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Bauer AK, Siegrist KJ, Wolff M, Nield L, Brüning T, Upham BL, Käfferlein HU, Plöttner S. The Carcinogenic Properties of Overlooked yet Prevalent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. TOXICS 2022; 10:28. [PMID: 35051070 PMCID: PMC8779510 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The WHO classified air pollution as a human lung carcinogen and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are components of both indoor (e.g., tobacco smoke and cookstoves) and outdoor (e.g., wildfires and industrial and vehicle emissions) air pollution, thus a human health concern. However, few studies have evaluated the adverse effects of low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs, the most abundant PAHs in the environment. We hypothesized that LMW PAHs combined with the carcinogenic PAH benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) act as co-carcinogens in human lung epithelial cell lines (BEAS-2B and A549). Therefore, in this paper, we evaluate several endpoints, such as micronuclei, gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) activity, cell cycle analysis, anti-BPDE-DNA adduct formation, and cytotoxicity after mixed exposures of LMW PAHs with B[a]P. The individual PAH doses used for each endpoint did not elicit cytotoxicity nor cell death and were relevant to human exposures. The addition of a binary mixture of LMW PAHs (fluoranthene and 1-methylanthracene) to B[a]P treated cells resulted in significant increases in micronuclei formation, dysregulation of GJIC, and changes in cell cycle as compared to cells treated with either B[a]P or the binary mixture alone. In addition, anti-BPDE-DNA adducts were significantly increased in human lung cells treated with B[a]P combined with the binary mixture of LMW PAHs as compared to cells treated with B[a]P alone, further supporting the increased co-carcinogenic potential by LMW PAHs. Collectively, these novel studies using LMW PAHs provide evidence of adverse pulmonary effects that should warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K. Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.J.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Katelyn J. Siegrist
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.J.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Melanie Wolff
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.W.); (T.B.); (H.U.K.)
| | - Lindsey Nield
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.J.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.W.); (T.B.); (H.U.K.)
| | - Brad L. Upham
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Heiko U. Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.W.); (T.B.); (H.U.K.)
| | - Sabine Plöttner
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789 Bochum, Germany; (M.W.); (T.B.); (H.U.K.)
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Bellamri M, Yao L, Bonala R, Johnson F, Von Weymarn LB, Turesky RJ. Bioactivation of the tobacco carcinogens 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) in human bladder RT4 cells. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1893-1902. [PMID: 31203411 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Occupational and tobacco exposure to aromatic amines (AAs) including 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) are associated with bladder cancer (BC) risk. Several epidemiological studies have also reported a possible role for structurally related heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) formed in tobacco smoke or cooked meats with BC risk. We had screened for DNA adducts of 4-ABP, 2-NA, and several prominent HAAs formed in tobacco smoke or grilled meats including 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylmidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) in the bladder DNA of BC patients, using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. We detected DNA adducts of 4-ABP, but not adducts of the other carcinogens. In this study, we have examined the capacity of RT4 cells, an epithelial human bladder cell line, to bioactivate AAs and HAAs to DNA damaging agents, which may contribute to BC. 4-ABP and AαC formed DNA adducts, but DNA adducts of 2-NA, PhIP, and MeIQx were not detected. 4-ABP DNA adducts were formed at tenfold higher levels than AαC adducts. Pretreatment of RT4 cells with α-naphthoflavone (1-10 µM), a specific cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) inhibitor, decreased AαC adduct formation by 50% but did not affect the level of 4-ABP adducts. However, cell pretreatment with 8-methoxypsoralen (0.1-1 µM), a potent inhibitor of CYP2A, resulted in a 90% decrease of 4-ABP DNA adducts levels. These data signify that CYP2A and CYP1A isoforms expressed in the target urothelium bioactivate 4-ABP and AαC, respectively, and may be a critical feature of aromatic amine-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis. The bioactivation of other tobacco and environmental AAs by bladder CYPs and their ensuing bladder DNA damage warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lihua Yao
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Radha Bonala
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Linda B Von Weymarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Yun BH, Bellamri M, Rosenquist TA, Turesky RJ. Method for Biomonitoring DNA Adducts in Exfoliated Urinary Cells by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9943-9950. [PMID: 30001485 PMCID: PMC6237078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking contributes to about 50% of the bladder-cancer (BC) cases in the United States. Some aromatic amines in tobacco smoke are bladder carcinogens; however, other causal agents of BC are uncertain. Exfoliated urinary cells (EUCs) are a promising noninvasive biospecimen to screen for DNA adducts of chemicals that damage the bladder genome, although the analysis of DNA adducts in EUCs is technically challenging because of the low number of EUCs and limiting quantity of cellular DNA. Moreover, EUCs and their DNA adducts must remain viable during the time of collection and storage of urine to develop robust screening methods. We employed RT4 cells, a well-differentiated transitional epithelial bladder cell line, as a cell-model system in urine to investigate cell viability and the chemical stability of DNA adducts of two prototypical bladder carcinogens: 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), an aromatic amine found in tobacco smoke, and aristolochic acid I (AA-I), a nitrophenanthrene found in Aristolochia herbaceous plants used for medicinal purposes worldwide. The cell viability of RT4 cells pretreated with 4-ABP or AA-I in urine exceeded 80%, and the major DNA adducts of 4-ABP and AA-I, quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, were stable for 24 h. Thereafter, we successfully screened EUCs of mice treated with AA-I to measure DNA adducts of AA-I, which were still detected 25 days following treatment with the carcinogen. EUCs are promising biospecimens that can be employed for the screening of DNA adducts of environmental and dietary genotoxicants that may contribute to the development of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas A. Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Bauer AK, Velmurugan K, Plöttner S, Siegrist KJ, Romo D, Welge P, Brüning T, Xiong KN, Käfferlein HU. Environmentally prevalent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can elicit co-carcinogenic properties in an in vitro murine lung epithelial cell model. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1311-1322. [PMID: 29170806 PMCID: PMC5866845 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are the most abundant PAHs environmentally, occupationally, and are in cigarette smoke; however, little is known about their carcinogenic potential. We hypothesized that LMW PAHs act as co-carcinogens in the presence of a known carcinogen (benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)) in a mouse non-tumorigenic type II cell line (C10 cells). Gap junctions are commonly suppressed and inflammation induced during tumor promotion, while DNA-adduct formation is observed during the initiation stage of cancer. We used these endpoints together as markers of carcinogenicity in these lung adenocarcinoma progenitor cells. LMW PAHs (1-methylanthracene and fluoranthene, 1-10 µM total in a 1:1 ratio) were used based on previous studies as well as B[a]P (0-3 µM) as the classic carcinogen; non-cytotoxic doses were used. B[a]P-induced inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) was observed at low doses and further reduced in the presence of the LMW PAH mixture (P < 0.05), supporting a role for GJIC suppression in cancer development. Benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adduct levels were significantly induced in B[a]P-treated C10 cells and additionally increased with the LMW PAH mixture (P < 0.05). Significant increases in cyclooxygenase (Cox-2) were observed in response to the B[a]P/LMW PAH mixture combinations. DNA adduct formation coincided with the inhibition of GJIC and increase in Cox-2 mRNA expression. Significant cytochrome p4501b1 increases and connexin 43 decreases in gene expression were also observed. These studies suggest that LMW PAHs in combination with B[a]P can elicit increased carcinogenic potential. Future studies will further address the mechanisms of co-carcinogenesis driving these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Kalpana Velmurugan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sabine Plöttner
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katelyn J Siegrist
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Deedee Romo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Peter Welge
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ka-Na Xiong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Heiko U Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
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Golka K, Ickstadt K, Selinski S, Hengstler JG, Wilhelm M. Third symposium on Environmental Toxicology in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: Interdisciplinary Research Activities in Toxicology, Statistics, Hygiene and Medicine : Meeting report on a symposium held in Dortmund May 7-8, 2015. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3711-3715. [PMID: 29030651 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Golka
- Leibniz Research Institute for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Katja Ickstadt
- Faculty of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Silvia Selinski
- Leibniz Research Institute for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Institute for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Wilhelm
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Sarma SN, Blais JM, Chan HM. Neurotoxicity of alkylated polycyclic aromatic compounds in human neuroblastoma cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:285-300. [PMID: 28598261 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1314840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants originating from incomplete combustion processes. While the toxicity of parent PAC such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is well characterized, effects of other alkyl-PAC dibenzothiophene (DBT) and retene (Ret) are not well established. The aim of this study was to examine the underlying relative neurotoxic mechanisms attributed to BaP (parent PAH), DBT and Ret (alkyl-PACs) using human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The lethal concentrations (LC10 and LC20) were found at approximately 10 µM and 40 µM, respectively after 24-h exposure of SK-N-SH cells. It was hypothesized that PAC trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to activation of apoptotic signaling pathways. Differentiated neuronal cells were treated with three compounds at (0.5-40 µM) for 24 h. There was a significant concentration-dependent increase in levels of ROS, even at sub-lethal levels of 1 µM Ret. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was significantly decreased. Real-time RT-PCR results showed up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulation of antioxidative genes expression in BaP-, DBT-, and Ret-treated SK-N-SH cells. Cytochrome c protein levels and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were also significantly elevated in a concentration-related manner. Data demonstrated that BaP-, DBT-, or Ret-induced neuronal cell damage involved oxidative stress generation through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. Alkyl-PAC also exhibited higher potency in ROS induction and reduction of MMP than parent PAC. These findings may be important for environmental risk assessment attributed to exposure to PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jules M Blais
- a Department of Biology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- a Department of Biology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
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