and groups 2a, 3a, and 4a were administered only once with 80 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin, 25 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos and 80 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin combined with 25 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos, respectively, by gavage directly into the stomach. In the chronic toxicity trial, the first group was also maintained for control purposes, while groups 2b, 3b, and 4b were administered daily with 12 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin, 4 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos, and 12 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin combined with 4 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos respectively, by gavage directly into the stomach for 60 days. Blood and tissue (liver, kidney, brain, spleen, and testis) samples were taken 24 h after pesticide administration in the acute toxicity trial and at the end of day 60 in the chronic toxicity trial. Oxidative stress (MDA, NO, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and G6PD) parameters, serum biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, ALP, protein, and albumin) and hepatic drug-metabolizing parameters (CYP2E1, CYPB5, CYTC, GST, and GSH) were investigated in the samples. When administered either alone or in combination, both pesticides inhibited the antioxidant enzymes and increased MDA and NO levels. For the drug-metabolizing parameters investigated, particularly in the chronic period, either increase (CYP2E1, CYPB5, and CYTC) or decrease (GST and GSH) was observed. Furthermore, some negative changes were detected in the serum biochemical parameters. In result, cypermethrin and propetamphos combinations and long-term exposure to these combinations produced a greater toxic effect than the administration of these insecticides alone. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1415-1429, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Eraslan
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Murat Kanbur
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Siliğ
- Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mürsel Karabacak
- Erciyes University, Safiye Çıkrıkcıoğlu Vacational Collage, Animal Health Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Soyer Sarica
- Erciyes University, Hakan Çetinsaya Experimental Animal Center, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serap Şahin
- Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Sivas, Turkey
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10
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Abstract
The present experiments determined the intramuscular LD50 of VX in male Göttingen minipigs at two stages of development. In pubertal animals (115 days old), the LD50 of VX was indeterminate, but approximated 33.3μg/kg. However, in sexually mature animals (152 days old), the LD50 was estimated to be only 17.4μg/kg. Signs of nerve agent toxicity in the Göttingen minipig were similar to those described for other species, with some notable exceptions (such as urticaria and ejaculation). Latencies to the onset of sustained convulsions were inversely related to the administered dose of VX in both ages of minipigs. Additionally, actigraphy was used to quantify the presence of tremor and convulsions and, in some cases, was useful for precisely estimating time of death. The main finding indicates that in minipigs, as in other species, even relatively small differences in age can substantially alter the toxicity of nerve agents. Additionally, actigraphy can serve as a non-invasive method of characterizing the tremors and convulsions that often accompany nerve agent intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Langston
- Analytical Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Todd M Myers
- Analytical Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
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11
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Cabal J, Kassa J, Severa J. A comparison of the decontamination efficacy of foam-making blends based on cationic and nonionic tensides against organophosphorus compounds determinedin vitro and in vivo. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 22:507-14. [PMID: 14580011 DOI: 10.1191/0960327103ht377oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ability of foam-making blends to decontaminate the skin exposed to organophosphorus compounds was tested. The appropriate composition and rheological features (stability, grade of foaming) of tested blends were evaluated by in vitro methods and their ability to remove the contaminants from hard surface and to transform the contaminants into nontoxic compounds was evaluated byin vivo methods. The blends containing cationic and nonionic tensides as well as alkalized hydrogen peroxide seem to be the most efficacious to decontaminate the skin exposed to organophosphorus compounds according to the literature data. The composition of tested blends was optimized because particular components often have antagonistic effects. Cationic tensides support the reactivity of the blend and control the grade of foaming. Nonionic tensides control the stability of the foams but also react as retardants of the reactivity of the foams. Hydrogen peroxide is a real reacting component when it is transformed into hydrogen peroxide anion. It also acts as buffer if pH is higher than 11. Our in vivo results confirm that Desam OX (34 and 68%) and the foam-making blend containing benzalkonium chloride / Althosan MB (8%), Slovasol 2510 (2%) and hydrogen peroxide (3%) alkalized at pH 12 seem to be the most efficacious to remove contaminants (soman, VX) from the skin and transform them into nontoxic compounds. Therefore they could be used for primary decontamination of chemical casualties contaminated with nerve agents in the field condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cabal
- Purkynĕ Military Medical Academy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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12
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Kalyanasundaram M, Gunasekaran K. Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of nanoparticles of public health larvicides for mosquito control. J Vector Borne Dis 2013; 50:225-228. [PMID: 24220083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
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13
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Choung CB, Hyne RV, Stevens MM, Hose GC. A low concentration of atrazine does not influence the acute toxicity of the insecticide terbufos or its breakdown products to Chironomus tepperi. Ecotoxicology 2010; 19:1536-1544. [PMID: 20803314 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicities of the insecticide terbufos and its major breakdown products individually, as binary mixtures, and in combination with the co-applied herbicide atrazine were evaluated using final instar larvae of the midge Chironomus tepperi. Terbufos, terbufos sulfoxide and terbufos sulfone were highly toxic to C. tepperi with mean 96-h EC50 values of 2.13, 3.64 and 2.59 μg/l, respectively. No interaction was observed between atrazine (25 μg/l) and terbufos or its breakdown products while the binary mixture of terbufos sulfoxide and terbufos sulfone exhibited additive toxicity. The high toxicities of terbufos and its environmentally persistent oxidation products suggest that contamination of aquatic systems with this insecticide pose a threat to aquatic organisms whether or not atrazine is also present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B Choung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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14
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Mumford H, Price ME, Cerasoli DM, Teschner W, Ehrlich H, Schwarz HP, Lenz DE. Efficacy and physiological effects of human butyrylcholinesterase as a post-exposure therapy against percutaneous poisoning by VX in the guinea-pig. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:304-8. [PMID: 20176007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The physiological effects of human plasma-derived butyrylcholinesterase (huBuChE) administration and its modulation of the effects of percutaneous VX challenge are poorly understood. Percutaneously administered nerve agents are more slowly absorbed than inhaled agents; consequently, signs of poisoning occur later, with a longer duration. Telemetry was used to monitor heart rate, EEG, temperature and activity in guinea-pigs. Treatment with huBuChE at 30 or 120 min following percutaneous VX challenge ( approximately 2.5 x LD(50)) provided 100% protection from lethality. When huBuChE administration was delayed until the onset of observable signs of poisoning only 1 out of 6 animals survived to the end of the experiment at 7 days. This study adds to the body of evidence demonstrating the efficacy of huBuChE in animals by describing the successful therapeutic use of a protein bioscavenger as a post-exposure treatment against dermal exposure to VX up to 2h post-exposure. This study simultaneously used telemetric methods to show that the efficacy of huBuChE is linked to the prevention of detrimental physiological changes observed in control VX-treated animals. Post-exposure therapy is a promising additional indication for the concept of use of this material, and one that has particular relevance in a civilian exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mumford
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK.
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15
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Rajendran G, Reddy CMR, Kalyanasundaram M, Jambulingam P. Efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl (50% EC), as a larvicide for the control of Culex quinquefasciatus. Indian J Med Res 2009; 130:556-560. [PMID: 20090104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Pirimiphos-methyl, an organophosphorus insecticide is known to overcome resistance mechanisms of mosquitoes to other organophosphates. Information on the duration of efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl (50% emulsifiable concentrate) for the control of immatures of Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of bancroftian filariasis, is scanty and hence site specific field trials are necessary to determine the field dosage. Pirimiphos-methyl (50% EC) was tested for its efficacy in cesspits and drains against the immatures of Cx. quinquefasciatus at Puducherry, an endemic area for filariasis, south India. METHODS In cesspits, Pirimiphos-methyl (50% EC) was tested at the dosage of 25, 50, 100 and 200 g(ai)/ ha and in drains at 50, 100 and 200 g(ai)/ha. Immature density during pre-treatment and post-treatment periods was recorded and the efficacy was determined by calculating percentage reduction in larval and pupal densities for a period of about one month. RESULTS In cesspits, application of the insecticide at 25 and 50 g(ai)/ha reduced the density of larvae by >80 per cent for 2-4 days only, whereas at 100 and 200 g(ai)/ha, the efficacy lasted for 7-8 days. More than 80 per cent reduction was observed in pupal density for 4 days at 50 g(ai)/ha and for 10-12 days at 100 and 200 g(ai)/ha respectively. In drains treated with 50 g (ai)/ha, >or=80 per cent reduction in larval density was recorded up to 3(rd) day post-treatment. The efficacy showing >or=80 per cent reduction in larval density lasted for 12-13 days and the same in pupal density lasted for 10-12 days at 100 and 200 g(ai)/ha. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION At the dosages of 100 and 200 g(ai)/ha, pirimiphos-methyl (50% EC) showed no difference in the control of larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus in cesspits and drains. Pirimiphosmethyl may be applied at the field dosage of 100 g (ai)/ha at 10 day-intervals in the larval habitats of Cx. quinquefasciatus to achieve >80 per cent reduction in immature density.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rajendran
- Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Medical Complex, Puducherry, India.
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16
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Ramaprasad J, Tsai MGY, Fenske RA, Faustman EM, Griffith WC, Felsot AS, Elgethun K, Weppner S, Yost MG. Children's inhalation exposure to methamidophos from sprayed potato fields in Washington State: exploring the use of probabilistic modeling of meteorological data in exposure assessment. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2009; 19:613-623. [PMID: 18957992 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2008.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the significance of meteorology and postspray volatilization of methamidophos (an organophosphorus insecticide) in assessing potential inhalation risk to children in an agricultural community. We combined fluxes from sources and dispersion modeling with a range of possible local meteorology to create output to study the variability in potential community exposure as a result of changing temperature, wind speeds and wind directions. This work is based on an aerial spray drift study where air sampling measurements of methamidophos were made before, during and after a spray event were used to examine acute inhalation risk for children living in an Eastern Washington State community in close proximity (between 15 and 200 m) to sprayed potato fields. We compared the measured average air concentrations of methamidophos in the community to a "no observed adverse effect level" for subchronic inhalation to characterize acute and subchronic inhalation risks. The baseline estimates of inhalation exposure were below Environment Protection Agency's (EPA) level of concern based on a target margin of exposure of 300. As meteorological conditions during and after spraying influence the amount of material moving into areas where children reside we used historical meteorological data to drive model simulations that predicted likely air residue concentrations under different wind and temperature conditions. We also added variability to the decay constant and initial emission fluxes to create a 2-D simulation of estimated air concentrations in the community near the fields. This work provides a methodological framework for the assessment of air concentrations of pesticides from agricultural sprays in the absence of extended measurements, although including variability from meteorological conditions. The deterministic as well as the probabilistic risk analyses in this study indicated that postspray volatilization in the specific spray situation analyzed (methamidophos applied on potato fields in Eastern Washington) did not pose acute or subchronic risks as defined by the EPA. However, this study did not consider any pathway of exposure other than inhalation (e.g. diet, dermal, etc.) and the risk assessment should be evaluated in that context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Ramaprasad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, USA.
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17
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Li L, Salto-Tellez M, Tan CH, Whiteman M, Moore PK. GYY4137, a novel hydrogen sulfide-releasing molecule, protects against endotoxic shock in the rat. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:103-13. [PMID: 19375498 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
GYY4137 (morpholin-4-ium-4-methoxyphenyl(morpholino) phosphinodithioate) is a slow-releasing hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) donor. Administration of GYY4137 (50 mg/kg, iv) to anesthetized rats 10 min after lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 4 mg/kg, iv) decreased the slowly developing hypotension. GYY4137 inhibited LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in rat blood and reduced the LPS-evoked rise in NF-kappaB activation, inducible nitric oxide synthase/cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and generation of PGE(2) and nitrate/nitrite in RAW 264.7 macrophages. GYY4137 (50 mg/kg, ip) administered to conscious rats 1 or 2 h after (but not 1 h before) LPS decreased the subsequent (4 h) rise in plasma proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6), nitrite/nitrate, C-reactive protein, and L-selectin. GYY4137 administration also decreased the LPS-evoked increase in lung myeloperoxidase activity, increased plasma concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and decreased tissue damage as determined histologically and by measurement of plasma creatinine and alanine aminotransferase activity. Time-expired GYY4137 (50 mg/kg, ip) did not affect the LPS-induced rise in plasma TNF-alpha or lung myeloperoxidase activity. GYY4137 also decreased the LPS-mediated upregulation of liver transcription factors (NF-kappaB and STAT-3). These results suggest an anti-inflammatory effect of GYY4137. The possibility that GYY4137 and other slow-releasing H(2)S donors exert anti-inflammatory activity in other models of inflammation and in humans warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College, University of London, London, UK
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18
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Graham JR, Wright BS, Rezk PE, Gordon RK, Sciuto AM, Nambiar MP. Butyrylcholinesterase in Guinea Pig Lung Lavage: A Novel Biomarker to Assess Lung Injury Following Inhalation Exposure to Nerve Agent VX. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 18:493-500. [PMID: 16603480 DOI: 10.1080/08958370600602116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disturbances play a central role in chemical warfare nerve agent (CWNA) induced toxicity; they are the starting point of mass casualty and the major cause of death. We developed a microinstillation technique of inhalation exposure to nerve agent VX and assessed lung injury by biochemical analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Here we demonstrate that normal guinea pig BALF has a significant amount of cholinesterase activity. Treatment with Huperzine A, a specific inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), showed that a minor fraction of BALF cholinesterase is AChE. Furthermore, treatment with tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA), a specific inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), inhibited more than 90% of BChE activity, indicating the predominance of BChE in BALF. A predominance of BChE expression in the lung lavage was seen in both genders. Substrate specific inhibition indicated that nearly 30% of the cholinesterase in lung tissue homogenate is AChE. BALF and lung tissue AChE and BChE activities were strongly inhibited in guinea pigs exposed for 5 min to 70.4 and 90.4 microg/m3 VX and allowed to recover for 15 min. In contrast, BALF AChE activity was increased 63% and 128% and BChE activity was increased 77% and 88% after 24 h of recovery following 5 min inhalation exposure to 70.4 microg/m3 and 90.4 mg/m3 VX, respectively. The increase in BALF AChE and BChE activity was dose dependent. Since BChE is synthesized in the liver and present in the plasma, an increase in BALF indicates endothelial barrier injury and leakage of plasma into lung interstitium. Therefore, a measure of increased levels of AChE and BChE in the lung lavage can be used to determine the chronology of barrier damage as well as the extent of lung injury following exposure to chemical warfare nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Graham
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology/Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
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Printes LB, Fellowes MDE, Callaghan A. Clonal variation in acetylcholinesterase biomarkers and life history traits following OP exposure in Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2008; 71:519-526. [PMID: 18206231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two clones of Daphnia magna (Standard and Ruth) were exposed for 7 days to sub-lethal concentrations of acephate (5.0 and 10.0 mg/L). Survivorship, individual growth, reproduction and the population growth rate (lambda) were evaluated over three weeks. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured on days 2, 7 and 21. Acephate exposure inhibited AChE activity but had no direct effect on life history (LH) traits. There was also no effect of clone on AChE activity, LH and lambda. However, a significant interaction between clone and acephate concentration was found on both fecundity and lambda. AChE inhibition at 48 h was associated with a decrease in lambda in the Standard clone and an increase in lambda in clone Ruth. Therefore, our findings show that genotypic variation will influence the link between AChE activity and toxic effects at higher levels of biological organisation in D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane B Printes
- Environmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6BX, UK.
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20
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Seok SH, Park JH, Cho SA, Kim DJ, Bae BK, Park JH. Risk assessment of the organophosphate pesticides isazofos and pyraclofos using a 21-day dietary toxicity study in Japanese quail. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2008; 71:245-51. [PMID: 17629558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Six-week-old male and female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) received two organophosphate pesticides, isazofos and pyraclofos, for a 21-day dietary toxicity test, based on the OECD workshop report. During the treatment period, body weight and food consumption of the quail decreased with exposure to either isazofos or pyraclofos. Using the up-and-down procedure to determine the 50% mortality value, we found that the 21-day LC(50) of isazofos and pyraclofos were 40 and 87 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Ataxia, salivation, diarrhea, ruffled feathers, and convulsions at a dead point were observed with both pesticides. The tips of the villi were necrotic in the high dosage groups of isazofos- and pyraclofos-treated quail. Based on these results, body weight, food consumption, clinical signs, and histopathological findings may be useful parameters for detecting the dietary toxicity associated with isazofos and pyraclofos exposure. In addition, Japanese quail could be an excellent bird model for monitoring the toxicological risks of pesticides in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyeok Seok
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, KRF Zoonotic Disease Priority Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Kanbur M, Liman BC, Eraslan G, Altinordulu S. Effects of cypermethrin, propetamphos, and combination involving cypermethrin and propetamphos on lipid peroxidation in mice. Environ Toxicol 2008; 23:473-479. [PMID: 18214882 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides are the chemicals widely used in agriculture, environmental health, human-and animal-health fields. Exposure to insecticides has been associated with many hazardous effects, including antioxidative metabolism. In the current study, the effect of cypermethrin (CYP), propetamphos (PRO) and their mixtures on oxidative stress in mice to understand the possible health effects to animals and human beings was investigated. In the present study, 245 male Albino mice weighing 35-40 g were used. The mice were divided into seven groups. The first group served as the control group. The second and third groups were administered CYP at doses of 5 mg/kg/bw and 10 mg/kg/bw, respectively, and the fourth and fifth groups were given PRO at doses of 2.5 mg/kg/bw and 5.0 mg/kg/bw, respectively. The sixth and seventh groups received combination regimens containing 5 mg/kg/bw CYP plus 2.5 mg/kg/bw PRO and 10 mg/kg/bw CYP plus 5 mg/kg/bw PRO, respectively, in feed for 60 days. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture on the 15th, 45th and 60th days. Serum nitric oxide (NO) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured. In conclusion, the alterations observed in the MDA and NO levels and SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities of the trial groups, demonstrate the administration of certain doses of CYP and PRO, either alone or combined, to mice for a period of 60 days to produce oxidative stress. The degree of oxidative stress was found to be related to the dose administered, the duration of exposure and the administration of the indicated compounds either alone or as a combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kanbur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
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22
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Fry HRC, Ryall KL, Dixon PL, Quiring DT. Suppression of Ennomos subsignaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) on Acer pseudoplatanus (Aceraceae) in an urban forest with bole-implanted acephate. J Econ Entomol 2008; 101:822-828. [PMID: 18613583 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[822:soeslg]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Trees in an urban forest are highly valued because they have esthetic appeal, provide shade, and improve air quality. During the past 5 yr (2002-2006) in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, the elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignaria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), has reached outbreak densities. Each year, hundreds of trees have been completely defoliated, and many more trees have been partially defoliated. Adding to this problem, the larvae, their silk strands, and their frass are a considerable nuisance to property owners in areas of high larval densities. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of three doses of bole-implanted acephate (AceCap 97) for reducing densities and associated defoliation of E. subsignaria on sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Aceraceae). During the treatment year (2005), all three doses significantly reduced E. subsignaria larval and pupal density; full or two-thirds doses significantly reduced defoliation compared with control trees. During the posttreatment year (2006), bole-implanted acephate did not affect E. subsignaria egg mass density, survival (= adult emergence), or defoliation. Bole-implanted acephate is an effective and practical way of suppressing E. subsignaria densities and herbivory in an urban forest where the protection of high-value trees and the reduction of environmental contamination are of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi R C Fry
- Population Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
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23
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Lin YW, Wu G, Miyata T. Insecticide susceptibility of surviving Cotesia plutellae (Hym: Braconidae) and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hym: Aphidiidae) as affected by sublethal insecticide dosages on host insects. Pest Manag Sci 2007; 63:841-50. [PMID: 17533655 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of sublethal dosages of insecticides applied to Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach (Homoptera: Aphidiidae) on the insecticide susceptibility of the surviving endoparasitoids, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), were studied in Shangjie, Minhou, China. The susceptibility to methamidophos and the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to methamidophos and dichlorvos in the adults of host insects were substantially lower than those in the two parasitoids. The host insects were treated with sublethal dosages of methamidophos in P. xylostella and of methamidophos and avermectin in L. erysimi. The cocoon formation in the two parasitoids decreased significantly, from 35.0% (control) to 13.0% (with methamidophos treatment) for C. plutellae; from 20.6% (control) to 9.0% (with methamidophos treatment) and from 24.3% (control) to 16.7% (with avermectin treatment) for D. rapae. The susceptibility to methamidophos of the resultant emerging adults of the two parasitoids was found to be significantly lower than that of the control when the parasitoids were left in contact with the same dosages of methamidophos. The average AChE activity inhibition by methamidophos and dichlorvos in 34-60 adults of the two parasitoids that emerged from the treatments (15.1% and 31.8% respectively for C. plutellae, and 21.1% and 26.9% for D. rapae) was also significantly lower than those of the controls (55.4% and 48.3% respectively for C. plutellae, and 42.9% and 51.7% for D. rapae). The bimolecular rate constant (k(i)) values of AChE to methamidophos and dichlorvos in the adults of parasitoids without the insecticide treatment were 1.78 and 1.56 times as high as those that emerged from the host insects treated with methamidophos for C. plutellae, and 1.91 and 1.66 times as high as those in the case of D. rapae. It is suggested that there is a difference in AChE sensitivity to insecticides between the resultant emerging parasitoids with and without insecticide pretreatment. Furthermore, the introduction of the insecticides to the host insects could be an important factor in the insecticide resistance development of the endoparasitoids. The natural selectivity would favour the parasitoids that had developed an insensitivity to the insecticide(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Kim HS, Eom JH, Cho HY, Cho YJ, Kim JY, Lee JK, Kim SH, Park KL. Evaluation of immunotoxicity induced by pirimiphos-methyl in male Balb/c mice following exposure to for 28 days. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2007; 70:1278-87. [PMID: 17654245 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701434372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pirimiphos-methyl (O-2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate: POM) is widely used organophosphorous (OP) insecticide as a grain protectant to control insects during storage. This study was carried out to assess the immunologic effects of POM in Balb/c mice after 28-day oral exposure. Three dose levels of POM (10, 60, or 120 mg/kg/day) were administered orally to mice for 4 weeks. At autopsy after 28-day exposure, there were significant decreases in relative spleen weight and splenic cellularity found at 120 mg POM, but body weight, relative thymic weight, thymic cellularity, and splenic and thymic subsets were not affected. T cell proliferation response induced by Con A was significantly decreased at all dosages though no statistical differences were observed in splenic B cell proliferation. Significant increases in the production of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-gamma, and IL-10) were evident on the whole, but the increase in production of inflammatory cytokines overwhelmed that of the T(H)1 cell suppressive cytokine (IL-10). The relative levels of three types of autoantibodies, anti-dsDNA, anti-histone, and antinuclear antibody (ANA) were dose-dependently decreased in serum. Oral exposure to POM induced a significant decrease in Immunoglobulin M production capability in Balb/c mice. This decrease in antibody production capability may result from disturbances in cytokine balance produced by splenic immune cells. These results show that POM may induce allergic responses by relatively enhancing T(H)2 development and additionally contribute to chronic inflammation by attracting macrophage by IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Soo Kim
- Immunotoxicology Division, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Limsuwan S, Priess B, Tansakul N, Nau H, Kietzmann M, Hamscher G. Penetration studies of propoxur and phoxim from eggshell into whole egg after experimental exposure and application in henhouses. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:6401-5. [PMID: 17602660 DOI: 10.1021/jf070987p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The penetration of propoxur and phoxim from eggshell into whole egg was investigated in vitro by spraying eggs directly and in vivo after application of the compounds in henhouses. Although mean concentrations of the compounds on eggshells were up to 23000 microg kg(-1), mean residue concentrations in whole eggs were far below the current maximum residue levels (50 microg kg(-1) for propoxur and 60 microg kg(-1) for phoxim). These results provide the first evidence that propoxur and phoxim do not penetrate from eggshell into whole egg under experimental and field conditions. Subsequently, residue carry-over after egg cracking in households and during a worst-case situation in an egg-cracking plant was investigated. However, when eggs were cracked manually, a negligible contamination of whole egg values occurred. If, in an automated process, eggshells accidentally come into close contact with whole egg, very high residue levels of propoxur and phoxim may be generated time dependently. These results suggest that eggshell contact with whole egg during egg cracking must be avoided to prevent pesticide carry-over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasithorn Limsuwan
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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26
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Genovese RF, Benton BJ, Lee EH, Shippee SJ, Jakubowski EM. Behavioral and biochemical evaluation of sub-lethal inhalation exposure to VX in rats. Toxicology 2007; 232:109-18. [PMID: 17234319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of low-level inhalation exposures (whole body, 60min duration) to the chemical warfare nerve agent VX (0.016, 0.15, 0.30 or 0.45mg/m(3)) in rats. The range of concentrations was approximately equivalent to 0.02-0.62 times 1.0 LC50. Biochemical effects were assessed by evaluating blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and by a regeneration assay that quantified the amount of VX (as the G analog) present in blood. Behavioral effects were assessed using a variable-interval 56-s schedule of reinforcement (VI56), in which rats were trained to press a lever to receive a food reward. VI56 training was established before exposure and evaluations continued after exposure. Additionally, after exposure, acquisition and maintenance of an eight-arm radial maze (RAM) task was evaluated in which rats learned to locate the four arms of the maze that presented a single food pellet reward. Behavioral assessments were conducted over approximately 3 months following exposure. Transient miosis was observed following exposure to all concentrations of VX and exposures to the 0.45mg/m(3) concentration also produced mild and temporary signs of toxicity (i.e., slight tremor and ataxia) in some subjects. All concentrations of VX also inhibited circulating AChE and the highest concentration inhibited AChE activity to less than 10% of pre-exposure values. Regenerated VX-G was found in red blood cell (RBC) and plasma blood fractions. In this respect, more VX-G was seen in plasma than RBC. Only small disruptions were observed on the VI56 or RAM following some VX exposures. In general, however, behavioral effects were minor and not clearly systematic. Taken together these results demonstrate that largely asymptomatic exposures to VX vapors in rats can produce substantial biochemical effects while having only minor performance effects on a previously learned behavioral task and on the acquisition of a new behavioral task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Genovese
- Division of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA.
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27
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Aurbek N, Thiermann H, Szinicz L, Eyer P, Worek F. Application of kinetic-based computer modelling to evaluate the efficacy of HI 6 in percutaneous VX poisoning. Toxicology 2006; 224:74-80. [PMID: 16740352 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rife use of organophosphorus compounds (OP) as pesticides and the exertion of highly toxic OP-type chemical warfare agents (nerve agents) during military conflicts and terrorist attacks in the past emphasize the necessity of the development of effective therapeutic countermeasures. Presently, standard treatment of poisoning by OP includes administration of atropine as an antimuscarinic agent and of oximes, e.g. obidoxime or pralidoxime, as reactivators of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), but is considered to be rather ineffective with certain nerve agents. The evaluation of new oximes as antidotes is only possible by implementation of animal experiments for ethical reasons and therefore complicated by a limited extrapolation of animal data to humans due to marked species differences. A computer simulation based on combination of AChE kinetic data (inhibition, reactivation, aging) with OP toxicokinetics and oxime pharmacokinetics allows the calculation of AChE activities at different scenarios and may facilitate to define effective oxime concentrations and to optimize oxime dosage in OP poisoning. On the base of species-specific kinetic data this model was used to calculate AChE activities in humans and pigs after percutaneous exposure to 5 x LD50 VX and treatment with HI 6. Due to marked species differences between human and pig AChE the HI 6 dose that is necessary to cause a comparable reactivation of VX-inhibited pig AChE is conspicuously higher. Hence, designing animal experiments with the aid of computer modeling may reduce the number of animal experiments and allow a more reliable extrapolation of animal data to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aurbek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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28
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Pelegrino JR, Calore EE, Saldiva PHN, Almeida VF, Peres NM, Vilela-de-Almeida L. Morphometric studies of specific brain regions of rats chronically intoxicated with the organophosphate methamidophos. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2006; 64:251-5. [PMID: 16002140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Subtle neurological disturbances have been described in organophosphorus intoxication. Experimental studies have reported neuronal necrosis, particularly in animals experiencing seizures. The objective of the present work was to investigate if in rats (without seizures) exposed to an organophosphate agent, morphological changes occur in specific regions of the brain. The animals received 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg methamidophos once a week for 2 months and were decapitated after 2 months 7 days of drug administration. We observed atrophy of the molecular layer of the parietal cortex without neuronal loss in specific cerebral regions. This would be due to atrophy or loss of neuronal ramifications but without neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Pelegrino
- Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Karabay NU, Oguz MG. Cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of the insecticides, imidacloprid and methamidophos. Genet Mol Res 2005; 4:653-62. [PMID: 16475109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid and the organophosphate insecticide methamidophos, when administered alone or in combination. These insecticides were tested with the bone marrow chromosome aberration assay and micronucleus test in rats and by the bacterial mutation assay (Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay). Wistar albino rats were orally fed daily with laboratory chow treated with various concentrations of insecticides, 50 and 100 mg/kg imidacloprid, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg methamidophos, and 2.5 and 5 mg/kg imidacloprid plus methamidophos, respectively, for 90 days. Numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations were evaluated. Significant differences were detected between all the insecticide-administered groups versus the control group and between the two concentrations of the pesticide-treated groups. Both concentrations of the insecticides induced a dose-related increase in the micronucleus frequency (P < 0.05). Dose-related increases in the number of revertants were observed with the two Salmonella strains (TA98 and TA100). All tested doses of the insecticides demonstrated mutagenic activity in the presence of S9 mix. These results lead us to the conclusion that the synergistic effect of methamidophos and imidacloprid causes an increase in potential damage to non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ulku Karabay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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30
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Chauhan LKS, Chandra S, Saxena PN, Gupta SK. In vivo cytogenetic effects of a commercially formulated mixture of cypermethrin and quinalphos in mice. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2005; 587:120-5. [PMID: 16185912 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In vivo cytogenetic effects of commercially formulated cypermethrin (CYP, synthetic pyrethroid insecticide) and/or quinalphos (QUI, organophosphate insecticide), generally used in combination, were examined through chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronucleus test (MT) in mice. Male mice were orally gavaged to a single dose of CYP/QUI commercial mixture (22, 44 or 67 mg/kg b.wt.) for 24h (CA) or 48 h (MT). Based on the concentrations of active ingredients of CYP and QUI present in the test doses of CYP/QUI mixture, mice were orally exposed to 0.66, 1.32 and 2 mg/kg of CYP or 4.4, 8.8 and 13.4 mg/kg of QUI. For reference, a group of five mice was intraperitoneally administered to cyclophosphamide (20 or 50 mg/kg) or orally gavaged to peanut oil for vehicle control. Exposure of CYP/QUI mixture inhibited the mitotic index (MI) and induced CA in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h; however, significant (p<0.01 or 0.001) frequencies of CA were observed at 44 mg/kg onwards, whereas inhibition of MI at 67 mg/kg. Independent exposure of QUI at 8.8 mg/kg onwards also significantly (p<0.01 or 0.001) inhibited MI and induced CA, whereas CYP at 2 mg/kg (highest concentration in CYP/QUI mixture) inhibited MI significantly but failed to induce CA. Chromatid breaks and fragments found to be frequent aberrations in all the test groups. Treatment of CYP/QUI mixture also induced micronucleus formation dose-dependently at 48 h, yet statistically significant (p<0.001) frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) were observed at 44 mg/kg onwards. QUI (8.8 and 13.4 mg/kg) alone also induced significant frequencies of MNPCE, whereas frequencies of MNPCE observed with the CYP even at 2 mg/kg were comparable to that of vehicle control. Present findings indicate the genotoxicity potential of CYP/QUI mixture and suggest that the simultaneous presence of the toxic doses of CYP and QUI can lead to synergistic genotoxicity in mice and may pose mutagenic risk in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K S Chauhan
- Cell Biology Section, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India
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31
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Bharavi K, Reddy KS. Effect of anticholinesterase compound phosalone on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 49:337-40. [PMID: 16440853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme in BBB function, phosalone, an organophosphorous compound, was studied using rat brain micro vessels in vitro. Phosalone at 100 mg/kg b. wt. induced convulsions and caused a significant inhibition of AChE resulting in increased permeability as assessed by volume distribution. The anaesthetized phosalone treated group also increased permeability as compared to the control but the values were significantly (P<0.05) lower than phosalone alone treated group. The inhibition of AChE enzyme has altered the barrier function at the dose level at which it caused convulsion and had an added effect on permeability of BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bharavi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
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Nanda N, Kaliwal BB. Effect of edifenphos on compensatory ovarian hypertrophy, follicular kinetics and estrous cycle in hemicastrated rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 14:373-86. [PMID: 15198308 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2003.14.4.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Edifenphos, an organophosphate fungicide, was administered to hemicastrated albino rats intraperitoneally for 15 consecutive days in graded doses of 2 to 8 mg/kg body weight. In the oil-treated hemicastrated control group, ovarian weight and total number of healthy and atretic follicles were significantly higher than the same parameters in sham-operated control animals, and the estrous cycle was normal. Treatment with 2, 4, 6, or 8 mg/kg/d edifenphos significantly decreased ovarian weight (-6.75, -9.79, -18.71, and -34.13 percent, respectively) below that of the controls. Although treatment with 2 or 4 mg/kg/d edifenphos did not change the number of healthy and atretic follicles, a dosage of 4 mg/kg/d significantly decreased the number and duration of estrous cycles. Treatment with 6 or 8 mg/kg/d, however, significantly decreased the number and duration of different phases of the estrous cycle as well. In all treated groups, the weights of the thymus and uterus were significantly reduced when compared with those of hemicastrated oil-treated control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nanda
- Reproductive Toxicology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 58003, India
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33
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Temerowski M, van der Staay FJ. Absence of long-term behavioral effects after sub-chronic administration of low doses of methamidophos in male and female rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005; 27:279-97. [PMID: 15734279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Putative long-term learning and memory effects of low-dose exposure to the cholinesterase inhibitor organophosphate methamidophos (Tamaron) early in life were studied in two parallel studies in middle-aged rats. Methamidophos was administered via the drinking water to female and male Wistar rats using nominal concentrations of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 ppm active ingredient for 16 weeks. Animals were then maintained for a recovery period of about 14 months without treatment. They were tested in the standard and repeated acquisition version of the Morris water escape task in two series of tests starting 33 and 55 weeks after termination of the methamidophos treatment. Functional observations and motor activity measurements preceded each series of testing. Exposure to methamidophos was confirmed by measurement of brain cholinesterase (ChE-B) at the end of the 16 weeks of treatment in satellite animals. At 4.5 ppm a biologically relevant reduction in ChE-B activity was observed without clinical signs of intoxication (males: 66%, females: 64% of control activity). Mid- and low-dose exposure to methamidophos revealed ChE-B activity of 90% and 100% in males and 88% and 97% in females, respectively. General examinations of the animals during treatment revealed no clinical signs suggesting cholinergic stimulation. Functional observations and motor activity measurements exhibited no relevant differences between treatment groups and controls. Neither the performance in the standard Morris water escape task that predominantly measures spatial reference memory, nor in the repeated acquisition task in the Morris tank, which predominantly measures spatial working memory, was affected by treatment with methamidophos. A small number of statistically significant differences were noted in the mean performance level between treatment groups, or between treatment by sex groups in both versions of the Morris task. However, these findings appeared to be idiosyncratic for a particular experiment and were not supported by findings from the other. They were consequently not considered as reflecting a consistent effect of methamidophos on learning and memory. In conclusion, administration of low doses of methamidophos to female and male Wistar rats for 16 weeks during early adulthood did not impair spatial working and reference memory in the Morris water escape task 33 and 55 weeks after cessation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Temerowski
- Toxicology, Bayer CropScience AG, 40789 Monheim/Rhein, Germany.
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Ponnappa BC, Israel Y, Aini M, Zhou F, Russ R, Cao QN, Hu Y, Rubin R. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion and prevention of liver injury in ethanol-fed rats by antisense oligonucleotides. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 69:569-77. [PMID: 15670576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels predict mortality in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Administration of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies, obliteration of Kupffer cells or gut sterilization protect against ethanol-induced hepatocellular injury in animal models. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo efficacy of an antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (S-ODN) targeted against TNF-alpha mRNA (TJU-2755). Naive rats that were administered TJU-2755 (10 mg/(kg body weight (BW)/day) for 2 days) in the free form were challenged with LPS to induce TNF-alpha secretion. Antisense TJU-2755 treatment reduced serum TNF-alpha levels by 62%. A comparison of the efficacies of mismatched and random S-ODNs with that of TJU-2755 showed that some non-specific inhibition might accompany the sequence-specific effects of TJU-2755. To optimize the targeting of the S-ODN, TJU-2755 was encapsulated in pH-sensitive liposomes for in vivo delivery to macrophages. The efficacy of liposome-encapsulated TJU-2755 was assessed in ethanol-fed animals that were administered LPS to induce liver injury. Liposomal delivery of TJU-2755 allowed a much lower dose (1.9 mg/kg BW/day, for 2 days) of the S-ODN to reduce LPS-induced serum TNF-alpha (by 54%) and liver injury (by 60%) in ethanol-fed rats. These data indicate that liposome-encapsulated S-ODNs targeted against TNF-alpha have therapeutic potential in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biddanda C Ponnappa
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Mencke N, Larsen KS, Eydal M, Sigurdsson H. Natural infestation of the chewing lice (Werneckiella equi) on horses and treatment with imidacloprid and phoxim. Parasitol Res 2004; 94:367-70. [PMID: 15549385 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infestation with the chewing louse (Werneckiella (Damalinia) equi) can be found on horses world-wide. Louse infestations, including clinical signs of louse-derived dermatitis, are known from Icelandic horses. A clinical field investigation was conducted in Iceland using horses with natural louse infestations to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid in a 10% solution in comparison with phoxim in a 0.05% solution. A total of 27 horses received a single imidacloprid treatment using 16 ml of the 10% solution along the mane and on the dorso-lateral trunk. A further 43 horses were treated twice, 14 days apart, with phoxim, using 2 x 50 ml solution applied along the mane and the dorso-lateral trunk. At the final evaluation on day 28, complete control of the lice was obtained for the imidacloprid treated horses and only a single moribund louse was found on two horses treated with phoxim.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mencke
- Animal Health Division, Bayer Health Care AG, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
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Guglielmone AA, Volpogni MM, Quaino OR, Anziani OS, Mangold AJ. Abundance of stable flies on heifers treated for control of horn flies with organophosphate impregnated ear tags. Med Vet Entomol 2004; 18:10-13. [PMID: 15009440 DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-283x.2004.0466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ear tags containing 40% organophosphate insecticides (diazinon or diazinon plus chlorpyrifos-ethyl) were applied to control Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) in treated (TG01 and TG02) and untreated (UG01 and UG02) groups of Holstein heifers born in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Control and treated groups were assessed for the abundance of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from August 2001 to April 2002 and again from August 2002 to April 2003. The treatment had a high efficacy for control of horn flies (maximum median number per heifer of TG01 and TG02 = 5) but a low effect on the abundance of stable flies. The total numbers of S. calcitrans were 1251 (42.9% of the total) and 1668 (57.1%) for TG01 and UG01, and 1423 (48.8%) and 1494 (51.2%) in TG02 and UG02, respectively. No significant difference in stable fly burden was found in 55 of the 76 weeks evaluated. A unimodal peak of abundance in the spring was found during the first fly season, and a bimodal abundance, with peaks in the spring and autumn, during the second season. No strong associations between horn fly and stable fly burdens was found in individuals of the CG01 (correlation coefficient = 0.13, P > 0.05) or CG02 (correlation coefficient = 0.538, P < 0.05, determination coefficient = 0.289).
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Guglielmone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, CP 2300 Rafaela (Santa Fe), Argentina.
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Blanton JL, D'Ambrozio JA, Sistrunk JE, Midboe EG. Global changes in the expression patterns of RNA isolated from the hippocampus and cortex of VX exposed mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2004; 18:115-23. [PMID: 15252866 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the established activities of the nerve agent VX is inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This inhibition affects the cholinergic nervous system by decreasing the activity of the neurotransmitter-hydrolyzing enzyme cholinesterase (ChE). In an effort to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathways affected by low-level exposure to VX, an expression profiling approach was used to identify genes with altered RNA expression patterns after exposure.Specifically, mice were exposed to 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 LD50 VX for a period of 2 weeks. At 2 h, 72 h, and 2 weeks after the final exposure, RNA was isolated from both the hippocampus and the cortex. Changes in gene expression levels were assessed by DNA microarray technology and grouped according to their expression patterns. Data presented here demonstrate that 2 weeks postexposure all up-regulated gene expression has returned to pre-exposure levels, including genes related to the central nervous system. Additionally, this investigation has revealed non-AChE pathway genes involved in other neuronal functions that display altered expression profiles after VX exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Blanton
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
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van der Schans MJ, Lander BJ, van der Wiel H, Langenberg JP, Benschop HP. Toxicokinetics of the nerve agent (+/-)-VX in anesthetized and atropinized hairless guinea pigs and marmosets after intravenous and percutaneous administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 191:48-62. [PMID: 12915103 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our investigations on the toxicokinetics of the volatile nerve agents C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman and (+/-)-sarin, we now report on the toxicokinetics of the rather nonvolatile agent (+/-)-VX. A validated method was developed to determine blood levels of (+/-)-VX by means of achiral gas chromatography at blood levels > or =10 pg/ml. The ratio of the two enantiomers of VX in blood could be measured at levels > or =1 ng/ml by using chiral HPLC in combination with off-line gas chromatographic analysis. In order to obtain basic information on the toxicokinetics of (+/-)-VX, i.e., under conditions of 100% bioavailability, the blood levels of this agent were measured in hairless guinea pigs at iv doses corresponding with 1 and 2 LD50. The derived AUCs indicate a reasonable linearity of the toxicokinetics with dose. Also, the toxicokinetics in marmoset primates was studied at an absolute iv dose corresponding with 1 LD50 in the hairless guinea pig which led to approximately the same levels of (+/-)-VX in blood as observed at 2 LD50 in the hairless guinea pig. Finally, the toxicokinetics of (+/-)-VX were measured in hairless guinea pigs via the most relevant porte d' entrée for this agent, which is the percutaneous route at a dose corresponding with 1 LD50 (pc). Large variations were observed between individual animals in the rate of penetration of (+/-)-VX and in concomitant progression of AChE inhibition in blood of these animals. Blood levels of (+/-)-VX increased gradually over a 6-h period of time. After a 7-h penetration period, the total AUC corresponded with 2.5% bioavailability relative to iv administration. In contrast with the G-agents C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman and (+/-)-sarin, stereospecificity in the sequestration of the two enantiomers of (+/-)-VX is not a prominent phenomenon. It appears that (+/-)-VX is substantially more persistent in vivo than the two G-agents. This persistence may undermine the efficacy of pretreatment with carbamates of percutaneous intoxication in particular due to gradual replacement of carbamate on AChE by (+/-)-VX, whereas classical treatment of intoxication with oximes is hampered by the short persistence of oximes relative to the agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel J van der Schans
- Division Chemical and Biological Protection, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, PO Box 45, 2280 AA, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Testicular and spermatotoxic effects were investigated in rats exposed to technical-grade quinalphos (70%) at dose levels of 0.52 mg kg(-1) (1/50th ld(50)) or 1.04 mg kg(-1) body weight (1/25th ld(50)) for 5 days a week for 60 days. The activities of marker testicular enzymes such as sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and acid phosphatase were significantly decreased but those of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and beta-glucuronidase were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. This particular pattern in the activity of testicular-cell-specific enzymes, a decrease in sperm motility and total epididymal sperm count and an increase in abnormal sperm suggest damage to germ cells and Sertoli cells. The testicular and spermatotoxic effects observed in rats may be due to the pesticide quinalphos or its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pant
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, PO Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India.
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Bianchi MW, Barré N, Messad S. Factors related to cattle infestation level and resistance to acaricides in Boophilus microplus tick populations in New Caledonia. Vet Parasitol 2003; 112:75-89. [PMID: 12581586 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Boophilus microplus, even in the absence of babesiosis, is a major disease of the cattle in New Caledonia where the particular farming system associates continental European breeds and a tropical climate tempered by the Pacific Ocean. In order to have a better understanding of the factors involved in cattle tick infestation, to decrease the possible wastage and use of chemicals and to increase the lifetime of the acaricides, the veterinary authorities investigated the conditions of the chemical treatments. A survey among 148 cattle farms of the whole of New Caledonia was carried out and factors that explain the development of tick resistance and cattle infestation have been determined. From this survey, three typologies for the main characteristics of the farms have been set up, the technical practices of the farmers and the tick control measures applied by the farmers, respectively. Some variables are significantly associated with the tick resistance to deltamethrin but their contribution to the explanation model is always moderate: farms in the south, with a positive resistance gradient from east to west, absence of bush fire and membership to a cattle farmers organization. The more the farmers have intensified their breeding-male castration, weaning, heifer separation, drenching, etc.-and pasture-high stock rate, mowing, extra feeding of the cows, many paddocks, etc.-techniques, the higher was the probability for the ticks in their farm to be resistant to deltamethrin. The technical details of the acaricide treatment had a low contribution to the explanation model. However, the use of a spray generated more resistance than a dip. Furthermore, there is a negative resistance gradient when the farmers increased the treatment interval average. Considering infestation, none of the variables from the three typologies were associated with the two infestation variables (1: semi-engorged tick females and 2: other ticks) at the herd level. However, the seven studied variables-the three typologies, breed, age, body condition score and breeding status-affected significantly the two infestation variables at the cow level, but their predictive ability remained very low (R(2)<3.5%). This result-individual effect more important than herd effect on the infestation-is confirmed by the importance of the variance of the intra-farm factors (99%) when compared with inter-farm factors (1%). Cows of Charolais breed, in poor body condition, old, pregnant or lactating, and those of the farms with irrational and high pressure control of ticks are the most infested.
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Altuntas I, Delibas N, Sutcu R. The effects of organophosphate insecticide methidathion on lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant enzymes in rat erythrocytes: role of vitamins E and C. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002; 21:681-5. [PMID: 12540039 DOI: 10.1191/0960327102ht304oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The effects of organophosphate insecticide methidathion (MD) on lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant enzymes and the ameliorating effects of a combination of vitamins E and C against MD toxicity were evaluated in rat erythrocytes. Experimental groups were: control group, MD-treated group (MD), and MD + vitamin E + vitamin C-treated group (MD + Vit). MD and MD + Vit groups were treated orally with a single dose of 8 mg/kg MD body weight at 0 hour. Vitamins E and C were injected at doses of 150 mg/kg body weight, i.m. and 200 mg/kg body weight, i.p., respectively, 30 min after the treatment of MD in the MD + Vit group. Blood samples were taken 24 hours after the MD administration. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) were studied in the erythrocytes. MDA level increased significantly in the MD group compared to the control group (P < 0.05) and decreased significantly in the MD + Vit group compared to the MD group (P < 0.05). The activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT decreased in the MD group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Only GSH-Px activity increased in the MD + Vit group compared with the MD group. These results suggest that treating rats with MD increases LPO and decreases anti-oxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes. Furthermore, single-dose treatment with a combination of vitamins E and C 30 min after the administration of MD can reduce LPO caused by MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Altuntas
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Turkey.
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Patakioutas GI, Karras G, Hela D, Albanis TA. Pirimiphos-methyl and benalaxyl losses in surface runoff from plots cultivated with potatoes. Pest Manag Sci 2002; 58:1194-1204. [PMID: 12476992 DOI: 10.1002/ps.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract: Losses of pirimiphos-methyl and benalaxyl in runoff water from clay soil plots cultivated with potatoes and of differing soil surface slopes were determined over approximately 120 days (1 October 1999-28 January 2000). The plot slopes were 0, 1, 2.5 and 5%, and soil erosion increased with the slope from 610 to 1760kgha(-1). The runoff of surface water was between 3.1 and 16.6% of the rainfall. Surface runoff was highest for the fifth and seventh runoff events due to rainfall, 51 days and 72 days after the first pesticide application. The maximum concentrations of the two pesticides in runoff occurred in the plots with the greatest slope (5%) during the fifth runoff event, November 21, 1999 reaching 8.4 and 12.3 microg litre(-1) for pirimiphos-methyl and 17.8 and 20.2 microg litre(-1) for benalaxyl in tilled and untilled plots respectively. The cumulative losses of pirimiphos-methyl in surface runoff from tilled and untilled plots with a slope 5% were estimated at only 0.37 and 0.59% of the initial applied active ingredient, respectively, while for plots with a slope 0% the percentages were 0.013 and 0.018%. For benalaxyl the corresponding values from tilled and untilled plots were 1.69 and 1.76% (slope 5%), and 0.062 and 0.085 (slope 0%). Degradation of the pesticides in the topsoil was monitored from October 1999 and May 2000. Cultivation of potatoes decreased the half-life of the two pesticides compared to the untilled fields, for pirimiphos-methyl from 16.7 to 9.2 days and for benalaxyl from 26.7 to 12.6 days. The slope of soil surface and the different sorption capacities for the compounds are the main parameters which influenced the transportation of studied pesticides, pirimiphos-methyl and benalaxyl residues via surface water in soil-water systems.
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Singh AK, Jiang Y. Immunotoxicity of acute acephate exposure in control or IL-1-challenged rats: correlation between the immune cell composition and corticosteroid concentration in blood. J Appl Toxicol 2002; 22:279-91. [PMID: 12355557 DOI: 10.1002/jat.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Corticosterone concentration and the immune cell composition were measured in rats exposed by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to different doses (10-500 mg kg(-1)) of acephate (Ace) and 250 micro g kg(-1) of interleukin 1 (IL-1), either alone or in combination. Two different combination protocols were used: IL-1 and Ace were administered simultaneously; and IL-1 was injected 60 min after Ace administration (sequential exposure). Ace, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, inhibited blood and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, increased blood corticosterone concentrations, suppressed blood CD4, CD8, B cell and monocyte contents and increased blood neutrophil counts. The Ace-induced changes lasted for up to 24 h after Ace exposure. Interleukin 1 increased blood corticosterone concentrations without affecting blood or brain AChE activities. The IL-1-induced corticosterone concentration returned to the basal level within 3-10 h after IL-1 exposure. The CD4, CD8, B cell and monocyte counts increased significantly at 10 min after IL-1 exposure. The cell counts decreased gradually thereafter and returned to the basal level within 30 min after IL-1 exposure. Simultaneous exposure of rats to Ace and IL-1 partially suppressed the IL-1-induced increase in the immune cell counts and decreased the immune cell numbers below the basal values. Sequential injection of Ace and IL-1 blocked the IL-1-induced increase in the immune cell numbers. Thus, Ace exposure would impair the normal distribution of immune cells and deregulate the IL-1 response in rats. This study therefore suggests that Ace would suppress the immune cell numbers in blood, thus decreasing an organism's immunity. Ace exposure occurring concurrent with injury would augment the acute-phase response, which would augment the toxic effects of IL-1 and other cytokines, and Ace exposure occurring prior to the injury would suppress or abolish the initial stimulatory effects of IL-1, which would decrease an organism's ability to combat infection or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul Campus, St Paul, MN 55180, USA
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Wetherell J, Hall T, Passingham S. Physostigmine and hyoscine improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent poisoning in the guinea-pig. Neurotoxicology 2002; 23:341-9. [PMID: 12387361 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-813x(02)00082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is drawn from a work programme aimed at developing improved medical counter measures for nerve agent poisoning. Guinea-pigs were administered pyridostigmine (5.1 microg/h) or physostigmine (4.7 microg/h) and hyoscine (1.94 microg/h) for 6 days via a subcutaneously implanted mini osmotic pump. Pyridostigmine inhibited red cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by 44.2 +/- 2.7% and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) by 29.9 +/- 1.8%. Physostigmine and hyoscine inhibited red cell AChE by 18.7 +/- 3.7% and plasma ChE by 44.1 +/- 3.1%. On day 6, animals were challenged with a lethal dose of tabun (GA; 125 microg/kg), sarin (GB; 51.2 microg/kg), soman (GD; 31.2 microg/kg), GF (50 microg/kg) or VX (11.25 microg/kg) administered by the subcutaneous route. Animals were closely observed for signs of poisoning. The time to the onset of signs of poisoning was similar for all the agents except for VX, which showed a delay compared to the other agents. Following pretreatment with either pyridostigmine or physostigmine and hyoscine most animals survived for 2-3 h following nerve agent administration. In contrast, only physostigmine and hyoscine prevented or reduced the duration of the signs of incapacitation and the temperature drop produced by all the agents. Pyridostigmine-pretreated animals showed little or no recovery from incapacitation prior to death. Physostigmine and hyoscine pretreatment provided statistically (P < 0.05) better protection against GB, GD and VX lethality (24 h) than pyridostigmine pretreatment and better protection against GA and GF lethality.
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Abstract
Propetamphos ((E)-O-2-isopropylcarbonyl-1-methylvinyl-O-methylethyl phosphoramidothioate) is an organophosphate pesticide (OP) and has been used as an active ingredient in sheep dip where there is the potential for significant dermal exposure during dipping. Biological monitoring of exposure to propetamphos has until recently relied on the measurement of cholinesterase activity in plasma. Following the development of a novel method for the determination of propetamphos metabolites in urine, it is now possible to biologically monitor exposure using urine samples. This paper describes a human volunteer study involving oral and dermal exposure to propetamphos.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Garfitt
- Health & Safety Laboratory, Broad Lane, Sheffield, UK.
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Volk O, Reith S, Saehn C, Haars P, Bach D, Klues HG. [Attempted suicide by intravenous injection of metasystox]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2002; 37:280-3. [PMID: 12015685 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-30127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A 27-year old man was admitted to the hospital after having attempted suicide by injection of 30 ml of metasystox (demeton-s-methyl), an organophosphate compound, in a cubital vein of the left arm. He was suffering from the typical cholinergic symptoms. Local examination of the injection site revealed a local inflammation extending from the middle of the left upper arm to the distal forearm. Surgical débridement became necessary. In the third week of treatment he developed a rhabdomyolysis (CK 66.300 U/l) with an acute renal failure and needed haemodialysis. Later he showed signs of an intermediate syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Volk
- Medizinische Klinik I, Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany.
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Duncan EJS, Brown A, Lundy P, Sawyer TW, Hamilton M, Hill I, Conley JD. Site-specific percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate and VX in domestic swine. J Appl Toxicol 2002; 22:141-8. [PMID: 12015792 DOI: 10.1002/jat.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The site specificity of the percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate (MeS) and the organophosphate nerve agent VX (O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate) was examined in anaesthetized domestic swine that were fully instrumented for physiological endpoints. Four different anatomical sites (ear, perineum, inguinal crease and epigastrium) were exposed to the MeS and the serum levels were measured over a 6-h time period. The dose absorbed at the ear region was 11 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.063 microg cm(-2)min(-1), whereas at the epigastrium region the dose absorbed was 3 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.025 microg cm(-2)min(-1). For this reason further studies were carried out with VX on the ear and the epigastrium only. In animals treated with agent on the epigastrium, blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity began to drop 90 min after application and continued to decline at a constant rate for the remainder of the experiment to ca. 25% of awake control activity. At this time there were negligible signs of poisoning and the medical prognosis was judged to be good. In contrast, the ChE activity in animals receiving VX on the ear decreased to 25% of awake control values within 45 min and levelled out at 5-6% by 120 min. Clinical signs of VX poisoning paralleled the ChE inhibition, progressing in severity over the duration of the exposure. It was judged that these animals would not survive. The dramatic site dependence of agent absorption leading to vastly different toxicological endpoints demonstrated in this model system has important ramifications for chemical protective suit development, threat assessment, medical countermeasures and contamination control protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Scott Duncan
- Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment, Suffield, PO Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
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48
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Oncu M, Gultekin F, Karaöz E, Altuntas I, Delibas N. Nephrotoxicity in rats induced by chlorpryfos-ethyl and ameliorating effects of antioxidants. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002; 21:223-30. [PMID: 12099624 DOI: 10.1191/0960327102ht225oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity induced by chlorpyrifos-ethyl (CE) and ameliorating effects of melatonin and vitamin E plus vitamin C were evaluated in rats exposed to CE. Experimental groups were as follows: control (C), CE treated (CE), vitamin E plus vitamin C treated (Vit), melatonin treated (Mel), vitamin E plus vitamin C plus CE treated (Vit+CE), and melatonin plus CE treated (Mel+CE). The rats in the CE, Vit+CE and Mel+CE groups were administered orally with CE in two equal doses of 41 mg/kg body weight (0.25 LD50). Melatonin and vitamins E and C were administrated intramuscularly at the doses of 10, 150 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and antioxidant potential (AOP), and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were studied in the homogenates of kidney tissue. There were no significant differences in the activities of SOD and CAT between the experimental groups. The level of TBARS increased significantly (P<0.05) while AOP decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the CE group compared with the C group. GSH-Px activity was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the CE group and higher in the melatonin group than the control group. Histopathological changes were found in the kidney tissue of rats treated with CE. These were infiltration in mononuclear cells at perivascular and peritubular areas, hydropic degenerations in tubule epithelium and glomerular sclerosis. The severity of the lesions was reduced by administration of vitamins and melatonin. These results suggest that CE increases lipid peroxidation and decreases AOP by increasing oxidative stress, and that high doses of melatonin and a combination of vitamin E plus vitamin C considerably reduce the toxic effect of CE on kidney tissue of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oncu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Garfitt SJ, Jones K, Mason HJ, Cocker J. Development of a urinary biomarker for exposure to the organophosphate propetamphos: data from an oral and dermal human volunteer study. Biomarkers 2002; 7:113-22. [PMID: 12101631 DOI: 10.1080/13547500110112775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Propetamphos is a member of the vinyl phosphate group of insecticides and is mainly used for sheep dipping. There have been no published metabolic studies on the effect of propetamphos in man to date, although the present authors have published the identification of a metabolite. The present paper presents data from a human volunteer study investigating the toxicokinetics of the organophosphorus pesticide propetamphos following oral and dermal exposure. Five volunteers ingested a propetamphos dose of 10 micrograms kg-1 (35 nmol kg-1) body weight. Following a washout of 4 weeks, a 100 mg (356 mumol) dermal dose of propetamphos was applied, occluded to 80 cm2 of the inner forearm, for 8 h to the same five volunteers. In a pilot study (several weeks before the main study), one volunteer also received an occluded dermal dose of 50 mg (178 mumol) propetamphos. Unabsorbed propetamphos on the skin was washed off after 8 h and collected. Blood and urine samples were collected over 30 and 54 h for the oral and dermal exposures respectively. Blood samples were analysed for plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase. Urine samples were analysed for a urinary metabolite of propetamphos: methylethylphosphoramidothioate (MEPT). Following oral and dermal exposure, peak urinary MEPT levels occurred at 1 and 10-12 h respectively. The apparent urinary elimination half-lives of MEPT had means of 1.7 h (oral exposure) and 3.8 h (dermal exposure). Approximately 40% of the oral dose and 1% of the dermal dose were recovered as urinary MEPT or metabolites, which could be hydrolysed to MEPT. Approximately 90% of the dermal dose was recovered from the skin washings. Data from a volunteer showed that a doubling of the dermal dose resulted in approximately double the concentration of total MEPT. Alkaline hydrolysis of urine samples increased the level of MEPT detected after both oral and dermal doses. The increase was greater and statistically significant (p < 0.001, paired t-test) for the dermal dose. This increase in MEPT suggests the presence of other MEPT-containing metabolites or conjugates. The difference in the increase between oral and dermal doses raises the question of a difference in metabolism between the two routes. No individual showed a significant depression compared with their pre-exposure levels of erythrocyte acetyl cholinesterase or plasma cholinesterase activity for either dosing route. However, on a group basis, there was a statistically significant mean depression in plasma cholinesterase activity at 8 and 24 h for oral exposure, with a maximum mean depression of 7% from pre-exposure levels at 8 h. Hydrolysis of urine samples had the effect of reducing the interindividual coefficient of variation (CV) for total excretion of MEPT following both oral (CV reduced from 36 to 8%) and dermal (CV reduced from 40 to 17%) exposure. The ability to detect and follow the elimination of low doses of propetamphos by measurement of 'total' (after hydrolysis) urinary MEPT suggests it is a suitable biomarker of propetamphos exposure. The comparatively short elimination half-lives suggest a strategy for biological monitoring of occupational exposure based on samples collected at the end of the shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Garfitt
- Health & Safety Laboratory, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK.
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Ponnappa BC, Dey I, Tu GC, Zhou F, Aini M, Cao QN, Israel Y. In vivo delivery of antisense oligonucleotides in pH-sensitive liposomes inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 297:1129-36. [PMID: 11356938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. During endotoxemia and alcohol-induced liver disease, tissue injury is preceded by an excessive release of cytokines by these macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is one of the key cytokines associated with liver injury. Pre-exposure of animals to TNF-alpha antibodies has been shown to prevent macrophage-mediated liver injury in experimental animals. In this article, we describe a method to encapsulate in pH-sensitive liposomes and to deliver an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (TJU-2755) against TNF-alpha. We describe the efficacy of this formulation in inhibiting endotoxin-mediated production of TNF-alpha. The liposomes prepared were stable for over 4 weeks at pH 7.4, but readily released their contents when exposed to an acidic environment below pH 6, similar to the pH that exists in early endosomes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered (i.v.) liposome-encapsulated TJU-2755 (1-2 mg/kg body wt.). Empty liposomes served as controls. Forty-eight hours postinjection, the animals were administered a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (50 microg/kg body wt.) and were sacrificed 90 min later. The TNF-alpha produced by excised liver incubated ex vivo and the levels of plasma TNF-alpha were determined. After a single administration of liposome-encapsulated antisense TJU-2755, a 30% reduction in TNF-alpha produced by liver slices was observed. Two daily doses of the antisense oligonucleotide inhibited TNF-alpha production by 50%. This was associated with a 65 to 70% reduction in plasma levels of TNF-alpha, compared with controls. These results indicate that oligonucleotide TJU-2755 encapsulated in pH-sensitive liposomes can be used to effectively reduce endotoxin-mediated production of TNF-alpha in macrophages in vivo and thus may be of value in attenuating or preventing macrophage-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Ponnappa
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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