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Malki Y, Martinez J, Masurier N. 1,3-Diazepine: A privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2247-2315. [PMID: 33645848 DOI: 10.1002/med.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures have been widely used as effective templates for drug discovery. While benzo-1,4-diazepine constitutes the first historical example of such a structure, the 1,3 analogue is just as rich in terms of applications in medicinal chemistry. The 1,3-diazepine moiety is present in numerous biological active compounds including natural products, and is used to design compounds displaying a large range of biological activities. It is present in the clinically used anticancer compound pentostatin, in several recent FDA approved β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., avibactam) and also in coformycin, a natural product known as a ring-expanded purine analogue displaying antiviral and anticancer activities. Several other 1,3-diazepine containing compounds have entered into clinical trials. This heterocyclic structure has been and is still widely used in medicinal chemistry to design enzyme inhibitors, GPCR ligands, and so forth. This review endeavours to highlight the main use of the 1,3-diazepine scaffold and its derivatives, and their applications in medicinal chemistry, drug design, and therapy. We will focus more particularly on the development of enzyme inhibitors incorporating this scaffold, with a strong emphasis on the molecular interactions involved in the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Malki
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Thiosemicarbazide binds with the dicopper center in the competitive inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase enzyme: Synthesis and molecular modeling of theophylline analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127826. [PMID: 33513384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Theophylline is long known for its anti-ageing and anti-oxidative properties. Moreover, Tyrosinase is a crucial enzyme that regulates the melanin synthetic pathway, which is involved in various physiological metabolic processes including aging. The current paper describes the synthesis of various heterocyclic systems coupled with theophylline moiety along with their tyrosinase inhibition activity in view to identify the potent nucleus. Around 19 compounds were synthesized and screened for enzyme inhibition. Based on the current study, it is suggested that compound 18 having thiosemicarbazide has strong enzyme inhibition potential. The enzyme kinetics and docking studies provide important insights into how the compound interacts with the mushroom tyrosinase active site. The work will provide clue to developing new, potent tyrosinase inhibitors for drug development.
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RK-33 Is a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent That Targets DEAD-Box RNA Helicase DDX3X. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010170. [PMID: 31936642 PMCID: PMC7016805 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral disease is one of the greatest burdens for human health worldwide, with an urgent need for efficacious antiviral strategies. While antiviral drugs are available, in many cases, they are prone to the development of drug resistance. A way to overcome drug resistance associated with common antiviral therapies is to develop antivirals targeting host cellular co-factors critical to viral replication, such as DEAD-box helicase 3 X-linked (DDX3X), which plays key roles in RNA metabolism and the antiviral response. Here, we use biochemical/biophysical approaches and infectious assays to show for the first time that the small molecule RK-33 has broad-spectrum antiviral action by inhibiting the enzymatic activities of DDX3X. Importantly, we show that RK-33 is efficacious at low micromolar concentrations in limiting infection by human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV-3), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV) or West Nile virus (WNV)—for all of which, no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic is widely available. These findings establish for the first time that RK-33 is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent that blocks DDX3X’s catalytic activities in vitro and limits viral replication in cells.
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Bardovskyi R, Grytsai O, Ronco C, Benhida R. Synthesis and characterization of new heterocycles related to aryl[e][1,3]diazepinediones. rearrangement to 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Divergence-oriented synthesis of new heterocycles relevant for medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleksandr Grytsai
- Université Côte d’Azur
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272
- Nice
- France
| | - Cyril Ronco
- Université Côte d’Azur
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272
- Nice
- France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Université Côte d’Azur
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272
- Nice
- France
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Tandon R, Singh I, Luxami V, Tandon N, Paul K. Recent Advances and Developments ofin vitroEvaluation of Heterocyclic Moieties on Cancer Cell Lines. CHEM REC 2018; 19:362-393. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Runjhun Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara- 144411 India
| | - Iqubal Singh
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala- 147001 India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala- 147001 India
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara- 144411 India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala- 147001 India
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Xie M, Lapidus RG, Sadowska M, Edelman MJ, Hosmane RS. Synthesis, anticancer activity, and SAR analyses of compounds containing the 5:7-fused 4,6,8-triaminoimidazo[4,5-e][1,3]diazepine ring system. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2595-602. [PMID: 27134120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Described herein are our limited structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on a 5:7-fused heterocycle (1), containing the 4,6,8-triaminoimidazo[4,5-e][1,3]diazepine ring system, whose synthesis and potent broad-spectrum anticancer activity we reported a few years ago. Our SAR efforts in this study are mainly focused on judicial attachment of substituents at N-1 and N(6)-positions of the heterocyclic ring. Our results suggest that there is some subtle correlation between the substituents attached at the N-1 position and those attached at the N(6)-position of the heterocycle. It is likely that there is a common hydrophobic binding pocket on the target protein that is occupied by the substituents attached at the N-1 and N(6)-positions of the heterocyclic ligand. This pocket appears to be large enough to hold either a C-18 alkyl chain of N(6) and no attachment at N-1, or a combined C-10 at N(6) and a CH2Ph at N-1. Any alkyl chain shorter or longer than C-10 at N(6) with a CH2Ph attached at N-1, would result in decrease of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Traylor 338, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- Translational Core Laboratory, University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mariola Sadowska
- Translational Core Laboratory, University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Martin J Edelman
- Translational Core Laboratory, University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ramachandra S Hosmane
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Zhang N, Chen HM, Sood R, Kalicharran K, Fattom AI, Naso RB, Barnard DL, Sidwell RW, Hosmane RS. in vitro inhibition of the measles virus by novel ring-expanded ('fat') nucleoside analogues containing the imidazo[4,5-e]diazepine ring system. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3391-4. [PMID: 12419368 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and in vitro anti-measles virus (anti-MV) activity of a class of ring-expanded ('fat') nucleoside analogues (1-4) containing the title heterocyclic ring system are reported. The target compounds were synthesized by base-catalyzed condensations of 4,5-dicarboxylic acid esters of the appropriately substituted imidazole-1-ribosides with suitably substituted guanidine derivatives. Compounds were screened for anti-MV activity in African green monkey kidney cells (CV-1), employing ribavirin as the control standard. While the parent compound 1 itself failed to show any significant antiviral activity against MV, its analogues containing hydrophobic substituents at the 2-position (2) or the 6-position (4) showed promising antiviral activity at submicromolar or micromolar concentration levels with no apparent toxicity to the host cell line. Both compounds showed higher anti-MV activity than the control drug ribavirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County 21250, USA
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Sood RK, Bhadti VS, Fattom AI, Naso RB, Korba BE, Kern ER, Chen HM, Hosmane RS. Novel ring-expanded nucleoside analogs exhibit potent and selective inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication in cultured human hepatoblastoma cells. Antiviral Res 2002; 53:159-64. [PMID: 11750942 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel ring-expanded nucleoside (REN) analogs (1-3) containing 5:7 fused ring systems as the heterocyclic base were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in cultured human hepatoblastoma 2.2.15 cells. The most active compound, 6-amino-4,5-dihydro-8H-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-e][1,3]diazepine-4,8-dione (1), inhibited the synthesis of intracellular HBV replication intermediates and extracellular virion release in 2.2.15 cells with 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.604 and 0.131 microM, respectively. All three compounds had no effect on the synthesis of viral ribonucleic acids (RNA) in 2.2.15 cells. These compounds also exhibited low cellular toxicity in stationary and rapidly growing cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh K Sood
- W.W. Karakawa Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Nabi, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Baregama LK, Singh B, Talesara G. SYNTHESIS OF 3-ALKOXY-(SUBSTITUTED ARYL) BIGUANIDINO-4-METHYL-2,3-DIHYDRO(1H)-1,5-BENZODIAZEPINE-2-ONES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2002. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2002.8.6.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bretner M, Beckett TD, Sood RK, Baldisseri DM, Hosmane RS. Substrate/inhibition studies of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase with the 5'-triphosphate derivative of a ring-expanded ('fat') nucleoside possessing potent antiviral and anticancer activities. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2931-6. [PMID: 10658598 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As part of an effort to explore the mechanism of potent, broad spectrum antiviral and anticancer activities of a number of ring-expanded ('fat') nucleosides that we recently reported, a representative 'fat' nucleoside 4,6-diamino-8-imino-8H-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazo[4,5-e][1,3]di azepine (1) was converted to its 5'-triphosphate derivative (2), and biochemically screened for possible inhibition of nucleic acid polymerase activity, employing synthetic DNA templates and the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase as a representative polymerase. Our results suggest that 2 is a moderate inhibitor of T7 RNA polymerase, and that the 5'-triphosphate moiety of 2 appears to be essential for inhibition as nucleoside 1 alone failed to inhibit the polymerase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bretner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore 21250, USA
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