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Ulloa del Carpio N, Alvarado-Corella D, Quiñones-Laveriano DM, Araya-Sibaja A, Vega-Baudrit J, Monagas-Juan M, Navarro-Hoyos M, Villar-López M. Exploring the chemical and pharmacological variability of Lepidium meyenii: a comprehensive review of the effects of maca. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1360422. [PMID: 38440178 PMCID: PMC10910417 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1360422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii), a biennial herbaceous plant indigenous to the Andes Mountains, has a rich history of traditional use for its purported health benefits. Maca's chemical composition varies due to ecotypes, growth conditions, and post-harvest processing, contributing to its intricate phytochemical profile, including, macamides, macaenes, and glucosinolates, among other components. This review provides an in-depth revision and analysis of Maca's diverse bioactive metabolites, focusing on the pharmacological properties registered in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Maca is generally safe, with rare adverse effects, supported by preclinical studies revealing low toxicity and good human tolerance. Preclinical investigations highlight the benefits attributed to Maca compounds, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory properties, immunoregulation, and antioxidant effects. Maca has also shown potential for enhancing fertility, combating fatigue, and exhibiting potential antitumor properties. Maca's versatility extends to metabolic regulation, gastrointestinal health, cardio protection, antihypertensive activity, photoprotection, muscle growth, hepatoprotection, proangiogenic effects, antithrombotic properties, and antiallergic activity. Clinical studies, primarily focused on sexual health, indicate improved sexual desire, erectile function, and subjective wellbeing in men. Maca also shows promise in alleviating menopausal symptoms in women and enhancing physical performance. Further research is essential to uncover the mechanisms and clinical applications of Maca's unique bioactive metabolites, solidifying its place as a subject of growing scientific interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norka Ulloa del Carpio
- Centro de Investigación Clínica de Medicina Complementaria—CICMEC, Gerencia de Medicina Complementaria, Seguro Social de Salud-EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Alvarado-Corella
- Bioactivity and Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | | | - Andrea Araya-Sibaja
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, LANOTEC-CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José Vega-Baudrit
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, LANOTEC-CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Maria Monagas-Juan
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos
- Bioactivity and Sustainable Development (BIODESS) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Martha Villar-López
- Centro de Investigación Clínica de Medicina Complementaria—CICMEC, Gerencia de Medicina Complementaria, Seguro Social de Salud-EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Cheng J, Wang Y, Wei H, He L, Hu C, Cheng S, Ji W, Liu Y, Wang S, Huang X, Jiang Y, Han S, Xing Y, Wang B. Fermentation-mediated variations in structure and biological activity of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127463. [PMID: 37852397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Variations in the structure and activities of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg fermented by Sanghuangporus sanghuang fungi were investigated. Compare with the unfermented polysaccharide (THDP2), the major monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of polysaccharide after fermentation (F-THDP2) altered dramatically, which caused galactose-induced conversion from glucose and one-third of molecular weight. F-THDP2 had a molecular weight of 1.23 × 104 Da. Moreover, the glycosidic linkage of F-THDP2 varied significantly, a 1, 2-linked α-d-Galp and 1, 2-linked α-d-Manp backbone was established in F-THDP2, which differed from that of 1, 4-linked α-d-Glcp and 1, 4-linked β-d-Galp in THDP2. In addition, F-THDP2 showed a more flexible chain conformation than that of THDP2 in aqueous solution. Strikingly, F-THDP2 exhibited superior inhibitory effects on HeLa cells via Fas/FasL-mediated Caspase-3 signaling pathways than that of the original polysaccharide. These variations in both structure and biological activities indicated that fermentation-mediated modification by Sanghuangporus sanghuang might a promising novel method for the effective conversion of starch and other polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg into highly bioactive biomacromolecules, which could be developed as a potential technology for use in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hailong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Chuanjiu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shiming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Weiwei Ji
- Huzhou Liangxi Forest Park Management Office, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sheping Wang
- Forestry and Water Conservancy Bureau of Changshan County, Changshan 324200, China
| | - Xubo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yihan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China; Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Sufang Han
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yiqi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China; Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Baohui Wang
- Zhejiang hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310060, China
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Li Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Yang P, Zhang Z, Wu H, Zhu L, Liu Y. Preparation methods, structural characteristics, and biological activity of polysaccharides from Salvia miltiorrhiza: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116090. [PMID: 36587878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional Chinese medicine with the application of more than a two-thousand-year history. It is a common medicine used in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and is listed as the top grade in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica. Polysaccharide is an important chemical component of Salvia miltiorrhiza and has a variety of biological activities. AIM OF THE STUDY In this review, we summarized the preparation methods, structural characteristics, and biological activities of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides, as well as discussed current research problems, providing support for further research, development, and utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS By inputting the search term "Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides", relevant research information was obtained from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, VIP, Web of Science, and China Knowledge Network (CNKI). RESULTS It has been found that the monosaccharide composition of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides containing glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man), and arabinose (Ara) has antioxidant, anti-tumor, liver protection, and other activities. CONCLUSIONS We summarized the preparation methods, structural information, and biological activities of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides in this review and discussed the issues that are currently being researched. Although this product has a wide range of biological activities and has high development and utilization potential, its structure information and structure-activity relationship require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yining Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Pei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Hang Wu
- Youth League Committee, Fu'an Sub-district Office of Shandong Jiaozhou District, Qingdao, 266300, China
| | - Lihao Zhu
- Sishui Siheyuan Culture and Tourism Development Company, Ltd, Sishui, 273200, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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Anti-fatigue Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicines: A Review. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:597-604. [PMID: 37063439 PMCID: PMC10102495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A third of the world's population suffers from unexplained fatigue, hugely impacting work learning, efficiency, and health. The fatigue development may be a concomitant state of a disease or the side effect of a drug, or muscle fatigue induced by intense exercise. However, there are no authoritative guides or clinical medication recommendations for various fatigue classifications. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are used as dietary supplements or healthcare products with specific anti-fatigue effects. Thus, TCM may be a potential treatment for fatigue. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of fatigue, awareness of fatigue in Chinese and western medicine, pharmacodynamics mechanism, and substances. Additionally, we offer a comprehensive summary of fatigue and forecast the potential effect of novel herbal-based medicines against fatigue.
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Zeng W, Chen L, Xiao Z, Li Y, Ma J, Ding J, Yang J. Comparative Study on the Structural Properties and Bioactivities of Three Different Molecular Weights of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020701. [PMID: 36677759 PMCID: PMC9867462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular weight, the triple-helix conformation, the monosaccharide content, the manner of glycosidic linkages, and the polysaccharide conjugates of polysaccharides all affect bioactivity. The purpose of this study was to determine how different molecular weights affected the bioactivity of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). By ethanol-graded precipitation and ultrafiltration membrane separation, one oligosaccharide (LBPs-1, 1.912 kDa) and two polysaccharides (LBPs-2, 7.481 kDa; LBPs-3, 46.239 kDa) were obtained from Lycium barbarum. While the major component of LBPs-1 and LBPs-2 was glucose, the main constituents of LBPs-3 were arabinose, galactose, and glucose. LBPs-2 and LBPs-3 exhibited triple-helix conformations, as evidenced by the Congo red experiment and AFM data. Sugar residues of LBPs-2 and LBPs-3 were elucidated by NMR spectra. The polysaccharides (LBPs-2 and LBPs-3) exhibited much higher antioxidant capacities than oligosaccharide (LBPs-1). LBPs-3 showed higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than LBPs-2, but a lower capability for scavenging ABTS+ radicals. In zebrafish, LBPs-2 and LBPs-3 boosted the growth of T-lymphocytes and macrophages, enhanced the immunological response, and mitigated the immune damage generated by VTI. In addition to the molecular weight, the results indicated that the biological activities would be the consequence of various aspects, such as the monosaccharide composition ratio, the chemical composition, and the chemical reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, North Minzu University, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, North Minzu University, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhihui Xiao
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Ningxia Wuxing Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jianlong Ma
- Ningxia Research Center for Natural Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan 750021, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jianbao Ding
- Ningxia Wuxing Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-951-6048881 (J.D.); +86-951-2067917 (J.Y.)
| | - Jin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, North Minzu University, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Research Center for Natural Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-951-6048881 (J.D.); +86-951-2067917 (J.Y.)
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6
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The effect of in vitro digestion on the chemical and antioxidant properties of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Cheng J, Wang Y, Song J, Liu Y, Ji W, He L, Wei H, Hu C, Jiang Y, Xing Y, Huang X, Ding H, He Q. Characterization, immunostimulatory and antitumor activities of a β-galactoglucofurannan from cultivated Sanghuangporus vaninii under forest. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1058131. [PMID: 36618684 PMCID: PMC9812957 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1058131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A biomacromolecule, named as β-galactoglucofurannan (SVPS2), was isolated from the cultivated parts of Sanghuangporus vaninii under the forest. Its primary and advanced structure was analyzed by a series of techniques including GC-MS, methylation, NMR, MALS as well as AFM. The results indicated that SVPS2 was a kind of 1, 5-linked β-Glucofurannan consisting of β-glucose, β-galactose and α-fucose with 23.4 KDa. It exhibited a single-stranded chain with an average height of 0.72 nm in saline solution. The immunostimulation test indicated SVPS2 could facilitate the initiation of the immune reaction and promote the secretion of cytokines in vitro. Moreover, SVPS2 could mediate the apoptosis of HT-29 cells by blocking them in S phase. Western blot assay revealed an upregulation of Bax, Cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3 by SVPS2, accompanied by a downregulation of Bcl-2. These results collectively demonstrate that antitumor mechanism of SVPS2 may be associated with enhancing immune response and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells in vitro. Therefore, SVPS2 might be utilized as a promising therapeutic agent against colon cancer and functional food with immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiling Song
- Institute of Horticulture, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Ji
- Huzhou Liangxi Forest Park Management Office, Huzhou, China
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Liang He ✉
| | - Hailong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China,Hailong Wei ✉
| | - Chuanjiu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China,School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China,School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xubo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Ding
- Center of Forecasting and Analysis, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghai He
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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Zhou P, Xiao W, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhao R, Wang Y. A Comparison Study on Polysaccharides Extracted from Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. Using Different Methods: Structural Characterization and Anti-SGC-7901 Effect of Combination with Apatinib. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154727. [PMID: 35897903 PMCID: PMC9332031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For hundreds of years, Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. (AK) has been widely used as a treatment for spleen and stomach diseases in China. The AK polysaccharides (AKPs) have been thought to be the important bioactive components. In this stud, the impacts of different extraction methods were analyzed. The differences between AKPs extracted by hot water extraction (HWE), AKPs extracted by ultrasonic extraction (UAE), and AKPs extracted by enzyme extraction (EAE) were compared in terms of yield, total carbohydrate content, molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide composition, and synergistic activity of the AKPs with apatinib were determined. The results indicated that the yield of the polysaccharide obtained from HWE was higher than that of UAE and EAE. However, activity assays indicated that UAE-AKPs and HWE-AKPs enhanced apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells (SGC-7901) treated with apatinib and UAE-AKPs showed the strongest synergistic activities. This is also in agreement with the fact that UAE-AKPs have a smaller molecular weight, β-configuration, and higher galactose content. These findings suggested that UAE is an efficient and environmentally friendly method for producing new polysaccharides from Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. for the development of natural synergist and for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfan Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Wanwan Xiao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yayun Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ruizhi Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.W.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.Z.); (W.X.)
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (Y.W.)
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9
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Yang Y, Yin X, Zhang D, Zhang B, Lu J, Wang X. Structural Characteristics, Antioxidant, and Immunostimulatory Activities of an Acidic Polysaccharide from Raspberry Pulp. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144385. [PMID: 35889258 PMCID: PMC9318036 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extraction and characterization of new bioactive plant-derived polysaccharides with the potential for use as functional foods and medicine have attracted much attention. In the present study, A novel acidic polysaccharide (RPP-3a) with a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 88,997 Da was isolated from the raspberry pulp. RPP-3a was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and galacturonic acid at a molar ratio of 13.1:28.6:16.8:1.4:6.2:33.9. Structural analysis suggested that the RPP-3a backbone was composed of repeating units of →4)-β-Galp-(1→3,4)-α-Rhap-(1→[4)-α-GalAp-(1→4)-α-GalAp-(1→]n with branches at the C-4 position of rhamnose. The side chain of RPP-3a, containing two branch levels, was comprised of α-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-α-Araf-(1→, →3)-β-Galp-(1→, →3,6)-β-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-Glcp-(1→, and →2,6)-α-Manp-1→ residues. RPP-3a exhibited moderate reducing power and strong hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging abilities. RPP-3a significantly promoted the viability of RAW264.7 macrophages by increasing the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) at both the expression and transcriptional levels. In summary, the immunostimulatory and antioxidant activities make RPP-3a a viable candidate as a health-beneficial functional dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Yang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xingxing Yin
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Dejun Zhang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Benyin Zhang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jie Lu
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xuehong Wang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
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10
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Wang B, Yan L, Guo S, Wen L, Yu M, Feng L, Jia X. Structural Elucidation, Modification, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Polysaccharides in Chinese Herbs: A Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:908175. [PMID: 35669078 PMCID: PMC9163837 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.908175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal polysaccharides (CHPs) are natural polymers composed of monosaccharides, which are widely found in Chinese herbs and work as one of the important active ingredients. Its biological activity is attributed to its complex chemical structure with diverse spatial conformations. However, the structural elucidation is the foundation but a bottleneck problem because the majority of CHPs are heteropolysaccharides with more complex structures. Similarly, the studies on the relationship between structure and function of CHPs are even more scarce. Therefore, this review summarizes the structure-activity relationship of CHPs. Meanwhile, we reviewed the structural elucidation strategies and some new progress especially in the advanced structural analysis methods. The characteristics and applicable scopes of various methods are compared to provide reference for selecting the most efficient method and developing new hyphenated techniques. Additionally, the principle structural modification methods of CHPs and their effects on activity are summarized. The shortcomings, potential breakthroughs, and developing directions of the study of CHPs are discussed. We hope to provide a reference for further research and promote the application of CHPs.
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11
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Li Q, Wang L, Fang X, Zhao L. Highly Efficient Biotransformation of Notoginsenoside R1 into Ginsenoside Rg1 by Dictyoglomus thermophilum β-xylosidase Xln-DT. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:447-457. [PMID: 35131955 PMCID: PMC9628812 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2111.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 are the main active ingredients of Panax notoginseng, exhibiting anti-fatigue, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. In a previous study, a GH39 β-xylosidase Xln-DT was responsible for the bioconversion of saponin, a natural active substance with a xylose group, with high selectivity for cleaving the outer xylose moiety of notoginsenoside R1 at the C-6 position, producing ginsenoside Rg1 with potent anti-fatigue activity. The optimal bioconversion temperature, pH, and enzyme dosage were obtained by optimizing the transformation conditions. Under optimal conditions (pH 6.0, 75°C, enzyme dosage 1.0 U/ml), 1.0 g/l of notoginsenoside R1 was converted into 0.86 g/l of ginsenoside Rg1 within 30 min, with a molar conversion rate of approximately 100%. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-fatigue activity of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 were compared using a suitable rat model. Compared with the control group, the forced swimming time to exhaustion was prolonged in mice by 17.3% in the Rg1 high group (20 mg/kg·d). Additionally, the levels of hepatic glycogen (69.9-83.3% increase) and muscle glycogen (36.9-93.6% increase) were increased. In the Rg1 group, hemoglobin levels were also distinctly increased by treatment concentrations. Our findings indicate that treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 enhances the anti-fatigue effects. In this study, we reveal a GH39 β-xylosidase displaying excellent hydrolytic activity to produce ginsenoside Rg1 in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Xianying Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,Corresponding authors X. Fang Phone : +86-025-85427962 Fax : +86-025-85418873 E-mail :
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,
L. Zhao Phone : +86-025-85427962 Fax : +86-025-85418873 E-mail :
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Yang Y, Yin X, Zhang D, Lu J, Wang X. Isolation, Structural Characterization and Macrophage Activation Activity of an Acidic Polysaccharide from Raspberry Pulp. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051674. [PMID: 35268775 PMCID: PMC8911918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of safe and effective plant polysaccharides with immunomodulatory effects has become a research hotspot. Raspberry is an essential commercial fruit and is widely distributed, cultivated, and consumed worldwide. In the present study, a homogeneous acidic polysaccharide (RPP-2a), with a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 55582 Da, was isolated from the pulp of raspberries through DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. RPP-2a consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid, with a molar ratio of 15.4:9.6:7.6:3.2:9.1:54.3:0.8. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), 1D-, and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses suggested that the backbone of RPP-2a was primarily composed of →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →2,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →4)-α-D-GalAp-(1→, and →3,4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ sugar moieties, with side chains of α-L-Araf-(1→, α-L-Arap-(1→, and β-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→ residues linked to the O-4 band of rhamnose and O-3 band of glucose residues. Furthermore, RPP-2a exhibited significant macrophage activation activity by increasing the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines at the transcriptional level in RAW264.7 cells. Overall, the results indicate that RPP-2a can be utilized as a potential natural immune-enhancing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Yang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xingxing Yin
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Dejun Zhang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jie Lu
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xuehong Wang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
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14
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Wu R, Li P, Wang Y, Su N, Xiao M, Li X, Shang N. Structural analysis and anti-cancer activity of low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate from hybrid sturgeon cartilage. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118700. [PMID: 34742426 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate (CS) has attracted widespread attention due to its better bioavailability and bioactivity than native CS. In this study, a low-molecular-weight CS (named SCS-F2) was prepared from hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii × Huso dauricus) cartilage by enzymatic depolymerization with high in vitro absorption and anti-cancer activity. The structure of SCS-F2 was characterized and the in vivo biodistribution and colorectal cancer prevention effect was investigated. The results revealed that SCS-F2 consisted of 48.84% ΔDi-6S [GlcUAβ1-3GalNAc(6S)], 32.11% ΔDi-4S [GlcUAβ1-3GalNAc(4S)], 16.05% ΔDi-2S,6S [GlcUA(2S)β1-3GalNAc(6S)] and 3.0% ΔDi-0S [GlcUAβ1-3GalNAc]. Animal study showed that the SCS-F2 could be effectively absorbed and delivered to the tumor site and significantly prevented the growth of HT-29 xenograft by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis without showing any negative effect to normal tissues. Therefore, SCS-F2 could be developed as a potential nutraceutical to protect against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Pinglan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Nan Su
- MOE Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengyuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Yangzhou Borui Saccharide Biotech Co., Ltd, Jiangsu 225000, China
| | - Nan Shang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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15
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Teng C, Qin P, Shi Z, Zhang W, Yang X, Yao Y, Ren G. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of alkali-extracted polysaccharides from quinoa. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Ge Y, Ahmed S, Yao W, You L, Zheng J, Hileuskaya K. Regulation effects of indigestible dietary polysaccharides on intestinal microflora: An overview. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13564. [PMID: 33219555 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human intestinal contains rich and diverse microbiota that utilizes a variety of polysaccharides. The intestinal microflora extends the metabolic functions of the body, obtaining energy from indigestible dietary polysaccharides. It is not only a highly competitive environment but also a comprehensive collaboration for these polysaccharides, as the microbiota work to maximize the energy harvested from them through the intestine. Indigestible dietary polysaccharides help to manage colon health and host health by affecting the gut microbial population. These polysaccharides also influence the metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota by stimulating the formation of SCFAs. Most of these metabolic activities affect host physiology because the epithelium absorbs secondary metabolites and end products or transports them to the liver, where they could exert other beneficial effects. This article reviews the carbohydrates existing in the human intestine, the regulating actions of indigestible polysaccharides on intestinal microflora, and the molecular basis of the degradation process of these polysaccharides. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Large deals of researches have shown that indigestible polysaccharides possess an outstanding regulation effect on the intestinal microflora, which indicates that indigestible polysaccharides have the potential to be used as prebiotics in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries. However, it is not clear how gut microbiota metabolizes these dietary polysaccharides, and how the resulting gut metabolites may further affect the intestinal microflora population and metabolism. This paper reviews the indigestible dietary polysaccharides existing in the human intestine, the regulation of polysaccharides on gut microbiota, and the molecular basis of the degradation process of these polysaccharides. This review helps to better understand the relationship between indigestible dietary polysaccharides and intestinal microflora, which will provide powerful evidence for the potential use of these polysaccharides as functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhong Ge
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shahid Ahmed
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanzi Yao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun You
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxian Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kseniya Hileuskaya
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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17
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Chang Y, Lu W, Chu Y, Yan J, Wang S, Xu H, Ma H, Ma J. Extraction of polysaccharides from maca: Characterization and immunoregulatory effects on CD4 + T cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:477-485. [PMID: 32179120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of maca polysaccharides (MCPs) on macrophages have been demonstrated in many studies. However, the effects of MCPs on CD4+ T cells have not been studied. Four water-soluble MCPs, labeled MCP1 (weight-average molecular weights [Mws] of 896.1 and 276.6 kDa), MCP2 (Mws of 337.8 and 219.0 kDa), MCP3 (Mws of 110.6, 58.1, and 38.9 kDa), and MCP4 (Mws of 15.7, 12.6, and 12.1 kDa), were obtained from maca by graded ethanol precipitation. The immunoregulatory effects of MCPs on CD4+ T cells were evaluated for the first time. The experimental results indicated that all MCPs had immunoregulatory effects on CD4+ T cells. However, the effects of MCP2 were stronger compared to the other three components, not only in promoting the proliferation of CD4+ T cells but also in terms of secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The molecular weight and monosaccharide compositions of MCPs were analyzed to explore the structure-activity relationship. The results suggested that the molecular weight and the galactosamine (GalN) of MCPs might be determining factors for its bioactivity. These findings suggest that the MCP2 isolated in our study have immune potentiation effects on CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ying Chu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jingkun Yan
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Tafuri S, Cocchia N, Vassetti A, Carotenuto D, Esposito L, Maruccio L, Avallone L, Ciani F. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) in male reproduction. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:4550-4559. [PMID: 31805775 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1698572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is an edible root plant that grows in the Andean region of Peru. For centuries, the plant has been used as a dietary supplement for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. Maca are rich in high value nutritional elements and secondary metabolites (macaridine, macamides and glucosinolates) with high biological activity. Several studies demonstrated various biological effects of Maca mainly in the field of fertility. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of knowledge on the properties of Maca on male reproduction. Literature data was performed in PubMed with researches published from 2000 to 2019. The research showed results related to the effects of Maca on the quality and quantity of the semen, sexual behaviour and disorders of the male genital tract. Despite the numerous studies carried out on different animal species, further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms of action of Maca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tafuri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Natascia Cocchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anastasia Vassetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici (Na), Italy
| | - Domenico Carotenuto
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, UNMSM, Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Luigi Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucianna Maruccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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